id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
9,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,173,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Boughs used as a 'bush sleigh' to pull cargo across deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
41,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,118,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as mats on the tent floor.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118"
57,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make a brush shelter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21"
58,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,21,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make paddles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21"
75,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Needles and branches used for pillows and bedding.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
76,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots used for thread.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
92,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used to make beds.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
103,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Resin boiled twice and added to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
114,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,121,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Needles used to make pillows, believing that the aroma kept one from having a cold.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121"
120,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,346,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to line acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346"
155,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Boughs used by wolf dancers as decorative clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
181,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a bedding base in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
184,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,183,Paiute,98,m53,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used on the floor of sweathouses and for beds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44"
206,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for covering lodges.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
207,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make temporary lodge flooring.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
208,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
209,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as bedding and temporary floor coverings and changed every two to three days.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
210,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches used for bedding.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
269,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,174,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make chairs and insect proof storage boxes for dancing regalia.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174"
292,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a bedding base in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
295,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Branches used as floor of sweathouse, after swimming to keep feet clean and when butchering a deer.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
296,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Heated branches used to make a warm bed.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
311,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs valued as bedding and temporary floor coverings and changed every two to three days.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
327,8,Abies sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,70,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make shingles for roofs.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 70"
373,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
378,15,Acacia greggii Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,225,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split twigs used as basket material.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 225"
379,15,Acacia greggii Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,225,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Twigs made into a brush and used to brush off metates.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 225"
381,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Thorns removed, twigs split in half lengthwise and used to make serviceable baskets.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
382,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,319,Other,Twigs used for curved structures in wrapped weaving.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
388,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bushes dried, piled high and used as brush fences.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
389,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradle frames.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
399,16,Acacia koa Gray,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,46,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 46"
400,17,Acacia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Limbs split and used to coil around the edges of baskets.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 14"
401,17,Acacia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,14,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Limbs used for cradleboard spudi.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 14"
402,17,Acacia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,14,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Roots used to make the cradleboard frame.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 14"
403,17,Acacia sp.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,49,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used for cradle frames.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 49"
404,18,Acacia willardiana,229,Seri,29,d44,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Splints used to make the woof for basketry.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
417,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,285,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 285"
418,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Branches used for the frames of snowshoes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
424,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Straight shoots used to make openwork baskets for general household utilities.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
425,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to hold down roof planks on houses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
427,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoes.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
428,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Saplings used as swings for baby cradles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
432,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used in making baby basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
433,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used in making snowshoe frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
434,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
446,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make the frame of a woman's sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
447,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
458,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous inner bark used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
459,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used for cradle frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
460,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Branches used whenever obtainable to make snowshoe frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
461,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Twigs used to make snowshoe frames.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
462,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used for making snowshoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
465,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
466,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
468,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
475,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs used for house construction and considered good firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
478,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
481,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,49,Concow,89,c02,365,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used in spring to make baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
482,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,49,Concow,89,c02,365,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make crude dresses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
486,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope and tumplines.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
489,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves made into mats and used to cover the layers of dried salmon stored for the winter in baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
494,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,114,Klallam,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
499,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
502,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Withes used as coarse twine warp and weft in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
503,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Withes used as coiling thread.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
504,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,285,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 285"
505,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,165,Nisqually,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to cover temporary housing.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
506,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Hard, lightweight wood used to make paddles.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
515,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
518,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,245,Snohomish,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
521,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
525,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner bark used to make scouring pads, temporary baskets and sometimes for weaving bags.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
526,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Inner bark used to make scouring pads and sometimes for weaving bags and for temporary baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
536,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fibers used to make women's skirts.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
613,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
614,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
615,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
622,32,Acer rubrum L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make basket splints.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
623,32,Acer rubrum L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make basketware.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
641,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
642,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
643,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
670,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
671,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
690,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make paddles and oars.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
1491,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to build ramadas and fences.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1498,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used for basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
1511,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building material and fenceposts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1512,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stripped bark used as a fibrous material for women's skirts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1522,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as building material.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1528,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,105,Karok,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for the designs in baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
1533,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,133,Makah,25,g73,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Midribs used for the designs in basketry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
1535,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,210,Quinault,25,g73,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Midribs used for the designs in basketry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
1537,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, stored stems soaked in water and used for the designs in baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
1538,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,289,Yurok,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for the designs in baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
1546,70,Adiantum jordanii C. Muell.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,46,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, split stems used as a material for basket design.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 46"
1581,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,105,Karok,71,sg52,377,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Softened stems dried and used for the black designs in basket caps and other baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 377"
1587,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,133,Makah,3,g83,217,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dark petioles split in two, worked until soft and used for black in basketry.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 217"
1597,72,Adiantum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
1599,72,Adiantum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make the designs on baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
1600,72,Adiantum sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make designs on baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
1626,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1627,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make baby cradles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1734,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bundles of fibers used as combination brushes and combs for hair.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
1735,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
1755,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Pounded leaves dried and made into cactus bags.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1756,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Pounded leaves dried and made into shoes, sandals and women's skirts.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1757,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Pounded leaves dried and made into nets used for baby cradles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1758,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Pounded leaves dried and made into nets, slings and cordage.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1759,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Pounded leaves dried and made into cleaning brushes for cooking water.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1776,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dead leaves cut, beaten, and fibers twined into cords or rope.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1782,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make rough cordage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
1784,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make hair brushes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
1785,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Thorn used as needle and thread.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1807,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Thorn used as needle and thread.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1808,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Thorn used as needle and thread.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1846,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cut, split leaves used to make sandals.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1847,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Cut, split leaves used to make rope.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1848,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Cut, split leaves used to make cradle mats.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1853,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant fibers used to make rope.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1863,96,Agave sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Grass stem brush used to transfer excess mescal juice from dish to slab.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
1867,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Used to make brushes for the hair and for cleaning grinding stones. To make the brushes, the dried matter of a dead and rotten leaf was knocked free from the fibers, which were then bent in two.  The upper end of this brush was wrapped with a cord and the bent portion was covered with buckskin or cloth.  The loose fibers were cut to the right length and hardened by burning the ends.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
1870,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibers used to make blankets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
1944,114,Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
1958,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
1960,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
2346,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2347,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2403,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2404,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2430,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2431,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2454,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2460,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2509,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2513,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2514,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2536,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make baby cradles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2551,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2559,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used to make tool handles, canoe bailers, masks and rattles.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2568,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Green wood seasoned and used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2593,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2596,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,289,Yurok,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2665,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches with leaves used for steambath switches and as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2945,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make rims for birch bark baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2959,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2960,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used for cradle frameworks.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2968,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs and stems used to reinforce the rims of basket hoppers for pounding acorns.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2969,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used as stiffening for baskets or for making handles.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2985,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Withes used to make basket rims.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
3006,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Young branches twisted into rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3132,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,104,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems and foliage used to thatch inland houses.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 104"
3155,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used to make basket rims.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3156,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3194,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Long stems used as a foundation for bedding material.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
3195,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Long stems used as a foundation for bedding material.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
3196,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Long stems used as a foundation for bedding material.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
3303,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3305,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,205,Ponca,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3672,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
3675,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
3677,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
3678,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Used to sew buckskin when making moccasins and articles of clothing.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
3722,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems dried, pounded and used to make twine.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3737,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Root and branch outer fiber used to make nets, cordage and thread.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
3744,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and cord plaited into heavier ropes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3745,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer bark or rind used as the finest thread material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3750,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer rind or bark used for thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
3755,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used as a chief source for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
3763,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Outer rind used for fine sewing. In the fall, when mature, this plant makes one of the strongest native fibers, stronger even than the cultivated hemp to which it is related.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
3765,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,72,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make fiber, as a substitute for Indian hemp.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
3771,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,111,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Fine divisions of bark were very strong and used as a thread for sewing on the fine beadwork.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 111"
3774,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used as thread and twine for binding and tying.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
3779,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,39,4,Fiber,,,Used for the medicinal properties and as a fibrous material.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39"
3780,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,25,California Indian,111,m90,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer and inner bark used to make string.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60"
3788,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to weave grave cloth material.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3789,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make cords.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3790,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber considered the best available for making fine cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
3809,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make twine and rope.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3810,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Stalks split, dried and used as thread for sewing tipi covers.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3811,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3812,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used to make aprons.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 201"
3813,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber soaked in boiling water and used to make twine.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3822,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark formerly used to make garments.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3823,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3824,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3830,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer bast fiber plaited into heavy cord and two-ply cord.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
3831,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer bast fiber used as thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
3833,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,146,Modoc,66,c97,103,4,Fiber,,,Used as a fiber.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103"
3841,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stalks dried, split into fibers and used to make rope.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3844,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,72,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems twisted and rolled into twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
3845,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3846,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3847,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3850,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
3851,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,89,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used as twined weft rows for mats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 89"
3855,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,57,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make bridle ropes, bowstrings and thread for sewing baskets and buckskin.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 57"
3860,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3861,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3862,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3863,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3864,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant made into rope and used to make fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3865,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make string. The stems were cut in the fall, usually in October, soaked and sometimes split in half. The fibrous outer skin was peeled off and the brittle inner stem discarded.  The fibrous part was then dried for indefinite storage and used to make string.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3866,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3867,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3868,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Plant made into thread and used for sewing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3875,298,Apocynum sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
3878,298,Apocynum sp.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,52,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant used to make string.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
3879,298,Apocynum sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,276,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make the best string and thread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 276"
3881,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used for thatch on houses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3882,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark strips braided and worn as a belt.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3883,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
4191,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4192,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,,,"Wood used for carving, will not split when dry.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4200,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lodge poles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4232,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark sewn together to make an 'every day dress.',"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4233,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4241,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,289,Yurok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4276,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used for head covering.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
4351,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4370,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4382,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,219,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to make a broom.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219"
4459,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4762,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Runners used by girls to tie blankets.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
4763,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Runners used to fix leggings in place. The leggings were tied above the knee and then folded over to the ankle, like a boot.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
4861,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,95,Hopi,82,c74,286,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant used for broom material.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 286"
4864,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,15,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make hair brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15"
4865,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,15,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make hair brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15"
5126,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5145,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in a baby's board or cradle as padding and kept the baby cool on hot days.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5157,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5167,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Plant tops bound into bundles and made into brooms used for sweeping the lodge floor. The plant was used for this purpose because of its agreeable, wholesome odor.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5168,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5171,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5205,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5264,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,61,Dakota,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5288,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,177,Omaha,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5290,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5292,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,205,Ponca,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5308,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5336,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to cover the floor of the sweat lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5411,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,200,Pomo,109,m66,282,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to thatch the sweat house.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 282"
5436,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,61,Dakota,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5447,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,177,Omaha,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5471,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5472,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,205,Ponca,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5503,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5601,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5608,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Shoots laid across the rafters for roofing material or used in the construction of the walls.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
5631,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used for thatch.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
5641,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Pounded bark used as a lining or wrapper inside winter shoes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5670,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used between the poles of the sweathouse to prevent the sand from sifting through.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
5680,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leafy stems tied together with wire and used for brooms.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5725,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5726,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark frayed and stuffed into moccasins for added warmth.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5727,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make cloth and sandals.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5728,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5804,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used in weaving bags and clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
5805,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous bark used in weaving mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
5839,410,Artemisia vulgaris L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,57,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make cushions for the worshippers in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 57"
5914,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5915,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make burden baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
5916,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Used to make cane webbing, plastered with mud, supported with wood and used as a dwelling.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
5922,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,13,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used in basketry.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 13"
6049,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plants mixed with sphagnum and used as bedding for infants.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
6064,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used as a bedding for infants.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
6065,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plants mixed with sphagnum and used as bedding for infants.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
6090,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,49,Concow,89,c02,379,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make ropes and string.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379"
6096,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used to make aprons.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 201"
6097,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6098,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fiber or decayed stem fiber used to make twine. The stems were soaked in boiling water or the decayed stems were basted with boiling water to separate the fiber.  The fiber was then formed into a ball and made into twine.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6109,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fibers shredded to make a woman's skirt.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6110,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make two ply string.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6116,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fiber used as cordage.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
6117,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as the principal source of cordage.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 14"
6127,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to make good twine.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
6172,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6183,441,Asclepias sp.,145,Modesse,109,m66,224,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used for making string and cord.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224"
6190,441,Asclepias sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strings and cords.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
6193,441,Asclepias sp.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,54,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Mature plants used to make string and rope.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54"
6195,441,Asclepias sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string and ropes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
6231,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as a poor substitute for Indian hemp.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
6241,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fibers shredded to make a woman's skirt.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6242,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make two ply string.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6254,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony seed pappus formerly used for infant diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
6255,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used as a substitute for Indian hemp in making thread used for tying and binding.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
6271,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Spun seed hair made into string used in prayer sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
6272,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Pods gathered when two thirds ripe and the cotton used for weaving clothing. The cotton was used for weaving beautiful white dance kilts, women's belts and other articles of clothing.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
6273,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
6302,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer bark used for making cords.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6303,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer bark used for sewing thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6305,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer rind or bark used for thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
6326,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,111,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,This and other species of the milkweed used for thread materials.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 111"
6338,447,Asclepias tuberosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used to make belts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
6384,450,Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strong ropes and string.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
6743,521,Aulacomnium sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Moss mixed with clay and used between the logs of a log house.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
6780,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in coil basketry.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6781,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make fence posts and in brush house construction.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6792,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs and branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 46"
6806,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,65,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Green stalks cut, tied together with strings and used as brooms.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 65"
6807,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,65,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stalks used to make brooms.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 65"
6809,537,Baccharis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, straight stems used for ramada roofs.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17"
6828,541,Baileya multiradiata Harvey & Gray ex Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant mixed with clay, used in making adobes and plant used in plaster.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
7032,563,Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for bedding and pillows.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7075,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
7085,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7086,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7092,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used as poles for the wigwam or medicine lodge.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7110,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7111,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7116,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wood used for 'springs' under skin bedding.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7117,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wood used for 'springs' under skin bedding.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7131,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
7136,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7137,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7138,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7141,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
7142,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
7147,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and containers.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7148,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant used to make houses, tents and shelters.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7149,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7152,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,65,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65"
7153,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark occasionally used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7154,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark occasionally used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7156,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7157,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7158,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots used with spruce roots to sew things together.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7159,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7163,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as coverings for dwellings.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7178,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7179,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7180,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make bath tubs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7181,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as poles to frame a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7182,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7183,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7184,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans and snowshoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7202,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7207,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7208,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe ribs.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7209,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make sleds and snowshoe frames.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7214,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7218,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark strips used as the waterproof, top coverings of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
7219,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Paper birch used to make canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
7220,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7221,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make house coverings.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7222,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,188,r48,56,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1948, Ethnobotanique Et Ethnozoologie Gaspesiennes, Archives de Folklore 3:51-64, page 56"
7226,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7232,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7233,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for buckets and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7234,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Baskets made for gathering and storing berries, maple sugar, dried fish, meat or any food.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7235,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for wigwam coverings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7236,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7237,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Sheets of bark sewn together, made into rolls and used as waterproof roofing for wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7238,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7239,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7240,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Heavy pieces of bark used to make very durable canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7262,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7263,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7264,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7268,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark furnished a waterproof cover for the top of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7269,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark furnished the outside cover of the birch bark canoe.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7272,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Gray colored bark used to make baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 60"
7274,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7275,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Bark used to make containers for cooking. To cook in a birchbark basket, clean rocks were made very hot and then placed in water in the basket.  This process was repeated until the cooking was completed.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7276,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7277,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of some buildings.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7278,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7279,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7280,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make baby cradles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7281,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,"Wood used to make bowls, spoons, wedges, tool handles, drums, toboggans and snowshoes.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7282,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,"Wood used to make snowshoes, toboggans, drums, bowls, spoons and wedges.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7304,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for baskets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7305,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for walls and roofing.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7306,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7307,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for cradles.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7320,583,Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Bark used in boat building. The bark was stripped off at raspberry ripening time, laid away and pressed flat until the next spring.  When required for manufacture, especially in boat building, it was heated over a fire to make it pliable for shaping to the purpose.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
7325,584,Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs of this dwarf birch used for the ribs of baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
7328,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7333,585,Betula sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make brooms.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7334,585,Betula sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make sled and toboggan runners.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7382,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,20,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for bedding.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
7392,597,Bobea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,5,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes or canoe parts.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 5"
7422,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,64,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bundled, dried and used as hair brushes.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64"
7423,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,64,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bundled, dried, made into brooms and used to sweep floors, hearths and metates.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64"
7428,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stem used as comb and broom material.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
7430,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Blades bundled by a cord, the stiff end used as a hair comb and the other end used as a broom.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
7434,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,95,Hopi,37,w39,64,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as the fill of coiled basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64"
7447,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bunches tied together and the severed end used as a hairbrush, the other as a broom.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
7536,623,Brickellia ambigens (Greene.) A. Nels.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used as rough brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
7556,627,Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used as rough brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
7590,639,Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,34,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used as hair brushes and light brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
7592,640,Bromus sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,25,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of stems used to make brooms and brushes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
7597,641,Bromus tectorum L.,183,Paiute,98,m53,51,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used under bedding when camping.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 51"
7613,649,Bursera laxiflora,229,Seri,29,d44,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Splint whisps used to make light, coiled baskets.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
7617,650,Bursera microphylla Gray,229,Seri,29,d44,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Splint whisps used to make light, coiled baskets.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
7624,654,Caesalpinia gracilis,229,Seri,29,d44,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Splints used to make the woof for basketry.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
7628,657,Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,33,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used to make mattresses when nothing else was available.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
7630,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Leaves mixed with mud and used to chink log cabins and as mortar in making chimneys.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7631,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves dried, softened and used as insoles in moccasins.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7636,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Grass, rubbed and softened, sometimes mixed with sagebrush bark, used to make socks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
7683,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,85,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make conical shaped houses for temporary use while camped to gather and process acorns.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 85"
7684,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,85,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for permanent construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 85"
7685,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Boughs and twigs used to make brooms.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
7686,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make boards.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
7688,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used for basket weaving.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
7691,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used as overlay twine warps and overlay twine weft bases in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
7694,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,183,Paiute,98,m53,46,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark made into baskets used for picking huckleberries.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46"
7695,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,183,Paiute,98,m53,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tree used for fence posts.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46"
7820,692,Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,348,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood and bark from fresh shoots used in basket work.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 348"
8054,734,Carex aquatilis var. dives (Holm) Kkenth.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make strong handles for baskets and shopping baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
8055,734,Carex aquatilis var. dives (Holm) Kkenth.,133,Makah,25,g73,22,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for the bottoms of trinket baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
8056,736,Carex atherodes Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8059,737,Carex barbarae Dewey,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used as coil thread and overlay twine weft bases in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
8060,737,Carex barbarae Dewey,200,Pomo,89,c02,315,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Rootstocks used to make the white or creamy groundwork for baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315"
8061,737,Carex barbarae Dewey,200,Pomo,179,b08,137,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Woody root fibers used as the white background in baskets.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 137"
8062,737,Carex barbarae Dewey,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,103,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103"
8063,737,Carex barbarae Dewey,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,103,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103"
8070,743,Carex mendocinensis Olney,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
8080,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,50,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, split leaves used to make the finest baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
8081,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves used to make fine, closely woven baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
8082,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves used to make fine, closely woven hats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
8084,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,133,Makah,3,g83,330,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the horizontal strands in basketry.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 330"
8085,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,79,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves extensively used as wrapping and twining material for 'grass' baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
8086,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,167,Nootka,101,ttco83,79,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves extensively used as wrapping and twining material for 'grass' baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
8087,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8100,752,Carex sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass used in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
8102,752,Carex sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots of many species used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
8106,752,Carex sp.,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
8110,752,Carex sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,314,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Rootstocks used to make strong and durable baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314"
8111,752,Carex sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,314,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Rootstocks formerly used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314"
8112,752,Carex sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
8116,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,109,m66,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots split finely and used for black design material in fine baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296"
8117,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,109,m66,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used for basket body material.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296"
8118,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots used as a sewing element in coiled baskets.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
8121,752,Carex sp.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
8122,752,Carex sp.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,73,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous leaves used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73"
8124,752,Carex sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves used as brushes for cleaning things.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8127,752,Carex sp.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,315,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots and leaves used for baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315"
8128,752,Carex sp.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,315,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to weave hats.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315"
8129,752,Carex sp.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Large roots used to make baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
8153,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Ribs used as one of the chief warp materials.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
8154,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Ribs used for roofing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
8155,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Slats joined with one or two rows of deer hide thong and used to make screen doors.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
8156,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for the roofing of houses.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
8221,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Dried plant skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
8238,758,Carpinus caroliniana Walt.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tree used for the main supporting posts for the ridgepole of the wigwam or tent.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
8272,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to finish baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8273,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Inner bark used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8285,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,39,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make chairs.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 39"
8300,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
8301,764,Carya glabra var. glabra,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
8318,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to finish baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8319,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Inner bark used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8326,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
8356,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Hickory rims used to make snowshoes tied with thongs of rawhide woven across.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
8387,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to finish baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8388,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Inner bark used to make chair bottoms.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8404,772,Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant, mosses and lichens gathered for insulating houses against cold.","Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
8416,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber and fence rails.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8631,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Rods used to make burden baskets, broad shallow scoops and deep spoon shaped scoops with handles.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8632,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,329,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as rods for basketry.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 329"
8653,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,49,Concow,89,c02,368,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Young, flexible shoots used for the circular withes of baskets.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368"
8656,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,105,Karok,70,b81,22,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,New shoots used to make baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
8657,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Young shoots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
8659,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Withes used as overlay twine weft bases in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
8660,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Rods used in the fine, coiled baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8661,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Rods used to make burden baskets, broad shallow scoops and deep spoon shaped scoops with handles.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8789,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,188,Papago,27,cu35,49,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make sandals.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 49"
8869,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,226,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226"
8872,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Peeled withes used as coarse twine and coil thread in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
8875,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,356,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used for withes in constructing basket skeletons.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
8876,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,356,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark and wood of young sprouts used like thread or woof to twine in and out of twined baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
8877,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as the outside strands in coiled basketry.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8878,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for the red design in baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
8883,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,375,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used for the woof in basket making.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 375"
8884,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,200,Pomo,179,b08,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Red bark used as design material for baskets.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 138"
8885,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,200,Pomo,109,m66,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split strands used for basket body material.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296"
8886,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,200,Pomo,179,b08,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"White, inner bark used in basketry.","Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 138"
8887,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,96,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Strips of switch bark used for brown design or bark peeled to show the white used to make baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96"
8888,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,287,Yuki,179,b08,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Red bark used as design material on twined basketry.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 138"
8889,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,287,Yuki,199,k30,423,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as basket material.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1930, Yuki Basketry, University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:421-444, page 423"
8890,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,287,Yuki,199,k30,423,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Wood, sapwood and roots used for sewing material.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1930, Yuki Basketry, University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:421-444, page 423"
8891,839,Cercis sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,275,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used in the making and decorating of baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 275"
8944,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bunches of tied bushes used for rough brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8951,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used to make the handle of the weaving distaff, dice and the sweathouse for ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
9067,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to make brooms.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
9068,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood made into planks and used to build sweathouses.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
9069,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as the main post in house construction.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
9070,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make circular stools and headrests for the sweathouse.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
9071,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wood used to make pillows for the sweathouse.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
9074,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for weaving capes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
9075,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used for weaving mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
9077,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,86,Haisla,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark fiber used to make clothing for the nobility.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
9078,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make boat ribs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9079,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make regular and racing paddles for canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9080,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark woven into capes and loincloths.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9081,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark woven into blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9086,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used for making wedge-shaped block for the back of a canoe, used to keep the feet dry.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9087,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving capes and other clothing of head chiefs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9088,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Wood used for making ornamental dishes and headdresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9089,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9091,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make canoes and paddles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
9092,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9093,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9094,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used to make bows, adze handles, paddles and storage containers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9095,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark pounded and used to make fine quality clothing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9096,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make hats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9097,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9098,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark pounded and used to make fine quality blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9099,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9113,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9114,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
9115,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make chests.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9116,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
9119,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make light paddles and canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9120,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark finely shredded and used to make face towels.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9121,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark pounded and spun to make baby clothing, skirts, capes and hats.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9122,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,227,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark fibers, nettle fibers and dog hair used to make a stronger rope.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 227"
9123,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark pounded and spun to make blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
9127,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes and canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9128,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make robes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9129,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9130,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9134,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make canoes and paddles.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
9267,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,41,Clallam,99,f80,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Puffs mixed with dog hair and used for weaving cloth.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201"
9272,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,38,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Stem fibers used for thread.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
9305,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,210,Quinault,25,g73,41,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton combined with duck feathers and used as blankets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 41"
9309,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,243,Skokomish,25,g73,41,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Cotton combined with duck feathers and used as blankets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 41"
9326,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,86,Haisla,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9328,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,257,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Plant used to make twine, cordage and binding.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"
9331,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9332,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9333,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,106,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9568,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make house frames and granaries.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9569,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make shirts and breechclouts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9570,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make nets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9575,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,241,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Branches, with bark removed, used unsplit as rod foundations in coil basketry.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 241"
9576,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,97,Hualapai,127,w82,8,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used to make the bed of the cradleboards.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 8"
9577,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,97,Hualapai,127,w82,8,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Used for making cloth woven spudi.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 8"
9699,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Coarse husk fibers from the bulb tied together and used as a cleaning brush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
9700,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Coarse husk fibers from the bulb tied together and used as a hair brush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
9706,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibrous bulb covers tied in bundles to make brushes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
9710,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fibers used to make a small brush.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
9713,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,19,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Upper fiber ends dipped in starch, tied together and used as brushes. The brush was used in the following ways:  (1) to clean out the bedrock mortar hole before tobacco leaves were pounded and to remove the pulverized tobacco afterwards--a usage that probably applied to other materials--(2) to sweep fine meal off the sifting tray; (3) to brush the hair--an old brush must be used for this purpose or 'the hair ends will split'--and (4) when wet, to scrub things clean.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 19"
9715,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fiber made into small brushes used for sweeping up scattered meal after pounding acorns.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
9716,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,128,Luiseno,24,s08,233,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fibers used to make a brush.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233"
9719,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,132,Maidu,162,sk58,68,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant made into brushes and used to sweep meal off the sifting baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 68"
9722,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fiber used occasionally for bedding.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9731,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,140,Mewuk,109,m66,336,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Made into a white mucilaginous paste and used to coat baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 336"
9737,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,107,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bulb fibers tied into bundles to make scrub brushes and hair brushes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107"
9740,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,336,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Outer fibers made into brushes and used to scrape meal off the ground.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 336"
9801,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as a sand break to protect young corn and melons.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
9807,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,84,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as thatch to prevent the sand on top of the sweathouse from sifting through.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84"
9817,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to brush off spines on fruits.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
9818,936,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ssp. viscidiflorus var. stenophyllus (Gray) Hall,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as a sand break to protect young corn and melons.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
9827,938,Cibotium chamissoi Kaulfuss,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,43,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Down used for pillows.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 43"
9921,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,97,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Down spun with yellow cedar inner bark and used for baby clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97"
10104,987,Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) Kkenth.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make small baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
10107,988,Cladium sp.,200,Pomo,109,m66,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used for basket body material.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296"
10108,988,Cladium sp.,286,Yokut,109,m66,405,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 405"
10110,990,Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
10215,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make string.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
10267,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,247,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony seed fluff used in infant diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247"
10592,1067,Convolvulus arvensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as a 'pack rope' for carrying birds and marmots home after hunting.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
10790,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Twigs used for thatching and various other purposes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
10899,1095,Cornus glabrata Benth.,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Long shoots used for some of the baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
10900,1095,Cornus glabrata Benth.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Straight stems used for making baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
10901,1095,Cornus glabrata Benth.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,92,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make coarse baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 92"
10912,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Long, slender branches used in making baby baskets.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
10969,1100,Cornus sericea L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make the bow at the top of a baby's cradle.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11028,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
11033,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,36,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stem used as a birch bark basket rim.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
11043,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
11063,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,95,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 95"
11108,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Large limbs used as frame poles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11109,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark twisted into rope and used to lash fish traps, raised caches and other structures.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11122,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,183,Paiute,98,m53,98,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used for cradle board frames.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 98"
11141,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,276,Washo,139,n66,49,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs used for the foundation of baskets.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
11148,1103,Cornus sp.,287,Yuki,199,k30,423,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as basket material.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1930, Yuki Basketry, University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:421-444, page 423"
11217,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs used in making twig baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
11218,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Twigs made into brushes for cleaning the earthen floors of the wigwams.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
11223,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Finer twigs used as ribs in making woven baskets for collecting/storing acorns or hard fruits.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
11224,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Finer twigs bound into a bundle, with the tips sheared, to serve as a broom or brush.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
11259,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,31,Chehalis,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Long twigs twisted and used to tie things.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11262,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used for basket rims.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
11266,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,105,Karok,70,b81,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
11275,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for warp for sedge baskets.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
11278,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,55,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Switches used as the foundation in coiled baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 55"
11279,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,55,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Switches used to weave large burden baskets, surf fish baskets and other open work baskets.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 55"
11281,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,333,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Slender twigs used to make coarse sieve baskets and vertical withes of saw grass baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
11289,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,243,Skokomish,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Long twigs twisted and used as rope.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11296,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,266,Tolowa,70,b81,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Dried shoots soaked in water and used to make baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
11299,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Straight stems used for making baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
11300,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,289,Yurok,70,b81,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
11302,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Sticks used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
11303,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Young shoots used to make baby baskets and carrying baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
11304,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Withes twisted to make rope.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
11305,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used as the heavy part of the frame for snowshoes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
11314,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bunch of twigs bound together and used as a broom.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
11316,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,287,Yuki,199,k30,423,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as basket material.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1930, Yuki Basketry, University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:421-444, page 423"
11320,1114,Corylus sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Roots used to make carrying baskets, baby baskets and other coarse baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
11321,1114,Corylus sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
11325,1118,Costaria costata (Turner) Saunders,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
11328,1120,Cowania sp.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make coiled sandals.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 30"
11361,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wooden withes used to repair barbed wire fences.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
11446,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Bark tea taken or bathed in by ball players to ward off tacklers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
11787,1173,Cuscuta californica Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,59,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Handfuls of plant used as scouring pads for cleaning.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 59"
11886,1199,Cyperus laevigatus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,9,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers woven into strings and ropes.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9"
11987,1217,Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,58,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant used for light brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
12029,1226,Dalea purpurea var. purpurea,190,Pawnee,17,g19,94,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Tough, elastic stems made into brooms and used to sweep the lodge.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
12045,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to fill pillows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
12062,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Stalks used as cross pieces for cradleboard backs.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12071,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
12072,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as a source of basketry material.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
12073,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,55,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make two kinds of baskets.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 55"
12074,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make headbands and headrings.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 55"
12075,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves twilled into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
12076,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Used to make large, tough sleeping mats, cradle mats and back mats for the carrying frame.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 55"
12080,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,193,Pima,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves twilled into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
12489,1296,Dicranum bonjeanii De Not,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,350,Other,Used as an absorbent.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
12490,1297,Dicranum sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Moss mixed with clay and used between the logs of a log house.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
12617,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark twisted into cordage.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
12620,1317,Dirca palustris L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark or twigs used for cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
12625,1317,Dirca palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, stringy bark made a good substitute for twine.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
12627,1319,Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,66,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Leaves used as a brushing material for cleaning implements or removing cactus thorns from objects.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 66"
12711,1340,Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for bedding.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
12718,1342,Dryopteris sp.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,82,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Made into pillows and used by children under their lower backs to prevent bed wetting.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 82"
12966,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make strong rope.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
12974,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,54,Cree,145,b41,485,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
12979,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark twisted to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
12980,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark twisted to make ropes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
12981,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark twisted to make blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
12993,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12994,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Inner bark stripped off, shredded and the fiber used to make clothing.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
12995,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12996,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12997,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Inner bark stripped off, shredded and the fiber used to make mats.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
13019,1378,Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Used as bedding, for pillows and for sitting on in the sweathouse.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
13023,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Rushes made into large baskets and used to hold small utensils or carry loads on the back.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13024,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,174,Other,Used in weaving.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
13055,1391,Elymus sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,4,Fiber,372,Other,Used for weaving.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
13151,1404,Ephedra sp.,89,Havasupai,58,bc41,17,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Twigs used to make drying mat for pulp.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17"
13230,1408,Epicampes sp.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,446,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make grass coil baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 446"
13273,1417,Epilobium sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to line acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
13298,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
13310,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Rough leaves and stems used for polishing canoes and other wooden articles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
13321,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Stems used as sandpaper to polish bone tools and soapstone pipes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13322,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to polish fingernails.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13338,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Stems formerly used for sandpaper to smooth wooden objects.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
13349,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used for scouring.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
13350,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
13351,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to polish arrow shafts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13368,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to smooth arrow shafts.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
13374,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,75,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used as a scouring rush for pots and pans.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75"
13376,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,268,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to scour pots and pans.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 268"
13378,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,143,Missouri River Indian,30,h92,58,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 58"
13379,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,58,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Abrasive stems used to polish pipes, bows and arrows and formerly used to scrub tins and floors.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 58"
13381,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Handful of stems used to scour the kettles and pans.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
13392,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Stems used as sandpaper to polish bone tools and soapstone pipes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13393,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to polish fingernails.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13403,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to polish arrow shafts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13406,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,32,tbk80,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to imbricate woven bags and baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13412,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,86,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Rough, silicon impregnated stems used to smooth and polish implements of wood, bone and steatite. The stems were used to do the final polishing of wooden spoons and to polish the soft rock used for pipe bowls.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86"
13421,1423,Equisetum hyemale var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eat.,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Dried stalks used to sharpen mussel shell scrapers and for polishing arrows.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
13434,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,105,Karok,70,b81,29,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Stems used to sandpaper madrone spoons.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
13448,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Stems used as sandpaper to polish bone tools and soapstone pipes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13449,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to polish fingernails.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13454,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used for sharpening and polishing bone tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
13466,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,259,Thompson,10,tta90,86,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Rough, silicon impregnated stems used to smooth and polish implements of wood, bone and steatite. The stems were used to do the final polishing of wooden spoons and to polish the soft rock used for pipe bowls.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86"
13467,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used for sharpening and polishing bone tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
13476,1428,Equisetum sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,70,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used for a cleaning pad as a cleansing agent.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 70"
13480,1428,Equisetum sp.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,56,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Blades used as dog bedding.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56"
13485,1428,Equisetum sp.,145,Modesse,109,m66,224,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to polish arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224"
13486,1428,Equisetum sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,63,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Plant used like sandpaper for polishing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
13488,1428,Equisetum sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,63,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Plant used like sandpaper for polishing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
13489,1428,Equisetum sp.,205,Ponca,17,g19,63,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Plant used like sandpaper for polishing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
13496,1428,Equisetum sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,86,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Rough, silicon impregnated stems used to smooth and polish implements of wood, bone and steatite. The stems were used to do the final polishing of wooden spoons and to polish the soft rock used for pipe bowls.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86"
13497,1428,Equisetum sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to smooth and finish soapstone pipes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
13507,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Black roots used for imbrication on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13512,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Rough leaves and stems used for polishing canoes and other wooden articles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
13516,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,209,Quileute,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Black roots used for imbrication on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13524,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,68,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for black imbrication in basketmaking.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 68"
13525,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used with dogfish as sandpaper.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13526,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Black roots used for imbrication on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13527,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,15,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Used to polish arrow shafts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
13531,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,92,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Stalks used to smooth Indian hemp stems and to polish arrows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 92"
13542,1432,Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D.M.H. Mohr,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,304,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Silicious stems used as a substitute for sandpaper in finishing off arrows and other woodwork.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 304"
13616,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches used to carpet the sweathouse floor.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
13623,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make baskets. The outer bark was removed and the stems were covered with sand to render them more pliable.  The stems were often dyed and some of the completed baskets were decorated with color.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
13652,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Brush used to make wind breaks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
13658,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant used for rough brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
13692,1457,Ericameria palmeri var. palmeri,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to build fences as a protection from cold winds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 75"
13700,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in rows in the sand to act as a sandbreak.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
13701,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in rows in the sand to act as a sandbreak.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
13705,1460,Ericameria parryi var. parryi,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used in rows in the sand to act as a sandbreak.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
13714,1463,Erigeron asper Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,42,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used for brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
13744,1473,Erigeron flagellaris Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,42,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used for brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
13768,1479,Erigeron peregrinus ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used as a pattern in basketry.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
13870,1488,Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,253,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves woven into skirts and aprons.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253"
14094,1520,Eriogonum nudum Dougl. ex Benth.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Twigs and leaves used as a brush to clear ground under manzanita bushes before knocking off berries.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
14159,1530,Eriogonum sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to brush off spines on fruits.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
14192,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried leaves and stems woven into soft mats or covers for coarse grass mattresses.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
14197,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"'Female' stems dried, split and inserted into boot welts to seal them.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
14198,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","'Female' stems dried, split and used for weaving.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
14203,1541,Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dried stems used in summer for boot insoles.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
14650,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for making clothing.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
14651,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for making bedding.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
14663,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
14689,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoe frames.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
14696,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for the top ring of baskets.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
14697,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used for the ladderback rungs of the cradleboards.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
14699,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,37,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradleboard hoods and beds.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 37"
14701,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches bound together & used as a broom for outdoor sweeping & to separate chaff from the wheat.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
14702,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,44,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Brush used for rough brooms, especially in Acoma.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
14704,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make arrows and brooms.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
14710,1604,Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,46,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Slender branches bound together and used as brooms for rough outdoor sweeping.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 46"
14752,1613,Festuca idahoensis Elmer,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
14783,1621,Fomes sp.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,50,4,Fiber,,,Used to draw pictures on.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
14814,1629,Fouquieria sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,22,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to construct huts.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 22"
14815,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,74,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fences to prevent rodents from attacking cultivated crops.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 74"
14821,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,11,c49,89,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for house construction.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 89"
14822,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for the warp of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
14823,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Withes used to bind together the house dome ribs.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
14827,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,89,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Stalks freed from thorns, bound together with rawhide or wire and used as shelves.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 89"
14829,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,229,Seri,29,d44,136,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make sun and wind shelters.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
15180,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,172,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 172"
15181,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,160,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make the frames of snowshoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 160"
15203,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 60"
15204,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,60,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Plant used to make chair backs.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 60"
15205,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make boat frames.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
15206,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
15209,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,268,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood splints used for weaving baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 268"
15213,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Used to make canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
15214,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
15226,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,45,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
15229,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
15237,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,172,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 172"
15238,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,157,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 157"
15242,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Wood logs beaten with mauls to separate the growth layers, cut into strips and woven into baskets. The wood logs were beaten with mauls until the growth layers were loosened so that they could be separated.  The thin sheets of wood were then cut into strips of the desired size and woven into baskets.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
15243,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover wigwams.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
15253,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make basket splints.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
15258,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark and wood used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
15260,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make basketware.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
15261,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used for basketry splints.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15265,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for firewood and lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15266,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Wood used to make handles, ball bats and butter paddles.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15270,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trunks used to construct the medicine lodge for the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
15271,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make Sundance lodges.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
15272,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make posts for the Sun Dance lodge.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15273,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used to make tent poles, pegs and tipi pins.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15281,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for house and fence construction.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15282,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make the oval frame for the cradleboard.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15290,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,All ash wood quite valuable and used for basketry splints.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15291,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,All ash wood quite valuable and used for cradle boards.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15292,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,All ash wood quite valuable and used for snowshoe frames and sleds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15296,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15304,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15309,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood rings used for making woven wooden baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
15320,1661,Fraxinus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoe frames and sleds.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
15321,1661,Fraxinus sp.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,99,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make chair backs.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 99"
15327,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark made into cordage and tied in a loop to upper ends of poles to make a winterhouse smoke hole.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15328,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark make into a twine and used to sting pinyon seeds for winter storage.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15329,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15333,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
15334,1664,Fremontodendron sp.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,440,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Tough bark used to make cord.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 440"
15797,1722,Geranium atropurpureum Heller,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split epidermis used to sew moccasins.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
15996,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
16130,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cotton used to make ceremonial garments.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
16131,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,92,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fuzz made into cords and used ceremonially.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92"
16137,1768,Gossypium sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cotton used to make belts, sashes and red bands for the hair.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
16138,1768,Gossypium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string for many different ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
16139,1768,Gossypium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Used to make fabrics.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
16148,1769,Gossypium thurberi Todaro,188,Papago,160,cb42,106,4,Fiber,,,Used as a source of fiber.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 106"
16149,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Blades rubbed until soft, peat moss and squirrels' nest material placed in a cradle for a diaper.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16150,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used as baby diapers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16151,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Blades placed on the floor of sweathouses and camp shelters to sit on.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16152,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried plant placed on top of spruce boughs and used as a mattress and dog bedding.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16153,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for bedding and insulation in foot gear.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16154,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to weave mats.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16263,1784,Gutierrezia californica (DC.) Torr. & Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,33,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant used as wall filler in the construction of the winter house. Built on a circular ground plan of vertical and horizontal poles, the house had matchweed packed in so tightly between the poles that one could not see through.  However, there was appartenly an outer covering usually of tule mats.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 33"
16276,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,48,Comanche,147,cj40,522,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make brooms.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522"
16360,1787,Gutierrezia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,16,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used as a utilitarian brush to remove stickers off prickly pear fruits and for sweeping the floor.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 16"
16404,1797,Halesia carolina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
16579,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,102,Jemez,28,c30,23,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Sunflower mixed with clay, to hold the particles together, and used for plaster.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"
16853,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Large blossom stems twined with sea weed, made into baskets and used by girls for playing.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16909,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Large blossom stems twined with sea weed, made into baskets and used by girls for playing.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16974,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grains bound with sinew and used to make combs or hairbrushes. The grains were firmly bound with sinew, the points being broken or burned off, the grains forming the teeth, the awns bent back, making the attachment for combs or hairbrushes.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
16975,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,177,Omaha,17,g19,66,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stiff awns firmly bound into a bundle and the pointed grains burned off to make a hairbrush.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
16977,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,190,Pawnee,17,g19,66,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stiff awns firmly bound into a bundle and the pointed grains burned off to make a hairbrush.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
16979,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,205,Ponca,17,g19,66,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stiff awns firmly bound into a bundle and the pointed grains burned off to make a hairbrush.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 66"
17182,1894,Hierochloe alpina ssp. alpina,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
17237,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
17238,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 67"
17243,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17244,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17245,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17246,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fragrant leaves used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17254,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
17256,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,138,Menominee,51,s23,75,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used in basketry and as a perfume.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75"
17257,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,138,Menominee,51,s23,75,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Wet grass used for sewing, dried tight and resin used over the stitches.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75"
17259,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
17260,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make mats.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
17296,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,25,California Indian,111,m90,59,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Root fiber used to make rope.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
17297,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,25,California Indian,111,m90,59,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for thread.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
17299,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,49,Concow,89,c02,358,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Fine, strong inner bark formerly used for thread.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
17302,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,358,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Root fibers used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
17304,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,285,Yokia,89,c02,358,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Fine, strong inner bark formerly used for thread.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358"
17330,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Wood used to make knitting needles and long needles for mat making.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17339,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make baby cradle covers.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17347,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,40,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Long branches used to make baby baskets and arrows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 40"
17359,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,218,"Salish, Cowichan",101,ttco83,117,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Wood used to make knitting needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17367,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,33,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17550,1937,Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for padding and bedding.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
17563,1941,Hymenoclea sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,47,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make brushes and brooms.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 47"
18019,2009,Iris innominata Henderson,266,Tolowa,70,b81,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots and leaves used to make cordage.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
18020,2010,Iris macrosiphon Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves dried, scraped and used to make string or cord.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
18021,2010,Iris macrosiphon Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make rope.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
18058,2013,Iris sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make cord for fish nets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
18060,2014,Iris tenax ssp. klamathensis Lenz,266,Tolowa,70,b81,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make cordage.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
18117,2017,Iris versicolor L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to weave baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
18118,2017,Iris versicolor L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to weave mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
18125,2019,Isocoma acradenia var. acradenia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,75,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used to build fences as a protection from cold winds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 75"
18159,2027,Jatropha cardiophylla (Torr.) Muell.-Arg.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Thick, rubbery stems used to make bulky baskets.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
18160,2027,Jatropha cardiophylla (Torr.) Muell.-Arg.,229,Seri,29,d44,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Splint whisps used to make light, coiled baskets.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
18161,2028,Jatropha spatulata,229,Seri,29,d44,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Splint whisps used to make light, coiled baskets.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
18177,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18233,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Trees used to construct dome shaped lodges when away from home.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
18251,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18325,2037,Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii (Parl.) Snog.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,80,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80"
18326,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems formerly used in basket weaving.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
18327,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to weave baskets.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
18328,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,368,Other,Used in weaving.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
18331,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split stems used in weaving coiled baskets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18332,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in the weaving of baskets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
18333,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems used in the weaving of mats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
18334,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,13,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for weaving light baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
18335,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,13,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for weaving mats.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
18341,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used by girls to simulate basket making.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
18349,2041,Juncus dudleyi Wieg.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Tiny rush used in the finest mat work and for small pieces.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
18355,2042,Juncus effusus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string to bind up dough in oak leaves for cooking bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
18356,2042,Juncus effusus L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,125,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Rushes used for weaving small table mats and other larger mats.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 125"
18358,2042,Juncus effusus L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, round stems dried, twisted or braided and used for tying and binding.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
18360,2042,Juncus effusus L.,105,Karok,70,b81,33,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used by young females to practice making baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
18361,2042,Juncus effusus L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,318,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wiry stalks used to make temporary baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
18362,2042,Juncus effusus L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,318,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Wiry stalks used for tying.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
18365,2042,Juncus effusus L.,200,Pomo,89,c02,318,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Formerly used to make a device for trapping and catching salmon and trout as a sport.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
18366,2042,Juncus effusus L.,246,Snuqualmie,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stalks used for tying things.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
18368,2042,Juncus effusus L.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,33,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used by young females to practice making baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
18369,2042,Juncus effusus L.,289,Yurok,70,b81,33,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used by young females to practice making baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
18370,2043,Juncus effusus var. pacificus Fern. & Wieg.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,80,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80"
18372,2044,Juncus ensifolius Wikstr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in teaching little girls to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
18376,2045,Juncus lesueurii Boland.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,80,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80"
18377,2046,Juncus mertensianus Bong.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Rushes used to make woven and twined baskets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"
18382,2048,Juncus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
18383,2048,Juncus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems and leaves used as raw textile material.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
18384,2048,Juncus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems and leaves used as cordage.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
18385,2048,Juncus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems and leaves used as stuffing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
18386,2048,Juncus sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used for thatch in building houses.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
18388,2048,Juncus sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make breech cloths.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
18389,2049,Juncus stygius L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to weave mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18394,2050,Juncus tenuis Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string to bind up dough in oak leaves for cooking bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
18398,2051,Juncus textilis Buch.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,80,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Rushes made into baskets used for collecting foods, leaching acorn meal and finely woven baskets.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 80"
18399,2051,Juncus textilis Buch.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Split stems used in basketmaking. Allowed to dry, the stems were split three or four ways into splints and used as wrapping material for coiled baskets, or sometimes as a foundation material in openwork, coiled leaching baskets.  Only the lower two feet of the plant, which grows up to eight feet tall, was gathered and used.  The plant was collected at any time during the year, but if the centers of the stems were brown, it was not as good for basket making as when the centers were white.  Basket designs were formed with the various natural shades of green, tan and brown found in the plant or it was sometimes dyed black.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 23"
18417,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as a house covering.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
18554,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18555,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split strips or stakes used to make a pen to enclose graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18556,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18557,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18558,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark crushed and used to pad cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18585,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,33,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches used to form a carpet for the Holy Lodge dancer of the Sun Dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
18600,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18601,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split strips or stakes used to make a pen to enclose graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18602,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18603,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18604,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark crushed and used to pad cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
18626,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for construction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18643,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,102,Jemez,28,c30,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs and boughs placed across corrals or enclosures as shelters for livestock.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
18644,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,102,Jemez,28,c30,24,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Trunks used as uprights, beams and fence posts.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
18656,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Larger twigs used for basket frames.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18657,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tree used to make posts and lumber.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18658,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed fine and used to make baby clothes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18675,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make a canopy to protect a new born child from the sparks of the fire.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18676,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts and hogan roofs.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18701,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as lining in sweat houses.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18702,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for the sides and roofs of shade houses or special hogans for the Enemyway ceremonial.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18703,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts and hogan poles.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18704,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used in the winter as a lining for moccasins to absorb moisture.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18705,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Sticks used as frame for baby cradles.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18736,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for construction.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18753,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to chink the walls and roofs of log houses built after the Navajo fashion.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
18810,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as a material for housing.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18811,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark rolled into rope, coiled and sewn with sinew to form sandal soles.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18812,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed between hands until soft and fibers woven into clothing.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18823,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,200,Pomo,179,b08,139,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root fiber used to make twined baskets.,"Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139"
18847,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for thatching and as a floor covering.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
18848,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Small branches used as a floor covering.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
18849,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used in the construction of winter lodges.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
18853,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used on top of the brush covering of the winter houses to keep the dirt from falling through.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18854,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Logs and brush, covered with dirt, used to make winter houses.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18870,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,157,Navajo,37,w39,62,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green timber used to make corrals.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 62"
18987,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for fence posts.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
19068,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for tipi poles.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19112,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of hogans.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19113,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to build the corral for public exhibitions at the close of a ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19114,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make the summer shelters where the women weave.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19115,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark woven into garments and used to make sandals.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19116,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Dry bark mixed with mud and worn as clothing during hard times.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19117,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make blankets and passageway curtains.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19138,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make fence posts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
19139,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
19146,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for mats.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
19172,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark used to build houses, wigwams and wickiups.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19173,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Split strips or stakes used to make a pen to enclose graves.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19174,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19175,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19176,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,245,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark crushed and used to pad cradle boards.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245"
19299,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,10,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plants used as paint brushes to paint ceremonial participants.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 10"
19309,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Blades tied together and used as a broom.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
19310,2077,Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Bunch about a foot long, tied with string or yucca fiber, used as a brush for cleaning metates.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
19454,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
19455,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used for twine.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
19463,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant made into hemp twine and used to make fiber bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
19466,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,270,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark braided to make cords.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 270"
19469,2093,Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Rind of this nettle used by the old people as a sewing fiber.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
19495,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,41,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 41"
19524,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Root fibers used to make durable bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
19525,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,244,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Roots used to sew canoes and used as the strong upper wrappings over the canoe edges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244"
19526,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Roots used to sew canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
19527,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots used as a sewing material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
19675,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to brush off the spines of prickly pears.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
19676,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,67,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Piled on top of saguaro ribs to strengthen house roofs.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 67"
19677,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,67,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Tops tied together and used to thatch menstruation huts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 67"
19727,2115,Lathyrus sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,4,Fiber,371,Other,Used for weaving.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
19982,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
20067,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Grass used for beds in lodges made from sticks when on war parties.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
20075,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used as bedding and horse feed.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
20076,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to cover the floor of sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
20082,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Culms used for basket imbrication as a substitute for another plant or other swamp grasses.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
20085,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks used for roof thatching.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69"
20095,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,183,Paiute,98,m53,51,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Roots tied together and used as hair combs.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 51"
20101,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets and tote sacks.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20102,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, brown leaves woven into ropes for hanging herring and other fish.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20103,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets and tote sacks.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20109,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Tough, coarse leaves used to make handles for bags, but not the bags themselves.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
20110,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
20111,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
20115,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,88,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Tough, sharply pointed leaves used as 'needle-and-thread' for sewing and tying material.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 88"
20123,2163,Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Culms used as a substitute in making basketry.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
20170,2172,Libocedrus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs placed on top of the acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
20400,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Roots and stems used to make string.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
20401,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems made into strings and cords used to make baskets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
20402,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems fiber used to make strings and cords.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
20403,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems made into strings and cords used to make mats.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
20404,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Stem made into strings and cords used to make mesh on snowshoes.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
20406,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark fibers used in baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20407,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark fibers used for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20408,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark fibers used as the warp for mats.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20409,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark fibers used as the mesh for snowshoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20484,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
20485,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make thirty to forty foot long canoes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
20486,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
20972,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves finely divided and used as a padding in child carriers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
20973,2243,Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,259,Thompson,10,tta90,155,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Leaves used as padding, especially in children's cradles, to cause them to sleep a lot.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 155"
21114,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,196,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Vines used with other plants as building materials. The vines were used with willow withes to reinforce suspension bridges across canyons and rivers.  The vines were also twisted with coyote willow to lash together the framing poles of underground pit houses and to make a pliable ladder on the outside of the pit house, running from the opening down to the ground.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196"
21115,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber obtained from stems used as twine.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
21116,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Fiber obtained from stems used as thread.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
21145,2264,Lonicera interrupta Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Long, flexible stems used for the circular withes of baskets.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
21221,2266,Lonicera japonica Thunb.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Vines used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
21266,2274,Lotus procumbens (Greene) Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,38,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as wall filler in the construction of the winter house.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 38"
21268,2275,Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,87,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used as a material in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 87"
21270,2275,Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Foliage used for house thatching.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
21305,2285,Lupinus arboreus Sims,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Root fibers used for string.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
21306,2285,Lupinus arboreus Sims,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,65,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Root fibers used to make string for fish nets, deer and rabbit nets, gill nets and carrying nets.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65"
21358,2305,Lupinus sericeus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plants used for bedding and as flooring in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21386,2308,Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plants used for bedding and as flooring in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21391,2310,Lupinus wyethii S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plants used for bedding and as flooring in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21486,2320,Lycopodium annotinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Moss mixed with clay and used between the logs of a log house.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
21492,2321,Lycopodium clavatum L.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,157,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used as a belt for the blankets that were worn.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 157"
21799,2366,Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
21800,2366,Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
21815,2368,Magnolia macrophylla Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
21816,2368,Magnolia macrophylla Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
22449,2419,Martynia sp.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,445,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Pods used to make the black design in basketry.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 445"
22489,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,60,Crow,30,h92,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Plants dried, crushed and used to line baby cradles.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 23"
22964,2463,Menziesia ferruginea Sm.,209,Quileute,25,g73,43,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Twigs woven together with cedar bark and used for grills on the bottom of canoes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
23266,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,186,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Stems and flowers used as fragrant pillow stuffing by young girls from puberty to marriage.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 186"
23474,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs split in half lengthwise and used to make serviceable baskets.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
23506,2533,Morus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,50,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make the frame for coil weaving.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 50"
23512,2535,Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make hair brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
23513,2536,Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr. ex Hook.) Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,25,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make hair brushes and brooms for sweeping out the hogan.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25"
23516,2539,Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make hair brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
23519,2541,Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.,95,Hopi,37,w39,65,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Culms stripped of leaves and bound together to form a broom and hair brush.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 65"
23520,2541,Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make a hair brush and broom.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
23521,2541,Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make brooms.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
23522,2541,Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,26,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Stems, pulled out of their sheaths when dry, tied with string and used as brooms and brushes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26"
23531,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stalks used as the horizontal or foundation around which the coils were wrapped in basketmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 89"
23532,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,25,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Seed stems used as the foundation material for coiled baskets.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 25"
23535,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used as the multiple rod foundation material in coiled basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 42"
23537,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,204,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Long grass used to make coiled baskets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 204"