id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
44460,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks sometimes used for thatching.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44291,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green leaves made into strong cord used to bind the vertical & horizontal poles of the winterhouse.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44290,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split rootstock cores used as pattern material in coiled basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44285,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Pods used for basketry.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44278,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Leaf fibers used to make lattice work cradle on a frame of scrub oak.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44277,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf fibers used as the foundation for the beginning of a coiled basket.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
44265,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the main portion of the baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44244,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Pith twisted with mountain grass and used to make mats for bedding and blankets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44243,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fiber and grass used to make sleeping mats.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44242,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Strands used to tie rolled skins into a rabbit skin blanket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44241,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to tie butt and tip of corn husks filled with dough.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44240,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Yucca fiber and grass fiber used to make the earliest costume.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44239,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make moccasin uppers and dresses.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44238,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Pith twisted with mountain grass and used to make leggings and shoes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44237,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fiber used to make knitted leggings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44236,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Pith twisted with mountain grass and used for roofing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44235,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf pith braid woven into a basket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44234,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fiber used to secure the butts of the first twigs around a small stick at the bottom of the basket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44218,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,43,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Made into cords and used as base for fur robe garments.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 43"
44209,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Strong fibers used to make shoes and sandals.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44208,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44205,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make bowstrings, netting and strings for shell money.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44204,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make brushes for body painting.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44203,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fiber used as starting material for baskets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44198,4231,Yucca glauca var. glauca,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
44195,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,79,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Leaves used for making mats, cincture pads and other articles.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 79"
44194,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,47,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 47"
44193,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,79,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves soaked in water to soften them and made into rope by knotting them together. The fibers of the leaves were separated and lengthened for making a coarse cord.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 79"
44192,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,82,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Leaves made into brushes & used for decorating pottery, ceremonial masks, alters and other objects.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 82"
44188,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous leaves split into narrow strips and used for tying material.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44187,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make bandoleers and neckties for clowns and dancers.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44186,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Narrow slips used as paint brushes in decorating pottery.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44185,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make sifting baskets.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44176,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves or fibers used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 39"
44175,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,49,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves used as brushes to place designs upon pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 49"
44174,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in the manufacture of baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
44169,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp leaf points used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44168,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44166,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp leaf points used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44165,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44160,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for tying up bundles of material.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
44159,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Strips of fiber used to tie mesquite pole tips to other poles in forming house skeletons.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
44158,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for lashing house frames together and thatching.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
44157,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
44156,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner leaves dried, split and used for sewing non-water-tight trade baskets.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 58"
44154,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp leaf points used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44153,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44148,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber made into string to tie hoops, prayer sticks, chant arrows and other ceremonial equipment.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44111,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Crushed leaf fibers twisted and used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44110,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Chewed leaves used to make brushes for pottery paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44109,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44099,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44098,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibers used to make brushes for pottery decoration.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44097,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used to make baskets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44095,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
44087,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp points of leaves used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44086,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44068,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make 'moccasin strings' and cords.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44067,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves split and used to make baskets.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44044,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves twilled into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
44042,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,58,bc41,62,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Species used to sew coils into tight baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62"
44041,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 54"
44040,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf used as the binding element in coarse coiled ware.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
44030,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Leaves used for the headshade of cradleboards.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44029,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44020,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven into shallow or tray baskets to carry prepared mescal home.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
44014,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,43,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Made into cords and used as base for fur robe garments.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 43"
44013,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,445,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 445"
44007,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dark red rootstock core used as pattern material in coiled basketry. The core was split into strands, soaked and worked in with the coiling so that the color was always on the outside.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44005,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make nets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44004,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
43998,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Twigs used to make snow brooms.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43997,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant used for paint brushes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43996,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43984,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Split leaves plaited into mats for covering hatchways, grain vases and other vessels. The leaves are also used for making pads for supporting water vases upon the head.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43983,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,36,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves split and plaited into mats to cover various vessels.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 36"
43982,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,47,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 47"
43981,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves used in place of cords or rope.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43980,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves boiled, chewed and made into a double-stranded cord.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43979,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers made into cords used to tie prayer plume offerings together & for other ceremonial uses.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43978,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves boiled, chewed and fiber woven into skirts and kilts.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 45"
43977,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaf fibers used in weaving fabrics. The leaves were folded about four inches in length and tied with a fragment of the leaf.  These folds were boiled with a small quantity of cedar ashes.  When sufficiently cooked, the leaves were placed in a bowl or basket and cooled.  When the leaves were cooled, youths and young women peeled off the epidermis, and chewed the leaves starting at one end and progressing to the other.  After chewing the leaves, the fibers were separated, straightened out, tied with fiber strings and hung in an inner room to dry.  When required for weaving, the fibers were soaked in water to soften them.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43976,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Split leaves used to make winnowing baskets, baskets for serving food & for transporting materials.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43975,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Interlaced leaves used to make baskets.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
43968,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to tie grass stems of mescal to make a brush.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
43962,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fleshy leaves boiled, chewed and the fibers twisted into cord and rope.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 50"
43940,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves or fibers used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 39"
43924,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,37,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Split leaves used in weaving mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 37"
43923,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43922,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to make cords or ropes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43921,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make hair brushes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
43920,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43911,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43910,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
43909,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as the foundation in coiled basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43908,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
43901,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Roots made into ball for shinny game, played at night.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43900,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Leaves made into a ball thrown into the air for archery target practice.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43899,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Fiber used to tie snowshoes to the feet.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43898,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber made into string or rope and used for temporary or emergency purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43897,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves made into brushes used for cleaning baskets.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43896,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf slivers made into paint brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43895,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make ceremonial and utilitarian baskets.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43849,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers used to make ropes. Leaves were pounded between stones to separate the fibers which were used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43847,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,102,Jemez,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43841,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43840,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibers used to make small brushes for pottery decoration.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43839,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used to make baskets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43833,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make rope.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43832,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used to make shoes.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43823,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
43822,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43821,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves occasionally used in basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43813,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaf fiber braided into ropes. The leaves contained a good fiber.  The terminal spine and a section of the back of the leaf were removed and pounded to free this fiber from the fleshy portion of the leaf.  The fiber was often braided into rope, three to six ply, from twelve to thirty feet long that were used for many purposes, including handling horses.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43808,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make string.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43807,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves reduced to fiber and made into cloth.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43803,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and sections tied together by square knots to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43798,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make twine or rope.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43797,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Small roots used for basket work.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43781,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43780,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the main portion of the baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
43770,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,37,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make strings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 37"
43762,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,33,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Narrow, split leaf strips used as sewing material for coiled plaques.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 33"
43761,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
43760,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in many types of basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43752,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43733,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Small leaves used to make dresses. Plants were burned every year.  Leaves were harvested in the spring when they first began to grow out from their charred rhizome.  Prior to use, the leaves were soaked in water to make them pliable, but if left too long they turned green.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43732,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,282,Yana,181,ss43,253,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass wrapped around the ties of the women's belts.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 253"
43731,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43730,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
43728,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,50,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to decorate baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
43726,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,87,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as twining material for wrapped and twined baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43725,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,27,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven into water tight baskets used for cooking.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 27"
43723,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,133,Makah,3,g83,343,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for basketry.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 343"
43722,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used as overlay twine in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
43721,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43719,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"New sprouts used to make baskets, especially for designs.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43718,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43716,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43715,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,111,m90,2,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as a border pattern in baskets.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 2"
43714,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
43713,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Purchased grass shaved and dyed to make baskets and edging for mats and baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
43712,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43711,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43707,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant purchased and used extensively in basket overlay and designs.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
43705,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
43704,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,117,Konomeho,109,m66,234,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to make the design on baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 234"
43703,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,105,Karok,109,m66,211,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make basket hats for men and women.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 211"
43702,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,105,Karok,109,m66,211,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 211"
43700,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
43577,4197,Woodwardia sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make the designs on baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
43574,4196,Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm.,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketmaking.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
43573,4196,Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm.,98,Hupa,111,m90,4,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Dyed fronds used in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 4"
43572,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,,,Leaves used to obtain fiber. Fibers were harvested when leaves were fully grown and then dyed with alder bark.  The strands could be dyed by chewing in Alnus bark and running the fibers through the mouth or by pounding the bark in a mortar and pestle.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43571,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,,,"Leaves used to obtain fiber. The two fibers of each leaf were collected at the end of June or the first part of July.  The rachis was pounded and fibers fell out.  For designs, the fibers were dyed with Alnus bark.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43569,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,105,Karok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf fiber used to make baskets. Fibers were pounded from the rachis and dyed with Alnus bark for use in basketry.  The fibers were then dried and coiled for storage.  They were soaked to unroll and used.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43547,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Long fronds used to make the sides and roofs of waterproof and windproof houses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43546,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Long fronds used to make ramadas.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43392,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,51,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Vine used to make the hoop on a baby basket.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 51"
43391,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,51,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vine made a very strong cord used to tie bundles and for lashing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 51"
43388,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,89,c02,369,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Vines soaked in water and hot ashes, bark removed, wood split into strands and used as thread.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 369"
43387,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vines used to tie western service berry thatch in place on the winter house.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
43386,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vines used to make withes to tie things when hunting or traveling.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
43385,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,89,c02,369,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Woody parts of vines used for the rims of large, cone-shaped carrying baskets.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 369"
43384,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,179,b08,139,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Sap wood used as binding material in basketry.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139"
43378,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Vines used to moor a boat and smaller vines twisted to make ropes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43377,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43376,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,70,b81,62,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used as basketry material for the basket bottoms.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
43361,4170,Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant used for coffin lashing.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
43360,4170,Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
43199,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,287,Yuki,89,c02,362,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stout roots used for tying.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 362"
43072,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for birch bark basket rims.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43060,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to reinforce birchbark basket rims.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
42941,4120,Vernonia missurica Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,62,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Tall stems used as an overnight bed. Tall stems gathered, piled six inches thick on the ground and arranged in a rectangular form.  Used when traveling.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62"
42688,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to wipe the body off after bathing in water.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42374,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used as brooms.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42361,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used as brooms.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42358,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,61,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used as a broom.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42336,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Long, straight, green branches used for brooms.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
42318,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems and twigs used to make brooms.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
41927,4064,Usnea sp.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,211,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to diaper babies and for women's sanitary napkins.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211"
41925,4064,Usnea sp.,133,Makah,3,g83,211,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used in bags as pillows when feathers unavailable.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211"
41921,4064,Usnea sp.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
41917,4063,Usnea longissima (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
41915,4063,Usnea longissima (L.) Ach.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
41892,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,,,Plant sometimes used for fiber.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41891,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41889,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Stems used for mesh on snowshoes.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
41888,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,115,Klamath,66,c97,95,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used in the manufacture of cords and nets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 95"
41885,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer stem layers separated into long strands and two or three twisted into a cord.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41870,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,143,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make bowstrings and cordage.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 143"
41869,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,143,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used in basketmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 143"
41863,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41862,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41847,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Mature shoot fibers used to make cordage.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
41832,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,209,Quileute,77,r36,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots formerly twisted and made into ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
41829,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,115,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer rind twisted into a two-strand cord and used for sewing cattail mats and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 115"
41823,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41822,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41816,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41815,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41804,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make bow strings, fishing line for jigging, ropes and oolichan traps.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
41800,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41799,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage. The fiber was separated from the nettle by either crumpling the dried stalks in the hands or gently pounding it with stones.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41798,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Bark or rind used as a fine, stout sewing fiber.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41794,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41791,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant made into hemp twine and used to make fiber bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41786,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Plants split, dried, pounded and used to make twine and rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
41781,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,94,Hoh,77,r36,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots formerly twisted and made into ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
41775,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41770,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stem fibers used for twine.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
41766,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41765,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41754,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,211,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers sun dried and used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 211"
41740,4058,Urtica dioica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,289,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant tops used to make twine and fine thread. The plant tops were made into twine in the same manner as Indian hemp.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 289"
41717,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems dried, pounded and spun to make twine for binding and sewing purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
41716,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fibers, yellow cedar bark or cottonwood fibers and dog hair used to make stronger ropes.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41708,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make string.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41707,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used in weaving baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41700,4058,Urtica dioica L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make cordage.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 61"
41688,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41680,4057,Umbellularia sp.,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make shelters and canopies.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
41677,4057,Umbellularia sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,349,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make arbors or shades.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 349"
41607,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41603,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41598,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41591,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41590,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41588,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,115,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make wigwam sides.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 115"
41587,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,115,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make boxes and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 115"
41586,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,124,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 124"
41577,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41576,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41569,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make ropes and cords.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41568,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41555,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make ropes and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
41554,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41553,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41552,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
41550,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stripped bark used as a wigwam cover, for the sides of the wigwam.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41539,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,270,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used to make sides of the winter wigwam and rainproof roof.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 270"
41535,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Boiled bark used to make nets for snowshoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41534,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boiled bark used to make matting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41533,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Boiled bark used to make baskets and fish nets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41509,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fibers used to make ropes and cords.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41508,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41504,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Inner bark chewed and spat onto baseball glove to make the ball stick to the glove.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
41478,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41470,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41464,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41455,4051,Ulmus americana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for posts and other building materials.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
41432,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41429,4051,Ulmus americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark peeled during raspberry ripening time and used in the winter for house roofing material.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
41419,4049,Typha latifolia L.,289,Yurok,70,b81,59,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven together to make a mat.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41418,4049,Typha latifolia L.,289,Yurok,70,b81,59,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves woven together to make raincoats.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41403,4049,Typha latifolia L.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,59,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves woven together to make raincoats.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41397,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stalks used to make bedding.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
41396,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
41395,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems stripped and made into mats.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
41394,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems made into twined mats and used as mattresses and placemats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41393,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting heads substituted for down and used in stuffing pillows and making beds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
41392,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Downy seed fluff used in quilts and as a substitute for feathers in stuffing pillows and mattresses. The seed fluff was considered to be 'really warm.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41391,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Downy seed fluff used as diapers for infants.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41390,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves & stems made into mats used as wall insulators and in constructing temporary summer houses. The mats were twined with fiber of Indian hemp or silverberry.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41388,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41387,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41386,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41385,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make light-weight baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41384,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Leaves peeled and made into two-ply strings for sewing mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41383,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41382,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41381,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41380,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make light-weight baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41374,4049,Typha latifolia L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Used to make mats for bedding, drying berries and for meal times.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 55"
41373,4049,Typha latifolia L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton used for pillows and mattresses.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 55"
41371,4049,Typha latifolia L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Flat leaves sun dried and woven into mats for insulating winter house walls and kneeling in canoes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
41370,4049,Typha latifolia L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Flat leaves sun dried, split and spun to make baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
41368,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41367,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41366,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41365,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make light-weight baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41363,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,124,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzzy seeds used to make a soft comforter on which to place a newborn infant.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 124"
41362,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Catkins used to make an infant's quilt.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
41361,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves sewn together to make a wind-proof and waterproof side mat to be applied to the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
41354,4049,Typha latifolia L.,200,Pomo,96,b52,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Skins used as swaddling clothes or soft padding.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92"
41326,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to secure the edges of mats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41325,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in a simple pile for seating.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
41324,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41323,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
41322,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves twined as weft rows for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
41321,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used in the construction of duck decoys and boats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41320,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make shingles for house exteriors.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
41319,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house building materials.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41318,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41316,4049,Typha latifolia L.,183,Paiute,98,m53,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves and fruiting stalks sewn and woven into mats wrapped around willow frames to form houses.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 37"
41309,4049,Typha latifolia L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
41303,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony fruiting heads used as 'insoles' for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41302,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony fluff used as diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41301,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves woven into mats and used for door coverings, sweathouses and 'A-frame' type shelters.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41294,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make wind and rain-proof mats placed on the sides of the medicine lodge.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41293,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzz or seed used to make mattresses and sleeping bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41292,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzz or seed used to make a quilt and the quilt used to make a sleeping bag.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41291,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Blades used to weave mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
41288,4049,Typha latifolia L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make skirts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
41287,4049,Typha latifolia L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make openwork baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
41286,4049,Typha latifolia L.,163,Nimpkish,63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41285,4049,Typha latifolia L.,163,Nimpkish,63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41279,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make bed mats.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41278,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves used to make storage baskets, medicine baskets and water jugs.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41272,4049,Typha latifolia L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Leaves used to make mats for tipis, sweatbaths and Sundance lodges.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 60"
41271,4049,Typha latifolia L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for matting.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41270,4049,Typha latifolia L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruit spike 'down' used for bedding.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41267,4049,Typha latifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzz of the fruit used for pillows and comfort material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
41266,4049,Typha latifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Root used as a natural oakum to caulk canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
41265,4049,Typha latifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used to make rainproof and windproof mats for the side walls of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
41263,4049,Typha latifolia L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make mats to cover the winter lodges.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41262,4049,Typha latifolia L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Root used as a natural oakum for caulking leaks in boats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41260,4049,Typha latifolia L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,310,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Down of the fruiting parts used for bedding.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 310"
41258,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens and mattresses.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41257,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41256,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41255,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make light-weight baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41251,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,32,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fluffy fruits made into a waterproof quilt and placed over sheeting used for babies.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 32"
41250,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Fluffy tops used as padding for baby cradleboards.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
41249,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fluffy tops used as padding for baby diapers.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
41247,4049,Typha latifolia L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
41245,4049,Typha latifolia L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,90,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in the manufacture of mats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 90"
41244,4049,Typha latifolia L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,90,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting spike down used as a stuffing material for pillows.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 90"
41243,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41242,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41241,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41240,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make light-weight baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41236,4049,Typha latifolia L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Cattails used to support the mud of thatched roofs.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
41235,4049,Typha latifolia L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,107,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Flowers used to stuff pillows.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 107"
41227,4049,Typha latifolia L.,95,Hopi,27,cu35,56,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make sleeping mats.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 56"
41226,4049,Typha latifolia L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried leaves used in making mattresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
41225,4049,Typha latifolia L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Dried leaves used in weaving the bottoms of baskets and in making bags.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
41221,4049,Typha latifolia L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used by children to make mats while playing. The leaves became very brittle once dried and therefore were not put to serious use by adults.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
41220,4049,Typha latifolia L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Down used for filling pillows, padding cradles and quilting baby wrappings.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
41212,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41211,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41210,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41209,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make light-weight baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41204,4049,Typha latifolia L.,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
41203,4049,Typha latifolia L.,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
41202,4049,Typha latifolia L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for mats.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
41201,4049,Typha latifolia L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,124,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves used as mats for roofing wigwams. The leaves were laid parallel, with one overlapping another, and were then stitched together with basswood, dogbane or swamp milkweed fiber.  The leaves were said to be quite effective in shedding the rain.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 124"
41200,4049,Typha latifolia L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for baskets.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
41199,4049,Typha latifolia L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves formerly used to make baskets.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
41194,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41193,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41192,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41191,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make light-weight baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41186,4049,Typha latifolia L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stalks used as matting materials and bedding.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
41183,4049,Typha latifolia L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Down used as diapers.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 19"
41181,4049,Typha latifolia L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Flags used for thatching the tipis and wickiups.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
41176,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for lodge floor covering.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
41171,4049,Typha latifolia L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,132,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wool used to stuff mattresses.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 132"
41142,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to secure the edges of mats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41141,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in a simple pile for seating.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
41140,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41139,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
41138,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves twined as weft rows for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
41137,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used in the construction of duck decoys and boats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41136,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make shingles for house exteriors.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
41135,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house building materials.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41134,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41131,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Long leaves used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41127,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks and leaves used in thatching houses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
41122,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Silky down used as stuffing for pillows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41121,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Green leaves woven into mats.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41120,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green leaves woven into roofs.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41119,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Flower stalks split, dried and used for basket weaving.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41106,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant branches and leaves used for bedding.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
41105,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Broken boughs used by the handful as a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41099,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used for camping beds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44"
41082,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Young trees used for poling canoes upstream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41081,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used as a dye for baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41079,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Young trees used for poling canoes upstream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41069,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Young trees used for poling canoes upstream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41068,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used as shelters for hunters.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41051,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41031,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,3,g83,238,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
41022,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41021,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs made into huts and used to house girls following their first menstruation.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
40994,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a mattress when camping.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40966,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for making temporary shelters or huts by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40927,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40926,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40860,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used for wigwam coverings.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
40853,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40852,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40541,3987,Tragopogon sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,185,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fluffy pappus of fruits used to make 'cotton' for stuffing pillows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 185"
40451,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Slender stems used for circular withes in basket making.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
40440,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Shoots used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
40420,3967,Touchardia latifolia Gaud.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant fiber used to make fishing lines or ropes.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
40413,3966,Torreya californica Torr.,200,Pomo,89,c02,305,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
40412,3966,Torreya californica Torr.,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used as splints in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
40400,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,59,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried fibers twisted and used to make floor mats.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 59"
40399,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried fibers twisted and used for cordage.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 59"
40394,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40393,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Boiled bark twisted into rope.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40392,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40384,3960,Tilia americana var. americana,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
40383,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark string used for sewing the edges of mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40382,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark string used for making cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40381,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark string used for fashioning bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40380,3959,Tilia americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cordage and rope.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
40379,3959,Tilia americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark fiber used for spinning cordage and weaving matting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
40378,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make ropes and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
40377,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cordage and rope.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
40376,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
40375,3959,Tilia americana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,232,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark of young sprouts used to make thread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 232"
40374,3959,Tilia americana L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, fibrous bark of young trees furnished ready cordage and string. The women stripped the bark and peeled the outer edge from the inner fiber with their teeth.  The rolls were then kept in coils or were boiled and kept as coils until needed, being soaked again when used, to make them pliable.  While there were countless uses for this cordage, perhaps the most important was in tying the poles together for the framework of the wigwam or medicine lodge.  When these crossings of poles were lashed together with wet bark fiber, it was easy to get a tight knot which shrank when dry and made an even tighter joint.  The bark of an elm or a balsam, cut into broad strips was then sewed into place on the framework with basswood string.  An oak wood awl was used to punch holes in the bark, but Smith notes that, when they made his wigwam, they used an old file end for an awl.  He reports that he lived in this new wigwam all the time he was among the Pillager Ojibwe and scarcely a night passed without a group of them visiting him and sitting around the campfire, telling old time stories.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
40373,3959,Tilia americana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,232,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark of young sprouts used to make twine and rope.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 232"
40369,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark two-ply cord used to make mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40368,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark boiled in lye water, dried, seasoned and twisted into two-ply cord.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40367,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark two-ply cord used to make shoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40366,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark two-ply cord used to make baskets and fish nets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40362,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Basswood fiber used for nets for snowshoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40361,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Basswood fiber used for matting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40360,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bast and bark fiber used for cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40359,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Basswood fiber used for baskets and fish nets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40358,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Fiber used for sewing birch bark.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40357,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to make ropes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40356,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fiber used to make belts.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40354,3959,Tilia americana L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fibers used to make cordage.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 60"
40337,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bast made into thread for sewing and fine yarn for weaving bags.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40336,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used for twine and general utility.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
40335,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bast made into cordage of all sorts. The bast was boiled and rubbed on a stick to separate the fibers which were spun into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and made into cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40334,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make dugout canoes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40331,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40330,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Boiled bark twisted into rope.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40329,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40320,3959,Tilia americana L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,132,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets stronger.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 132"
40293,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark strips used for mat making.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40292,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40291,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40290,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40289,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark strips used for basketry.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40280,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40279,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40278,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make diapers for infants and rain proof capes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40277,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40276,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40275,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing and tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40270,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark and stems used to make thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40269,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Inner bark, maple or cottonwood inner bark used to make scouring pads.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
40268,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Inner root softened, split into strips and used to make mats.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40267,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark and stems used to make mats and blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40266,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark piled up and used as a bed.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40265,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Outer bark used to kneel and sit on in canoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40264,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark and stems used to make rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40263,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner root softened, split into strips and used to make rain cloaks, aprons and capes.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40262,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark and stems used to make clothing.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40261,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make dugout canoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40260,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood splints sometimes used for the inner foundation of baskets rather than root bundles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
40259,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split roots made into water tight baskets and used for boiling food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
40258,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Split roots made into coiled, water tight baskets and used for boiling food. The outer strips of the roots were used to make the bottom of the basket, the center core was used in the coils and the bark of the roots was used for making the edges because of its toughness.  The roots could not be harvested in the winter because it was too difficult to scrape the bark off of the stiff, brown roots.  In the spring and early fall, the bark was more easily removed and the roots were white.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
40257,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Shredded roots used in making basketry.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40250,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,251,Squaxin,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make coiled and imbricated basketry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40249,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,251,Squaxin,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Limbs used for openwork baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40248,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,246,Snuqualmie,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs used to tie the poles of summer houses together.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40241,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root shaves woven into baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
40226,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Inner bark soaked, beaten to separate the fibers and used to make mats and bedding.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40225,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40224,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Young, slender branches used to make ropes.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40223,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make hats, diapers, work aprons and clothing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40222,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for covering drummers' hands in winter dances.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40221,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used to make canoes, paddles and canoe bailers.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40220,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make houses.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40219,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Wood used to make combs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40218,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40213,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots used to sew the corners of wooden boxes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40212,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make the lining and head bands of rain hats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40211,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Limbs used for openwork baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40200,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,342,Other,Twigs used for drying the body after a bath.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40199,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to line cradles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40198,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Twigs and roots twisted and used as ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40197,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make the lining and head bands of rain hats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40196,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40195,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40194,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40193,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make dugout canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40192,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house construction.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40191,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to make wigwams, summer houses and hunting lodges.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40190,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots split and used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40171,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous tissue used for weaving mats and screens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40170,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark made into cordage and used as lanyards or lines and to secure boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40169,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Wood used to make hoops worn by dancers as part of their costumes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40168,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark used to make women's aprons, conical rain capes and napkins.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40167,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make dance costumes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40166,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous tissue used to make napkins and clothing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40165,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make dugout canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40164,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Inner bark used to make sails for canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40163,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Inner bark used to make canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40162,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Fibrous tissue used to make canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40161,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40160,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40159,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark and roots used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40158,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous tissue used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40155,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark and stems used to make thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40154,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark and stems used to make mats and blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40153,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark and stems used to make rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40152,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark and stems used to make clothing.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40147,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark used, when tule not available, for weaving mats.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40146,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used to make canoes, frames for birchbark canoes and paddles.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40145,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Logs used to make A-frame shelters and to cover the rafters of an underground house. The logs were burned into six meter lengths and boards split off with horn wedges.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40144,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make a raised storage cache.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40143,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make a covering for sweathouse frames and insulation for tule tipis.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40142,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Boughs used to scrub the skin in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40141,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Split roots used to make a high quality, coiled, watertight and strong basket.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40140,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for weaving rough baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40123,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark woven with dog hair and cottonwood bast fiber to make blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40122,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40121,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Young limbs twisted and used for rope material.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40120,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make ropes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40119,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark split into thin strips, spun and used for rope and twine.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40118,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40117,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark used to make waterproof hats, capes and other articles of clothing.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40116,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make dugout canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40115,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for houseposts and wall and roofing houseboards.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40114,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Young limbs twisted and used to make basket frames and ribs.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40113,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner bark strips used to make storage baskets and for basket bottoms, rims and ribs.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40112,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40111,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40110,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood hollowed out with fire, smoothed, trimmed and used to make canoes.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40109,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover the roofs of semi-subterranean houses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40108,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark formerly used to make lean-to shelters while camping.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40107,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40098,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make cords for fishnets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40097,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark woven into cloth.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40096,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40095,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for shingles, lumber, fence posts and for paving.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40094,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used for making baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40093,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make sacks.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40092,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make frame work of baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40086,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to line baby cradles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40085,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark cut into narrow strips and woven into mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40084,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make the lining and head bands of rain hats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40083,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark pounded until soft and made into clothes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40082,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40081,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used for basketry.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40068,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Long, straight branches used for 'sewing wood.'","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40067,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,298,Other,"Shredded bark used for napkins, towels and bandages.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40066,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40065,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous bark used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40064,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous bark used to make twine and ropes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40063,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Shredded bark used for diapers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40062,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Roots washed, scorched over a fire, skinned, split in two, scraped and used to make hats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40061,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Roots and bark used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40060,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40059,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40058,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood steamed for flexibility and malleability and used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40057,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, straight branches used to make nets for tying wall boards onto house frames.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40056,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Shredded bark used for paint brushes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40055,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Roots washed, scorched over a fire, skinned, split in two, scraped and used to make baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40054,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots and bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40053,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Long, straight branches used for weaving baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40052,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40049,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make ropes.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40048,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make clothing.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40047,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used for making canoes.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40046,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building homes.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40038,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe frames.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40037,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Roots split, peeled and used to make water tight baskets.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40033,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,250,Other,Twigs used for drying the body after a bath.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40032,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to line cradles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40031,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Twigs and roots twisted and used as ropes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40030,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40029,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40028,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40027,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make dugout canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40026,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house construction.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40025,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to make wigwams, summer houses and hunting lodges.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40024,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots split and used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40016,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Finely beaten bark used as a sponge. Young boys, when they were starting to walk, were rubbed with this bark dipped in cold octopus broth to make them tough.  Girls were told to rub the same liquid on their hands to make them strong.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40015,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave mats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40014,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Very long, straight branches or withes used to make ropes. For large ropes, such as those used in whaling, the entire branch would be used.  For smaller ropes, the withes were split off into three parts:  the heartwood would be removed and the outer part twisted into rope.  Branches used for such ropes would be five to eight cm. in diameter.  Hesquiat cedar ropes were quite famous and were often traded to other tribes.  The large ropes were used long ago as whale-hunting lines, anchor lines, and binding lines for tying on house planks or tying together one's effects when moving.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40013,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Shredded inner bark used for diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40012,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave capes, skirts and aprons.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40011,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood prized as a material for carving, especially canoes.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40010,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood prized as a material for house construction: shakes, shingles and poles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40009,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Very long, straight branches or withes used to make baskets. Cedar withes were also split and used to make a wide variety of strong open-work baskets for berry-picking and other purposes.  These were strengthened at the corners with twisted cedar ropes.  The withes were divided with two vertical cuts.  The two outer rounds were often used for finer construction and possibly the active weft; the inner piece, flattened on two sides, was usually used for the 'framework' (warp and passive weft) of the baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40008,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
39987,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39986,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats to sit on.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39985,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make baby cradles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39984,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches twisted together to make a type of rope used to tie covers to storage boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39983,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make rain capes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39982,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark woven into hip length leggings to wear through deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39981,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats of various types.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39980,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to carve canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39979,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to cover canoes to keep the rain out.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39978,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make dancing platforms.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39977,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for house posts and planks in traditional house construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39976,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to partition long houses and make temporary shelters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39975,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for roofing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39974,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used as the main structural elements in baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39973,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used in basketry.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39972,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for basketry.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39968,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark strips used for mat making.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39967,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39966,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark strips used for basketry.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39964,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark strips used for mat making.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39963,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
39962,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39961,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
39960,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark strips used for basketry.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39958,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,76,Flathead,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark strips used to make baskets.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
39954,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to pad cradles.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39953,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Limbs used to make rope.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39952,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark used for clothing, sanitary napkins and towels.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39951,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used for canoes.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39950,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for house planks, posts and roof boards.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39949,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used for coiled and imbricated baskets.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39948,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for basketry.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39946,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark finely shredded and used as padding for infants' cradles, sanitary pads and towels.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
39945,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark coarsely shredded and plaited into skirts, capes and dresses for women.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
39941,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Inner bark used for sponges.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39940,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39939,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make capes and shaman collars.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39938,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39913,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Light, strong, straight-grained wood used for canoe frames and ribs.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
39912,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Tough, stringy bark used in making fiber bags.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
39903,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make canoe slats.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
39895,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to weave bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
39887,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used for canoe slats.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
39886,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make basket splints.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
39880,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Bark pieces packed into joints during construction.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
39858,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39857,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe ribs.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39849,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,132,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Plant used to make canoe skeletons.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 132"
39601,3904,Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Drift wood bent into ribs for boats.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
39562,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Twigs used to make snowshoe frames.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
39546,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make paddles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39545,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Wood used to make combs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39541,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make canoe bailers.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39540,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make combs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39534,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39530,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root used as weft in twined baskets & root very strong & especially good for hopper mortar baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39527,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots twined as fabric.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
39526,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used in basketry.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
39520,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39519,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Wood used to make combs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39511,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Wood used to make mat making needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39510,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make steering paddles and oarlock holders.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39497,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Wood used to make combs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39482,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Leaves used to sew sacks.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39476,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39471,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as paddles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39464,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,86,Haisla,14,c93,187,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make boat ribs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39457,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make combs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39450,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39432,3900,Taxodium distichum (L.) L.C. Rich.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,15,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 15"
39421,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39420,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39287,3890,Tamarix gallica L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,72,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant considered an important source of wood.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 72"
39153,3858,Symphoricarpos sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,243,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Stems used to make the rim of the shade for cradleboards.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 243"
39137,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,24,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Shrubs made into brooms.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
39124,3851,Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Brushy stems used in brooms.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
39122,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,285,Yokia,89,c02,389,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Slender twigs bound together and used as brooms for sweeping.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 389"
39079,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used in the construction of cradle boards.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39077,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches tied together in a bundle to make a broom.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
38937,3833,Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,190,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to stuff caribou skins for rafts.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 190"
38887,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
38800,3810,Sporobolus wrightii Munro ex Scribn.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stiff stems made into a brush and used to clean spines of cacti.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
38789,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
38777,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass bunches fastened together to make mats for covering hatchways and other openings in the house.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
38776,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass bunches fastened together and used to construct shelters in or near the distant fields.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
38751,3796,Spiraea splendens var. splendens,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Flowering stems used as paint brushes, especially on the large spaces of tipis.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
38734,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,274,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to make brooms.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 274"
38702,3783,Sphagnum sp.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,124,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried moss used for making pillows and mattresses.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 124"
38701,3783,Sphagnum sp.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,59,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
38698,3783,Sphagnum sp.,86,Haisla,14,c93,148,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used for diapering infants.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 148"
38697,3783,Sphagnum sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Used to chink log houses.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
38696,3783,Sphagnum sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,249,Other,Used as an absorbent.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
38695,3783,Sphagnum sp.,36,Chinook,25,g73,50,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for bedding in camp.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
38694,3783,Sphagnum sp.,36,Chinook,25,g73,50,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used by women for sanitary napkins.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
38692,3783,Sphagnum sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,87,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Whole plant used as a diaper for small children.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 87"
38689,3783,Sphagnum sp.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for padding and bedding.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
38688,3782,Sphagnum dusenii C. Jens.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Moss gathered and dried to make mattresses.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
38605,3769,Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link,205,Ponca,17,g19,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as thatching to support the earth coverings of lodges in permanent villages.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
38604,3769,Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link,177,Omaha,17,g19,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to support earth coverings of lodges in permanent villages.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
38551,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Wood used to lacrosse clubs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
38550,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoe frames.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
38549,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make ribs for canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
38420,3736,Solidago gigantea Ait.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems made into rough baskets.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
38284,3721,Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for thatching.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
38173,3708,Smilax californica (A. DC.) Gray,270,Ukiah,89,c02,329,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Long, trailing limbs used to make baskets.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 329"
38172,3708,Smilax californica (A. DC.) Gray,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,329,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Long, trailing limbs used to make baskets.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 329"
37957,3667,Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.,228,Seminole,88,s54,494,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Plant used to make mortar.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"
37751,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant used to make rope.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37750,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant used to make brushes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37749,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to make baskets.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37748,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,160,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf stems used to make medicine baskets.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 160"
37747,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,13,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 13"
37745,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,289,Yurok,70,b81,55,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
37744,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,289,Yurok,70,b81,55,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building materials.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
37743,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,55,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
37742,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,55,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building materials.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
37739,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark leaned together, in a circle, to make a house.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
37733,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,309,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Fallen logs formerly hollowed out by fire and used as canoes.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 309"
37732,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,309,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Lumber used to construct houses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 309"
37729,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Sprouts from burls used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
37667,3642,Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl.,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tops used as brooms to brush the spines from cactus fruit.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
37666,3642,Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl.,157,Navajo,72,f96,19,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant top used as a brush to remove spines from the prickly pears.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
37663,3642,Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl.,95,Hopi,72,f96,19,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant top used as a brush to remove spines from the prickly pears.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
37552,3614,Scirpus sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass-like herbs used extensively for table mats.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
37551,3614,Scirpus sp.,200,Pomo,89,c02,316,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Rootstocks used to make fine baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 316"
37549,3614,Scirpus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,52,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 52"
37546,3614,Scirpus sp.,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plants dried and used to make brooms.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
37541,3614,Scirpus sp.,51,Costanoan (Olhonean),109,m66,373,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 373"
37538,3614,Scirpus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Stems bundled and made into rafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
37537,3614,Scirpus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used as thatch.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
37536,3614,Scirpus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
37530,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Stalks used for bedding, mats and weaving materials.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37529,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks used for roofing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37525,3612,Scirpus nevadensis S. Wats.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems woven into mats and used like blankets on wooden mattresses.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
37520,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,37,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make berry picking and root digging baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 37"
37515,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,133,Makah,3,g83,332,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the bottom portion of baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 332"
37514,3610,Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting tops used as a resilient material for stuffing and making pillows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
37513,3610,Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Small rushes used for a certain kind of mat.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
37512,3610,Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Small rushes formerly used for woven storage bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
37510,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Entire, dyed stem used to make mats.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
37509,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Entire, dyed stem used to make baskets.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
37507,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,205,Ponca,17,g19,69,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used to weave into matting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69"
37506,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,190,Pawnee,17,g19,69,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used to weave into matting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69"
37505,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,177,Omaha,17,g19,69,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used to weave into matting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69"
37504,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Rushes used for the best mats. The bleached rushes were immersed in water for a few days and then cleansed.  They selected long rushes, with small diameters, so that the pith content was small.  When the mat was in service, such fibers were not readily crushed.  The rush, when gathered, is an intense green, white only at the base where it stands in water.  All rushes were first bleached pure white, and afterwards colored as desired.  They were pulled, rather than cut, in order to obtain the maximum length.  When thoroughly bleached and dried, they dyed them with white men's dyes.  Formerly they used native dyes, which they really preferred.  The bleached rushes predominated in any rug, and were ivory-white in color.  The finished rug or mat was three feet wide and from four to eight feet long, and sold for from $8 to $30 in 1923.  The edge was bound securely with nettle fiber cord.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
37503,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,268,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Long, bleached and dyed rushes used to make mats.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 268"
37502,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bleached, sun dried rushes used to weave mats.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
37501,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bleached, sun dried rushes sewn with basswood string used for covering and side walls of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
37500,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bleached, dried rushes sewn with basswood string used for covering & side walls of medicine lodges.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
37498,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,125,Lakota,108,r80,26,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 26"
37493,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Stems sewn with cord, made into mats & used as rugs, meat platters, cradle linings & sleeping mats.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37492,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used as wall filler in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37491,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stems sewn with cord, made into mats and used as interior and exterior walls in house construction.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37486,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,61,Dakota,17,g19,69,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used to weave into matting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69"
37480,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for mats.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37479,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,124,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used for weaving floor and wall mats.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 124"
37475,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root used to form the black part of the basket design.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28"
37472,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Root used as a weft or sewing material.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37471,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used to make mats.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37470,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,96,b52,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Skins used as swaddling clothes or soft padding.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92"
37469,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used for thatch.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37468,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used as foundation material.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37467,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make plain-twined baskets.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37466,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant made into the heavy hoop used at the opening of the conical burden basket.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37464,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Slender rootstock cores used as pattern material for coiled baskets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37461,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,200,Pomo,179,b08,137,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root stock fibers used as design material for baskets.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 137"
37460,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Grass used for basketry. This sedge has a central section, coal-black, which color can be deepened by burying in manure or in blue mud.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
37452,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to secure the edges of mats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37451,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make twined mats for the insides of houses.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
37450,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used in a simple pile for seating.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
37449,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37448,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
37447,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps and the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
37446,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37445,3605,Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (Torr.) M.T. Strong,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root used to form the black part of the basket design. Roots were stained by burying them in the mud with ashes until a black color was obtained.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28"
37444,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Flat, fibrous leaves dried and used to make mats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
37443,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Flat, fibrous leaves sun dried and used to make baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
37442,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root used to form the black part of the basket design.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28"
37441,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root used to form the black part of the basket design.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28"
37440,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,79,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the bottoms and ribs of 'grass' baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
37439,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,133,Makah,3,g83,332,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Shoots used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 332"
37438,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
37437,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
37436,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
37432,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Rushes used in weaving hats.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
37431,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Rushes used in weaving handles for baskets and shopping bags.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
37426,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make mats. Food was placed on tule mats in order to dry it. The mats were also used as place mats for eating, as floor covering in lodges, as room partitions in pit houses, as walls for summer lodges and as mattresses and pillows.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37425,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make capes, bags and Indian doctor headdresses.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37424,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems laid in an overlapping fashion and used for roofing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37421,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,245,Snohomish,25,g73,22,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
37419,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Used for weaving entrance covers, curtains, windbreaks and for drying salmon.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
37418,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root used to form the black part of the basket design.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 28"
37414,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,200,Pomo,96,b52,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Skins used as swaddling clothes or soft padding.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 92"
37413,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Stems used to make boats.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37412,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,200,Pomo,179,b08,140,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make plain-twined baskets.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 140"
37404,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to secure the edges of mats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37403,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make twined mats for the insides of houses.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
37402,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used in a simple pile for seating.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
37401,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to secure the edges of skirts.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37400,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
37399,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,86,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as the warps and the twining wefts for clothing.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 86"
37398,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to build houses.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
37397,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37393,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stems dried, sewn into large mats and used to make 'teepees,' temporary shelters, doors & windows.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37392,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,81,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Tall, round stems sun dried and sewn together to make mats, sleeping compartments and mattresses.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 81"
37385,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used for making mats.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
37383,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,133,Makah,25,g73,22,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
37382,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Stalks used as the overlay twine warp, upper portions only, in the manufacture of baskets.","Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
37380,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used for mats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
37379,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used for hats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
37378,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for baskets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
37377,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,115,Klamath,186,c04,737,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Outer surface split and twisted into weft cords and warp used in making baskets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1904, Wokas, a Primitive Food of the Klamath Indians., Smithsonian Institution, US. National Museum., page 737"
37376,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,114,Klallam,25,g73,22,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
37375,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for making matting.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
37370,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried stems used to make mats; excellent mattresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
37369,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Round, pithy stems used to make baskets, shopping basket handles and basket lids.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
37365,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems pressed flat between the fingers and used to make household mats.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
37355,3600,Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass rubbed into softness and used as fur like insulation in moccasins during the winter.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
37224,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
37138,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used for clothes hooks in houses.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37137,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37136,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Strong wood used in general construction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
36393,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Formerly used to cover dwellings.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 54"
36337,3551,Salix sp.,287,Yuki,199,k30,423,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as basket material.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1930, Yuki Basketry, University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:421-444, page 423"
36336,3551,Salix sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,73,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to sustain the thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
36328,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark of dead trees used to make mats and fiber blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
36327,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradle hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36326,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split withes used to make string and rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36325,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Softened stems twisted to make rope and used to lash together fish drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36324,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Long shoots made into rope and used in lashing together fish drying racks and fish weir stakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36323,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark of dead trees used to make capes and aprons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
36322,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Dry logs lashed together to make rafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36321,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Branches used in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36320,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split withes heated and twisted to make cabling for suspension bridges in 'the old days.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36319,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Branches with the bark and leaves twisted and used for tying and binding in construction. The branches were used for tying and binding, especially in constructing the underground winter pit houses and in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36318,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split withes used for weaving baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
36298,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Stems and spruce bark used to make a temporary sled for transporting meat across ice.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36297,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make line.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36296,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make fish hangers and lashings.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36295,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Split, outer bark twisted into twine.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36294,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make line.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36293,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used to make the semispherical frame of the traditional style sweathouse.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36292,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used in the construction of various shelters.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36291,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems and branches used as the siding on a smoke house.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36290,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make rims for birch bark baskets.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36289,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make baskets for storing dried fish and meat.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36288,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make basket rims.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36280,3551,Salix sp.,200,Pomo,179,b08,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stem used as foundation material in basketry.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 138"
36278,3551,Salix sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,73,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to sustain the thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
36272,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Willow used to make baby baskets and cradle boards.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36271,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Woven willow bark made into string and used to make salmon traps.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36270,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Willow used to make sheds for wind drying fish.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36269,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Willow used to construct house and sweathouse frames.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36268,3551,Salix sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Strong, flexible willows used to make baskets.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
36251,3551,Salix sp.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Young poles used for the framework of the vapor bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
36247,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36228,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradle canopies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36227,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches used to make a braided strap worn across the forehead to support a water bottle.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36226,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make permanent carrying baskets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36217,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36216,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wood used to make mattresses for tipis.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36215,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make backrests for tipis and cradleboards.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36214,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Wood used to make ropes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36213,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used to make baskets.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36208,3551,Salix sp.,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stalks used to make the coiled foundations and coarse twine in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
36205,3551,Salix sp.,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make frames for snowshoes.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
36201,3551,Salix sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in construction of summer shelters.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
36196,3551,Salix sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,42,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches and leaves used for thatching houses.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
36195,3551,Salix sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs used to make baskets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
36190,3551,Salix sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make shelters.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 29"
36189,3551,Salix sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,29,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as the frame in coiled basketry.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 29"
36186,3551,Salix sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,72,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in roof construction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 72"
36168,3551,Salix sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,73,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to sustain the thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
36148,3551,Salix sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark braided into rope.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
36147,3551,Salix sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood made into poles used as basic element of house construction.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
36130,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Sticks used to make backrests, part of the furniture of the tipi.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36129,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Boughs used to make back rest slats.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
36128,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make the circular frames for bull boats.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36127,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
36126,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Sticks used as lodgepoles for small hunting tipis.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36125,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Branches used to construct the many different sweat lodges. The Horn Society sweat lodge was constructed of fourteen willows.  The Holy Woman's sweat lodge in the Sun Dance was made of one hundred willows, which had been gathered by members of the Pigeon Society.  The Motokiks Society (a woman's society) constructed its lodge with twelve willows.  Medicine Pipes had fourteen.  The used frame of a sweat lodge was left on the prairie.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
36124,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make sweatlodge frames.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
36112,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,166,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets and whistles.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 166"
36109,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36108,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36107,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make a two-ply string.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36104,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make lines for tumplines and slings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36103,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,209,Quileute,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Limbs split, pared, scraped and used to make baskets.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
36100,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,114,Klallam,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark peeled, twisted and used to make string.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
36093,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36091,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,94,Hoh,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Limbs split, pared, scraped and used to make baskets.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
36082,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,203,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into string.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 203"
36081,3549,Salix sessilifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in basketry as foundation rods.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
36079,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36076,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark strips used for cord or rope.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36075,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36068,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36067,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches and bark twisted into strong rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36066,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36048,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Wood used to make baskets, fish weirs and water jugs.","Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
36020,3544,Salix prolixa Anderss.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Younger stems used extensively for making walking sticks.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36017,3542,Salix nigra Marsh.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,310,Other,Twigs used for curved structures in wrapped weaving.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
36016,3542,Salix nigra Marsh.,188,Papago,27,cu35,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for sewing coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 58"
36015,3542,Salix nigra Marsh.,188,Papago,27,cu35,56,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Twigs split in half lengthwise, sun dried and used as the foundation of coiled basketry.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 56"
35994,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used extensively for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35989,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,135,Mandan,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats and used in the sweat tepees.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35988,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,76,Flathead,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Willow made into baskets cemented with gum and used to cook fish.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35987,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,361,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Peeled stems used in basketry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 361"
35986,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,272,Ute,142,c09,36,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in basketry.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
35985,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,7,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for foundation in baskets.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 7"
35984,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,7,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used as thread in baskets.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 7"
35982,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,118,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used as the warp for twined baskets and foundation in coiled baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 118"
35979,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,187,Panamint,163,k52,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as the primary basket material.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 77"
35978,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,187,Panamint,163,k52,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs used to make the withes for the three rod foundation coils of baskets.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 77"
35972,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for hogan construction.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
35963,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Wood used to make baskets, fish weirs and water jugs.","Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35961,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark twisted and made into two-ply strings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
35950,3537,Salix lasiolepis var. lasiolepis,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,39,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make acorn storage baskets.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 39"
35949,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,445,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Strands used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 445"
35946,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used as thatching to provide shade around houses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35942,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, inner fiber formerly used to make rope.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35941,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, inner fiber formerly used to make garments.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35935,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems split for coiled baskets and as weft in twined baskets; unsplit as warps in twined baskets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35934,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Shoots used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
35932,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,25,California Indian,111,m90,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used in spring to make rope.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60"
35930,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems formerly used for filling between the house rafters.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
35929,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Slender switches used to make baskets.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
35928,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,49,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49"
35922,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split withes used as tipi and wickiup thatching.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35921,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Withes used to make baskets to be sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
35920,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Withes used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
35919,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split withes used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35918,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,272,Ute,142,c09,36,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in basketry.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
35913,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,177,Omaha,17,g19,73,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Peeled stems used in basketry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 73"
35909,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Wood used to make baskets, fish weirs and water jugs.","Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35900,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to rim birch bark baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35899,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Cut, peeled willows dipped in hot water to make them tough and pliable and made into baskets. The best time for weaving willow baskets of various forms and sizes was during the springtime.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
35868,3531,Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used extensively for basketry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
35866,3531,Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,242,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Soft roots used as a towel to rub down after bathing.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 242"
35865,3531,Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,242,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Soft roots used as a towel to rub down after bathing.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 242"
35864,3531,Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook.,133,Makah,3,g83,242,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 242"
35863,3531,Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook.,133,Makah,3,g83,242,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 242"
35855,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,116,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Small, green branches split in two, peeled, twisted, dried and used for sewing coiled baskets.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 116"
35854,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,108,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used as padding in baby cradles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 108"
35853,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,108,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as foundations for outdoor storage baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 108"
35849,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,135,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 135"
35840,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,270,Ukiah,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35837,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
35836,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,49,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49"
35835,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,118,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Large branches used as the framework for thatched summer homes, sudatories and other construction.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 118"
35834,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,118,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Switches used for twined baskets and foundations in coiled baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 118"
35833,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,118,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root used in twined baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 118"
35830,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,200,Pomo,109,m66,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basket body material.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296"
35829,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
35824,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35823,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make excellent cord.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35822,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35815,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used extensively for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35810,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,135,Mandan,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats and used in the sweat tepees.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35808,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,33,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used for building sweatlodges.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
35807,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Young branches used to make mats.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
35806,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Young branches used to make baskets.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
35799,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35798,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as the poles for the winterhouse and sweathouse construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35797,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs used to make the warp sticks for twined baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
35796,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for the main ribs in baskets as an alternate for Corylus stems.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
35795,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Roots scraped, dried and used on the inside of the overlaid twined baskets.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
35794,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Straight branches used for the inside roofs.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
35792,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Young shoots used for basketry.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
35791,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,76,Flathead,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Willow made into baskets cemented with gum and used to cook fish.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35789,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Shoots used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
35788,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,30,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make the framework of the sweat lodges.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 30"
35787,3526,Salix eriocephala Michx.,272,Ute,142,c09,36,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in basketry.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
35766,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35765,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to rim birch bark baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35694,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used to make the oval and Y shaped cradles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35693,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in house construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35692,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as the poles for the winterhouse and sweathouse construction.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35691,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Young, green stems used to make baskets.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35688,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs used as warp sticks.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
35687,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
35685,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,214,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts and as fuel for fires.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 214"
35684,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,214,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Young shoots used for basketry.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 214"
35680,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35679,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches or bark twisted into strong rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35678,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35662,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to rim birch bark baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35656,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,272,Ute,142,c09,36,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in basketry.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
35652,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Wood used to make baskets, fish weirs and water jugs.","Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380"
35647,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wood made into mattresses and used to keep beds above the ground.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35646,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Young twigs made into cages and used to carry children on travois.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35645,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Slender shoots bound with sinew and used as backrests.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35644,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to build sweat lodges.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35542,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to make houses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
34262,3435,Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana (S. Wats.) Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Unsplit stems used as rims in twined basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 60"
34246,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34132,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34092,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34019,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Twigs put in the beds of widows and widowers during the period of their widowhood.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
34018,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used for the hoops of baby carriers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
33986,3422,Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Unsplit stems used as rims in twined basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 60"
33915,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
33820,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts and sills for houses.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33810,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,97,Hualapai,127,w82,34,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradleboards.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 34"
33800,3404,Robinia hispida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts and sills for houses.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33622,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33612,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33566,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33552,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33491,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33472,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded and woven into rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33309,3356,Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for padding and bedding.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
33246,3353,Rhus trilobata var. pilosissima Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make the warp and weft of baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
33245,3353,Rhus trilobata var. pilosissima Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split stem strands used to make twined and coiled baskets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33244,3353,Rhus trilobata var. pilosissima Engelm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,37,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Stems split into thin splints, dried and used as wrapping material for baskets.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 37"