id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
3116,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,21,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blossoms used as a reliable method of when to plant the corn.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 21"
4481,344,Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Red leaves indicated fattened moose and the time to hunt them.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
4521,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Heavy fruit set taken by the medicine men as a sign of a severe winter to come.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
6517,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooming plant indicated that the lodgepole pine cambium was ready to harvest.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
6518,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that pine cambium was ready to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
7439,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Plant used to foretell winter, one fruit spike-mild winter and more fruit spikes-severe winter.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7998,728,Cardamine californica var. californica,289,Yurok,70,b81,27,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,First plant to flower in the spring.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
8179,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,160,cb42,59,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Saguaro harvest marked the beginning of the new year.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 59"
8211,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,193,Pima,160,cb42,59,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Saguaro harvest marked the beginning of the new year.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 59"
8868,837,Cercis canadensis L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,32,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flower welcomed as a sign of spring. This plant was esteemed because it is one of the earliest shrubs to flower in the spring.  The red or pink flowers which appear before the leaves gave rise to their saying 'pink flowers form into leaves.'  Flowering branches were used in the homes to 'drive winter out.',"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32"
9273,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,38,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Comas coincided with the moose mating season which followed fattening.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
9274,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,38,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowering coincided with the season of moose fattening.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
11364,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripened berries indicated that the mountain huckleberries in Sanpoil areas were beginning to ripen.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
15361,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,196,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flower appearance signals the 'Indian New Year.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 196"
15378,1669,Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,46,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers used as a sign that spring had arrived.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 46"
16670,1832,Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,324,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Amount of flowers present used as a sign that there will be copious rains and abundant harvest.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 324"
16969,1856,Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Spread out appearance of grass indicated the best condition for hunting buffalo cows in the fall.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
19557,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,25,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Leaf color changes used to indicate fall and pregnant bears going into their dens for the winter.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
21360,2305,Lupinus sericeus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21388,2308,Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21393,2310,Lupinus wyethii S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
22497,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,183,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Plant used as an indicator of salmonberry picking time.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183"
24657,2659,Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated saskatoon berries ready to be picked.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
24699,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Red flowers used as an indicator of when to plant beans.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
24769,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated saskatoon berries ready to be picked.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
25813,2799,Penstemon ambiguus Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,340,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers used to indicate when watermelon planting was over.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 340"
25819,2799,Penstemon ambiguus Torr.,257,Tewa,82,c74,340,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers used to indicate when watermelon planting was over.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 340"
25871,2806,Penstemon eatonii Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,341,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers used to indicate when watermelon planting was over.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 341"
25950,2822,Penstemon utahensis Eastw.,95,Hopi,82,c74,342,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers used to indicate when watermelon planting was over.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 342"
26390,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooming bushes indicated the groundhogs were fat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
27442,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Pollen cone ripening used as an indication that the cambium was ready to harvest.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
28074,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,348,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Needles attached to prayer sticks to bring cold.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 348"
29319,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Leaves trembling or shimmering with no perceptible wind was a signal that bad weather was coming.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29477,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Falling seeds indicate the time to plant.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
30091,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Leaves used as a sign that planted crops would be safe from freezing weather.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
30169,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Leaves used as a sign that planted crops would be safe from freezing weather.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
30287,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,87,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Blossoms used as an indicator of when to plant corn, beans and squashes.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
30848,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripened fruit indicated that the spring salmon were coming up the river to spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
31021,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,61,Dakota,17,g19,88,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripe fruit used as a indicator for the time of the Sun dance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31026,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,177,Omaha,17,g19,88,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripe fruit used as a indicator for the time of the Sun dance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31031,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,190,Pawnee,17,g19,88,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripe fruit used as a indicator for the time of the Sun dance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31038,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,205,Ponca,17,g19,88,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripe fruit used as a indicator for the time of the Sun dance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
31243,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Pollen shedding cones used as an indication that ponderosa pine cambium was ripe.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
32692,3311,Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt.,230,Shasta,149,h46,310,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Plant blooms indicated the coming of the summer salmon.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 310"
32972,3347,Rhus glabra L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Leaves changing color used as an indication that the sockeye salmon were spawning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
33410,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,First plant to sprout green leaves in spring.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33442,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Green plant indicated time for plowing and leafy plant indicated time to plant maize.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
34969,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Plant used as an indicator for picking edible seaweed.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
38474,3744,Solidago sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,133,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Blooms used as an indicator of corn ripening. The goldenrod served the Omaha as a mark or sign in their floral calendar.  When they were on the summer buffalo hunt, the sight of the goldenrod indicated to them that their corn was beginning to ripen at home.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 133"
38945,3836,Stillingia sylvatica Garden ex L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Plant considered a rain symbol because the dry land terrapins get under it for shade.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
39823,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowering signaled the time to collect buffalo tongues in preparation for the Sun Dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39824,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,41,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers indicated the prime buffalo hunting season.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 41"
39827,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,76,Flathead,146,j87,41,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers indicated the prime buffalo hunting season.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 41"