id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
394,15,Acacia greggii Gray,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds used as 'starvation food.',"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
1126,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1127,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1128,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1129,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1130,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1131,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,82,c74,338,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds eaten, especially in time of famine.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 338"
1132,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,37,w39,65,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds used during famines.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 65"
1617,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Nuts eaten in times of need.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
1748,89,Agave americana L.,193,Pima,104,r08,70,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used for food in times of famine.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 70"
1947,116,Alectoria fremontii Tuckerm.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Long, black, hair-like lichen used as a famine food.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
2018,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds used as 'starvation food.',"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
2044,135,Allium bisceptrum var. palmeri (S. Wats.) Cronq.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,211,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Bulbs eaten only when very hungry.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 211"
2693,183,Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used numerous times to ward off famines.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
2982,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
3693,289,Apios americana Medik.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
3988,315,Arachis hypogaea L.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
4603,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,40,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten raw or fried during famines.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
5730,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,243,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds used, generally mixed with other seeds, in times of food shortages.","Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243"
6687,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,66,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tiny seeds formerly roasted and eaten during famines.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 66"
6689,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds used as 'starvation food.',"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
6705,511,Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,67,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds formerly roasted, ground and eaten during famines.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 67"
6798,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,201,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
6800,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,201,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
6943,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,175,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Dried seed flour eaten as porridge, especially in times of famine. The seeds were laid on mats, sundried, placed in buckskin bags and pounded into a flour.  The resulting flour was made into a porridge and eaten, especially in times of famine.  One informant said that the seeds were 'choky'  and difficult to swallow if eaten alone.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175"
7370,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Young, tender stalks peeled and center portion eaten when hungry and there is nothing to eat.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
7376,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fronds eaten to relieve hunger when lost in the bushes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
7594,641,Bromus tectorum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,48,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds, a famine food, cooked into a gruel during food shortages.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 48"
7758,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,157,Navajo,121,l86,24,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Bulbs formerly used for food in times of scarcity.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 24"
7764,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,272,Ute,111,m90,15,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Bulbs used for food in starving times.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 15"
8761,820,Celastrus scandens L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Palatable inner bark would sustain life when food was hard to get.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63"
8768,820,Celastrus scandens L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,97,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Inner bark cooked in times of food scarcity, not highly commended as a food but valued.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 97"
9694,919,Chloracantha spinosa (Benth.) Nesom,147,Mohave,125,cb51,201,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
10011,971,Cirsium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,247,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Leaves held in flames to burn the spines off and eaten by hunting parties when food was scarce.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 247"
11342,1122,Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruit eaten by adults in times of famine.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
11343,1122,Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe,177,Omaha,17,g19,87,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
11345,1122,Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe,205,Ponca,17,g19,87,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
11349,1122,Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe,280,Winnebago,17,g19,87,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
11411,1127,Crataegus mollis Scheele,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruit eaten by adults in times of famine.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
15664,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Leaves chewed by those lost in the bushes to alleviate hunger.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
16697,1835,Helianthus tuberosus L.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
16699,1835,Helianthus tuberosus L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,47,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 47"
16738,1846,Hemizonia fasciculata (DC.) Torr. & Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,77,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Whole plant, including the seeds, used as a famine plant.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 77"
17859,1990,Ipomoea leptophylla Torr.,17,Arapaho,73,b05,13,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Root roasted for food when pressed by hunger.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
17860,1990,Ipomoea leptophylla Torr.,33,Cheyenne,73,b05,13,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Root roasted for food when pressed by hunger.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
17866,1990,Ipomoea leptophylla Torr.,111,Kiowa,73,b05,13,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Root roasted for food when pressed by hunger.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
18414,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,216,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruit eaten in times of starvation.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216"
18610,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruits eaten when other foods became scarce.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
18660,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten in the fall or when food was scarce.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18673,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,124,Laguna,19,c35,31,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruits eaten when other foods became scarce.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
18679,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,19,c35,31,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Inner bark chewed in times of food shortage to obtain the juice.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
18680,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Inner bark chewed in times of food shortage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
19108,2063,Juniperus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,32,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries considered a starvation food because of their abundance.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 32"
20100,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,17,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds stored for times of famine.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 17"
20257,2183,Lilium canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots made into flour and used to make bread for famine times.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
20259,2183,Lilium canadense L.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
20939,2242,Lomatium grayi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,183,Paiute,98,m53,95,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots eaten when hungry in the winter.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 95"
21432,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,95,Hopi,37,w39,89,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Berries boiled, ground, mixed with 'potato clay' and eaten during past famines.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 89"
22347,2400,Malva sp.,188,Papago,104,r08,76,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants boiled and liquid used to make pinole during famine.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
22941,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,145,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Rootstocks used in the past as an emergency food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 145"
23602,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
23603,2570,Nelumbo lutea Willd.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
24595,2651,Opuntia clavata Engelm.,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Joints roasted and eaten during famines.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24596,2651,Opuntia clavata Engelm.,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Stems and fruits roasted and eaten in times of food shortage.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24599,2651,Opuntia clavata Engelm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,56,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roasted joints used for food in times of famine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 56"
24600,2651,Opuntia clavata Engelm.,124,Laguna,19,c35,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Joints roasted and eaten during famines.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24601,2651,Opuntia clavata Engelm.,124,Laguna,19,c35,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Stems and fruits roasted and eaten in times of food shortage.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24662,2659,Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,194,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Stems used for food during times of famine. The stems were used for food during times of famine because they could be harvested even during the winter and early spring when few other foods were available.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194"
24674,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,366,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Stems, cleared of spines, roasted and used for food in times of scarcity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 366"
24675,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,61,Dakota,17,g19,104,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Stems, with spines removed, roasted during food scarcities.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104"
24687,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,104,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Stems, with spines removed, roasted during food scarcities.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104"
24696,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roasted joints used for food during times of famine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
24778,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,194,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Stems used for food during times of famine. The stems were used for food during times of famine because they could be harvested even during the winter and early spring when few other foods were available.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194"
25491,2746,Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds parched until almost burned and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
25496,2746,Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds parched until almost burned and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
25498,2747,Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds parched until almost burned and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
25506,2747,Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds parched until almost burned and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
26505,2895,Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray,2,Acoma,19,c35,39,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten when other foods became scarce.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
26514,2895,Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,59,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten when other food was scarce.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
26515,2895,Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray,124,Laguna,19,c35,39,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten when other foods became scarce.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
27026,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Cambium used as a food during periods of food shortage.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27509,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,18,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Inner cambium layer of the bark eaten in times of scarcity.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18"
27660,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Inside bark used as an emergency ration, when food was scarce.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27968,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,115,Klamath,66,c97,89,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Cambium layer scraped off and eaten in time of famine.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 89"
28070,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten raw only in times of food scarcity.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28125,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,307,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Fresh, inner bark formerly used for food during prolonged winters when other foods were scarce.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
28557,3015,Platanthera sparsiflora var. sparsiflora,222,San Felipe,19,c35,30,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plant used as food in times of food shortage.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 30"
28997,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Roots dried, steamed and eaten during famines.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
29637,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Inner bark eaten raw as an emergency ration.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
30268,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,125,Lakota,156,k90,37,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruits dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
32306,3274,Quercus marilandica Muenchh.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Boiled acorns used for food in times of scarcity.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
33328,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,125,Lakota,156,k90,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
33369,3360,Ribes aureum var. villosum DC.,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruits dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
33634,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruits dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
33851,3412,Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Leaves used as a good emergency food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
33946,3419,Rosa arkansana Porter,125,Lakota,156,k90,39,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Hips eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
33949,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,61,Dakota,17,g19,85,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruit sometimes eaten in times of food scarcity.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33953,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,177,Omaha,17,g19,85,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruit sometimes eaten in times of food scarcity.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33957,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,190,Pawnee,17,g19,85,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruit sometimes eaten in times of food scarcity.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
33960,3420,Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell,205,Ponca,17,g19,85,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruit sometimes eaten in times of food scarcity.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85"
34150,3432,Rosa sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Dried fruits, hanging on the bushes in the winter, used as a famine food.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
34179,3432,Rosa sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,62,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Hips used for food during famines.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 62"
34181,3432,Rosa sp.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,62,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Hips used for food during famines.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 62"
34264,3435,Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana (S. Wats.) Jepson,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,108,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Pips eaten in times of famine.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 108"
35328,3485,Rumex crispus L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots pit baked in the winter when food was scarce.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
35350,3485,Rumex crispus L.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Upper stalk roasted during food shortage.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
36766,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,505,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plant used as a scarcity food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505"
37173,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,71,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds roasted and eaten during 'hard times.',"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 71"
37651,3638,Selaginella densa Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,105,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Very bitter berries eaten only through necessity and never stored.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 105"
37693,3648,Senecio spartioides var. multicapitatus (Greenm. ex Rydb.) Welsh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Roasted, ground seeds, corn meal and goat's milk made into flat cakes or mush in times of famine.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
37810,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,105,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Bitter berries eaten in lean times.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 105"
38084,3692,Sisymbrium irio L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,201,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
38285,3721,Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,562,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Raw potatoes mixed with clay or boiled with clay and eaten only in times of extreme scarcity.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562"
38297,3722,Solanum jamesii Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,562,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Raw potatoes mixed with clay or boiled with clay and eaten only in times of extreme scarcity.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562"
38334,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,52,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 52"
38339,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten in times of famine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
38342,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,52,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 52"
38502,3754,Sonchus asper (L.) Hill,147,Mohave,125,cb51,201,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
38660,3773,Sphaeralcea coccinea ssp. coccinea,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots chewed during food shortages.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
38770,3804,Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,66,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Grain occasionally used for food during famines.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 66"
38791,3807,Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurb. ex Vasey) Rydb.,95,Hopi,37,w39,66,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Grain occasionally used for food during famines.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 66"
39132,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruits eaten in times of scarcity.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 55"
39404,3896,Taraxacum sp.,54,Cree,145,b41,494,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Infusion of roots given in copious draughts at hourly intervals.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 494"
39798,3937,Thelypodium integrifolium ssp. integrifolium,147,Mohave,125,cb51,201,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
40017,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Branches used to make fish traps became 'fish flavored' and the sticks were boiled for broth.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
41042,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Light, green branch tips eaten to relieve hunger when lost in the woods.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41043,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Old leaves eaten sparingly to keep alive when hungry in the woods.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
43771,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43779,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43864,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44117,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roasted hearts used for food in times of famine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44178,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Crowns roasted and used in times of food shortage.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44179,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
44201,4232,Yucca harrimaniae Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"