id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
118,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a tan dye for buckskin.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
2238,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bulb skin used as a golden-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
2340,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2378,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to obtain a brown dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
2397,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2424,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2443,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark and twigs used as a brownish dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2444,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Powdered bark used as a tan dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants.  The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany.  Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material.  To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen.  This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight.  This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2527,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2548,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2588,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark boiled in water to make a brown dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2654,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,84,5,Dye,150,Brown,Used as a brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84"
2655,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,84,5,Dye,150,Brown,Used as a brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84"
4580,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,5,Dye,150,Brown,Berries used to make a gray-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
7135,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,5,Dye,150,Brown,Inner bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7261,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,5,Dye,150,Brown,Inner bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
8415,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8960,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction of root bark used as a brown dye for buckskin and wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
10929,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled to make an intense brown dye & used to color bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11032,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,36,5,Dye,150,Brown,Infusion of outer bark used to color leather from tan to brown.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
13194,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,157,Navajo,121,l86,19,5,Dye,150,Brown,Twigs and leaves boiled with alum and used as a light tan dye.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 19"
18176,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18184,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,150,Brown,Root bark used to make a brown dye which did not need a mordant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18218,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,150,Brown,Juice of nut husk used as a brown dye for deerskin shirts.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
18223,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Nut hulls used as best brown dye, because it was attained from the tree at any time of the year. Butternut was usually used in other combinations for brown and black colors.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
18238,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Nut hulls used as a golden brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
18239,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Young twigs used as a light brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
18249,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark, roots and husks used to make a brown dye.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18258,2034,Juglans nigra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a dark brown dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18320,2035,Juglans regia L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Nut hulls used as a golden brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
19330,2079,Krameria grayi Rose & Painter,193,Pima,11,c49,91,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dry roots ground, boiled in water and used as a brown dye for basket making.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 91"
19802,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,96,5,Dye,150,Brown,Plant used as a dark brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 96"
19842,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,5,Dye,150,Brown,Leaves used to make a beverage and also used as a brown dye material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
23082,2493,Mirabilis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Petals boiled and used as a light brown dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
23567,2557,Myrica gale L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,150,Brown,"In the fall, the branch tips grow into an abortive scale and boiled to yield a brown dye stuff.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
26769,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark soaked with cedar bark to darken the cedar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
31316,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used on fish nets as a light brown dye to make them invisible to the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31654,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,5,Dye,150,Brown,Pounded leaves and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
32336,3282,Quercus prinus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a tan dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32342,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark exudation used as a tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32563,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a light or dark brown dye for buckskin.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
35377,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dried, ground roots used as a brown dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35378,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,11,c49,51,5,Dye,150,Brown,Roots boiled and used to make a medium brown dye for yarn.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35410,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a brown dye for basket making.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
40939,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
41040,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41041,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"