id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
30,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,155,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as an antiseptic.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155"
804,38,Achillea millefolium L.,76,Flathead,30,h92,6,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Herb used as a disinfectant.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 6"
850,38,Achillea millefolium L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,6,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Herb used as a disinfectant.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 6"
1490,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Decoction of leaves and branches used to bathe infected, sore or swollen areas of the body.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1705,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as fumigant for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
1899,102,Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion taken and used as lotion for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
2096,140,Allium cepa L.,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,120,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used to destroy germs because of a volatile oil in roots.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120"
2847,198,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Juice of wilted leaves applied to infected toes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
2892,203,Ambrosia trifida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Juice of wilted leaves applied to infected toes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
3104,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction of inner bark used as a disinfectant wash.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
3248,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,13,g05,42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Smoke used to purify gift made to the spirits.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42"
3375,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,8,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Dried, powdered plant applied as a disinfectant to wounds.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 8"
3380,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,101,Isleta,76,j31,22,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of leaves used as a disinfectant on open wounds.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
3392,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,15,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Powdered plants used as a disinfectant for knife wounds.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 15"
3410,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"33, 34",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of roots used as an antiseptic wash.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 33, 34"
3535,265,Angelica lucida L.,73,"Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut",187,o57,31,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Burning stems shaken inside and outside the house for purification.,"Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 31"
3886,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant placed on hot rocks and applied to patient's head for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
4074,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"40, 41",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of root applied to swellings and infections.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 40, 41"
4089,319,Aralia racemosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of roots and berries taken as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
4878,374,Aristolochia serpentaria L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
5021,390,Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis var. scouleriana (Hook.) Cronq.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,45,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 45"
5252,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Dried leaves burned to disinfect room of contagious patient.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
5395,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,353,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of plant used as a disinfectant to wash the bodies of the mourners after funerals.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 353"
5416,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as incense to disinfect the house.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
5457,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches used as a bed in a sweatbath to steam out infection of influenza.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
5492,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant tops taken for severe infections.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
5515,404,Artemisia sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as a wash for purification.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5547,404,Artemisia sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as a wash for purification.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5553,404,Artemisia sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as a wash for purification.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5558,404,Artemisia sp.,205,Ponca,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as a wash for purification.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5566,404,Artemisia sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as a wash for purification.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5572,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,66,Eskimo,94,s73,326,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as an infection inhibitor.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 326"
5598,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of leaves applied or decoction of leaves used as a wash for infections.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5606,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Dried leaves and stems burned, in the homes and sweathouses, as a disinfectant.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
5708,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic wash for cuts, wounds or sores.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
5771,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic wash for cuts, wounds or sores.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
5772,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Warm decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic bath for newborns.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
5787,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,58,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used to fumigate the house and keep germs off.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 58"
5814,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,276,Washo,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as fumigant for sickroom or for utensils used for childbirth.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
5994,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,309,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion or decoction used as hand and face wash for ghost contamination.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
6066,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,19,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of leaves applied for any infections.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19"
6540,492,Astragalus purshii Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of roots taken and poured on head in sweathouse for purification.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
6776,531,Baccharis douglasii DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,26,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Dried, powdered stems applied as a disinfectant to wounds.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26"
6913,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"50, 51",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root burned as a fumigant in the sickroom.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50, 51"
6958,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,276,Washo,12,tha41,"50, 51",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root burned as a fumigant in the sickroom.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50, 51"
7537,624,Brickellia brachyphylla (Gray) Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root used with 'lizard figurine' for prenatal 'lizard infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
7934,713,Campanula rotundifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as ceremonial fumigant for deer infection.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
8068,742,Carex inops ssp. heliophila (Mackenzie) Crins,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of plant used as lotion for 'eagle infections.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
8449,777,Castilleja affinis Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,15,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as a wash or powdered plant applied to infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15"
9692,918,Chionanthus virginicus L.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,50,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of roots used as a wash for infected sores.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50"
9745,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,273,Wailaki,89,c02,319,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of roasted bulbs used antiseptically for sores.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9872,942,Cicuta maculata L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,398,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Handling plants caused fits and decoction used as floor wash to prevent disease.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 398"
10007,971,Cirsium sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,26,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Pounded stalk pulp used to dry infections.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26"
10394,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,138,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of leaves applied to infections.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 138"
10615,1069,Conyza canadensis var. canadensis,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Hot poultice of plant applied to infants with prenatal infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 47"
10729,1083,Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of dried plant taken with salt for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
10756,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root bark used as an antiseptic and astringent.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10872,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root bark used as an antiseptic and astringent.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
11163,1107,Corydalis aurea Willd.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,23,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for puerperal infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 23"
11522,1147,Cryptantha cinerea var. cinerea,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,40,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant given to newborn infant for prenatal snake or toad infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 40"
11551,1155,Cryptantha sp.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,39,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for coyote infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 39"
11975,1216,Dalea candida var. candida,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction used for 'snake infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
11976,1216,Dalea candida var. candida,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used for 'snake infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
12123,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant juice or ground flowers and roots used as a disinfectant.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
12457,1290,Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used ceremonially for 'snake infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
12577,1311,Diphylleia cymosa Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"59, 60",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59, 60"
13249,1412,Epilobium canum ssp. angustifolium (Keck) Raven,50,Costanoan,16,b84,22,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22"
13348,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Leaves burned as a disinfectant.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
13438,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction of plant used for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
13719,1466,Erigeron canus Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
13723,1468,Erigeron concinnus (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for 'antelope infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
13731,1470,Erigeron divergens Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of plant taken and used as a lotion for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
13747,1473,Erigeron flagellaris Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"50, 51",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of leaves used ceremonially for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50, 51"
13866,1488,Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,13,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant combined with other herbs and used for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 13"
13970,1497,Eriogonum annuum Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion taken for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
14031,1510,Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,505,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of whole plant used as a purifying ceremonial wash in the sweathouse.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505"
14169,1533,Eriogonum umbellatum Torr.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,20,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a fumigant for biliousness.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 20"
14221,1547,Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,29,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for infections.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29"
14414,1574,Euonymus americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
14476,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Used as a tonic, sudorific, stimulant, emetic and antiseptic.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
14808,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for 'bear infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
14894,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Leaf powder applied to any open sore as a disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15009,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Leaf powder applied to any open sore as a disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15053,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,58,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Crushed berries applied to infected sores.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 58"
15109,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,115,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Infusion of spring or early summer bark used as a disinfectant for cuts, wounds and sores.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115"
15152,1651,Frasera caroliniensis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
15717,1706,Gaura mollis James,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,33,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a fumigant.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33"
15946,1738,Geum triflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of whole plant used as a wash after the purifying sweatbath.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
16178,1776,Grindelia nana Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"81, 82",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as an antiseptic wash to help heal broken bones.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 81, 82"
16210,1780,Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal,34,"Cheyenne, Northern",30,h92,32,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of flowering tops used to wash sores and other skin lesions.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 32"
16234,1780,Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal,131,Mahuna,5,r54,15,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion used as a disinfectant wash.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 15"
16246,1780,Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"81, 82",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as an antiseptic wash to help heal broken bones.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 81, 82"
16318,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,48,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"
16325,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction used ceremonially for snake infection.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16341,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"82, 83",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction of plant used as an antiseptic wash for measles and other rashes.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 82, 83"
16344,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,56,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used on hot coals to fumigate mother and newborn child.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
16604,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,48,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for prenatal infection caused by solar eclipse.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"
16649,1824,Helianthus cusickii Gray,230,Shasta,149,h46,340,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root burned in the house after a death.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 340"
16939,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of root used ceremonially as a wash for purification.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
16940,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of roots taken by warriors and hunters as a purifier.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
17007,1864,Heterotheca villosa var. villosa,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,20,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant burned as incense to remove evil spirits from the house.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20"
17093,1874,Heuchera novomexicana Wheelock,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of split root applied to infected sores.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
17379,1905,Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) Heller,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"88, 89",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Decoction of leaves, flowers and stems used as an antiseptic wash.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 88, 89"
17422,1918,Houstonia wrightii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
17484,1926,Hydrangea arborescens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
17552,1938,Hylotelephium telephioides (Michx.) H. Ohba.,64,"Delaware, Ontario",22,t42,66,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of crushed leaves applied to infected wounds.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 66"
17939,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"76, 77",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of whole plant used as a disinfectant wash for the itch.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76, 77"
17960,1999,Ipomopsis congesta ssp. congesta,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,77-80,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as an antiseptic wash for skin problems.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 77-80"
17993,2002,Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. longiflora,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for 'deer infection' and 'snake infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
18455,2054,Juniperus communis L.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,302,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for the antiseptic qualities on wounds.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 302"
18539,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Needles burned as a disinfectant.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
18724,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"39, 40",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Leaves placed on hot coals as an herbal steam to 'fumigate' new mother.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39, 40"
18792,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18793,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of twigs used as an antiseptic wash for sores.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18830,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18831,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of twigs used as an antiseptic wash for measles and smallpox.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18844,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,276,Washo,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18886,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,183,Paiute,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18887,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,183,Paiute,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Strong decoction of twigs used as an antiseptic wash for sores.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18909,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18910,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Strong decoction of twigs used as an antiseptic wash for measles and smallpox.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18926,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,276,Washo,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
19037,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,21,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used to disinfect the house.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
19045,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Decoction or infusion of plant used to disinfect the house after an illness or death. The decoction was used to scrub the floors, walls and furniture after an illness or death in the house.  It was also used to wash the deceased person's bedding and clothing as well as serving as a protective wash for other members of the household.  The steam from the infusion was also said to have a disinfecting effect.  If they knew that an illness was going to arrive, they broke the branches and burned them in the house for the strong smoke which they said would keep the air fresh so that the sickness would not affect them.  They also burned the branches after a death in the house to freshen the air.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
19100,2063,Juniperus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,"62, 63",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of branch used as wash to disinfect persons after corpse burial.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 62, 63"
19147,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,522,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Smoke from leaves inhaled for purifying effect.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522"
19202,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,216,Salish,144,teit28,294,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for fumigation.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294"
19266,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion used as a wash 'to get rid of pests' and as a liniment.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
19318,2079,Krameria grayi Rose & Painter,183,Paiute,12,tha41,96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of root used as a wash for gonorrheal eye infections.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 96"
19325,2079,Krameria grayi Rose & Painter,193,Pima,11,c49,91,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of powdered roots applied to prevent infection on newborn's navel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 91"
19484,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,127,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of needles and inner bark applied to infections.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 127"
19522,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,378379,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Dried leaves used as an inhalant and fumigator.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378379"
19586,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,97,Hualapai,127,w82,28,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of leaves used as a disinfecting skin cleanser.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 28"
19589,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,36,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for the antiseptic properties.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 36"
19597,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,131,Mahuna,5,r54,37,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of plant used as a disinfectant and deodorizer.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 37"
19634,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,83,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction or poultice of leaves used to draw out poisons and for infections.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 83"
19644,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,101,Isleta,76,j31,26,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used as a disinfectant.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
19698,2106,Lathyrus eucosmus Butters & St. John,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion taken and used as a lotion for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
19864,2126,Ledum palustre L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of stems and leaves used as a wash for infections.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
19865,2126,Ledum palustre L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Fresh or dried leaves chewed for infections.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
19926,2136,Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,153,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a 'disinfectant.',"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 153"
19953,2144,Leptodactylon pungens (Torr.) Torr. ex Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used for 'snake infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
20412,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,30,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a fumigant.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 30"
20625,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,60,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used as a bath to 'clean the germs off the body.',"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 60"
20827,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,79,Gosiute,38,c11,348,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Poultice of roots applied to infected, compound fractures.","Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 348"
20864,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,183,Paiute,12,tha41,97-100,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root used as 'the basis of a number of antiseptics.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100"
20887,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,97-100,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root used as 'the basis of a number of antiseptics.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100"
21220,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used for infections.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
21230,2268,Lonicera sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,24,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 24"
21282,2279,Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
21353,2303,Lupinus pusillus ssp. intermontanus (Heller) D. Dunn,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,28,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a fumigant ingredient.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 28"
21946,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,83,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of roots applied as an antiseptic to wounds.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83"
22434,2417,Marrubium vulgare L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Strong infusion used for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
22485,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,27,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Seeds used as salve for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 27"
22695,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,40,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Roots used for prenatal snake infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 40"
22916,2455,Mentzelia multiflora var. multiflora,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as fumigant for collared lizard ceremony.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
24129,2597,Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata (Dur.) E.O. Beal,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,163,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of mashed rhizomes applied to infections.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 163"
24342,2631,Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of dried root taken for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
24343,2631,Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of dried root used for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
24793,2670,Opuntia sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,38,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Stems scorched, split and used for infections and cuts.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 38"
25007,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,109110,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of root used as an antiseptic wash for venereal sores.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
25035,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,109110,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of root used as an antiseptic wash for measles.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
25162,2709,Oxalis oregana Nutt.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of plant applied to draw out infections.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
25235,2716,Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of roots taken and poured on head in sweathouse for purification.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
25305,2729,Packera neomexicana var. neomexicana,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,49,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for bear infections.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 49"
25816,2799,Penstemon ambiguus Torr.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a fumigant for livestock with snakebites.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42"
25839,2803,Penstemon centranthifolius Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,15,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Poultice of plant applied to deep, infected sores.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15"
25861,2805,Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,112113,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of stems and leaves dropped into the ear for ear infections.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113"
25873,2806,Penstemon eatonii Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a fumigant and Lightning infection emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42"
26481,2888,Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) Heller,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a fumigant for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
26543,2898,Phoradendron sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,101,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Powdered berries mixed with water and used to bathe infected eyes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 101"
26984,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,379,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Dried leaves used as an inhalant and fumigator.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379"
27004,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of tree top and cottonwood taken for infections.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27005,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Soft pitch, sometimes mixed with grease, used as an ointment for external infections.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27126,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,70,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of inner bark applied to infected inflammations.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 70"
27151,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of gum applied to infections.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
27208,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,269,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches in house of sick person to prevent anything unclean from entering.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27468,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,102,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Pitch used as a sort of 'cold cream' with disinfectant properties.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 102"
27469,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Salve of resin with animal fat applied to body as a purifier after sweatbath.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
27561,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Gum smoke used as disinfectant for family of dead person.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27693,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,291,Zuni,6,s15,"57, 58",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Powdered gum sprinkled on lanced groin swellings as an antiseptic.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 57, 58"
27819,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Gum smoke used as disinfectant for family of dead person.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27879,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,117118,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction of needles used as antiseptic wash for measles and other rashes.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 117118"
28447,3001,Plantago major L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of plant taken for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
28450,3001,Plantago major L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,115,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of moist leaves placed on infections and boils.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115"
28473,3001,Plantago major L.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,119120,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of mashed leaves applied to dropsical swellings and infections.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 119120"
28541,3011,Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Luer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of whole plant used as a wash after the purifying sweatbath.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
28978,3075,Polypodium californicum Kaulfuss,289,Yurok,70,b81,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Rhizomes used as an 'antibiotic' for infections.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
29184,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,148,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Buds used to make a salve and applied to infected wounds.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 148"
29185,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,148,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Poultice of steeped, root scrapings applied to infected wounds.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 148"
29204,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of fresh leaves applied to a sore to draw out the infection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29327,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Gum of burls applied as an antiseptic to cuts and wounds.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
29335,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,251,Squaxin,25,g73,26,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of bruised leaves applied as an antiseptic for cuts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
29673,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of bark rubbed on adolescents' bodies for purification.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
30130,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of dried gum applied to prevent infection in newborn's navel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30236,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction of inner bark used as a disinfectant wash.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
30237,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of bark used as a disinfecting wash.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
30465,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,184,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of bark taken for infections.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 184"
30589,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction of inner bark used as a disinfectant wash.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
30761,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound decoction of inner bark used as a disinfectant wash.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
31120,3194,Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium,138,Menominee,51,s23,30,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Smudge of leaves used to fumigate premises to dispel ghost of a dead person.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 30"
31207,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,33,steed28,505,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of branches and twigs used as a purifying body wash in sweathouse.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505"
31270,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs used as an antiseptic.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
31287,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,15,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for fumigation.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 15"
31307,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,241,Skagit,25,g73,19,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of bark used as an antiseptic for infections.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31378,3206,Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.,291,Zuni,6,s15,58,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of moistened leaves applied to any body part for purification.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 58"
31393,3209,Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius,183,Paiute,12,tha41,64-66,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Simple or compound decoction of stems and tops used as an antiseptic bath for measles.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66"
31394,3209,Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius,183,Paiute,12,tha41,64-66,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Simple or compound decoction of stems and tops used as an antiseptic bath for smallpox.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66"
31412,3209,Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,64-66,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Simple or compound decoction of stems and tops used as an antiseptic bath for smallpox.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66"
31441,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Root used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
31571,3220,Pterospora andromedea Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of ground berries and stems used as an astringent.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
31639,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,61,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant parts used as an antiseptic wash for smallpox or measles.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 61"
31684,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Leaves chewed by hunters for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
31862,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31880,3253,Quercus alba L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,30,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of bark used as a disinfectant.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30"
31885,3253,Quercus alba L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,78,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Compound containing bark used as an antiseptic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 78"
32040,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32164,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32350,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32495,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32531,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32730,3320,Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,505,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of whole plant used as a body wash for purification in sweathouse.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505"
35025,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,35,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,"Decoction of bark used to clean infected wounds, especially burns.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35111,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,19,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Roots used for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19"
35484,3495,Rumex sp.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,29,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of stalks used as an antiseptic wash for leg sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
35969,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Painted internode of stem held by baby for 'lightning infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36379,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,136,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of seed mush applied to infections.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136"
36488,3564,Sambucus nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Leaves used to wash sores to prevent infection.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
36564,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,43,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for lightning infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 43"
36582,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,204,"Pomo, Potter Valley",89,c02,388,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic wash.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36608,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,285,Yokia,89,c02,388,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic wash.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36649,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Leaves used to wash sores to prevent infection.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
36916,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,251,Squaxin,25,g73,47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of leaves used as a wash on area infected with blood poisoning.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
37558,3616,Scrophularia californica Cham. & Schlecht.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,15,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of twigs used as a wash for infections.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15"
37659,3642,Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,27,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Infusion of plant used externally for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 27"
37903,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,505,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of stem and leaf taken by hunters and warriors in sweathouse to purify.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505"
38079,3690,Sinapis arvensis L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
38158,3704,Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small,100,Iroquois,7,h77,468,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Dried roots used as fumigant for ghosts.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 468"
38440,3739,Solidago nemoralis Ait.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,12,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used as a disinfecting wash for burns or skin ulcers.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 12"
38635,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"60, 61",2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of pulverized roots applied to purulent sores.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 60, 61"
38646,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
38700,3783,Sphagnum sp.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,59,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as a good disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
38807,3813,Stachys bullata Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,17,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of plant applied or decoction taken for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 17"
38827,3816,Stachys rothrockii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Dried leaves used for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
39053,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,81,Green River Group,25,g73,47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used to disinfect a festering sore.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
39327,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,143144,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves and sometimes stems used as a warm antiseptic wash.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 143144"
39647,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold simple or compound infusion of leaf used for 'ghost infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39682,3918,Tetraneuris argentea (Gray) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for 'coyote infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
39854,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Twigs burned as a disinfectant to fumigate a house for smallpox.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
40505,3979,Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Cold infusion of root used internally and externally for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
40560,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,17,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 17"
40706,4020,Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,41,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of root purified man after intercourse with menstruating woman.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 41"
40842,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,125,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of crushed branch tips applied to the infected navel of an infant.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 125"
41084,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs considered an important disinfectant. One informant noted that those desiring to cleanse themselves would scrub their bodies with the branches.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41103,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41170,4049,Typha latifolia L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,132,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of crushed roots applied to infections.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 132"
41624,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs used in fire to fumigate the house for colds and other sicknesses.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
41905,4061,Urtica sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,21,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of plant used for infected sores.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 21"
41909,4061,Urtica sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,505,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used to make a wash poured on the body as a purifier after sweatbath.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505"
42586,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,147148,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of root applied for infections.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 147148"
42612,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,147148,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Poultice of root applied for infections.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 147148"
42961,4125,Veronica peregrina ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction taken for 'deer infection' from overeating venison.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
42972,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
43758,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Crushed root used in purification ceremony.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"