id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
661,34,Acer saccharinum L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used in tanning leather. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water.  A clay which contained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with the boiled twig and bark water.  Tanned hides were soaked in this solution for two or three days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time resulted in a brownish color and for a longer time resulted in black.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
662,34,Acer saccharinum L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,100,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used to color tanned hides.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
666,34,Acer saccharinum L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,100,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used to color tanned hides. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water.  A clay which contained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with the boiled twig and bark water.  Tanned hides were soaked in this solution for two or three days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time resulted in a brownish color and for a longer time resulted in black.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
2334,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
2526,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2619,174,Alnus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,72,5,Dye,108,Black,Used as a black dye for fish nets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72"
6715,513,Atriplex rosea L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,5,Dye,108,Black,Used as a black dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
8067,741,Carex exsiccata Bailey,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used as black dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
8475,787,Castilleja integra Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,80,5,Dye,108,Black,Root bark used with minerals to color deerskin black.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80"
10928,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark & fir bark boiled into a black dye & used to dye bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11023,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
11185,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Boiled with butternut to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
11186,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,"Burs boiled with inner bark of bur oak, added to black earth and butternut and used as a black dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
15562,1700,Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,68,5,Dye,108,Black,Used to make a black dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 68"
15633,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries rubbed over basket caps as a black stain.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
16369,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,61,Dakota,17,g19,89,5,Dye,108,Black,"Root sometimes used with another component to make a black dye. The root was not very highly esteemed for making a dye and alone was considered useless, but was occasionally used with another component to make a black dye.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
16680,1833,Helianthus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,97,5,Dye,108,Black,Seeds used to make a black textile and basketry dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97"
16684,1833,Helianthus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,2,5,Dye,108,Black,Seeds used to make a black dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 2"
18175,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,108,Black,Young roots used to make a black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18181,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Boiled with hazel to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
18182,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Inner bark and a little of the root boiled with black earth and ochre to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
18183,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
18217,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark boiled with blue clay to obtain a deep black color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
18228,2032,Juglans hindsii (Jepson) Jepson ex R.E. Sm.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,117,5,Dye,108,Black,Nut husk used in dying bulrush root a black color for making basket design.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 117"
18257,2034,Juglans nigra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18262,2034,Juglans nigra L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18263,2034,Juglans nigra L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
18302,2034,Juglans nigra L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,271,5,Dye,108,Black,Wood and bark charred to make the best black dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271"
18304,2034,Juglans nigra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18308,2034,Juglans nigra L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18311,2034,Juglans nigra L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18317,2034,Juglans nigra L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
20069,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,8,5,Dye,108,Black,"Plants tied in bunches, burned, ash mixed in blood and used as a permanent black dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 8"
21113,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,196,5,Dye,108,Black,Stems used as a black dye for bitter cherry.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196"
26546,2898,Phoradendron sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,101,5,Dye,108,Black,Leaves used to dye basket weeds permanently black.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 101"
27607,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,5,Dye,108,Black,"Gum used to make black dye. A black dye was made from pinyon gum, the leaves and twigs of sumac and a native yellow ocher.  The sumac leaves were put in water and allowed to boil until the mixture became strong.  While this was boiling, the ocher was powdered and roasted.  Pinyon gum was then added to the ocher and the whole roasted again.  As roasting proceeded, the gum melted and finally the mixture was reduced to a black powder.  This was cooled and thrown into the sumac mixture, forming a rich blue-black fluid which was essentially an ink.  When this process was finished the wool was put in and allowed to boil until it was dyed the right shade.  This same dye was also used to color leather and buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27652,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,5,Dye,108,Black,Resin used as an ingredient of black dye for wool or basketry.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
29896,3143,Proboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) Thellung,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,7,5,Dye,108,Black,"Dried pods used as black dye, pieces buried in wood ashes to deepen the shade.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 7"
30138,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,5,Dye,108,Black,Decoction of gum applied to grey hair and used with black clay or mud as a black hair dye.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
31941,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,5,Dye,108,Black,Acorn cups soaked in water containing iron and used as a black dye to color basket materials.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32229,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,79,5,Dye,108,Black,"Round, fleshy insect galls made into a dark hair dye.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 79"
32243,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,49,Concow,89,c02,343,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to blacken strands of red buds for basket making.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32278,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Boiled with black earth and ocher to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
32279,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,"Inner bark boiled with green hazel burs, added to black earth and butternut and used as a black dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
32387,3285,Quercus rubra L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye for porcupine quills.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
32426,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
32562,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a black dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32618,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,5,Dye,108,Black,Charcoal used as a black pigment for sand paintings.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32885,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries used to make black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32912,3347,Rhus glabra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries used to make black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32991,3347,Rhus glabra L.,198,Plains Indian,30,h92,55,5,Dye,108,Black,"Leaves, bark and roots used to make a black dye.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"
33108,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and pine gum used to make a black dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
33179,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,5,Dye,108,Black,Leaves used to make black dye for baskets and leather.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33216,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,5,Dye,108,Black,Leaves boiled to dye basketry and wool black.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
33264,3355,Rhus typhina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries used to make black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
36210,3551,Salix sp.,141,Micmac,103,s17,317,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used to make a black dye.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
36212,3551,Salix sp.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,317,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used to make a black dye.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
36635,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,5,Dye,108,Black,Berry juice used as a black dye for basket materials.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
39025,3847,Suaeda sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,141,5,Dye,108,Black,Plants boiled in water and used as a black dye for palm mats.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 141"
39714,3923,Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,5,Dye,108,Black,Upper branch ash used an Enemyway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
40456,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,5,Dye,108,Black,Ashes rubbed on children to make skin color darker. The ashes were rubbed on those children who were fathered by a white man to make them look more 'Indian' in color.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
40457,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,5,Dye,108,Black,Charcoal or soot used for tattoo pigment.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
40458,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,5,Dye,108,Black,Juice used as a black dye for blackroot sedge.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
41039,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,108,Black,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
44011,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used as black dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
44146,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,5,Dye,108,Black,Juice mixed with yellow soil for a black dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"