id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
14197,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"'Female' stems dried, split and inserted into boot welts to seal them.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
14198,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","'Female' stems dried, split and used for weaving.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
8056,736,Carex atherodes Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8087,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
13379,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,58,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Abrasive stems used to polish pipes, bows and arrows and formerly used to scrub tins and floors.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 58"
15290,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,All ash wood quite valuable and used for basketry splints.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15291,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,All ash wood quite valuable and used for cradle boards.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15292,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,All ash wood quite valuable and used for snowshoe frames and sleds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
8876,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,356,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark and wood of young sprouts used like thread or woof to twine in and out of twined baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
36148,3551,Salix sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark braided into rope.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
39945,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark coarsely shredded and plaited into skirts, capes and dresses for women.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31625,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark crushed, rubbed into softness and stuffed into over shoes for warmth.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
40085,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark cut into narrow strips and woven into mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
3811,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
20409,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark fibers used as the mesh for snowshoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20408,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark fibers used as the warp for mats.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20407,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark fibers used for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20406,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark fibers used in baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
536,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fibers used to make women's skirts.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
9122,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,227,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark fibers, nettle fibers and dog hair used to make a stronger rope.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 227"
39946,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark finely shredded and used as padding for infants' cradles, sanitary pads and towels.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
30335,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark formerly used for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
40108,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark formerly used to make lean-to shelters while camping.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
5726,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark frayed and stuffed into moccasins for added warmth.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
31649,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark from large stems used as the padding for cradle boards.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
7268,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark furnished a waterproof cover for the top of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7269,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark furnished the outside cover of the birch bark canoe.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
40028,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40194,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
37739,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark leaned together, in a circle, to make a house.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
7694,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,183,Paiute,98,m53,46,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark made into baskets used for picking huckleberries.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46"
15327,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark made into cordage and tied in a loop to upper ends of poles to make a winterhouse smoke hole.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
31627,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark made into loosely twisted ropes and used to make sleeping mats.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
15333,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
36082,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,203,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into string.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 203"
30417,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,263,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark made into twine and used for reinforcement of old suspension bridges.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263"
12993,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12995,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12996,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
15328,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark make into a twine and used to sting pinyon seeds for winter storage.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
7153,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark occasionally used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7154,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark occasionally used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
36323,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark of dead trees used to make capes and aprons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
36328,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark of dead trees used to make mats and fiber blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
41798,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Bark or rind used as a fine, stout sewing fiber.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
12620,1317,Dirca palustris L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark or twigs used for cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
41429,4051,Ulmus americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark peeled during raspberry ripening time and used in the winter for house roofing material.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
36100,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,114,Klallam,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark peeled, twisted and used to make string.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
39880,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Bark pieces packed into joints during construction.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
40266,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark piled up and used as a bed.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40083,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark pounded until soft and made into clothes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
18811,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark rolled into rope, coiled and sewn with sinew to form sandal soles.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18812,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed between hands until soft and fibers woven into clothing.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18658,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed fine and used to make baby clothes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
40275,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing and tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
26903,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing on buildings.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
39961,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40290,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
39963,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40279,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40292,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
26907,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tent flooring.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
30413,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark softened and used to make baskets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
30419,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark softened and used to make mats.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
9089,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9087,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving capes and other clothing of head chiefs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
29630,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark sometimes employed as cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
30387,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark split and used to make baskets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30414,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark split and used to make baskets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30388,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark split and used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30420,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark split and used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
31647,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,82,c74,304,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark spun and woven into kilts worn by the snake priests.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 304"
31648,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark spun and woven into kilts worn by the snake priests.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
40381,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark string used for fashioning bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40382,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark string used for making cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40383,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark string used for sewing the edges of mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
7232,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
3882,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark strips braided and worn as a belt.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
7218,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark strips used as the waterproof, top coverings of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
36076,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark strips used for cord or rope.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
40860,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used for wigwam coverings.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
30380,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark strips used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
39958,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,76,Flathead,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark strips used to make baskets.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
41539,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,270,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used to make sides of the winter wigwam and rainproof roof.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 270"
11446,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Bark tea taken or bathed in by ball players to ward off tacklers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
35678,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35822,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36066,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36247,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
12617,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark twisted into cordage.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
11109,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark twisted into rope and used to lash fish traps, raised caches and other structures.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
3755,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used as a chief source for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
28163,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as a covering for summer shelters.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
18417,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as a house covering.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18701,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as lining in sweat houses.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
31650,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,82,c74,304,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used as padding for the cradle board.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 304"
35854,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,108,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used as padding in baby cradles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 108"
27793,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28083,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
7276,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
27016,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as siding and roofing material for steambath houses and other structures.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
35984,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,7,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used as thread in baskets.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 7"
4191,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4233,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4241,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,289,Yurok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
35868,3531,Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used extensively for basketry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
30415,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used extensively in basketry.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
30404,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for basket trim.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
39948,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for basketry.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39972,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for basketry.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
7233,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for buckets and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7214,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7238,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
26968,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
39952,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark used for clothing, sanitary napkins and towels.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
41794,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
206,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for covering lodges.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
31680,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used for diapers.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
28133,2975,Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,149,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for house coverings.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 149"
29329,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for house coverings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
26967,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for hut roofing.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
30399,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for imbrication in cedar bark baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
39975,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for roofing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
35680,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35824,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36068,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
18847,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for thatching and as a floor covering.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
40140,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for weaving rough baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
7235,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for wigwam coverings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
30344,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used in basket decoration and in weaving the large part of the berry-picking baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
7320,583,Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Bark used in boat building. The bark was stripped off at raspberry ripening time, laid away and pressed flat until the next spring.  When required for manufacture, especially in boat building, it was heated over a fire to make it pliable for shaping to the purpose.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
19112,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of hogans.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
7277,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of some buildings.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
30410,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,37,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used in the imbricated designs of baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
29210,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used in the manufacture of cloth.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
18704,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used in the winter as a lining for moccasins to absorb moisture.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18853,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used on top of the brush covering of the winter houses to keep the dirt from falling through.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
7085,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7110,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7236,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
18554,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18600,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19172,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18753,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to chink the walls and roofs of log houses built after the Navajo fashion.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
7179,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
39979,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to cover canoes to keep the rain out.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
26875,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to cover canoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
40109,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover the roofs of semi-subterranean houses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
15243,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover wigwams.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
40086,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to line baby cradles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40032,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to line cradles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40199,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to line cradles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40143,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make a covering for sweathouse frames and insulation for tule tipis.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40144,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make a raised storage cache.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
36107,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make a two-ply string.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
40029,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40195,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
7280,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make baby cradles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
39985,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make baby cradles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
7147,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and containers.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7207,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7178,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7136,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7141,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
7202,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7220,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7262,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7274,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
26873,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
27135,2937,Picea rubens Sarg.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
30343,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,272,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 272"
40112,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
41586,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,124,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 124"
7180,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make bath tubs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7086,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7111,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7239,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
19117,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make blankets and passageway curtains.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
41587,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,115,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make boxes and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 115"
208,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
7137,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7142,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
7149,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7182,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7222,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,188,r48,56,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1948, Ethnobotanique Et Ethnozoologie Gaspesiennes, Archives de Folklore 3:51-64, page 56"
7226,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7263,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7278,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
40096,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
15321,1661,Fraxinus sp.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,99,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make chair backs.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 99"
8285,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,39,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make chairs.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 39"
5727,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make cloth and sandals.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
40048,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make clothing.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
11328,1120,Cowania sp.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make coiled sandals.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 30"
7683,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,85,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make conical shaped houses for temporary use while camped to gather and process acorns.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 85"
7275,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Bark used to make containers for cooking. To cook in a birchbark basket, clean rocks were made very hot and then placed in water in the basket.  This process was repeated until the cooking was completed.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
5728,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
9129,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
12974,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,54,Cree,145,b41,485,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
39432,3900,Taxodium distichum (L.) L.C. Rich.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,15,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 15"
7138,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7264,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
482,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,49,Concow,89,c02,365,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make crude dresses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
35823,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make excellent cord.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
40092,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make frame work of baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
39981,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats of various types.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
7279,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
29622,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
7221,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make house coverings.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
28021,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,183,Paiute,98,m53,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make houses.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"
36294,3551,Salix sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,7,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make line.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7"
36104,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make lines for tumplines and slings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
27136,2937,Picea rubens Sarg.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
39986,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats to sit on.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
18557,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18603,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19175,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
40122,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
31706,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,183,Paiute,98,m53,82,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make moccasins.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 82"
9570,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make nets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
486,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope and tumplines.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
35766,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
40118,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40049,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make ropes.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
8789,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,188,Papago,27,cu35,49,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make sandals.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 49"
27746,2963,Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make shelters for those gathering acorns in the mountains.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 29"
27945,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make shelters for those gathering acorns in the mountains.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 29"
9569,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make shirts and breechclouts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
12966,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make strong rope.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
27906,2966,Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,29,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make sturgeon nosed canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
30418,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,263,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263"
40117,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark used to make waterproof hats, capes and other articles of clothing.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
41588,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,115,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make wigwam sides.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 115"
40025,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to make wigwams, summer houses and hunting lodges.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40191,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to make wigwams, summer houses and hunting lodges.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39954,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to pad cradles.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39976,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to partition long houses and make temporary shelters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
26874,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to thatch the roofs of lodges.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
39895,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to weave bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40147,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark used, when tule not available, for weaving mats.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
19115,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark woven into garments and used to make sandals.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
39982,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark woven into hip length leggings to wear through deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
27511,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,41,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Barkless trunks used as tipi poles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 41"
7234,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Baskets made for gathering and storing berries, maple sugar, dried fish, meat or any food.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
40359,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Basswood fiber used for baskets and fish nets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40361,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Basswood fiber used for matting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40362,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Basswood fiber used for nets for snowshoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40360,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bast and bark fiber used for cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40335,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bast made into cordage of all sorts. The bast was boiled and rubbed on a stick to separate the fibers which were spun into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and made into cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40337,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bast made into thread for sewing and fine yarn for weaving bags.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
24035,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,61,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Beargrass used to make basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61"
27959,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,105,Karok,70,b81,45,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bigger roots used for basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
13507,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Black roots used for imbrication on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13516,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,209,Quileute,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Black roots used for imbrication on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13526,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Black roots used for imbrication on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
7430,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Blades bundled by a cord, the stiff end used as a hair comb and the other end used as a broom.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
16151,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Blades placed on the floor of sweathouses and camp shelters to sit on.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16149,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Blades rubbed until soft, peat moss and squirrels' nest material placed in a cradle for a diaper.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
19309,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Blades tied together and used as a broom.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
8059,737,Carex barbarae Dewey,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used as coil thread and overlay twine weft bases in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
13480,1428,Equisetum sp.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,56,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Blades used as dog bedding.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56"
43722,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used as overlay twine in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
17182,1894,Hierochloe alpina ssp. alpina,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
17237,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
41291,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Blades used to weave mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
26652,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bleached leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
23998,2588,Nolina bigelovii (Torr.) S. Wats.,188,Papago,111,m90,9,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bleached or green grass used for basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 9"
37500,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bleached, dried rushes sewn with basswood string used for covering & side walls of medicine lodges.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
37501,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bleached, sun dried rushes sewn with basswood string used for covering and side walls of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
37502,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bleached, sun dried rushes used to weave mats.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
40330,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Boiled bark twisted into rope.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40393,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Boiled bark twisted into rope.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
41533,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Boiled bark used to make baskets and fish nets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41534,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boiled bark used to make matting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41535,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Boiled bark used to make nets for snowshoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
27123,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Boiled resin and tallow used to make pitch for caulking canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
7685,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Boughs and twigs used to make brooms.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
41021,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs made into huts and used to house girls following their first menstruation.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41022,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41051,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
20170,2172,Libocedrus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs placed on top of the acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
9,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,173,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Boughs used as a 'bush sleigh' to pull cargo across deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
181,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a bedding base in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
292,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a bedding base in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
40994,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a mattress when camping.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
209,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as bedding and temporary floor coverings and changed every two to three days.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
31217,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as floor coverings for lodges and sweathouses. The boughs were generally mixed with juniper and sagebrush branches for the sweat house floor coverings.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
41,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,118,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as mats on the tent floor.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118"
41068,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used as shelters for hunters.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27023,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Boughs used as temporary snowshoes by securing with line.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
155,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Boughs used by wolf dancers as decorative clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27021,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used for camp mattresses and dog bedding.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
41099,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used for camping beds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44"
40966,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for making temporary shelters or huts by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
18702,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for the sides and roofs of shade houses or special hogans for the Enemyway ceremonial.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
31218,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used in the sweat lodge as a mat for scrubbing the skin. The scrubbing mats prevented them from having body odor and made them feel fresh and clean.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
27022,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used on the floor of camp buildings to sit on.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
184,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,183,Paiute,98,m53,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used on the floor of sweathouses and for beds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44"
26864,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used on the floor of sweathouses and for camping beds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44"
31184,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,183,Paiute,98,m53,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used on the floor of sweathouses and for camping beds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44"
27070,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used on the ground as flooring in tipis and in front of the tent door as a door mat.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27377,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,244,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Boughs used on the ground or floor, covered with blankets and other bedding and used as a bed.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244"
28255,2977,Pinus strobus L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,244,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Boughs used on the ground or floor, covered with blankets and other bedding and used as a bed.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244"
19113,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to build the corral for public exhibitions at the close of a ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
27608,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to build the corral for public exhibitions at the close of a ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
505,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,165,Nisqually,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to cover temporary housing.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
31236,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to cover the floor of the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
57,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make a brush shelter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21"
36129,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Boughs used to make back rest slats.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
92,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used to make beds.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
26980,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used to make beds.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
27112,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used to make beds.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
36124,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make sweatlodge frames.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
29557,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make the circular or oval summer shelter.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
19114,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make the summer shelters where the women weave.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
40142,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Boughs used to scrub the skin in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
311,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs valued as bedding and temporary floor coverings and changed every two to three days.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
30288,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,87,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Bound bundles of tough, elastic twigs used a brooms for sweeping the floor.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
36067,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches and bark twisted into strong rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36196,3551,Salix sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,42,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches and leaves used for thatching houses.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
14701,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches bound together & used as a broom for outdoor sweeping & to separate chaff from the wheat.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
27988,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches often used to cover a sweathouse.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
35679,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches or bark twisted into strong rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
39077,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches tied together in a bundle to make a broom.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
39984,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches twisted together to make a type of rope used to tie covers to storage boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
42358,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,61,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used as a broom.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42361,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used as brooms.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42374,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used as brooms.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
295,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Branches used as floor of sweathouse, after swimming to keep feet clean and when butchering a deer.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
32005,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used as framework material for cradles.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
7092,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used as poles for the wigwam or medicine lodge.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
35946,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,331,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used as thatching to provide shade around houses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331"
35982,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,118,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used as the warp for twined baskets and foundation in coiled baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 118"
27498,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,318,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used by hunters as shelter to discourage and repel animals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
27199,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,317,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used by hunters as shelter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317"
210,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches used for bedding.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
35808,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,33,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used for building sweatlodges.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
418,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Branches used for the frames of snowshoes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
39973,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used in basketry.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
36201,3551,Salix sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in construction of summer shelters.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
4351,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4370,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4459,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
36321,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Branches used in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
8891,839,Cercis sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,275,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used in the making and decorating of baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 275"
19675,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to brush off the spines of prickly pears.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
1491,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to build ramadas and fences.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
35644,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to build sweat lodges.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
13616,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches used to carpet the sweathouse floor.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
29510,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to complete the building of the lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
14814,1629,Fouquieria sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,22,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to construct huts.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 22"
36125,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Branches used to construct the many different sweat lodges. The Horn Society sweat lodge was constructed of fourteen willows.  The Holy Woman's sweat lodge in the Sun Dance was made of one hundred willows, which had been gathered by members of the Pigeon Society.  The Motokiks Society (a woman's society) constructed its lodge with twelve willows.  Medicine Pipes had fourteen.  The used frame of a sweat lodge was left on the prairie.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
27654,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to cover a sweathouse.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
18585,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,33,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches used to form a carpet for the Holy Lodge dancer of the Sun Dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
120,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,346,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to line acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346"
36227,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches used to make a braided strap worn across the forehead to support a water bottle.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
4382,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,219,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to make a broom.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219"
35950,3537,Salix lasiolepis var. lasiolepis,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,39,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make acorn storage baskets.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 39"
41677,4057,Umbellularia sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,349,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make arbors or shades.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 349"
11063,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,95,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 95"
33111,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make baskets.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
9067,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to make brooms.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
38734,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,274,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to make brooms.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 274"
31319,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make camp shelters.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
10901,1095,Cornus glabrata Benth.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,92,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make coarse baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 92"
36228,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradle canopies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
389,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradle frames.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
36327,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradle hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
14699,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,37,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradleboard hoods and beds.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 37"
33810,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,97,Hualapai,127,w82,34,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradleboards.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 34"
36226,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make permanent carrying baskets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
31968,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make rims for twined work baskets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32600,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make rims for twined work baskets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
14829,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make sun and wind shelters.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
207,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make temporary lodge flooring.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
10969,1100,Cornus sericea L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make the bow at the top of a baby's cradle.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
460,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Branches used whenever obtainable to make snowshoe frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
2665,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches with leaves used for steambath switches and as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
36319,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Branches with the bark and leaves twisted and used for tying and binding in construction. The branches were used for tying and binding, especially in constructing the underground winter pit houses and in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
27975,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,140,Mewuk,109,m66,346,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches with tips down used to hang from the top of acorn caches to keep out the rain in winter.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346"
33150,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches woven into rough baskets.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
9575,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,241,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Branches, with bark removed, used unsplit as rod foundations in coil basketry.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 241"
32004,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Branches, with willow branches, used to make acorn storage baskets.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
41105,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Broken boughs used by the handful as a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
14702,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,44,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Brush used for rough brooms, especially in Acoma.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
13652,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Brush used to make wind breaks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
39124,3851,Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Brushy stems used in brooms.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
9715,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fiber made into small brushes used for sweeping up scattered meal after pounding acorns.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
9737,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,107,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fibers tied into bundles to make scrub brushes and hair brushes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107"
9716,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,128,Luiseno,24,s08,233,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fibers used to make a brush.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233"
9710,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fibers used to make a small brush.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
14752,1613,Festuca idahoensis Elmer,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
19310,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
38789,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
11314,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bunch of twigs bound together and used as a broom.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
8944,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bunches of tied bushes used for rough brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
1734,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bundles of fibers used as combination brushes and combs for hair.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
388,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bushes dried, piled high and used as brush fences.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
26621,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,229,Seri,29,d44,134,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Canes used to make rafts.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 134"
41362,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Catkins used to make an infant's quilt.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
41236,4049,Typha latifolia L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Cattails used to support the mud of thatched roofs.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
44110,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Chewed leaves used to make brushes for pottery paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
40008,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40012,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave capes, skirts and aprons.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40015,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave mats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
9699,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Coarse husk fibers from the bulb tied together and used as a cleaning brush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
9700,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Coarse husk fibers from the bulb tied together and used as a hair brush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
6273,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
373,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
9305,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,210,Quinault,25,g73,41,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton combined with duck feathers and used as blankets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 41"
9309,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,243,Skokomish,25,g73,41,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton combined with duck feathers and used as blankets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 41"
26172,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton like seed heads formerly used for mattress stuffing with duck and goose feathers.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26183,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton like seed heads formerly used for mattress stuffing with duck and goose feathers.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
41373,4049,Typha latifolia L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton used for pillows and mattresses.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 55"
16137,1768,Gossypium sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cotton used to make belts, sashes and red bands for the hair.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
16130,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cotton used to make ceremonial garments.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
41302,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony fluff used as diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41303,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony fruiting heads used as 'insoles' for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
29346,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cottony seed fluff used for stuffing mattresses and pillows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
10267,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,247,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony seed fluff used in infant diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247"
6254,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony seed pappus formerly used for infant diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
44111,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Crushed leaf fibers twisted and used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
23519,2541,Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.,95,Hopi,37,w39,65,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Culms stripped of leaves and bound together to form a broom and hair brush.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 65"
28617,3022,Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,325,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Culms used as a floor and hair brush.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 325"
28624,3022,Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.,257,Tewa,82,c74,325,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Culms used as a floor and hair brush.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 325"
20123,2163,Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Culms used as a substitute in making basketry.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
20082,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Culms used for basket imbrication as a substitute for another plant or other swamp grasses.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
35899,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Cut, peeled willows dipped in hot water to make them tough and pliable and made into baskets. The best time for weaving willow baskets of various forms and sizes was during the springtime.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
1848,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Cut, split leaves used to make cradle mats.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1847,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Cut, split leaves used to make rope.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1846,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cut, split leaves used to make sandals.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1587,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,133,Makah,3,g83,217,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dark petioles split in two, worked until soft and used for black in basketry.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 217"
44007,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dark red rootstock core used as pattern material in coiled basketry. The core was split into strands, soaked and worked in with the coiling so that the color was always on the outside.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
1776,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dead leaves cut, beaten, and fibers twined into cords or rope.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
2347,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2404,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2431,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
27477,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,102,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Delimbed trunks used as framework poles for traditional sleeping platforms.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 102"
41260,4049,Typha latifolia L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,310,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Down of the fruiting parts used for bedding.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 310"
9921,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,97,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Down spun with yellow cedar inner bark and used for baby clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97"
41183,4049,Typha latifolia L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Down used as diapers.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 19"
41220,4049,Typha latifolia L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Down used for filling pillows, padding cradles and quilting baby wrappings.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
9827,938,Cibotium chamissoi Kaulfuss,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,43,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Down used for pillows.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 43"
41391,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Downy seed fluff used as diapers for infants.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41392,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Downy seed fluff used in quilts and as a substitute for feathers in stuffing pillows and mattresses. The seed fluff was considered to be 'really warm.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
40399,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried fibers twisted and used for cordage.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 59"
40400,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,59,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried fibers twisted and used to make floor mats.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 59"
14192,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried leaves and stems woven into soft mats or covers for coarse grass mattresses.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
43982,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,47,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 47"
44194,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,47,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 47"
28670,3032,Poa sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried leaves used for boot insoles.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
28671,3032,Poa sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried leaves used for winter bedding for dogs.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
41226,4049,Typha latifolia L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried leaves used in making mattresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
41225,4049,Typha latifolia L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Dried leaves used in weaving the bottoms of baskets and in making bags.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
38702,3783,Sphagnum sp.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,124,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried moss used for making pillows and mattresses.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 124"
16152,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried plant placed on top of spruce boughs and used as a mattress and dog bedding.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
8221,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
25275,2724,Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
38887,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
11296,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,266,Tolowa,70,b81,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Dried shoots soaked in water and used to make baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
41765,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41800,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41815,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41822,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41862,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41766,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41816,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41823,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41863,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41799,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage. The fiber was separated from the nettle by either crumpling the dried stalks in the hands or gently pounding it with stones.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
13421,1423,Equisetum hyemale var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eat.,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Dried stalks used to sharpen mussel shell scrapers and for polishing arrows.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
41770,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stem fibers used for twine.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
29812,3120,Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Dried stem fibers used to make a strong cord.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
29811,3119,Postelsia sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Dried stems used as 'pucks' and sticks for 'beach hockey.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
14203,1541,Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stems used in summer for boot insoles.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
37370,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried stems used to make mats; excellent mattresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
1944,114,Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
11325,1118,Costaria costata (Turner) Saunders,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
19982,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
29799,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
20101,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets and tote sacks.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20103,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets and tote sacks.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20102,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, brown leaves woven into ropes for hanging herring and other fish.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
41688,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
23733,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,124,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, shredded stems used as cordage or fish line.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 124"
28672,3032,Poa sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried, split leaves used for weaving.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
8080,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,50,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, split leaves used to make the finest baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
1546,70,Adiantum jordanii C. Muell.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,46,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, split stems used as a material for basket design.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 46"
1537,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, stored stems soaked in water and used for the designs in baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
39601,3904,Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Drift wood bent into ribs for boats.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
19116,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dry bark mixed with mud and worn as clothing during hard times.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
36322,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Dry logs lashed together to make rafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
43573,4196,Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm.,98,Hupa,111,m90,4,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Dyed fronds used in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 4"
37509,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Entire, dyed stem used to make baskets.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
37510,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Entire, dyed stem used to make mats.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
26606,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Extensively used for basketry.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
26624,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Extensively used for basketry.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
26607,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Extensively used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
26628,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Extensively used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
39471,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as paddles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
37733,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,309,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Fallen logs formerly hollowed out by fire and used as canoes.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 309"
44243,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fiber and grass used to make sleeping mats.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
3790,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber considered the best available for making fine cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
44148,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber made into string to tie hoops, prayer sticks, chant arrows and other ceremonial equipment.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
21116,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Fiber obtained from stems used as thread.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
21115,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber obtained from stems used as twine.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
44203,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fiber used as starting material for baskets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
40358,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Fiber used for sewing birch bark.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
9722,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fiber used occasionally for bedding.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
40356,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fiber used to make belts.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
41804,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make bow strings, fishing line for jigging, ropes and oolichan traps.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
44205,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make bowstrings, netting and strings for shell money.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44204,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make brushes for body painting.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
41775,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
6127,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to make good twine.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
1784,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make hair brushes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
43921,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make hair brushes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
44237,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fiber used to make knitted leggings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
40357,3959,Tilia americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to make ropes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
44234,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fiber used to secure the butts of the first twigs around a small stick at the bottom of the basket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44241,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to tie butt and tip of corn husks filled with dough.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
43899,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Fiber used to tie snowshoes to the feet.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
41869,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,143,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used in basketmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 143"
41707,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used in weaving baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
43839,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used to make baskets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44097,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used to make baskets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
1870,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibers used to make blankets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
41870,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,143,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make bowstrings and cordage.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 143"
44098,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibers used to make brushes for pottery decoration.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43841,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44099,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44005,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make nets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44004,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44208,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
43840,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibers used to make small brushes for pottery decoration.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
41708,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make string.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
3788,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to weave grave cloth material.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
29309,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,241,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fibers, dog hair and nettles used to make stronger ropes.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 241"
41716,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,246,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fibers, yellow cedar bark or cottonwood fibers and dog hair used to make stronger ropes.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
5804,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used in weaving bags and clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
5805,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous bark used in weaving mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
40052,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40059,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40065,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous bark used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40064,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous bark used to make twine and ropes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9706,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibrous bulb covers tied in bundles to make brushes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
458,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous inner bark used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
44188,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous leaves split into narrow strips and used for tying material.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
8121,752,Carex sp.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
20110,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
20111,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
8122,752,Carex sp.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous leaves used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
40171,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous tissue used for weaving mats and screens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40158,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous tissue used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40162,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Fibrous tissue used to make canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40166,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous tissue used to make napkins and clothing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
3771,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,111,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Fine divisions of bark were very strong and used as a thread for sewing on the fine beadwork.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 111"
28669,3032,Poa sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fine leaves and stems used in the past to line skin boots.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
17299,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,49,Concow,89,c02,358,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Fine, strong inner bark formerly used for thread.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
17304,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,285,Yokia,89,c02,358,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Fine, strong inner bark formerly used for thread.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
40016,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Finely beaten bark used as a sponge. Young boys, when they were starting to walk, were rubbed with this bark dipped in cold octopus broth to make them tough.  Girls were told to rub the same liquid on their hands to make them strong.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
11224,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Finer twigs bound into a bundle, with the tips sheared, to serve as a broom or brush.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
11223,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Finer twigs used as ribs in making woven baskets for collecting/storing acorns or hard fruits.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
41181,4049,Typha latifolia L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Flags used for thatching the tipis and wickiups.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
41371,4049,Typha latifolia L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Flat leaves sun dried and woven into mats for insulating winter house walls and kneeling in canoes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
41370,4049,Typha latifolia L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Flat leaves sun dried, split and spun to make baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
37444,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Flat, fibrous leaves dried and used to make mats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
37443,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Flat, fibrous leaves sun dried and used to make baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
43962,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fleshy leaves boiled, chewed and the fibers twisted into cord and rope.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 50"
41119,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Flower stalks split, dried and used for basket weaving.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
38751,3796,Spiraea splendens var. splendens,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Flowering stems used as paint brushes, especially on the large spaces of tipis.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
41235,4049,Typha latifolia L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,107,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Flowers used to stuff pillows.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 107"
41251,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,32,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fluffy fruits made into a waterproof quilt and placed over sheeting used for babies.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 32"
40541,3987,Tragopogon sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,185,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fluffy pappus of fruits used to make 'cotton' for stuffing pillows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 185"
41250,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Fluffy tops used as padding for baby cradleboards.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
41249,4049,Typha latifolia L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fluffy tops used as padding for baby diapers.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
21270,2275,Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Foliage used for house thatching.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
41432,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41464,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41470,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41478,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41508,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41553,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41568,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41576,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41590,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41598,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41603,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41607,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
33227,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,187,Panamint,163,k52,78,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Formerly used as withes and splints for baskets.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 78"
36393,3557,Salvia columbariae Benth.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Formerly used to cover dwellings.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 54"
18365,2042,Juncus effusus L.,200,Pomo,89,c02,318,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Formerly used to make a device for trapping and catching salmon and trout as a sport.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
31268,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Formerly used to make shakes and clapboards for houses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
31301,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Formerly used to make shakes and clapboards for houses.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41106,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant branches and leaves used for bedding.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
17243,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17244,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17245,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17246,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
29123,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,62,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fronds laid side by side several layers thick and used as a 'place mat' for food at feasts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
31478,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,63,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fronds used for bedding while camping.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
41270,4049,Typha latifolia L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruit spike 'down' used for bedding.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41393,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting heads substituted for down and used in stuffing pillows and making beds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
41244,4049,Typha latifolia L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,90,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting spike down used as a stuffing material for pillows.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 90"
41193,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41211,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41242,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41257,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41367,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41382,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41387,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for kneeling pads in canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41192,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41210,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41241,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41256,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41366,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41381,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41386,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fruiting stalks made into mats and used for raincoats and capes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41258,4049,Typha latifolia L.,133,Makah,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens and mattresses.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41194,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41212,4049,Typha latifolia L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41243,4049,Typha latifolia L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41368,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41383,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41388,4049,Typha latifolia L.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Fruiting stalks used to make mats for hangings, screens, mattresses and coverings.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
37514,3610,Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fruiting tops used as a resilient material for stuffing and making pillows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
16131,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,92,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fuzz made into cords and used ceremonially.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92"
41267,4049,Typha latifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzz of the fruit used for pillows and comfort material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
41292,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzz or seed used to make a quilt and the quilt used to make a sleeping bag.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41293,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzz or seed used to make mattresses and sleeping bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
41363,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,124,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fuzzy seeds used to make a soft comforter on which to place a newborn infant.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 124"
16974,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grains bound with sinew and used to make combs or hairbrushes. The grains were firmly bound with sinew, the points being broken or burned off, the grains forming the teeth, the awns bent back, making the attachment for combs or hairbrushes.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
38776,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass bunches fastened together and used to construct shelters in or near the distant fields.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
38777,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass bunches fastened together to make mats for covering hatchways and other openings in the house.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
7447,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bunches tied together and the severed end used as a hairbrush, the other as a broom.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
7422,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,64,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bundled, dried and used as hair brushes.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64"
7423,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,64,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bundled, dried, made into brooms and used to sweep floors, hearths and metates.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64"
25458,2738,Panicum capillare L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,64,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Grass made into brooms and used to clean metates and metate boxes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64"
24048,2592,Nolina sp.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,48,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass made into mats and used in cradles.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 48"
37355,3600,Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass rubbed into softness and used as fur like insulation in moccasins during the winter.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
1863,96,Agave sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Grass stem brush used to transfer excess mescal juice from dish to slab.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
43715,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,111,m90,2,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as a border pattern in baskets.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 2"
24006,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used as a thatching material for wickiup or ramada.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
33168,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as splints for wrapping the basket coils.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
24032,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,188,Papago,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as the foundation in coiled basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
23542,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Grass used as thread, very white, long and fine.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
24004,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,51,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass used as tipi ground covering.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 51"
43726,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,87,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as twining material for wrapped and twined baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
28615,3022,Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used by the women to make coil trays.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
37460,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Grass used for basketry. This sedge has a central section, coal-black, which color can be deepened by burying in manure or in blue mud.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
20067,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass used for beds in lodges made from sticks when on war parties.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
17256,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,138,Menominee,51,s23,75,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used in basketry and as a perfume.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75"
8100,752,Carex sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass used in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
3303,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3305,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,205,Ponca,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3675,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
43714,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
43730,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
13230,1408,Epicampes sp.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,446,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make grass coil baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 446"
43732,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,282,Yana,181,ss43,253,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass wrapped around the ties of the women's belts.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 253"
7636,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Grass, rubbed and softened, sometimes mixed with sagebrush bark, used to make socks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
37552,3614,Scirpus sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass-like herbs used extensively for table mats.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
7272,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Gray colored bark used to make baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 60"
44291,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green leaves made into strong cord used to bind the vertical & horizontal poles of the winterhouse.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
41121,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Green leaves woven into mats.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41120,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green leaves woven into roofs.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
6806,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,65,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Green stalks cut, tied together with strings and used as brooms.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 65"
18870,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,157,Navajo,37,w39,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green timber used to make corrals.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 62"
2568,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Green wood seasoned and used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
27368,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,130,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Gum used to caulk canoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 130"
27138,2937,Picea rubens Sarg.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Gum used to make pitch.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
13381,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Handful of stems used to scour the kettles and pans.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
11787,1173,Cuscuta californica Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,59,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Handfuls of plant used as scouring pads for cleaning.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 59"
26599,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Hard, hollow culms used for pipe stems, arrow shafts and in making baskets.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
506,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Hard, lightweight wood used to make paddles.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
296,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Heated branches used to make a warm bed.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
7240,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Heavy pieces of bark used to make very durable canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
33915,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34092,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34132,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34246,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Heavy, split wood used to make cradle hoops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
8300,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
8301,764,Carya glabra var. glabra,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
8326,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
8356,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
40159,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark and roots used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40152,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark and stems used to make clothing.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40262,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark and stems used to make clothing.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40154,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark and stems used to make mats and blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40267,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark and stems used to make mats and blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40153,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark and stems used to make rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40264,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark and stems used to make rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40155,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark and stems used to make thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40270,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark and stems used to make thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
15258,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark and wood used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40222,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for covering drummers' hands in winter dances.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40218,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40223,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make hats, diapers, work aprons and clothing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40368,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark boiled in lye water, dried, seasoned and twisted into two-ply cord.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
19466,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,270,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark braided to make cords.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 270"
41504,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Inner bark chewed and spat onto baseball glove to make the ball stick to the glove.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
18558,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark crushed and used to pad cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18604,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark crushed and used to pad cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19176,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark crushed and used to pad cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
3813,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber soaked in boiling water and used to make twine.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3774,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used as thread and twine for binding and tying.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
40379,3959,Tilia americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark fiber used for spinning cordage and weaving matting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
9077,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,86,Haisla,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark fiber used to make clothing for the nobility.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40377,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cordage and rope.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
40380,3959,Tilia americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cordage and rope.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
41554,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41577,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41591,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make cords and ropes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
3823,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
41569,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make ropes and cords.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
40354,3959,Tilia americana L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fibers used to make cordage.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 60"
41509,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fibers used to make ropes and cords.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
9120,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark finely shredded and used to make face towels.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
3822,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark formerly used to make garments.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
40170,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark made into cordage and used as lanyards or lines and to secure boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40375,3959,Tilia americana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,232,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark of young sprouts used to make thread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 232"
40373,3959,Tilia americana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,232,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark of young sprouts used to make twine and rope.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 232"
9121,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark pounded and spun to make baby clothing, skirts, capes and hats.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9123,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark pounded and spun to make blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9098,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark pounded and used to make fine quality blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9095,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark pounded and used to make fine quality clothing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
4232,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark sewn together to make an 'every day dress.',"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
40030,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40196,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
29310,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark shredded, spun together with red or yellow cedar inner bark and used as twine.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
40226,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Inner bark soaked, beaten to separate the fibers and used to make mats and bedding.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40119,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Inner bark split into thin strips, spun and used for rope and twine.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
12994,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark stripped off, shredded and the fiber used to make clothing.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
12997,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Inner bark stripped off, shredded and the fiber used to make mats.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
39960,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark strips used for basketry.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39966,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark strips used for basketry.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40289,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark strips used for basketry.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39962,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39967,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40291,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark strips used for cordage.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39964,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark strips used for mat making.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39968,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark strips used for mat making.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40293,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark strips used for mat making.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40113,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner bark strips used to make storage baskets and for basket bottoms, rims and ribs.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
35961,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark twisted and made into two-ply strings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
12981,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark twisted to make blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
12979,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark twisted to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
12980,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark twisted to make ropes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
40366,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark two-ply cord used to make baskets and fish nets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40369,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark two-ply cord used to make mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40367,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark two-ply cord used to make shoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
41081,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used as a dye for baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
29347,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Inner bark used as a scouring pad.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
6255,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used as a substitute for Indian hemp in making thread used for tying and binding.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
40081,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used for basketry.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
31633,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,97,Hualapai,127,w82,31,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark used for diapers, clothing and sandals.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 31"
31632,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,97,Hualapai,127,w82,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Inner bark used for huts and the lining of sweathouses.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 31"
3845,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3860,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3861,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3846,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3862,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3863,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3824,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3847,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3866,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3867,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
39941,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Inner bark used for sponges.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
17297,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,25,California Indian,111,m90,59,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for thread.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
9074,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for weaving capes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
9075,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used for weaving mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
481,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,49,Concow,89,c02,365,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used in spring to make baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
35932,3536,Salix lasiolepis Benth.,25,California Indian,111,m90,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used in spring to make rope.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60"
8272,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to finish baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8318,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to finish baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8387,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to finish baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
465,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
7156,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
9092,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
39938,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
40160,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40376,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
40384,3960,Tilia americana var. americana,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
40852,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40926,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
41552,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
9130,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
39987,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40163,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Inner bark used to make canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
39939,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make capes and shaman collars.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
8273,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Inner bark used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8319,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Inner bark used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8388,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Inner bark used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
9114,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40060,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41285,4049,Typha latifolia L.,163,Nimpkish,63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
9097,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
40098,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make cords for fishnets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40167,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make dance costumes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40278,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make diapers for infants and rain proof capes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
9096,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make hats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9116,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40066,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41286,4049,Typha latifolia L.,163,Nimpkish,63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
466,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
9099,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
39940,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
40280,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
39983,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make rain capes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
9128,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make robes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
40378,3959,Tilia americana L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make ropes and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
41555,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make ropes and cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
40093,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make sacks.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40164,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Inner bark used to make sails for canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
526,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Inner bark used to make scouring pads and sometimes for weaving bags and for temporary baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
525,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner bark used to make scouring pads, temporary baskets and sometimes for weaving bags.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
6190,441,Asclepias sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strings and cords.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
6384,450,Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strong ropes and string.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
40168,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark used to make women's aprons, conical rain capes and napkins.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
9081,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark woven into blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9080,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark woven into capes and loincloths.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
40097,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark woven into cloth.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40123,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark woven with dog hair and cottonwood bast fiber to make blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40269,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Inner bark, maple or cottonwood inner bark used to make scouring pads.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
44156,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner leaves dried, split and used for sewing non-water-tight trade baskets.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 58"
40268,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Inner root softened, split into strips and used to make mats.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40263,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner root softened, split into strips and used to make rain cloaks, aprons and capes.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
43975,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Interlaced leaves used to make baskets.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
16853,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Large blossom stems twined with sea weed, made into baskets and used by girls for playing.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16909,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Large blossom stems twined with sea weed, made into baskets and used by girls for playing.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
35835,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,118,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Large branches used as the framework for thatched summer homes, sudatories and other construction.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 118"
30009,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Large limbs used as corner posts for houses, as rafters and granary posts.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
11108,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Large limbs used as frame poles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
30057,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Large limbs used in construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
8129,752,Carex sp.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Large roots used to make baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
29146,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,69,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Large, fleshy leaves used to cover floors.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69"
18656,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Larger twigs used for basket frames.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
43813,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaf fiber braided into ropes. The leaves contained a good fiber.  The terminal spine and a section of the back of the leaf were removed and pounded to free this fiber from the fleshy portion of the leaf.  The fiber was often braided into rope, three to six ply, from twelve to thirty feet long that were used for many purposes, including handling horses.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43898,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber made into string or rope and used for temporary or emergency purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43569,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,105,Karok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf fiber used to make baskets. Fibers were pounded from the rachis and dyed with Alnus bark for use in basketry.  The fibers were then dried and coiled for storage.  They were soaked to unroll and used.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43922,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to make cords or ropes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43968,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to tie grass stems of mescal to make a brush.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
24016,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf fibers formerly used in basketry.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
43979,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers made into cords used to tie prayer plume offerings together & for other ceremonial uses.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
44277,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf fibers used as the foundation for the beginning of a coiled basket.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
43977,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaf fibers used in weaving fabrics. The leaves were folded about four inches in length and tied with a fragment of the leaf.  These folds were boiled with a small quantity of cedar ashes.  When sufficiently cooked, the leaves were placed in a bowl or basket and cooled.  When the leaves were cooled, youths and young women peeled off the epidermis, and chewed the leaves starting at one end and progressing to the other.  After chewing the leaves, the fibers were separated, straightened out, tied with fiber strings and hung in an inner room to dry.  When required for weaving, the fibers were soaked in water to soften them.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
24017,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,35,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf fibers used to make brushes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
24018,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,35,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaf fibers used to make cords, ropes and whips.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
44278,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Leaf fibers used to make lattice work cradle on a frame of scrub oak.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
43849,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers used to make ropes. Leaves were pounded between stones to separate the fibers which were used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
31522,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,55,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf midrib or root used for the black pattern material in coiled basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55"
44235,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf pith braid woven into a basket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
43896,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf slivers made into paint brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43761,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
44095,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
37748,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,160,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf stems used to make medicine baskets.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 160"
44040,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf used as the binding element in coarse coiled ware.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
5680,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leafy stems tied together with wire and used for brooms.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
41390,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves & stems made into mats used as wall insulators and in constructing temporary summer houses. The mats were twined with fiber of Indian hemp or silverberry.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41316,4049,Typha latifolia L.,183,Paiute,98,m53,37,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves and fruiting stalks sewn and woven into mats wrapped around willow frames to form houses.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 37"
41394,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems made into twined mats and used as mattresses and placemats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41395,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems stripped and made into mats.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
41309,4049,Typha latifolia L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
41396,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves and stems used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
43978,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves boiled, chewed and fiber woven into skirts and kilts.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 45"
43980,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves boiled, chewed and made into a double-stranded cord.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
18020,2010,Iris macrosiphon Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves dried, scraped and used to make string or cord.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
7631,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves dried, softened and used as insoles in moccasins.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
24033,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,188,Papago,58,bc41,62,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves dried, split and made into baskets.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62"
26659,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves dried, split and used in basketry.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
8085,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,79,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves extensively used as wrapping and twining material for 'grass' baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
8086,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,167,Nootka,101,ttco83,79,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves extensively used as wrapping and twining material for 'grass' baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
20972,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves finely divided and used as a padding in child carriers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
41199,4049,Typha latifolia L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves formerly used to make baskets.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
44086,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44153,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44165,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44168,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
43900,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Leaves made into a ball thrown into the air for archery target practice.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44192,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,82,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Leaves made into brushes & used for decorating pottery, ceremonial masks, alters and other objects.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 82"
43897,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves made into brushes used for cleaning baskets.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
489,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves made into mats and used to cover the layers of dried salmon stored for the winter in baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
7630,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Leaves mixed with mud and used to chink log cabins and as mortar in making chimneys.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
43821,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves occasionally used in basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
41384,4049,Typha latifolia L.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,21,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Leaves peeled and made into two-ply strings for sewing mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
43807,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves reduced to fiber and made into cloth.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
41361,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves sewn together to make a wind-proof and waterproof side mat to be applied to the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
44193,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,79,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves soaked in water to soften them and made into rope by knotting them together. The fibers of the leaves were separated and lengthened for making a coarse cord.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 79"
43983,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,36,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves split and plaited into mats to cover various vessels.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 36"
43803,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and sections tied together by square knots to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43752,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43781,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43911,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
1735,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
43910,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
44067,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves split and used to make baskets.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44158,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for lashing house frames together and thatching.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
44160,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for tying up bundles of material.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
23999,2589,Nolina erumpens (Torr.) S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves sun dried, split into strands and used as foundation in coiled basketry.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
29100,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,13,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves tied with maple bark and used for mattresses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
12075,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves twilled into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
12080,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,193,Pima,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves twilled into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
44044,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves twilled into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
41138,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves twined as weft rows for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
41322,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,83,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves twined as weft rows for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 83"
12627,1319,Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,66,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Leaves used as a brushing material for cleaning implements or removing cactus thorns from objects.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 66"
29130,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,56,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used as a mat under fish when cleaning and cutting.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 56"
33010,3347,Rhus glabra L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,149,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as basket covers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 149"
20075,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used as bedding and horse feed.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
8124,752,Carex sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves used as brushes for cleaning things.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
44175,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,49,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves used as brushes to place designs upon pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 49"
24036,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,61,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation element in coiled basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61"
12071,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
43908,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
44157,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
41201,4049,Typha latifolia L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,124,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves used as mats for roofing wigwams. The leaves were laid parallel, with one overlapping another, and were then stitched together with basswood, dogbane or swamp milkweed fiber.  The leaves were said to be quite effective in shedding the rain.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 124"
20973,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,259,Thompson,10,tta90,155,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Leaves used as padding, especially in children's cradles, to cause them to sleep a lot.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 155"
24038,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 61"
41221,4049,Typha latifolia L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used by children to make mats while playing. The leaves became very brittle once dried and therefore were not put to serious use by adults.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
43723,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,133,Makah,3,g83,343,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for basketry.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 343"
7382,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,20,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for bedding.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
29153,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,289,Yurok,70,b81,46,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for bedding.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
31541,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,251,Squaxin,25,g73,14,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for camp bedding.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
4276,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used for head covering.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
41176,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for lodge floor covering.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
24047,2592,Nolina sp.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for making coarse forms of basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
44195,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,79,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Leaves used for making mats, cincture pads and other articles.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 79"
41271,4049,Typha latifolia L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for matting.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
29138,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,209,Quileute,25,g73,13,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for mattresses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
30010,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used for roofing houses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
24011,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used for thatch.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
37515,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,133,Makah,3,g83,332,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the bottom portion of baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 332"
37440,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,79,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the bottoms and ribs of 'grass' baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
44030,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Leaves used for the headshade of cradleboards.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
8084,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,133,Makah,3,g83,330,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the horizontal strands in basketry.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 330"
43780,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the main portion of the baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44265,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the main portion of the baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
5145,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in a baby's board or cradle as padding and kept the baby cool on hot days.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41141,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in a simple pile for seating.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
41325,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,87,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in a simple pile for seating.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 87"
18382,2048,Juncus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
43822,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43996,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43760,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in many types of basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
44174,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in the manufacture of baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
41245,4049,Typha latifolia L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,90,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in the manufacture of mats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 90"
20076,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to cover the floor of sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
24034,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,193,Pima,58,bc41,62,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to fashion coils for storage baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62"
12045,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to fill pillows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
44068,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make 'moccasin strings' and cords.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
29129,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,56,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves used to make a 'hula hula skirt' as part of the costume of some male, tsaika dancers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 56"
24026,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,102,Jemez,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets for storage and washing of grains.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
37436,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
37437,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
43716,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43718,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43847,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,102,Jemez,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
44109,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
41279,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make bed mats.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
43895,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make ceremonial and utilitarian baskets.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44029,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
8081,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves used to make fine, closely woven baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
8082,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves used to make fine, closely woven hats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
25447,2736,Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,41,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make hats.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41"
37438,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
41272,4049,Typha latifolia L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Leaves used to make mats for tipis, sweatbaths and Sundance lodges.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 60"
41263,4049,Typha latifolia L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make mats to cover the winter lodges.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
25448,2736,Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,41,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make mats.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41"
41247,4049,Typha latifolia L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
32568,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make mattress bedding.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
41287,4049,Typha latifolia L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make openwork baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
41265,4049,Typha latifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used to make rainproof and windproof mats for the side walls of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
1782,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make rough cordage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
41288,4049,Typha latifolia L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make skirts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
41278,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves used to make storage baskets, medicine baskets and water jugs.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
43808,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make string.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43770,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,37,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make strings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 37"
8054,734,Carex aquatilis var. dives (Holm) Kkenth.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make strong handles for baskets and shopping baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
43798,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make twine or rope.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
41294,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make wind and rain-proof mats placed on the sides of the medicine lodge.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
43572,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,,,Leaves used to obtain fiber. Fibers were harvested when leaves were fully grown and then dyed with alder bark.  The strands could be dyed by chewing in Alnus bark and running the fibers through the mouth or by pounding the bark in a mortar and pestle.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43571,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,,,"Leaves used to obtain fiber. The two fibers of each leaf were collected at the end of June or the first part of July.  The rachis was pounded and fibers fell out.  For designs, the fibers were dyed with Alnus bark.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
39482,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Leaves used to sew sacks.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
24040,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves used to thatch dwellings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62"
18117,2017,Iris versicolor L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to weave baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
8128,752,Carex sp.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,315,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to weave hats.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315"
18118,2017,Iris versicolor L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to weave mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
42688,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to wipe the body off after bathing in water.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
7597,641,Bromus tectorum L.,183,Paiute,98,m53,51,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used under bedding when camping.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 51"
24012,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into a coarse mat and used for drying mescal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
41301,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves woven into mats and used for door coverings, sweathouses and 'A-frame' type shelters.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
35810,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,135,Mandan,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats and used in the sweat tepees.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35989,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,135,Mandan,73,b05,22,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats and used in the sweat tepees.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
8106,752,Carex sp.,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
8112,752,Carex sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
43923,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
44020,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven into shallow or tray baskets to carry prepared mescal home.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
13870,1488,Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,253,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves woven into skirts and aprons.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253"
43725,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,27,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven into water tight baskets used for cooking.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 27"
24027,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven together into baskets.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"