id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
385,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Curved rods used for fleshing and dehairing animal skins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
386,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,3,Other,17,Tools,Short transverse sticks affixed to poles and used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the shafts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
387,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems peeled of bark and thorns and used to beat sheep hides to make them more pliable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
429,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Saplings used to make salmon tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
436,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used in making implement handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
438,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,"Straight sticks tied around a tree base, ignited and burned until the tree fell.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
453,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spear handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
471,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make axe handles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
558,27,Acer negundo L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tubes for bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
1593,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem inserted in a pierced ear lobe to keep the wound from closing.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
1614,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as twirling sticks for making fire by friction.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
1622,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a drill stick and block for making fires.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1659,79,Aesculus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,325,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the fire drill.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 325"
1770,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as awls in basket making.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1771,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as tool for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1796,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1829,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1830,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1862,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp pointed leaf tips used to make basketry awls.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
2515,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Water soaked stems used for lashing in the sweat house.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2563,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles and canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
3014,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks and seed beaters.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3018,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers and other tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3056,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers and other tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3057,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make root diggers, handles and other tools.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
3141,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
3160,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the spindle of the fire drill.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3504,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,Hollow stems used to make breathing tubes for hiding under water when in danger.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
4199,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to test the temperature of pitch used in canoe construction. The pitch was ready to use when the leaf turned black.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4206,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make saw handles and other tools.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4348,334,Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making tools and awl handles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 69"
4362,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4363,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4367,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,68,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making tools and awl handles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 68"
4380,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4381,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4470,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4471,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4907,375,Aristolochia sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,17,Tools,Nuts used by children in play for blowing.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
5059,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,17,Tools,Burned branches used to smoke bees from nests.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5246,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant made into balls and used as molds to make rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5369,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used in sweat lodges to sprinkle water on the rocks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5603,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a steambath switch.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5646,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Bitter wood used as a head scratcher by menstruating women. Any other kind of wood would cause the hair to fall out and the face to wrinkle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5647,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,"Tarlike lac gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5648,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as preferred material for foreshaft of composite drill for the fire making.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5657,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead stems used as twirling sticks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
5662,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead twigs used for a twirling stick in fire making.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
5671,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used in the end of the fire drill.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5734,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5931,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make blowing tubes used for working melted silver.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
6226,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,'Milk' from the broken stems used in cases of emergency for branding stock temporarily.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6367,448,Asclepias verticillata L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a planting stick.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
6519,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to wipe the juice from the lodgepole pine bark before the cambium was scraped off.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
6520,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to wipe off the turpentine like juice from the inside of stripped pine bark.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
6779,531,Baccharis douglasii DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,209,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for drilling fires. A small hole was made in a flat, extremely dry stick.  The drill, a short piece of wood, was inserted into the hole and twirled to form the dust which would ignite if conditions were dry and favorable.  No tinder was used.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 209"
6783,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make planting sticks.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6903,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,80,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves wrapped around young boy's feet to practice walking silently and carefully in the woods.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
7298,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the bow of the fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7299,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges and tool handles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7300,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
8083,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,50,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp edged leaves used by men for shaving.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
8180,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Four needles tied in a row and used as piercing instruments for tattooing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
8181,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,17,Tools,Giant ribs split in two and used as wooden tongs for gathering cholla joints and buds.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
8182,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,70,3,Other,17,Tools,Perforations bored in sticks and used to smooth rough cords.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 70"
8183,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Ribs used as the larger of the two pieces of twisters used to make rope.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 62"
8184,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Ribs used for the handles of skin scrapers.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
8185,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,3,Other,17,Tools,Ribs used to make several kinds of light tools.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
8190,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,14,3,Other,17,Tools,Trunks used to make cactus fruit picking poles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 14"
8224,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
8279,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8325,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8394,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8634,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,3,Other,17,Tools,"Rods used to make burden baskets, broad shallow scoops and deep spoon shaped scoops with handles.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8635,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into the slender needle used in piercing the ear lobe of young girls.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
8636,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
8637,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharpened twigs used to pierce roasted pinons.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
8662,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,3,Other,17,Tools,"Rods used to make burden baskets, broad shallow scoops and deep spoon shaped scoops with handles.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8669,815,Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt.,200,Pomo,109,m66,288,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the fire drill.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 288"
8773,823,Celtis laevigata Willd.,228,Seminole,88,s54,489,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make squirting tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 489"
8787,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tubes for bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
8794,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles for axes and hoes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
8871,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,226,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226"
8903,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a root digger or Camas stick.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98"
8904,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers or camas sticks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98"
8906,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,3,Other,17,Tools,"Hard, enduring wood used for making 'camas sticks.'","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
8948,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried sticks used as spindles for fire by friction.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8949,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into small tools.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8954,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the handle of the weaving distaff.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
8963,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles and weaving combs.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
8965,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make rabbit sticks.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
8969,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,25,California Indian,111,m90,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for digging sticks.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
8972,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,95,Hopi,82,c74,298,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 298"
8973,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,17,Tools,Hard wood used to make digging sticks.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
8979,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,354,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood formerly used to make tools for digging Indian potatoes and worms out of the ground.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 354"
8982,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for digging sticks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
8983,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
9064,857,Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene,228,Seminole,88,s54,496,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used as a bed for ripening persimmons.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 496"
9102,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make adze handles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9133,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9317,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem used to draw the pus out of a boil or cut.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
9574,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,3,Other,17,Tools,Long limbs used as sticks to reach fruits and nuts too high to grasp by hand.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9813,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
10105,987,Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) Kkenth.,228,Seminole,88,s54,498,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 498"
10106,987,Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) Kkenth.,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
10293,1025,Cleome multicaulis DC.,157,Navajo,74,e44,51,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stalks used as a drill to start fires. The brittle stalks, about an inch in diameter were used for the drills which were whirled between the palms of the hands and were made to revolve on the edge of a larger stalk into which a notch had been cut.  A pinch of sand was sometimes placed under the point of the drill which caused the wood to become a fine powder.  This powder then ran down the notch and formed a little pile on the ground.  Smoke was produced in less than a minute and in about two minutes tiny sparks dropped onto the pile of dry powder which took fire from them.  By carefully feeding the fire with bits of dried bark and grass and with much blowing, a blaze was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
10512,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used to sprinkle water on the hot stones of the vapor bath.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
10767,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make loom shuttles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10886,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make loom shuttles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10931,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implement handles.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
10933,1097,Cornus obliqua Raf.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,54,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to stretch rat skins while drying.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 54"
11037,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,60,Crow,30,h92,21,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to make forks for sweatlodge rocks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11068,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,120,Kutenai,30,h92,21,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make pelt stretchers.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11121,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,92,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make drying frames for beaver skins.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 92"
11388,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,258,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used for piercing ears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258"
11389,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,454,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454"
11390,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,258,3,Other,17,Tools,Strong wood used for digging sticks and axe handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258"
11394,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making 'camas sticks' for digging these and other roots.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
11404,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as probes for ripe boils and ulcers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
11430,1131,Crataegus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as awls.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
11434,1131,Crataegus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
11441,1131,Crataegus sp.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp thorns used for sewing awls on finer work such as buckskin sewing with sinew.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
11887,1199,Cyperus laevigatus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,9,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem fibers used to remove all impurities in liquids.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9"
12070,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stalks dried, split, drilled to make small holes and used as fire drill hearths.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12590,1316,Dipsacus fullonum L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to card wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 78"
12867,1353,Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as awls in the making of coiled basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
12868,1353,Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow,187,Panamint,163,k52,83,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns formerly used as awls in basket making.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 83"
13122,1401,Ephedra californica S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing. The charcoal was mashed, a little water added and a design made with it on the skin.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
13138,1403,Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
13191,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
13333,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a file.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
13360,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,204,3,Other,17,Tools,Joints pulled apart and used by children to produce a whistling sound.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 204"
13500,1428,Equisetum sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to sharpen and polish bone.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
13538,1431,Equisetum telmateia var. braunii (Milde) Milde,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,58,3,Other,17,Tools,"Leafless, fertile stems used as sandpaper in smoothing arrow shafts and drill shafts.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 58"
13668,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
14012,1507,Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. & Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,29,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to pierce ears.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 29"
14719,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,51,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make weaving forks, planting sticks and knitting needles.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
14802,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,95,Hopi,82,c74,319,3,Other,17,Tools,Used for digging stick.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 319"
14803,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,95,Hopi,37,w39,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for digging sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 87"
14826,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used to pierce the ears of both sexes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
15093,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make implement handles, especially D-adze handles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
15112,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make D-adze handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115"
15211,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make axe and knife handles.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
15221,1657,Fraxinus cuspidata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make weaving tools.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
15227,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,45,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
15230,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,17,Tools,"Peeled pole, ten or more feet in length, used to knock down pinyon cones.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15231,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles and small tools.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
15269,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles and ball bats.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15285,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for handles of various tools, such as hoes or axes.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15323,1662,Fraxinus velutina Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,25,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into long prongs used to pick from saguaro cacti and pinyon pine trees.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25"
15324,1662,Fraxinus velutina Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,25,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a sharp tool for gathering mescal agave.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25"
15393,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,125,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used with an open fire to steam heat kerfed boards to bend into red cedar bentwood boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125"
15549,1696,Garrya elliptica Dougl. ex Lindl.,290,"Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)",109,m66,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood hardened by fire and used for mussel bars to pry the mussels off the rocks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 169"
16136,1768,Gossypium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,3,Other,17,Tools,"Cotton twisted into thread, braided into a thick cord and used in the strike-a-light.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
16140,1768,Gossypium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,3,Other,17,Tools,"Twisted, soaked in mutton tallow and used as a lampwick for soldering.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
16160,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Bunches placed on trees as trail markers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16161,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as trail markers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16315,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,157,Navajo,74,e44,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used for whirls when making fire by friction.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86"
17313,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make needles for sewing tule and basket sedge.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
17318,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
17334,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,263,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make knitting needles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263"
17337,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,167,Nootka,41,te82,72,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make needles and harpoons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
17343,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17351,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make camas bulb digging sticks and cambium scrapers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17352,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make knitting needles and cattail mat needles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17354,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,216,Salish,63,tb73,288,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
17357,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make camas bulb digging sticks and cambium scrapers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17358,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make knitting needles and cattail mat needles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17397,1908,Hordeum jubatum L.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,34,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to rub the skin off yucca stalks.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 34"
18342,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to hold drilled clamshell beads in place when rolled on a stone slab to smooth them.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
18387,2048,Juncus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a sandpaper for smoothing bows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
18635,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a rake for clearing brush from the fields.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18751,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a rake for clearing brush from the fields.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18763,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,291,Zuni,6,s15,93,3,Other,17,Tools,"Shredded, fibrous bark used as tinder to ignite the fire sticks used for the New Year fire. The bark was also used to make firebrands carried by personators of certain gods.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"
18820,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood hearth board used as a base for a fire drill.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
19072,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make handles for scrapers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19422,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as pottery scrapers.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19437,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make pottery scrapers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
19594,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,36,3,Other,17,Tools,"Gumlike substance gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 36"
19595,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,36,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a pointed digging stick.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 36"
19654,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,187,Panamint,163,k52,84,3,Other,17,Tools,Lac used to make awl handles.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 84"
19683,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,3,Other,17,Tools,Short transverse sticks affixed to poles and used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the shafts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
19684,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,60,3,Other,17,Tools,Smooth sticks used as the shuttles in weaving cotton.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 60"
19685,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Stakes used to stake out sheep hides so they can be made more pliable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
19686,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as the smaller of the two pieces of twisters used to make rope.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 62"
19687,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,59,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles for basketry awls.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 59"
19874,2126,Ledum palustre L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a switch in the sweathouse.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
21884,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,95,Hopi,37,w39,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make various tools.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 76"
22220,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22221,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make sledgehammer handles and mallet heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22224,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make axe handles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
22263,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22273,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,209,Quileute,25,g73,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mauls for driving stakes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
22281,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks and adze handles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
23195,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried flowerheads used to apply water to a green hide to make it easier to scrape the hide.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23536,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,42,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used in pierced ears to keep the hole from growing together.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 42"
23562,2556,Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make pestles and axe handles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
23726,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Bulbs used for curving and molding halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52"
23727,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,17,Tools,Enlarged upper portion of the stipes used as steam boxes for making halibut hooks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
24192,2604,Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,138,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
24351,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,94,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements requiring extreme hardness: throwing sticks and clubs.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 94"
24361,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Four foot sticks with sharp points used as digging sticks.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 31"
24362,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,60,3,Other,17,Tools,Wooden stakes driven into the ground and used for weaving cotton.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 60"
24368,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,17,Tools,Formerly used to make shovels.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
24369,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
24616,2653,Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,56,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used for needles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 56"
24700,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as sewing needles and for tattooing.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
24723,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,233,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used to prick the design into the skin for tattooing.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233"
25129,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make utensil handles.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
25278,2724,Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
26374,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
26381,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for netting shuttles and knitting needles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 31"
26393,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26395,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,183,Paiute,98,m53,77,3,Other,17,Tools,"Sticks used as digging sticks, one of the principal tools.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 77"
26414,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,230,3,Other,17,Tools,Hard wood used for making knitting needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 230"
26590,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem split and the sharp edge used at birth to cut the navel cord.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26591,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,17,Tools,"Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboolike stems used in the making of fire drills.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26619,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
26620,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
26915,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dead, standing trees used to make a moose hide stretcher.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
27039,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make boats, boat paddles, shovels, skin stretchers and wedges for chopping wood.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27107,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,49,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make drying racks.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
27184,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a bark peeling tool.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27185,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27287,2939,Picea sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,17,Tools,"Logs and poles used for making kayak parts, tool handles and other utilitarian objects.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
27301,2939,Picea sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,17,Tools,"Twigs used as beaters to make a high, stiff, lasting lather of yucca roots and water.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27432,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make cedar bark peelers, digging sticks and board bending tools.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
27488,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,86,Haisla,14,c93,178,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make maul heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27491,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,3,Other,17,Tools,Smoldering twigs used to singe and trim hair.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27495,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,70,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 70"
27558,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the knife for trimming mescal heads.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27638,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make loom poles, beams and uprights used in the construction of looms.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27669,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make sharp sticks for perforating buckskin and various other tools.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27816,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the knife for trimming mescal heads.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27931,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used as twirling sticks in fire making.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18"
27955,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make ladders.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27981,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used for twirling sticks in fire production.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18"
28075,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,348,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make kiva ladders.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 348"
28326,2986,Pipturus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into clubs and used to beat the tapa.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
28638,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,249,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks used to peg a hide to the ground while stretching it during tanning.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 249"
28647,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,188,Papago,27,cu35,59,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a spindle for spinning cotton.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 59"
29320,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,17,Tools,Thin board of wood placed at the top of a cradle to flatten a child's head.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29351,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried root used as a drill in making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
29353,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,289,Yurok,70,b81,47,3,Other,17,Tools,Pitch used to apply soot in the tattooing process.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 47"
29458,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wooden tubes for the bellows used in silversmithing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29552,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make fire spindle and sometimes the hearth.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29562,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the frame of the loom.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29645,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,17,Tools,Logs used to scrape deer hides.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29687,3090,Populus ?acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia ? deltoides],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make fire drills.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
29889,3142,Proboscidea althaeifolia (Benth.) Dcne.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Hooked thorns used as a tool in mending baskets and broken pottery.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30030,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used to puncture the skin for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30038,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,32,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make knives for cutting yucca stalks, pottery paddles & tools for digging pottery clay.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32"
30066,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Long branch made into a mescal cutter to sever agave leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30118,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,32,3,Other,17,Tools,"Two foot long, sword shaped slabs sharpened and used as weed hoes.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 32"
30403,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for the drill to make friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
30429,3167,Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,55,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a drill in fire making.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55"
30529,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,95,Hopi,37,w39,79,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make weaving batons.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79"
30724,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks used to dig roots.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
30903,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,54,3,Other,17,Tools,Straight stems used to make gun cleaners.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"
30968,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles for root diggers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
31278,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the hook for climbing sugar pine trees.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
31917,3253,Quercus alba L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood was of much value, especially for making awls to punch holes in birch bark.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
32070,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make handles for implements, such as hoes and axes.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32077,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles and other wooden portions of various implements.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
32092,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood sticks notched by sheepherders to keep track of the days they have worked.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32093,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make axe handles, hoe handles, digging sticks and weaving tools.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32118,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Woods used to make digging sticks.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44"
32121,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make rabbit sticks and other utensils.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44"
32127,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32211,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,3,Other,17,Tools,Shoots split into strands and used for twining the rods of baskets and scoops.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
32340,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used to tie warp of rugs to beam while weaving.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32341,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for tool handles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32346,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make batten for weaving.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32413,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to dig out crowns of the mescal plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
32420,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make digging sticks and wooden tweezers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32429,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,17,Tools,Used for awls.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
32467,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Concave hole in wood used as a die to make metallic hemispheres for beads and sunflower blossoms.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32468,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make batten stick for weaving.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32469,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make hoes and digging sticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32522,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the hoe and axe handles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32583,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,228,Seminole,88,s54,493,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make pestles and cane mills.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 493"
32615,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make batten sticks and bows for the baby's cradle.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32875,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into the large plug used to keep the pierced ear lobe open on young girls.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
33145,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to make hoe handles.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
33171,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,231,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs made into a seed-fan and used to beat the seeds off plants.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 231"
33391,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Pithless stems used as tubes to inflate seal paunches made into oil containers.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33435,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the distaff used in spinning.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
33495,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for removing splinters and for tattooing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33570,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for removing splinters and for tattooing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33626,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for removing splinters and for tattooing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
34029,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
34275,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make needles for leather work.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
35651,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks bent and used to remove hair from hides.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35668,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35669,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35699,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make long needles for sewing tule into mats.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35772,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35773,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35793,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make tongs for removing cactus fruit.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
35804,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make long needles for sewing tule into mats.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35906,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35907,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35962,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,26,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make drills for fire drills.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
35967,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,287,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mallet heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 287"
35974,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem used to make loom frames.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36059,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,17,Tools,Roots used to make the fire drill.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36097,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,17,Tools,Roots used as a fire drill.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36098,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,17,Tools,Whole plant beaten with a stick to make the wind blow on hot days.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36223,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make scrapers for removing hair from hides.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36235,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches made into heddle sticks and used in weaving.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36236,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches made into hoops and used inside the buckskin sack of a bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36563,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as a twirling stick in fire making.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36767,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,505,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505"
36768,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
36923,3570,Sambucus sp.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,99,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems made into the shuttle used for weaving.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 99"
37148,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,3,Other,17,Tools,"Strong wood used for rabbit sticks, planting sticks, lease rods and clothes hooks.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
37149,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
37150,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
37151,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for planting and lease rods.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37162,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make planting sticks, knitting needles, heddle sticks, distaff handles used in weaving.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37170,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used as needles in the manufacture of tule and cattail mats.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 69"
37523,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,116,3,Other,17,Tools,Grass formerly used to cut a newborn baby's umbilical cord.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 116"
37757,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make fire fans.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37960,3667,Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.,228,Seminole,88,s54,494,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make pestles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"
38890,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
39058,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,280,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch tips ignited and used for cauterizing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280"
39080,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharpened stem used as a root digging stick.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39430,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,17,Tools,"Plant used to make heddles, mortars and pestles.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39446,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make adze handles, bark scrapers and wedges.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
39454,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39459,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39470,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39472,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as needles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39473,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; wedges & mat pressers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39474,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong and resilient wood used to make sticks for prying open mussels and chitons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39488,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark used as the handle for stone knives.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39489,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make various tools.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39499,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Trees used to measure strength. Men who could twist a yew tree from crown to butt were considered very strong.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39500,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make curved digging sticks for prying wild clover roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
39501,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,267,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as a barklifter to peel red cedar bark off the trees.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 267"
39502,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make fire tongs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39514,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,226,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make chest high digging sticks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 226"
39515,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make digging and prying sticks, mat pressers and wedges.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39516,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks for harvesting pacific cinquefoil roots.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 118"
39523,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39533,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39544,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39553,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39559,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39565,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood 'hardened' in the fire and used to make wedges, axe handles and digging sticks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
39639,3913,Tetradymia axillaris A. Nels.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as tattooing needles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
39671,3916,Tetradymia stenolepis Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as tattooing needles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
40022,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,17,Tools,"Long, dried kindling tied with cedar bark & used as torch to burn out excess wood in making a canoe. There is a story about Deer and the Chickadees in which Deer was using such a bundle of cedar pieces while making a canoe.  He became so absorbed in watching the dancing of the Chickadees that he burned right through the bottom of the canoe.  Turner's informant Alice Paul pointed out that a deer is still like that--when he sees anything moving, he stares at it.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40051,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making implements.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40187,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40206,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make the spindle for spinning mountain-goat wool.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40239,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for the drill to make friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40288,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make woodworking tools.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40341,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spiles for drawing out maple sap from trees into buckets during sugar making time.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40414,3966,Torreya californica Torr.,200,Pomo,89,c02,305,3,Other,17,Tools,"Rigid, sharp-pointed leaves formerly used as needles to prick pitch soot into the skin in tattooing.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
40982,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40983,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mallets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41087,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,Broken boughs used by the handful like a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41436,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41468,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41474,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41482,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41513,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41565,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41573,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41581,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41595,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41602,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41606,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41611,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
43381,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,70,b81,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used for lashings.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
43557,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for flailing and hulling dried seeds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43727,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for trimming the edges of mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43791,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used to make fire drills.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43818,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,17,Tools,Terminal spines used as needles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43994,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to make cincture pads for supporting water vases upon the head.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
44094,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,17,Tools,"Hard, sharp-pointed blades bound with sinew and used in place of wood to make the fire drill.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44122,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Flower stalks used as spindles to start fire by friction.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44184,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used as a spindle in making fire by friction.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 52"
44258,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make a brush to apply colored clays to pottery.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44476,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to beat leather while dyeing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44484,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used by pottery makers to smooth the pottery.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44526,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to make handles and holders.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44664,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,102,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch used to make a planting stick.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 102"