id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
96,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,378,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Needle-like leaves used as part of the ceremony involving the sweatbath.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378"
158,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,268,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Branches and pollen used in purification rites and ceremonies.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 268"
215,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,273,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant burned as ceremonial incense.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 273"
248,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,5,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Needles burned as incense in ceremonies by persons afraid of thunder.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5"
253,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,60,Crow,73,b05,5,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Young twigs and leaves burned as incense in certain ceremonies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
333,8,Abies sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,169,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves with fungus burned on coals with or without sweet grass used ceremonially to purify sickness.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 169"
541,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Wood burned as incense for making spiritual medicines.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
906,38,Achillea millefolium L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,362,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Florets smoked for ceremonial purposes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362"
1030,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
1032,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,362,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Compound containing flowering heads smoked for ceremonial purposes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362"
1201,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,7,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in a sweat lodge ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 7"
1267,55,Acorus calamus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1352,55,Acorus calamus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1364,55,Acorus calamus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1372,55,Acorus calamus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1391,55,Acorus calamus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1449,61,Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,33,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots used in ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 33"
1592,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,61,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used by dancers to make them light footed.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
1681,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,54,Cree,146,j87,51,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Flowers frequently included in medicine bundles.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 51"
1702,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
1897,102,Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
2754,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
2799,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
2835,195,Amaranthus spinosus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
2845,198,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
2890,203,Ambrosia trifida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
3171,217,Amelanchier utahensis var. utahensis,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as emetics in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
3247,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,13,g05,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Powdered flowers chewed and rubbed on body to protect and strengthen warrior.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42"
3314,243,Andropogon virginicus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
3331,248,Anemone canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,382383,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Root eaten to clear throat so one can sing well in medicine lodge ceremony.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 382383"
3477,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots used as a religious power medicine.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3611,277,Antennaria parvifolia Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used ceremonially for mad coyote bite.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
3622,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,75,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Roots dried, powdered, put into hot coals at winter dance & smoke used to drive away bad spirits.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
3623,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,75,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Roots dried, powdered, put into hot coals at winter dance & smoke used to revive passed out dancers.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
3757,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,354355,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Root, considered sacred, eaten during the medicine lodge ceremony.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354355"
3758,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,428,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots eaten during the medicine lodge ceremony. The roots are also chewed to keep the other witch doctors from affecting one with an evil charm.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428"
3834,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,36,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a Waterway emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 36"
3838,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic and cold infusion of leaves used as a ceremonial lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
3880,294,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.)  [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
3898,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,238239,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of root and leaf used as a 'power of persuasion at trade or council.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 238239"
3955,306,Aquilegia triternata Payson,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,22,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant for headaches or other severe pain.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 22"
4190,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used in the puberty ceremony.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
4248,324,Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion used internally and externally as ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
4250,326,Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) J. Presl,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
4335,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used for medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
4445,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35"
4472,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
4605,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
4617,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used for medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
4834,367,Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,202,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Seed used as a magical diagnostic medicine to predict recovery or death.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 202"
5020,390,Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis var. scouleriana (Hook.) Cronq.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 45"
5071,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves worn in nostrils by mourners when crying, the pungent odor clearing the head.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 167"
5247,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,18,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18"
5265,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,74,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves chewed as 'ceremonial' medicine.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 74"
5358,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,18,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18"
5431,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,190,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190"
5444,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,321,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in rites of lustration for man or beast.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 321"
5513,404,Artemisia sp.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,369,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in purificatory rites by women after menstruation.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 369"
5514,404,Artemisia sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to begin any ceremonial in order to drive away evil influences.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5546,404,Artemisia sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to begin any ceremonial in order to drive away evil influences.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5552,404,Artemisia sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to begin any ceremonial in order to drive away evil influences.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5557,404,Artemisia sp.,205,Ponca,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to begin any ceremonial in order to drive away evil influences.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5565,404,Artemisia sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134135,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to begin any ceremonial in order to drive away evil influences.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135"
5664,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,158,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for religious and medicinal ceremonies.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 158"
5696,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Sagebrush used by dancers to pat themselves to be made spiritually clean, curing ceremonies.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5831,409,Artemisia tripartita ssp. tripartita,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant burned to charcoal & given to patient to blacken legs & forearms in Mountain Chant Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
5843,410,Artemisia vulgaris L.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves worn in nostrils by mourners when crying, the pungent odor clearing the head.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 167"
6076,424,Asclepias asperula ssp. capricornu (Woods.) Woods.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
6227,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,37,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Plant used as a Eagleway, Female Shootingway, Beautyway and Beadway emetic.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 37"
6352,447,Asclepias tuberosa L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
6355,447,Asclepias tuberosa L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,109,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Ceremony connected with the obtaining and distribution of this prized root.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6444,460,Astragalus allochrous Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"31, 32",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31, 32"
6450,464,Astragalus bisulcatus var. haydenianus (Gray) Barneby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fruit used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
6499,477,Astragalus humistratus var. sonorae (Gray) M.E. Jones,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
6502,478,Astragalus kentrophyta var. elatus S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of whole plant used as a ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
6525,487,Astragalus mollissimus var. matthewsii (S. Wats.) Barneby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
6537,491,Astragalus praelongus Sheldon,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
6546,495,Astragalus sesquiflorus S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,28,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 28"
6555,496,Astragalus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,80,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 80"
6615,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for kiva fires.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 21"
6634,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
6813,538,Baccharis wrightii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
7025,561,Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott,157,Navajo,141,h56,152,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used by the medicine man for painting a patient during a healing ceremony.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 152"
7062,572,Besseya plantaginea (James) Rydb.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
7540,625,Brickellia californica (Torr. & Gray) Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic following clan incest.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 45"
7559,627,Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
7595,641,Bromus tectorum L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,15,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of plant used as a face wash for God-Impersonators.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 15"
7702,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Flute ceremony.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
7722,673,Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
7933,713,Campanula rotundifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as ceremonial fumigant for various ailments.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
8071,744,Carex microptera Mackenzie,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
8079,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,7,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Sun Dance and Massaum ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 7"
8543,800,Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.,60,Crow,73,b05,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Burned as incense during certain ceremonies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
8546,800,Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Burned as incense during certain ceremonies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
8643,809,Ceanothus fendleri Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a Plumeway emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
8645,809,Ceanothus fendleri Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,36,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves and stems used as an emetic in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36"
8692,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant tops with leaves used as a cleansing solution in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
9166,866,Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & Gray) Small,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
9239,880,Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
9865,942,Cicuta maculata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Root chewed, if dizziness occurred person would die soon, if not, long life.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
10275,1022,Clematis virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
10287,1024,Cleome lutea Hook.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,25,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used with ceremonial tobacco in some chants.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25"
10330,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of seeds used ceremonially to improve voice and give 'good blood.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
10507,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Burned, dried leaves used as incense in religious ceremonies.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
10703,1076,Cordylanthus wrightii Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for ceremonial purposes.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42"
10728,1083,Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
10808,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant known as kinnikinnick and bark smoked ceremonially.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32"
10959,1100,Cornus sericea L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark smoked for various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
10996,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
11084,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a Mountain-top-way emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35"
11086,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
11088,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark smoked for various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
11323,1116,Cosmos parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of dried leaves used as ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
11526,1147,Cryptantha cinerea var. cinerea,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Root used as ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
11698,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
11793,1176,Cuscuta megalocarpa Rydb.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
11862,1194,Cynoglossum virginianum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
11870,1197,Cyperus esculentus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
12048,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Dried, powdered leaves rubbed over hands, arms and body for Contrary dance.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
12056,1235,Dasylirion durangensis,256,Tarahumara,58,bc41,60,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used in the annual ceremonial curing of animals and fields from sickness and lightning.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
12102,1242,Datura sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,73,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Raw, dried roots chewed in a ceremony for chills and fevers.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 73"
12122,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Powdered roots used in the religious-medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
12181,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for the puberty ceremony.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 23"
12191,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Root juice used in boys' puberty ceremony to induce stupefaction.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
12209,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
12235,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,286,Yokut,109,m66,423,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of roots used as a ceremonial narcotic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 423"
12287,1250,Delphinium geraniifolium Rydb.,95,Hopi,82,c74,307,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant taken as an emetic in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 307"
12303,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,82,c74,308,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant taken as an emetic in Po-wa-mu ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 308"
12304,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,76,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 76"
12456,1290,Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant used ceremonially for 'snake infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
12526,1303,Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of plant taken at medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
12649,1324,Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,3,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of leaves and other plants used as a wash to keep evil influences away.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 3"
12655,1326,Draba helleriana Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in various ways as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
12926,1367,Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. macera (Wieg.) Gould,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
13017,1377,Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
13021,1379,Eleocharis rostellata (Torr.) Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
13032,1383,Elymus canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant with other plants used as medicine to soak corn seeds before planting.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 19"
13044,1387,Elymus hystrix var. hystrix,100,Iroquois,112,w16,18,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of leaves and reed grass rootstocks used as medicine to soak corn seeds before planting.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 18"
13278,1419,Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,17,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in girl's puberty rite.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17"
13361,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Rootstocks eaten during medicinal ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
13366,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial cleansing for the priests in First Salmon ceremony.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
13396,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Rootstocks eaten during medicinal ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
13427,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Rootstocks eaten during medicinal ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
13431,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Dried, ground plant used for ceremonial bread.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
13456,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Rootstocks eaten during medicinal ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
13603,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,46,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46"
13608,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
13697,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,72,f96,20,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in initiatory ceremonials.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20"
13715,1464,Erigeron bellidiastrum Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of dried leaves used as ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
13718,1466,Erigeron canus Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
13730,1470,Erigeron divergens Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,50,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used ceremonially in several ways.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50"
13735,1471,Erigeron eximius Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of plant taken and used ceremonially as a lotion for various ills.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
13745,1473,Erigeron flagellaris Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"50, 51",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of leaves used ceremonially as a medicine and as a fumigant.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50, 51"
13941,1494,Eriogonum alatum Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of root used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
13968,1497,Eriogonum annuum Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23"
13990,1503,Eriogonum divaricatum Hook.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for 'Big Snake chant.',"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 19"
14028,1510,Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,505,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of whole plant used as a purifying ceremonial wash in the sweathouse.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505"
14051,1514,Eriogonum jamesii Benth.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
14262,1551,Eryngium yuccifolium Michx.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,248,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves and fruit formerly introduced into rattlesnake medicine song and dance.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 248"
14276,1552,Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum Gray ex Coult. & Rose,228,Seminole,88,s54,161,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 161"
14277,1552,Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum Gray ex Coult. & Rose,228,Seminole,88,s54,95,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to make a medicine taken by students in medical training.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95"
14278,1552,Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum Gray ex Coult. & Rose,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Roots used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
14303,1553,Erysimum capitatum (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"28, 29",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28, 29"
14707,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"30, 31",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of leaves used as a ceremonial lotion and leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30, 31"
14721,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,25,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Plant used for Plumeway, Nightway, Male Shootingway and Windway ceremonies.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25"
14807,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
15042,1642,Frangula betulifolia ssp. betulifolia,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in a hoop for the emetic ceremony of Mountain-top-way.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
15295,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,322,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in various rituals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 322"
15501,1687,Galium fendleri Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
15730,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Berries used ceremonially by those desiring health and prosperity for the coming season.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
16018,1755,Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br.,60,Crow,73,b05,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Burned as incense during certain ceremonies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
16021,1755,Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Burned as incense during certain ceremonies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
16040,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,28,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots chewed in the Sun Dance ceremony for the cooling effect.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 28"
16041,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots chewed to cool the body in the Sweatlodge and Sundance Ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 35"
16306,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,157,Navajo,74,e44,86,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Wood made into charcoal used in the medicines applied to the ailing gods. Two kinds of charcoal were used in the medicines which were applied to the ailing gods.  The first was made from the bark of the pine and willow.  The second was made from this plant and three-lobed sagebrush, to which were added the feathers dropped from a live crow and a live buzzard.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86"
16317,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,48,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"
16323,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction used ceremonially for snake infection or snakebite.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
16362,1787,Gutierrezia sp.,108,Keresan,90,w45,563,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of plant taken as a ceremonial emetic.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563"
16439,1799,Hamamelis virginiana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,37,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Seeds used as the sacred bead in the medicine ceremony.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 37"
16461,1805,Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq.,157,Navajo,74,e44,72,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Used by assistant during the War Dance. At noon of the third day of the War Dance, the body of the patient was painted black.  Medicine was then made of yarrow, red juniper, pine needles and meadow rue, which were previously pulverized, then thrown into a bowl of water and stirred.  This was then dabbed all over the patient who sipped the mixture before bathing his whole body in it.  Foxtail grass and mock pennyroyal were then chewed by the assistant and sputtered on the patient.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 72"
16567,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,82,Gros Ventre,73,b05,"12, 13",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Oil from seeds used 'to lubricate or paint the face or body.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"
16586,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,135,Mandan,73,b05,"12, 13",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Oil from seeds used 'to lubricate or paint the face or body.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"
16594,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Plant, double bladderpod, sumac and mistletoe used in the liniment for the War Dance.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
16603,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,48,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for sun sandpainting ceremony.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48"
16626,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,212,Ree,73,b05,"12, 13",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Oil from seeds used 'to lubricate or paint the face or body.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13"
16678,1833,Helianthus sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Flower heads used in the Massaum ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 21"
16938,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of root used ceremonially as a wash for purification.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
17010,1864,Heterotheca villosa var. villosa,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,46,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the corral dance.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46"
17011,1864,Heterotheca villosa var. villosa,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic and chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
17185,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,273274,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant burned as ceremonial incense.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 273274"
17218,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried plant burned in many ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
17219,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,9,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial incense for purification.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 9"
17227,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,61,Dakota,17,g19,66,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as incense in ceremony to invoke good powers and in peace ceremony.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
17228,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in propitiatory rites.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
17264,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,177,Omaha,17,g19,66,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as incense in ceremony to invoke good powers and in peace ceremony.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
17265,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,322,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in various rituals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 322"
17268,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,66,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as incense in ceremony to invoke good powers and in peace ceremony.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
17270,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,205,Ponca,17,g19,66,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as incense in ceremony to invoke good powers and in peace ceremony.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
17276,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,66,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as incense in ceremony to invoke good powers and in peace ceremony.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
17419,1918,Houstonia wrightii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
17573,1944,Hymenopappus filifolius var. lugens (Greene) Jepson,95,Hopi,37,w39,97,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Compound containing plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97"
17612,1954,Hymenoxys richardsonii var. richardsonii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
17730,1980,Ilex vomitoria Ait.,3,Alabama,128,swan28,666,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant taken to 'clear out the system and produce ceremonial purity.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 666"
17739,1981,Impatiens capensis Meerb.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
17784,1982,Impatiens pallida Nutt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
17982,2002,Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. longiflora,157,Navajo,74,e44,70,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as medicine in the Wind and Female Shooting Chants.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 70"
17991,2002,Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. longiflora,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as ceremonial eyewash and chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
18004,2003,Ipomopsis multiflora (Nutt.) V. Grant,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,40,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40"
18029,2011,Iris missouriensis Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
18444,2054,Juniperus communis L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,4,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves burned as incense in ceremonies, especially to remove fear of thunder.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 4"
18549,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
18589,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,4,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves burned as incense in ceremonies, especially to remove fear of thunder.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 4"
18598,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,60,Crow,73,b05,13,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Young twigs and leaves burned as incense during incantations.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
18688,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"11, 12",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction used in 'bath for purification of burial party.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11, 12"
18933,2061,Juniperus pinchotii Sudsworth,48,Comanche,143,j68,3,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried leaves sprinkled on live coals and smoke inhaled for ghost sickness.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 3"
18943,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,4,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves burned as incense in ceremonies, especially to remove fear of thunder.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 4"
18972,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,76,Flathead,30,h92,36,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant burned and smoke used to purify the air and ward off illness.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 36"
18986,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Aromatic twigs burned as incense.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
18990,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,20,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant taken as a 'War Dance medicine.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 20"
18995,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion used as a ceremonial medicine to protect from enemies and witches.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
19180,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,320,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the sun dance ceremony and various rituals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 320"
19181,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,320,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the vapor bath of the purificatory rites.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 320"
19296,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,10,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 10"
19376,2084,Lactuca canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
19394,2087,Lactuca serriola L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Compound decoction of plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
19762,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,214,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of plant taken for colds.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 214"
19971,2149,Lesquerella intermedia (S. Wats.) Heller,95,Hopi,37,w39,77,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of root taken as a ceremonial emetic.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 77"
19975,2149,Lesquerella intermedia (S. Wats.) Heller,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,24,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a Nightway medicine.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 24"
19977,2150,Lesquerella rectipes Woot. & Standl.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion used as a ceremonial eyewash and pulverized plant used as a ceremonial snuff.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
20213,2177,Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,64,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots burned and smoke used to revive a subdued person possessed by the 'bluejay spirit.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
20214,2177,Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,64,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Roots burned and smoke used to revive singers from a trance, considered ceremonially dead.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
20236,2180,Ligusticum porteri Coult. & Rose,291,Zuni,157,cb80,379,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Root chewed by medicine man and patient during curing ceremonies for various illnesses.,"Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 379"
20324,2194,Limosella aquatica L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,44,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves ceremonially rubbed on body for protection in hunting and from witches.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44"
20558,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried tops burned as incense in ceremonials.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
20596,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,291,Zuni,6,s15,56,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Salve of powdered root applied ceremonially to swelling of any body part.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 56"
20677,2222,Lobelia inflata L.,60,Crow,73,b05,"14, 15",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used in religious ceremonies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14, 15"
20813,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Pulverized root burned as incense.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
20852,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,157,Navajo,74,e44,67,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Infusion of dried, ground plant mixed with other plants & taken by patients for Mountain Top Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 67"
21003,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,92,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Seeds burned as a protective fumigant against bad spirits and illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
21082,2257,Lonicera arizonica Rehd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
21187,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
21241,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,522,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonies as a narcotic.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522"
21258,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,177,Omaha,17,g19,104105,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant revered and used in important ritual and ceremonial sacraments.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104105"
21263,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,104105,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant revered and used in important ritual and ceremonial sacraments.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104105"
21313,2289,Lupinus caudatus ssp. argophyllus (Gray) L. Phillips,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32"
21394,2311,Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic and for other ceremonial purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
21427,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,95,Hopi,72,f96,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used at the annual 'Niman-katcina' ceremony.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
21453,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves or root used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21465,2318,Lycium torreyi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves or root used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21535,2331,Lycopus virginicus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion taken at green corn ceremony.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
21771,2362,Madia glomerata Hook.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,22,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Dried plant used in special ceremony for perverted, over-sexed people.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 22"
21776,2362,Madia glomerata Hook.,60,Crow,73,b05,15,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried herbs burned as incense in some ceremonies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15"
21881,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for ceremonial purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
21996,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
22096,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,230231,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Root used in meeting when medicine man wants to perform trick or cast spells.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 230231"
22154,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,17,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Fire Dance.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17"
22155,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
22215,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Afterbirth of a child tied to a young tree to ensure the child would grow up strong.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22451,2420,Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woods.,48,Comanche,143,j68,9,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Decoction of thick, white roots used for ghost sickness.","Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9"
22458,2421,Matelea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods.,48,Comanche,143,j68,9,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Decoction of thick, white roots used for ghost sickness.","Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9"
22478,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,22,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 22"
22613,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 27"
22801,2444,Mentha sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,73,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Used with sage, red penstemon, red willow, scrub oak & chokecherry as medicine for Shooting Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 73"
22914,2455,Mentzelia multiflora var. multiflora,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as fumigant for collared lizard ceremony.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
23154,2494,Mitchella repens L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,239,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves smoked during ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 239"
23263,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,186,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 186"
23298,2507,Monarda pectinata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in a ceremonial lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
23408,2519,Monolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
23742,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant smoked in the medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
23747,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,95,Hopi,72,f96,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant smoked for all ceremonial occasions.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
23761,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant smoked in corn husks for ceremonial purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
23805,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,103104,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried leaves and other plant parts smoked ceremonially.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 103104"
23880,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,50,Costanoan,16,b84,14,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"
23917,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used extensively in rituals.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
23950,2586,Nicotiana sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,74,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of leaves given to the patient in a painted turtle shell during the Raven Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 74"
23957,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used extensively in rituals.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
24252,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,326,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots eaten as an emetic to seek supernatural powers and purify.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 326"
24258,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,95,Hopi,82,c74,336,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used to ward out the cold through prayer.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 336"
24263,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried flowers used as ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
24264,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"37, 38",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried flowers used as ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37, 38"
24286,2616,Oenothera caespitosa Nutt.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,33,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in various ceremonies.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33"
24303,2620,Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,33,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a Plumeway emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33"
24319,2623,Oenothera pallida Lindl.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,34,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a Beadway emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 34"
24328,2625,Oenothera pallida ssp. runcinata (Engelm.) Munz & W. Klein,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
24333,2627,Oenothera primiveris Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fresh or dried flowers used as ceremonial lotion and medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
24502,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used by medicine men in their incantations.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
24894,2677,Oreoxis alpina ssp. alpina,157,Navajo,74,e44,67,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Plant, greasewood and wild privet used as a medicine for the Coyote Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 67"
24925,2689,Orthocarpus purpureoalbus Gray ex S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,44,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Compound decoction used as ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44"
25289,2727,Packera fendleri (Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
25296,2728,Packera multilobata (Torr. & Gray ex Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant rubbed on body as ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
25414,2734,Panax sp.,59,Creek,128,swan28,656,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to keep ghosts away and for religious occasions.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 656"
25525,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
25559,2759,Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as part of the medicine the patient takes in the Mountain Chant Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
25593,2765,Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,36,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as an emetic in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36"
25619,2766,Pectis angustifolia Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the liniment for the Chiricahua Apache Wind Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
25761,2785,Pelea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,15,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves placed on the bed as a beauty remedy for king, queens and their sons and daughters. The alani was the Hawaiian beauty remedy and was dedicated to the exclusive use of the kings and queens and their sons and daughters.  The leaves, in sufficient quantity, were taken and laid on the bed, covering the space, from the neck to the feet.  A sheeting of tapa, tightly drawn, was laid over the leaves.  In the meantime, twenty leaves were allowed to remain in the water overnight and placed in the sun during the day.  This was for bathing.  Towards evening, the royal child, or the one chosen for beauty, was given a bath of this water.  In it were put the alani flowers.  After the bath the child was fed a fattening ration.  After feeding, and when the child became sleepy, it was placed in the bed covered with the alani leaves.  This was repeated for five consecutive days.  The bedding was then changed, the old alani leaves were removed and new ones took their place, and the process continued from that point on for five days more.  Not only did this treatment improve the appearance, but it made the skin immune to certain diseases, especially skin diseases.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 15"
25924,2812,Penstemon jamesii Benth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,44,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used ceremonially for headache and sore throat.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44"
25971,2829,Pericome caudata Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of leaves used as a ceremonial chant lotion and emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
26098,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,342,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of leaves added to food after a recent death.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 342"
26099,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaf used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
26219,2844,Peteria scoparia Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of root used by family to protect hogan and livestock.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
26231,2846,Petradoria pumila ssp. pumila,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
26237,2847,Petrophyton caespitosum var. caespitosum,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a charm or prayer in the 'Pleiades rite.',"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 27"
26439,2881,Phlox caespitosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,70,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Crushed plant and other plants used to make the Night Chant liniment.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 70"
26440,2881,Phlox caespitosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in medicine ceremonies.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
26583,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,18,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of rootstocks and bottle brush grass used as medicine to soak corn seeds before planting.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 18"
26759,2926,Physaria newberryi Gray,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant taken as an antidote after the snake dance.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
26859,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
26944,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Pitch, swan feathers & slender grass tops burned by shamans when making medicine for a sick person.","Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27148,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Boughs used ritually for protection from death and illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
27298,2939,Picea sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Plant used for 'Shooting, Witch, Lightning and Night Chant' ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27334,2944,Piloblephis rigida (Bartr. ex Benth.) Raf.,228,Seminole,88,s54,342,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of leaves added to food after a recent death.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 342"
27602,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Needles used in the medicine for the 'War Dance.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27603,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Pitch painted all over the patient in the War Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27643,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"12, 13",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of wood or needles used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13"
27715,2961,Pinus flexilis James,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
27982,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Pollen used in the 'Night Chant' medicine.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
27983,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"13, 14",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cones with seeds removed used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13, 14"
27984,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"13, 14",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Needles used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13, 14"
28162,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Needles, in water, used ceremonially. In the first ceremony of the fourth day of the Mountain Chant, the medicine man carried a bowl of pine needles in water, in which the patient washed both hands.  He then drank some of it, and finally bathed his feet and legs to the thighs, his arms and shoulders, his body and then his face and head, before he emptied the remainder over his back.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
28271,2979,Pinus virginiana P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Branches burned and ashes thrown on hearth fire after a death in the home.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28666,3029,Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey,95,Hopi,82,c74,350,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Pollen used in prayer medicine.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 350"
28693,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of leaves with other plants used as medicine to soak corn seeds before planting.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 19"
28944,3067,Polygonum lapathifolium L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"23, 24",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of plant used as ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23, 24"
29339,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of bark taken 'for your health' after childbirth if someone close had passed away.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
29411,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,322,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in various rituals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 322"
29815,3121,Potamogeton natans L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,15,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant taken as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15"
30229,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Branches used for the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
30826,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as an emetic in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
30961,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,238,Sioux,73,b05,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Wood used to make 'medicine-spoons' for use in ceremonial dog feasts.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
31017,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,61,Dakota,17,g19,"88, 89",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fruit prepared in unspecified way and used in old-time ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88, 89"
31022,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,177,Omaha,17,g19,"88, 89",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fruit prepared in unspecified way and used in old-time ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88, 89"
31027,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,190,Pawnee,17,g19,"88, 89",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fruit prepared in unspecified way and used in old-time ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88, 89"
31033,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,205,Ponca,17,g19,"88, 89",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fruit prepared in unspecified way and used in old-time ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88, 89"
31039,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,280,Winnebago,17,g19,"88, 89",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fruit prepared in unspecified way and used in old-time ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88, 89"
31045,3186,Psathyrotes pilifera Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,49,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 49"
31075,3189,Pseudocymopterus montanus (Gray) Coult. & Rose,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35"
31077,3189,Pseudocymopterus montanus (Gray) Coult. & Rose,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
31132,3195,Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth) W.A. Weber,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
31142,3198,Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torr.) W.A. Weber & R.L. Hartman,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,22,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant chewed for corral dance.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 22"
31289,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Needles used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31340,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of leaves used as ceremonial eyewash.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
31354,3205,Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,178,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for certain ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 178"
31359,3205,Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,34,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of plant used as ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 34"
31661,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as an emetic in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
31683,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as an emetic in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
31765,3238,Pyrola asarifolia Michx.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant used as a steam bath for 'goofy' child in the Brush Dance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
31817,3245,Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (D. Don) DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Flower stalks used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
32083,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32672,3304,Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as an emetic in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27"
32758,3323,Ratibida tagetes (James) Barnh.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52"
32855,3339,Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the luck-getting ceremony of the sweathouse.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
32861,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,'Throw clumps of leaves into a fire and dance around it to bring cold weather.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
32877,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremoniess.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32894,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"26, 78",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves and root used in 'ceremonial tobacco mixture.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 78"
32901,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32957,3347,Rhus glabra L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
33116,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Twigs used for ceremonial purposes.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
33436,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,26,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Plant used as an Evilway, Nightway and Mountain-top-way emetic.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 26"
33678,3389,Ribes pinetorum Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as emetics in various ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
33855,3413,Rorippa palustris ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial eyewash.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
33885,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Decoction of leaves, branches and other boughs taken and used as body and hair wash by sweatbathers.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33998,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Decoction of leaves, branches and other boughs taken and used as body and hair wash by sweatbathers.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34053,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Decoction of leaves, branches and other boughs taken and used as body and hair wash by sweatbathers.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34206,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Decoction of leaves, branches and other boughs taken and used as body and hair wash by sweatbathers.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34276,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,31,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31"
35302,3485,Rumex crispus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
35389,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion of root used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
35476,3493,Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
35639,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35717,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Bark used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
35718,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,163,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 163"
35719,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,95,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots taken by students in medical training.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95"
35819,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of leaves used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
35968,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of leaves used as ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36092,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots and branches used in the World Renewal ceremony fire.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36249,3551,Salix sp.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,322,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for the ritual of mourning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 322"
36250,3551,Salix sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,"73, 74",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Stems thrust in gashes on forearms of grieving young men at funeral ceremony.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73, 74"
36514,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36692,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,112,w16,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of flowers with other plants used as medicine to soak corn seeds before planting.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 19"
36762,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Root bark used as a purification emetic after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
37039,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,377,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Juice used as face paint for the medicine lodge ceremony or when on warpath.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 377"
37129,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Sharpened stick used in acupuncture ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37135,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for kiva fuel.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
37285,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Bark used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
37341,3595,Saxifraga pensylvanica L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,344,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Ingredient in 'Little Water Medicine' ritual.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 344"
37357,3602,Schoenocrambe linearifolia (Gray) Rollins,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of leaves used as a ceremonial eyewash.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
37390,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
37524,3612,Scirpus nevadensis S. Wats.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,8,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 8"
37527,3613,Scirpus pallidus (Britt.) Fern.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,19,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19"
37695,3648,Senecio spartioides var. multicapitatus (Greenm. ex Rydb.) Welsh,291,Zuni,6,s15,59,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of powdered root ceremonially rubbed on limbs for 'aching bones.',"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 59"
37772,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,106,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Fruit used occasionally in ceremonial feasts at female puberty rites.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 106"
37935,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a Plumeway emetic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
38048,3687,Silphium perfoliatum L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,132,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of root used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
38078,3690,Sinapis arvensis L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic for 'deer infection.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
38322,3724,Solanum nigrum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,239,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used for medicinal purposes or medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 239"
38627,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,157,Navajo,74,e44,63,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots used as a ceremonial medicine.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 63"
38638,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,30,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 30"
38642,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
38825,3816,Stachys rothrockii Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Dried leaves used as a ceremonial medicine and plant used in chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
38854,3819,Staphylea trifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,248,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Seeds used in gourd rattles for dream and medicine dances.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 248"
39013,3846,Suaeda moquinii (Torr.) Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,"31, 74",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used to bathe the doctor before administering to patients.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 31, 74"
39148,3856,Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
39192,3874,Symphyotrichum praealtum var. praealtum,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction used ceremonially for snakebite.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
39637,3912,Tetraclea coulteri Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in a ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
39644,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39679,3918,Tetraneuris argentea (Gray) Greene,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,44,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in special ceremony for illness caused by lunar eclipse.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 44"
39713,3923,Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of plant taken as ceremonial medicine.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
39832,3948,Thlaspi montanum var. fendleri (Gray) P. Holmgren,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
39851,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Twigs burned for incense in religious ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39909,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,380,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Smoke used to purify sacred objects, hands and persons of participants.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380"
40157,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Wood made into shamanistic soul catchers to use in ritual healing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40422,3968,Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Chewed and spit upon ceremonial knots to unravel them, 'untying medicine.'","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
40527,3985,Tragopogon porrifolius L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
40535,3986,Tragopogon pratensis L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Cold infusion gargled as ceremonial treatment for throat trouble.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
40549,3993,Tribulus terrestris L.,157,Navajo,141,h56,163,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a traditional ceremonial medicine.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 163"
40603,4005,Trifolium dubium Sibthorp,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,34,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 34"
41020,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41050,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41096,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,271,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark used in ritual to make children as light-skinned as the inner bark.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
41197,4049,Typha latifolia L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Leaves used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
41276,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"14, 15",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14, 15"
41312,4049,Typha latifolia L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,322,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in various rituals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 322"
41963,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Berries used ceremonially by those desiring health and prosperity for the coming season.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
42087,4078,Vaccinium myrsinites Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,342,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of plant added to food after a recent death.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 342"
42506,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,460,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Root used as ceremonial medicine for unspecified purpose.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 460"
42546,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,460,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Root used as ceremonial medicine for unspecified purpose.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 460"
42680,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots put on the ends of arrows by the shaman to shoot towards 'disease spirits.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42851,4107,Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
42885,4110,Verbena macdougalii Heller,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,41,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in various ceremonial ways as a lotion and fumigant.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41"
42920,4118,Verbesina virginica L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Root bark used as a purification emetic after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
42950,4123,Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
42960,4125,Veronica peregrina ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic and fumigant.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
42998,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"53, 54",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as a 'reviver' to purify whoever had been defiled by touch of bereaved.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53, 54"
43196,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,106,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of tops used as a bathing solution in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106"
43209,4141,Vicia faba L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,59,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used in the Coyote Chant for medicine.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 59"
43275,4158,Viola nephrophylla Greene,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,36,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36"
43355,4170,Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis,228,Seminole,88,s54,342,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of plant added to food after a recent death.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 342"
43446,4179,Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana (Simpson ex Munson) M.O. Moore,228,Seminole,88,s54,342,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of plant added to food after a recent death.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 342"
43647,4210,Xanthium strumarium L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,40,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as a medicine in ceremonies.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 40"
43676,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,"62, 63",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Chewed seeds rubbed on body prior to cactus ceremony to protect from spines.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 62, 63"
43756,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Crushed root used in purification ceremony.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43892,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Suds made from root used for ceremonial purification baths.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43959,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"49, 50",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of root used as a wash in adoption and name-giving ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49, 50"
44028,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Peeled stalk shaped like a short snake, heated, eaten by a practitioner and spit at the sick.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44052,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient with broom sedge and amaranth in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44457,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves used in mixture for the Night Chant medicine. One part of the Night Chant medicine consists of a mixture of 'blue pollen,' wild plants, and tobacco to which was added the leaves from corn plants gathered in the east, south, west and north corners of the field, squash from the southeast side, bean leaves from the southwest, watermelon leaves from the northwest, and muskmelon leaves from the northeast.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44458,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Poultice of plant applied as ceremonial medicine for sore throats.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44630,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"