id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
179,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Pitch taken for a general feeling of weakness.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
290,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Pitch taken for a general feeling of weakness.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
398,16,Acacia koa Gray,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,46,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Ashes of this and other plants applied to the mouth interior of infants for physical weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 46"
1564,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Green fronds chewed by dancers in winter for strength and endurance.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
1565,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of dried fronds burned to ashes, mixed with unknown and taken for strength and endurance. This infusion used especially by dancers in winter.  Hesquiat dancers would take nothing but this medicine on day when they were dancing; it made them 'light on their feet' and helped them continue dancing for a long time without tiring.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
1993,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Nut meats baked, ground, mixed with other plants and eaten to build up the body.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
2866,200,Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene,133,Makah,3,g83,323,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used as medicine for strength.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 323"
3943,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,247,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Root smeared on people's legs to increase stamina before a race.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247"
3952,305,Aquilegia sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,247,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Root smeared on people's legs to increase stamina before a race.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247"
4124,319,Aralia racemosa L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,392,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Cold infusion of roots taken for more strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 392"
4133,319,Aralia racemosa L.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,248,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of roots used for lassitude in spring.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248"
5118,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,362,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Decoction of root used as strengthening bath for child and herbal steam for elderly.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362"
5409,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of plant taken and splashed on body during sweatbathing by hunters, to walk long distances.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5541,404,Artemisia sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,27,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of plant taken or applied to a weak patient as a strengthener.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
6126,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of root used as a strengthening bath for children and adults.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
6134,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,418,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of roots taken and used as wash to give strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 418"
6406,453,Asplenium nidus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,22,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Shoots & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting liquid given to children for general weakness.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 22"
6407,453,Asplenium nidus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,22,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Shoots & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting liquid taken for general body weakness.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 22"
7355,590,Bidens sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Flowers and buds chewed by mothers and given to infants for general debility.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53"
7356,590,Bidens sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of flowers, buds and leaves given to infants for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53"
7357,590,Bidens sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of flowers, buds and leaves taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53"
7602,642,Broussaisia arguta Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,48,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Fruits eaten from conception until the child feeds itself to increase the child's survival rate.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 48"
7603,642,Broussaisia arguta Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,48,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Fruits eaten from conception until the child feeds itself to increase the child's survival rate.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 48"
8847,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,247,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Decoction of roots taken for menstruation sickness: yellow eyes and skin, weakness and shaking head. If a man has sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, the results were more serious than the other menstruation sickness.  A doctor would never do this, as it would damage the 'medicine' which he has in his body.  Other men were, sometimes, willing to take the risk.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 247"
8942,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of leaves used as a strengthener.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
9110,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,266,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bark ash and oil used as a lotion to give strength to the very ill.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9112,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Branches placed on top of burning sea wrack as part of a steam treatment for general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
9202,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds and leaves used for general debility of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9545,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds chewed by children with general weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
10429,1040,Cocos nucifera L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,73,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Dried meat ash used for general debility of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73"
10468,1046,Collinsonia canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,428,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of smashed roots used as a wash for babies to give them strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 428"
10968,1100,Cornus sericea L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Decoction of plant, squaw currant branches and fir or tamarack used as a baby bath. The decoction was used to bathe four to six month old babies four to six times over a period of several weeks.  It was said to make the baby strong, bright and good natured.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11777,1171,Cupressus sp.,157,Navajo,121,l86,22,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of branches taken by women to regain strength after childbearing.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 22"
11884,1199,Cyperus laevigatus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,9,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Flower and stalk ashes and kukui nut juice mixed and rubbed on the tongue for general debility.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9"
11959,1211,Cyrtandra sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,49,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Fruits eaten by infants for a weak physical constitution.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 49"
11960,1211,Cyrtandra sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,49,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Fruits eaten from conception until the child feeds itself to increase the child's survival rate.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 49"
12010,1221,Dalea formosa Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,57,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of leaves used by runners to increase endurance and long wind.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
12018,1225,Dalea nana var. nana,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,57,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of plant used as a tonic for weak children.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
12434,1284,Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,51,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Leaves sun dried, crushed into a powder, mixed with tea and taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 51"
12524,1302,Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Shoots chewed by mothers and given to infants for run down condition.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
12525,1302,Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Shoots chewed for run down condition.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
12611,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,389,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Decoction of stems used to increase strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 389"
15174,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Cold, compound infusion rubbed on hunters to strengthen them.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
15338,1665,Freycinetia arborea Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,22,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Shoots & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting juice given to children with general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 22"
15339,1665,Freycinetia arborea Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,22,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Shoots & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting juice taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 22"
15397,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plants used to make a steambath for general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
16356,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,291,Zuni,6,s15,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of blossoms taken to 'make one strong in the limbs and muscles.',"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 53"
16390,1792,Habenaria odontopetala Reichenb. f.,228,Seminole,88,s54,102,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used to make a medicine and given to students in medical training to make the body strong.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 102"
17160,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds chewed by mothers and given to children for general debility and run down conditions.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
17161,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Leaves chewed and swallowed for general debility and run down conditions.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
17162,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,40,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Seeds chewed and swallowed by children with general weakness of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 40"
17194,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Grass chewed as a means of extended endurance in ceremonies involving prolonged fasting.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17523,1929,Hydrocotyle poltata,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,74,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used for general body weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 74"
17637,1962,Hypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of root used as wash to give infants strength.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
17646,1963,Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of root used as wash to give infants strength.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
17670,1966,Hypericum perforatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of root used as wash to give infants strength.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
17858,1989,Ipomoea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,52,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Flowers chewed by mothers and given to infants for general weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 52"
17912,1994,Ipomoea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,35,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Tubers used to strengthen children.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 35"
18051,2011,Iris missouriensis Nutt.,291,Zuni,157,cb80,373,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Poultice of chewed root used for newborns and infants to increase strength.,"Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 373"
18153,2024,Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis (Gray) Robertson,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,73,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used for babies with general body weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73"
18348,2040,Juncus bufonius var. bufonius,100,Iroquois,7,h77,279,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Compound decoction taken to 'give strength to runners and other athletes.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 279"
18354,2042,Juncus effusus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion used as a wash to strengthen babies.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
18393,2050,Juncus tenuis Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion used as a wash to strengthen babies.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
19098,2063,Juniperus sp.,78,Gitksan,14,c93,314,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used as a strengthener.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 314"
19507,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,134,Malecite,93,mech59,249,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of bark used for general debility.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 249"
19575,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Decoction of bark used as a wash or bath for babies, to make them strong and healthy.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
19618,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,193,Pima,11,c49,61,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Smoke from plant used for weakness and laziness.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 61"
19831,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,106,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of fresh or dried plant taken as a tonic when 'run down.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106"
19984,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,51,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Burned stipes made into a salve and used to strengthen young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51"
20114,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Rootstocks twisted together and rubbed on bodies of young men while bathing for strength.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
20541,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Acorn mush taken by old people on their death bed to survive the day.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20941,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,26,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of roots taken for weakness.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 26"
21059,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,67,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Fruit chewed by long distance runners to avoid sideaches.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67"
22928,2458,Mentzelia pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,84,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used to whip children to make them strong so they could hold on to a horse without falling.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 84"
22971,2464,Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,52,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Flowers chewed by mothers and given to infants for general weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 52"
23550,2547,Musa ?paradisiaca L. (pro sp.)  [acuminata ? balbisiana],90,Hawaiian,68,a22,65,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bud or young flower juice rubbed on tongue & mouth interior for body weakness from stomach disorder.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 65"
23692,2575,Nephroma arcticum (L.) Tross.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,187,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of plant used for 'weakness.',"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 187"
24204,2606,Ochrosia compta K. Schum.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,44,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Nuts and other plants chewed and fed to infants for general debility.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 44"
24278,2614,Oenothera biennis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,390,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Chewed roots rubbed on arms and muscles to provide athletes great strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 390"
24694,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Thorn coverings eaten by men in times of war to make them tough.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
25446,2736,Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,41,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Roots & other plants pounded, resulting liquid heated and taken for weakness from too many births.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41"
25764,2785,Pelea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,15,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Young shoots or buds used for children with general debility.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 15"
25965,2827,Peperomia sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,13,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Stems and other ingredients pounded and the resulting liquid taken for general weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 13"
25966,2827,Peperomia sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,13,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Stems and other ingredients taken for general debility.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 13"
25999,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Roots chewed by buffalo runners to extend their endurance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
26297,2869,Phaseolus angustissimus Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,85,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Crushed leaves, blossoms and powdered root rubbed on a child's body as a strengthener. When an infant boy showed signs of timidity, his father carried a small quantity of corn meal wrapped in a bit of corn husk to the warrior of his choice, presented it and asked that the warrior apply the medicine on his child's body so that he may have a brave heart and never be afraid of the enemy.  The warrior then chewed the crushed leaves and blossoms and the powdered root, ejected the mass into his hands and rubbed it all over the child's body.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 85"
26656,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,274,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Leaves placed in the bottom of child's cradle to make him grow strong.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 274"
27226,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Decoction of plants used as a strengthening bath.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
28311,2980,Piper methysticum G. Forst.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,17,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant ashes and other ashes rubbed on children with general weakness of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 17"
28324,2986,Pipturus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Seeds eaten by expectant mothers for general debility of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
28325,2986,Pipturus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Seeds eaten by infants for general debility of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
28527,3006,Plantago sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,437,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Compound decoction of plants taken by runners and athletes for strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 437"
28697,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,331,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Compound decoction of plants taken to increase strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 331"
29367,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bark combined with black haw and wild plum barks and used by women for weakness and debility.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
29765,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,24,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Plant and other plants pounded, squeezed and resulting liquid taken to check run down conditions.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 24"
29798,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,26,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Whalers rubbed four or eight pieces of plant on their arms to make them as strong as the plant.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 26"
29803,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,54,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Stipes dried, burned, powdered, mixed with raccoon marrow and salve used to strengthen young boys.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
29805,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,167,Nootka,101,ttco83,54,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Stipes dried, burned, powdered, mixed with raccoon marrow and salve used to strengthen young boys.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
32813,3331,Rheum rhaponticum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Used for strengthening.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
33418,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,226,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Decoction of branches with many other branches used to wash babies to make them strong. A decoction of the branches, squaw currant and red osier dogwood branches and the boughs of Douglas fir or tamarack was used to bathe babies four to six times over a period of several weeks to make them strong, independent and good natured.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 226"
34043,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,34,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Decoction of leaves used as a wash to strengthen babies.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
35280,3485,Rumex crispus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,311,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Decoction taken to makes muscles strong for running or playing lacrosse.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 311"
35360,3486,Rumex giganteus Ait.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,73,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used for general body weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73"
35747,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,247,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Decoction of bark taken for menstruation sickness: yellow eyes and skin, weakness and shaking head. If a man has sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, the results were more serious than the other menstruation sickness.  A doctor would never do this, as it would damage the 'medicine' which he has in his body.  Other men were, sometimes, willing to take the risk.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 247"
35748,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,244,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of bark taken & used as a bath for menstruation sickness: lassitude, laziness & weakness. If a woman does not eat by herself during her menstrual period, the other inhabitants of her camp will get sick.  Both sexes are thus affected, but men are particularly vulnerable.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 244"
36387,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Seeds kept in the mouth and chewed during long journeys on foot, to give strength.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
36817,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,318,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark used by athletes to 'draw out all the slime in the system,' for better wind and endurance.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
36950,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,38,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Pea sized piece of roots taken every morning for thirty days for general debility.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 38"
37951,3664,Sida sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,26,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and resulting liquid taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 26"
37967,3671,Sideroxylon sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,12,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark, leaves, other ingredients and water used as a wash and taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 12"
38533,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,131,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds and inner bark fibers boiled and used for general weakness.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 131"
38648,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plant used as a medicine to give singer strength.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
38954,3837,Stillingia sylvatica ssp. sylvatica,228,Seminole,88,s54,247,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Decoction of roots taken for menstruation sickness: yellow eyes and skin, weakness and shaking head. If a man has sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, the results were more serious than the other menstruation sickness.  A doctor would never do this, as it would damage the 'medicine' which he has in his body.  Other men were, sometimes, willing to take the risk.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 247"
39163,3864,Symphyotrichum falcatum var. commutatum (Torr. & Gray) Nesom,291,Zuni,6,s15,84,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Ground blossoms mixed with yucca suds and used as a strengthening wash for newborn infants.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 84"
39271,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39297,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,190,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of pulverized leaves and blossoms taken for weakness.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190"
39556,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Smooth twigs of plant rubbed on the body to gain strength.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
40418,3967,Touchardia latifolia Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Shoots chewed and given to infants for bodily ailments or weaknesses.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
40419,3967,Touchardia latifolia Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Shoots chewed for bodily ailments or weaknesses.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
40525,3984,Tragia ramosa Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,73,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Nettle used to strike male infants, to increase pain threshold during battle.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 73"
42833,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Cold infusion of leaves rubbed on bodies of hunters for strength.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
43158,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,447,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Compound infusion of roots taken as blood purifier or for prenatal strength.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 447"
43234,4147,Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,33,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Flowers and buds chewed by the mother and given to infants for general body weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 33"
43452,4180,Vitis rupestris Scheele,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Vine mixed with other plants and used as a tonic for frail women.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
43544,4189,Waltheria indica L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,37,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Root bark, buds, leaves and other plants pounded and resulting liquid taken for run down condition.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 37"
44108,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of tender heart shoots used for weakness.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44346,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Compound decoction of inner bark given to strengthen convalescent patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44549,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,78,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of eleven plants used as an emetic before breakfast prior to athletic events or deer hunts. Infusion of eleven plants used during athletic training every morning prior to breakfast until the brew had been depleted, to give long endurance, a keen eye and so that the deer could not smell you.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 78"
44550,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,78,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Root rubbed on muscles as a strengthener.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 78"