id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
693,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,145,Lighting,Wood used to make torch handles.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
1496,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches bound together and used for torches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1996,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Nuts dried, strung together and burned like candles.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
4347,334,Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,69,3,Other,145,Lighting,Wood used on the fire at dances and ceremonials because it made a bright light to see by.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 69"
5058,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5123,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5733,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark wound about a stick and used as a torch.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5919,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make candles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
7199,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Fine, shredded bark bound into bundles and used for torches.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7204,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7252,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark rolled into a handy, burn all night torch. The Ojibwe often used a torch of rolled birch bark in lieu of candles.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7313,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7337,585,Betula sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used to make torches for night fishing.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
8120,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried plant tied in tight bundles for torches and used for travel by night like a lantern.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
12908,1363,Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,27,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried pulp used as candles.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
13634,1453,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. latisquamea (Gray) Nesom & Baird,101,Isleta,76,j31,26,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Wood, burned slowly and brightly, used as candles.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
14205,1542,Eriophorum sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,3,Other,145,Lighting,Seed head bristles used to make wicks for oil lamps.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
16624,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,193,Pima,11,c49,103,3,Other,145,Lighting,Inner pulp of dried stalks strung and used to make quick-burning candles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"
18713,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used as a torch in the 'Fire Dance.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18749,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark formerly shredded, bound into bundles and used as torches to give light in houses.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
18818,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark wound around a stick & used as a torch to provide light and carry a fire to a new campsite.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18931,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used as a torch.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
19078,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried bark made into a torch.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
23434,2524,Morella caroliniensis (P. Mill.) Small,96,Houma,49,speck41,56,3,Other,145,Lighting,Berries boiled and wax used to make candles.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56"
23439,2525,Morella cerifera (L.) Small,96,Houma,49,speck41,56,3,Other,145,Lighting,Berries boiled and wax used to make candles.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56"
24698,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried woody stems used for candles and torches before the presence of other forms of lighting.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
27170,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,86,Haisla,14,c93,175,3,Other,145,Lighting,Pitch applied to the ends of red cedar torches used in night fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27383,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,145,Lighting,Pine pitch and cedar used to make torches and attached to the canoe bow for night hunting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
27710,2960,Pinus elliottii Engelm.,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,3,Other,145,Lighting,Plant used to make torches.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
27997,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,50,3,Other,145,Lighting,Pitch used to make torches.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"
31193,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,309,3,Other,145,Lighting,Small branches used as torches in fishing.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 309"
32799,3328,Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg,281,Wintoon,109,m66,276,3,Other,145,Lighting,Wood used for torches because it burned a long time.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 276"
38885,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,34,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 34"
39924,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,145,Lighting,Rolled bark used for night hunting torches.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39970,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches covered with Sitka spruce pitch used for night fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40035,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,145,Lighting,Inner bark used as lampwicks in oil lamps.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40204,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,145,Lighting,Inner bark used as lampwicks in oil lamps.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"