id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
44689,4260,Zostera marina L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,89,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves formerly used to trap herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
44685,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44664,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,102,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch used to make a planting stick.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 102"
44663,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,10,Apache,11,c49,50,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for washing the hair.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44649,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Rice used for trading.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
44644,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Seeds scorched, winnowed and sold as breakfast food.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44625,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers ground into a paste and used as a dark red body paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
44594,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Mashed bulbs used as an arrow poison.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
44555,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots placed in the eye sockets and mouth of a dead grouse by the father of a girl reaching puberty. The father of a girl reaching puberty had to snare a grouse, cut off its head, remove its eyes and in their places put two small roots of this plant and another in the mouth.  Otherwise, the father was not able to snare any more grouse.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"
44540,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Ribboned husks made into small, square pads and used by young people in games. Small plumes were attached to the small, square pads upright, in the center, forming the shuttlecocks for use in the game of battledore and shuttlecock.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44539,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,38,Decorations,Ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44538,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,White corn meal made into a mush and used ceremonially during the death of a rain priest.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44537,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44536,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Popped corn ground, made into a beverage and used ceremonially. Although this beverage could be consumed at any time, it was used especially by the rain priests and personators of anthropic gods during ceremonies.  Another native beverage was also made by the Zuni.  Water was poured over sprouted corn, allowed to stand for some days and then used as a beverage.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44535,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal wrapped in husks given to theurgists visiting the sick. The packages were always presented with a prayer and the recipient prayed.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44534,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn ears carried or secretly worn in dances by personators of anthropic gods.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44533,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Balls of husks covered with woven cotton used ceremonially to insure bountiful crops. The balls of corn husks covered with woven cotton were used with long fringes of white cotton ceremonial sashes symbolizing corn and a desire for bountiful crops.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44527,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Cobs used to make feathered darts and to stuff kick balls.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44526,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to make handles and holders.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44525,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Husks made into cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44524,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cobs used as fuel in emergencies and as fire lighters.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44523,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Husks twisted and used to make the framework and mounts for feathers in ceremonial ornaments.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44522,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Formerly bartered with the Comanche for prepared buffalo hides.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44510,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44509,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for religious scarification and at busk ceremonies.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44491,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed seeds scattered around the corn fields to protect the harvest from blackbirds. When the corn was approaching maturity, blackbirds attacked the fields for food.  To prevent further damage, men chewed some grains and scattered them around the corn fields to deter the birds from the fields.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
44484,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used by pottery makers to smooth the pottery.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44483,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dry husks of young corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44482,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,32,Containers,Cobs used to close up pottery jars.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44481,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in all ceremonials and also for personal ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44476,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to beat leather while dyeing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44475,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Husks used for cigarette papers.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44474,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Sacred pollen used in innumerable ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44473,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Cornmeal, considered less sacred than corn pollen, used in innumerable ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44472,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cob pith used as punk (tinder).,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44471,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Husks used as casings for blood sausage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44470,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Cornmeal mush used to make images for ceremonies. In the Bead Chant, an image of a wildcat was made of sweet corn; in the Mountain Chant, an image of the bear was made of sweet corn; and in the Coyote Chant, effigies of a coyote and a kit fox were made in sweet corn; other images such as the dog, chicken, cat and pig were also reproduced in sweet corn.  To make these animals, a stiff mush was made of corn, which was kneaded to the desired shape, omitting the extremities such as tail, ears and feet.  White shell, turquoise and cannel coal was used for the eyes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30"
44447,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Shucks used for cigarette wrappings and used in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
44444,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn pollen and corn meal used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44443,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal sprinkled by everyone before eating and prayer repeated.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44437,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in the 'Corn Dances.',"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44436,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn silks used in the 'Corn Dances.',"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44435,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal smeared on the body in the burial ceremony.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44434,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn husks used as cigarette papers for the ceremonial cigarettes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44425,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,3,Other,141,Planting Seeds,"Seeds selected for qualities such as size, flavor, color and early maturity and used for planting.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44424,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Husks used as wrappers for boiling the double wedding corn bread package.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44423,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried husks woven into small bottles or receptacles for salt.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 154"
44406,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole ears boiled and given as presents during the winter ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44405,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used in almost all ceremonies either as corn meal, as an actual ear of corn or as a painting.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44404,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the northeast direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44403,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the nadir.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44384,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the ceremonial diet of the participants of the Big House Ceremony.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44371,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Husks turned back and used to suspend corn ears from the ceiling.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44367,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Shucks used to make dolls.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44362,4244,Zea mays L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,153,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprinkled on images of the dead during mourning ceremonies.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 153"
44359,4243,Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
44354,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,17,g19,98,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits used by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"
44353,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits used by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
44295,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,3,Other,32,Containers,Small stalk section used as a stopper for the basketry water bottle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44269,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44261,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Leaf pitch used for waterproofing baskets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44260,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Leaves made into a ball and used to play 'shooting the yucca.' 'Shooting the yucca' was a Navajo game played with a ball made of bark and wound with yucca leaves which had been previously placed in hot ashes to make them flexible.  A stick of scrub oak was attached to this by a yucca cord, to give momentum to the light ball.  The ball was thrown into the air and the archers discharged their arrows at it as soon as it was drawn downward by the weight of the stick.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44259,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fiber used to make a ring for a game similar to 'ring toss.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44258,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make a brush to apply colored clays to pottery.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44257,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,3,Other,106,Soap,Used for cleansing purposes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
44256,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Suds and ashes used to wash new born babies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44255,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to wash wool and hides.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44254,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,58,Protection,"Leaf juice mixed with powders and applied to shields. Yucca leaves were heated over a fire and the juice wrung out of them into an earthen vessel.  The juice was then mixed with powders and applied to the shield with a pointed stick to make it live in the power of the sun, the serpent, the bear, the lightning and the rainbow.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44253,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Folded leaves used as drumsticks to beat basket drums.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44252,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Leaves used to make bracelets worn by scouts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44251,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood tied to stalk with shallow holes and used at the hearth to hold a fireset.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44250,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots, pollen and leaves used during many different ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44249,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pitch used to cover bullroarers for some of the ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44248,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves used for ceremonial purposes. On the sixth day of the Mountain Chant Ceremony, before the couriers were sent on their way, a basin of water containing soap root was brought in, and after the medicine man had daubed the couriers with a little of the suds, they washed themselves from head to foot and cleaned their hair as well.  The Lashing God in the Night Chant carried a ring of yucca leaves on his back and suspended from this by its roots was a complete plant of soapweed.  He held in his hand yucca scourges which were made from the leaves taken from the east and west sides of the plant.  For the yucca that hangs at his back, a specimen was selected whose roots stuck well out of the ground and was kicked out with the foot.  Masks made of the leaves were also used in the Night Chant.  In one of the dances of the last night of the Mountain Chant, yucca was made to grow from the root through buds and flowers to the ripe fruit.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
44247,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf strips intertwined with sprigs of fir and used to make necklaces and wristbands for ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44246,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fiber used to string cakes baked for Fire God & attached to his right arm on 9th day of Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44231,4236,Yucca sp.,102,Jemez,28,c30,28,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots boiled, fibrous part removed, water rubbed into lather & used to wash hair & woolen blankets.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
44230,4236,Yucca sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,3,Other,106,Soap,Root suds used to wash wool.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
44227,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Dried fruits sold to the Pimas.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44216,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,200,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make fishing lines.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 200"
44215,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaf fiber formerly used to make fishing lines.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
44207,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,3,Other,106,Soap,"Scraped, mashed roots and water used as soap.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44202,4233,Yucca louisianensis Trel.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
44199,4231,Yucca glauca var. glauca,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
44197,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,106,Soap,"Peeled roots pounded, made into suds and used for washing the head, wool garments and blankets.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
44191,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,52,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make whips to beat novices during some initiation ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44190,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to make lather.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44184,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used as a spindle in making fire by friction.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 52"
44183,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,54,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots roasted, soaked in water, removed and soapy liquid used to wash hair and cloth.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54"
44182,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,55,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves pounded and used in washing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
44170,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44167,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44163,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots dried, pulverized, mixed with water and the suds used for washing the hair.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44162,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used to bind women's hair over their foreheads while racing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44161,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used to tie saguaro needles together.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44155,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44151,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44142,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44141,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44140,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to stir the water for the ceremonial baths.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44134,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to make soap.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44133,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,51,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots boiled and used as shampoo or as a substitute for soap.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
44124,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used to wash clothes and hair.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
44122,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Flower stalks used as spindles to start fire by friction.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44121,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,106,Soap,"Crushed roots rubbed on hair or clothes for soap or crushed, roasted roots soaked in water for soap. This soap caused more itching than that from wild leafed yucca, but was considered better to keep the natural color of the hair.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44120,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves used as strings to tie chili peppers.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44105,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots pounded until soft, soaked in water and used as a soap for bathing, washing hair & blankets.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44104,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,3,Other,38,Decorations,Fibers used to make plaques.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44094,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,17,Tools,"Hard, sharp-pointed blades bound with sinew and used in place of wood to make the fire drill.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44093,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44092,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used like soap to wash the scalp.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44091,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Boiled root used in tanning hides. The yucca roots were boiled and then cooled and sprinkled over the hides after they had been treated with the brain-liver-marrow dressing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44090,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,37,Fuel,Leaves bound in a slender bundle and used as a substitute for wood. The slender bundle of leaves formed the firedrill which was placed in a hearth and twirled by the hands until it smouldered upon which time it was blown upon to ignite the flame.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44089,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,32,Containers,"Dried, peeled stems used to make a hearth, to contain the fire.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44088,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried stems peeled and used to make a hearth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44081,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as a soap substitute and hair wash.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
44071,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as counters in various games.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44064,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
44058,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots pounded, boiled and used instead of soap to wash blankets.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44057,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to intoxicate fish.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44056,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
44049,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,28,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves tied to make a fastening loop for sandals.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 28"
44047,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,3,Other,106,Soap,Used as soap.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
44046,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,35,3,Other,32,Containers,Fibers made into carrying nets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44045,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,46,3,Other,32,Containers,Cactus ribs bound together to form the frame for containers used to carry crops.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 46"
44039,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44038,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44037,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves made into scourges and used in the Night Chant. A leaf was taken from the east side of the plant and one from the west.  The leaves were then split in two and the interchanged halves bound together to form the scourge.  These scourges were carried by the different personators in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44036,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
44035,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,38,Decorations,Red roots used in basket decorations.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
44016,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to make brown designs.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44010,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,187,Panamint,163,k52,78,3,Other,167,Designs,Red-brown inner roots used for basket designs.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 78"
44003,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed roots used for soap.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44002,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice used as a varnish for sacred kachinas.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44001,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used as an anchor for bird traps.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44000,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs used to make the masks for the kachinas.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43999,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as whips in ceremonies.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43994,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to make cincture pads for supporting water vases upon the head.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43993,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,55,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots pounded, made into suds in cold water and used for washing.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
43992,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially for a great variety of purposes.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
43991,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Narrow leaf bands worn around the head by personators of anthropic gods. The personators of anthropic gods adorned their wrists and ankles with yucca ribbons and the novitiate into the medicine order of a secret fraternity had his or her wrists adorned with them also.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
43974,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,56,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root, stem and leaves pounded and worked in water to form lather for washing hair and body.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 56"
43965,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,49,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots bruised, placed in water and used to wash woolens, cotton fabrics, feathers and hair.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49"
43964,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,58,bc41,45,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Leaves baked in warm pit, chewed and fiber woven into fishing nets.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 45"
43958,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,55,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves pounded and used in washing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
43957,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant suspended from a ring carried on the back of a god impersonator.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 53"
43931,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,194,"Pima, Desert",136,r91,6,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Used for trade.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
43930,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,3,Other,106,Soap,Stems reduced to pulp and used as soap.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
43929,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,56,3,Other,106,Soap,"Plant macerated, placed in water to form suds and used for washing hair.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 56"
43918,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,56,3,Other,106,Soap,"Plant macerated, placed in water to form suds and used for washing hair.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 56"
43907,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root made into soap used for washing wool or clothing, shampooing the hair and bathing the body. The root, pounded with rocks to remove the bark and to soften it, was stirred vigorously in warm water to whip up suds.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43906,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaf juice mixed with pottery paste.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43905,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make ceremonial drumstick.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43904,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves stuck into snowballs, mixed with red clay and used to stop the snow and rain.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43891,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to wash hair and garments.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43890,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,36,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Stout leaves used as drumsticks.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 36"
43889,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used ceremonially.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43855,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed leaves mixed with water for soap.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43854,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Switches used as whips by the masked personage.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43853,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as whips during the initiations.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43846,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,3,Other,38,Decorations,Fibers used to make plaques.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43838,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43831,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43830,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43829,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
43820,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Dried leaves boiled with gum, hardened, powdered, mixed with water & used to waterproof baskets.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43819,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Ring of leaves wrapped in buckskin used in the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43818,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,17,Tools,Terminal spines used as needles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43817,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as a soap for washing the hair.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43811,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
43806,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43802,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,3,Other,106,Soap,Large roots used to make soap.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43791,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used to make fire drills.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43790,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots pounded and placed in water to form suds used in bathing and shampooing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
43789,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
43788,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,32,Containers,Thick portion of stalk used as hearth when making fire.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43772,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots made into suds and used during marriage ceremonies. As part of the marriage ceremony, the groom's head was washed by his future mother-in-law, while that of the bride was washed by the bridegroom's mother.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
43769,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots crushed with stones and used as soap.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43768,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice used as a varnish on certain kachinas.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43767,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,34,3,Other,38,Decorations,Shredded leaves used to make the packing for the spirals of a plaque.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43766,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a whip during ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43765,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots crushed to make soap, used ceremonially as a purification rite & suds associated with clouds.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43755,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as tally sticks to keep track of scores in the hidden ball game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
43754,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves used to tie or repair holes in sacking.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
43753,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots pounded and placed in water to form suds used in bathing and shampooing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
43741,4219,Xylorhiza tortifolia (Torr. & Gray) Greene,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,250,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Ground leaves carried in the clothes and used as perfume by men and women to counteract body odors.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 250"
43727,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for trimming the edges of mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43724,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,133,Makah,101,ttco83,87,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Leaves sold to the Nootkan and Hesquiat tribes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43720,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used as dress ornaments.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43717,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,71,sg52,380,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used as dress ornaments.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43706,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Blades braided to make necklaces.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
43701,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
43698,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,311,3,Other,26,Paint,Used as a yellow pigment for paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 311"
43697,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used as pigment for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
43669,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,193,Pima,19,c35,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used in roasting pits as containers for beans.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
43663,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf ash used as ceremonial blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
43654,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,26,Paint,"Ground, seed powder used as a blue paint for the mask dancers.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43601,4201,Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,139,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139"
43576,4196,Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
43570,4195,Woodwardia fimbriata Sm.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Long leaves used to line the top and bottom of earth oven for baking acorn bread and other foods.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 45"
43568,4194,Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eat.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
43560,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Seeds used in gourd rattles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
43558,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used to make children's play hoops.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43557,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for flailing and hulling dried seeds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43556,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43555,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems used to make cooking utensils, spoons and stirring implements.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43554,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds used as filling material for gourd rattles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43553,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make images of the dead burned in the memorial rites.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43455,4181,Vitis shuttleworthii House,228,Seminole,88,s54,478,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make a deer snare.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 478"
43390,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,179,b08,139,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Sap wood used as a binding material for brush fences, rafters, stringers and posts of earth lodges.","Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139"
43383,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,139,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139"
43381,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,70,b81,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used for lashings.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
43380,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves put over bulbs while cooking in the earth oven.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43373,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,102,Jemez,28,c30,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as a body paint for dancers.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
43370,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Vines used to make the hoop of the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
43333,4149,Viola ?pedata L. (pro sp.),32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43321,4166,Viola sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,103,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Violets used by children in playing games. The children separated into two teams, one team taking the name of their tribe and the other of another tribe such as the Dakota.  Each team collected violets and the two parties sat down facing each other and snapped violets at each other until there were none remaining.  The victorious team taunted the other as being poor fighters.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103"
43312,4165,Viola sororia Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43303,4164,Viola sempervirens Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used by children during play.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43301,4162,Viola rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43287,4160,Viola pubescens Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43274,4157,Viola epipsila Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
43272,4156,Viola cucullata Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43260,4152,Viola biflora L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Stems with blossoms placed among clothes.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
43259,4151,Viola bicolor Pursh,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43220,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed on hands and fishing lines to eliminate human odor.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
43216,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Foliage used as camouflage during deer hunting.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
43211,4141,Vicia faba L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 59"
43191,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,362,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Small bunch of roots kept in the pocket for good luck while gambling.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 362"
43143,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,141,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fruit used as bait for snares set for snowshoe rabbits before guns had come into common use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 141"
43138,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stalks, without the pith, used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43135,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43133,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43132,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43124,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43024,4129,Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark furnished one of the ingredients of kinnikinnick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
42905,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,58,Protection,Flowers hung in the hogan or worn in a hat band as protection from lightning.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
42904,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,76,Insecticide,"Stem used to rid corn of cutworms. Put four worms into a hollow piece of dried stem about five inches long, take it to an ancient Pueblo ruin and stick it in the ground at the edge of the ruin.  When the worms have disappeared bury the stem, cover it with a piece of old pottery and draw a line around it with an arrowhead.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
42903,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Hollow piece of dried stem used in procedure to rid corn of cutworms.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
42902,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make antelope prayer stick in Plumeway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
42898,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,95,Hopi,37,w39,99,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant soaked in bath water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 99"
42848,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,287,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaf used for smoking. It was cautioned that too much smoking of this plant was poisonous.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 287"
42847,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,287,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the sweat lodge.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 287"
42818,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,53,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaf gathered and smoked as an Indian tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53"
42814,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
42813,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
42737,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,76,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots carried as charms to ward off evil spirits or to kill sea monsters.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 76"
42729,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,79,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots burned to fumigate the houses of recently deceased persons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 79"
42718,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,3,Other,58,Protection,Root used as a charm for protection against all evils.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
42717,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried roots used as a charm to call rain.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
42700,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,323,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots and rhizomes burned and smoke used as protection from ghosts and 'demons.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 323"
42693,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to combat witchcraft.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42692,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of plant and devil's club used as a wash for areas occupied by corpse to kill poison.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42691,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of plant and devil's club used as a wash for areas occupied by corpse to give good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42690,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used for preparation for shamanistic activities, dancing, hunting and fishing.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42689,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ceremonial purification.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42679,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,14,c93,201,3,Other,58,Protection,"Plants presence believed to repel ghosts, illness and evil.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42678,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used as amulets for luck.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42677,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used as amulets for luck.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42676,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,165,ga88,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots burned and used as a fumigant to drive away evil spirits.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42669,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots grated, added to laundry water and used to cleanse clothing.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42668,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root pieces carried as amulets for luck in hunting and gambling.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42667,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots grated, added to laundry water and used to purify clothing.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42666,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots burned as a smudge or fumigant to purify houses.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42645,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,3,Other,58,Protection,Outer roots hung in homes or boiled for protection from supernatural powers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
42644,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,21,Bella Coola,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used for luck.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42628,4103,Veratrum californicum var. californicum,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,62,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Pounded, dry root used for snuff.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
42604,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,127,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots tied on the ankle or calf to drive away rattlesnakes.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 127"
42598,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,183,Paiute,98,m53,54,3,Other,223,Preservative,Leaves used to cover huckleberries and keep the berries fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 54"
42576,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,3,Other,38,Decorations,Inner white stem torn into ribbons and braided into the girls' hair for ornaments.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
42570,4097,Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & Gray) Rydb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,57,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root held in mouth while arguing to keep opponent from winning argument.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 57"
42560,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42541,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
42540,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42536,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
42486,4092,Valeriana capitata Pallas ex Link,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
42474,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as a tobacco additive or substitute.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183"
42470,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Firm, ripe berries strung on a string to make a necklace.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42397,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves of several species smoked as 'kinnikinnick.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
42357,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
42323,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Twigs used to fasten skunk cabbage leaves onto berry baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
42291,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Fruit sold by the bushels.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42223,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover soap plant bulbs in the earth oven.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
42213,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
42212,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42190,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
42129,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold to the nearby stores.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42100,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,103,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Fruit gathered to eat and sell. Blueberries were probably the most highly regarded wild plant food in the study area.  They were locally abundant and individuals and families from bands not in the vicinity of good blueberry fields travelled considerable distances in order to pick berries for themselves and to sell.  During the course of field studies members of the River Desert band travelled northwest of their area ninety miles and more.  Members of the Weymontaching Cree band were met near Clova in the Obedjiwan band area.  They had travelled to this location by train in order to pick blueberries and meet with relatives.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 103"
42041,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Fruit sold by the bushels.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42016,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
41990,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,384,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly dried and used as a tobacco.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384"
41976,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold to the nearby stores.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
41960,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
41930,4065,Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung.,95,Hopi,37,w39,100,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Black powder used as a ceremonial body paint.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 100"
41920,4064,Usnea sp.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,38,Decorations,Formerly used to decorate dance masks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
41919,4063,Usnea longissima (L.) Ach.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,50,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Whole plant used by women to wipe slime when cleaning salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 50"
41918,4063,Usnea longissima (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for wiping salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
41898,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant fiber made into twine, occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41897,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41896,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41895,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber made into twine and sometimes used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41894,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Plant made into twine and used to make net-work sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41893,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Plant fibers made into twine & used to make large-meshed nets for carrying bulky or heavy articles.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
41890,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,115,Klamath,66,c97,95,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used in the manufacture of cords and nets.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 95"
41887,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Outer stem layers made into cord and used to make rabbit nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41886,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,3,Other,32,Containers,Outer stem layers made into cord and used to make carrying nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41873,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,43,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Nettles used to whip young men going through the ceremony to become dancers.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 43"
41866,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41865,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41864,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41861,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,351,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 351"
41860,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,351,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 351"
41852,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41850,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41834,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,209,Quileute,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Rubbed on the bodies of sealers to keep them awake during the night.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41826,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41825,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41824,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41819,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41818,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41817,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41807,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
41806,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Fiber used to make bow strings, fishing line for jigging, ropes and oolichan traps.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
41803,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41802,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41801,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41790,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,133,Makah,25,g73,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Rubbed on the body to purify it after handling a corpse.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41789,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,129,Lummi,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41787,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plants split, dried, pounded and used to make fishing nets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
41780,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make nets and bow strings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41779,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41778,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41769,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41768,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41767,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41755,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,211,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fibers sun dried and used to make fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 211"
41743,4058,Urtica dioica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,289,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant tops made into twine and fine thread and used for making scoop nets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 289"
41726,4058,Urtica dioica L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,58,Protection,Boiled plant used as a bath to combat witchcraft and a jinx by an evil person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
41725,4058,Urtica dioica L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make a tea taken during 'sweathousing' and used to 'wash' the skin and hair.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
41722,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as the leader for fishing.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
41721,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems dried, pounded and spun to make fishing lines and duck nets.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
41720,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed on fishing lines to eliminate human odor.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
41719,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed in hands to eliminate human odor before touching fishing gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
41718,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,246,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fibers used to make fish and duck nets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41711,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to rub seal hunters bodies to protect themselves from the weather.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41710,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in rituals for whaling and fishing.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41689,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41683,4058,Urtica dioica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems twisted for bow strings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
41676,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,59,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put under the bed to rid it of fleas.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41675,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,59,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Leaves burned, to take bad luck away, in the house or the smoke waved over people as they leave.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41671,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,91,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Leafy branches used for fleas.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 91"
41663,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Plant very sacred to the Kashaya Pomo because of it's ceremonial uses.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
41662,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,3,Other,58,Protection,"Small, leafy branches hung in homes for protection against any harm that might come into the homes.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
41661,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves rubbed on a man's body before he went hunting to take the body smell away.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
41643,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,349,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Leaves used for fleas.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 349"
41631,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves thrown into the fire by children to hear them crack like firecrackers.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
41630,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,59,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Foliage placed on fire during the Brush Dance to drive evil spirits away.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
41620,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41619,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,7,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 7"
41618,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves hung in bunches to freshen air.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41617,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Burning leaf smoke used to drive ground squirrels from burrows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41611,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41610,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41609,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41608,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41606,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41605,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41604,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41602,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41601,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41600,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41599,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41596,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41595,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41594,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41593,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41592,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41582,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41581,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41580,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41579,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41578,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41574,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41573,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41572,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41571,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41570,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41566,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41565,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41564,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41563,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41562,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41536,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boiled bark used to make matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
41529,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,23,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Forked branches used for the saddle frames.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23"
41514,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41513,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41512,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41511,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,37,Fuel,Weathered bark used to catch the spark in firemaking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41510,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41486,4051,Ulmus americana L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41483,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41482,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41481,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41480,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41479,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41475,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41474,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41473,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41472,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41471,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41469,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41468,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41467,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41466,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41465,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41456,4051,Ulmus americana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
41452,4051,Ulmus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,40,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to make dogsled harnesses.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 40"
41437,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41436,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41435,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41434,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41433,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41422,4050,Typha sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,18,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the hoop for a game.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 18"
41402,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,38,Decorations,Leaves used to make headdresses for Indian doctors.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41401,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and stems used in making 'trays' or plates.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41400,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
41399,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves and stems stripped and made into bags.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
41375,4049,Typha latifolia L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,55,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Used to make mats for bedding, drying berries and for meal times.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 55"
41369,4049,Typha latifolia L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,21,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make large wallet-like packsacks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41364,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Leaves sewn together to make a wind-proof and waterproof side mat to be applied to the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
41348,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in the construction of duck decoys and boats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41347,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41346,4049,Typha latifolia L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41315,4049,Typha latifolia L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf used as one of the required articles in dressing the sacred pipes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
41310,4049,Typha latifolia L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
41308,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves wrapped around the sweathouse entrance frame to prevent from getting burned on the wood.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41307,4049,Typha latifolia L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to make storage bags for dried roots and berries.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
41298,4049,Typha latifolia L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,432,3,Other,98,Weapon,"Fuzz of the fruit thrown into the eyes of their enemies, claiming that it blinded them.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432"
41284,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,58,Protection,"Leaves used to make mats hung up in the hogan to protect it, the people & the sheep from lightning.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41283,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaves used to make mats hung up in the hogan to bring rain.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41282,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to make bed mats, storage baskets, medicine baskets and water jugs.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41275,4049,Typha latifolia L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in the ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
41274,4049,Typha latifolia L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make ceremonial necklaces and wristbands for the Male Shooting Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
41239,4049,Typha latifolia L.,108,Keresan,90,w45,560,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fuzz used ritually like prayer meal or pollen.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 560"
41238,4049,Typha latifolia L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ripened cattails shaken in the rain dance to produce clouds.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 73"
41196,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,3,Other,38,Decorations,Leaf edges used to make imbrications on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
41189,4049,Typha latifolia L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks used in constructing ceremonial bundles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
41182,4049,Typha latifolia L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,151,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151"
41180,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in many ceremonies.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
41179,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as ground covering for ceremonial tipis during the puberty ritual.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
41174,4049,Typha latifolia L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen sprinkled as a cross onto largest mescal crown.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
41164,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,69,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in the construction of duck decoys and boats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 69"
41163,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41162,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
41130,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalk used to make toy arrows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
41129,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,3,Other,26,Paint,Pollen used as a face paint.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
41126,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Dry, yellow pollen used to decorate the face, chest and back.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
41116,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,64,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant associated ceremoniously with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64"
41107,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41101,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41095,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41087,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,Broken boughs used by the handful like a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41086,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41080,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used in fish trap construction.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41074,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to cure hides.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
41072,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,26,Paint,Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41071,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as walkways on top of fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41070,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41064,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41063,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41060,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boughs used to make play houses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41059,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,58,Protection,Four rings of boughs and ritual bathing used to negate the effects of evil spirits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41058,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make octopus spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41057,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41056,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to roast fern roots.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41055,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark and grease made into realistic eyeballs and used in the corpse for the hamatsa ceremony.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41054,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs made into headdresses and worn by dancers in the Ghost dance.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41049,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood knots used to make halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
41048,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, dense knots used to make molded halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41047,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41046,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,37,Fuel,Slow burning wood used to bank up fires overnight.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41045,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41035,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41033,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Compound of powdered bark and oil or pitch used on the hair to remove vermin.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41032,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs immersed in the water and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41024,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,129,Lummi,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as poles for large dip nets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41023,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,3,Other,58,Protection,Four rings of boughs used to negate the effects of evil spirits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41019,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41018,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41017,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41009,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,114,g27,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs laid in rivers and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 202"
41008,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used as stanchions of fish traps strung across a stream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41003,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,318,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs submerged in herring spawning areas to collect the roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
41000,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
40998,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hemlock & fern bundles rubbed on hunters' face & arms to prevent sea mammals from noticing them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40997,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Entire trees anchored upside down under the water to collect herring spawn. At herring spawning time, in spring, entire hemlock trees were cut and anchored upside down under the water.  The spawn stuck on the branches.  The branches were then broken off and the spawn peeled away and eaten fresh, usually after steam-cooking.  If for later use, the branches were hung outside to be wind dried.  When one wanted to eat some, he would soak the branches and rub them to remove the spawn.  While being cooked, the eggs would swell and float to the surface and could be scooped off and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40996,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boughs used by girls at puberty for rubbing ceremony. Girls at puberty were brushed on the arms and face with boughs, which were bundled together with soft, fern fronds.  The bundle was fist-sized, with needled hemlock twigs sticking out from both ends.  Before the rubbing ceremony began, the girl would go down to the edge of the water at sunrise and, four separate times, would dip the branches in the water, suck the water from the branches, then blow it out in a fine spray.  At the same time, she would dip her face in the water with her eyes open, four times, each time lifting her head and spraying out the water.  This was said to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.  All bundles used for this purpose were subsequently deposited in a special place.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40983,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mallets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40982,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40981,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Wood knots used to make labrets worn by women of high social rank.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40980,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make piles for anchoring oolichan nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40979,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to smoke hides into a dark brown color.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40978,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood made into rings and used to fasten oolichan nets to the piles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40977,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to wrap and cover foods in earth ovens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40976,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in processing salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40974,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,98,Weapon,Timber used as the 'blade' of an executioner's device similar to the guillotine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40973,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs made into hoops and used to combat witchcraft.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40972,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40971,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used as camouflage by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40970,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Boughs rubbed on the body for luck on hunting expeditions.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40969,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40968,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used among several botanical materials in ritual purification practices.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40950,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used for fish trap stanchions.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40949,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Limbs cut, placed around rocks in tidal areas and used to gather ling cod eggs.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40946,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40942,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40941,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled and used on traps to remove rust and give them a clean smell.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40930,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,269,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40929,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40928,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40916,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Bark used for fuel, when reboiling pitch, because the heat was easy to regulate.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
40908,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
40890,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to make a dye and tanning material.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40862,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Boiled bark used to make a wash to clean rust from steel traps and to prevent further rusting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
40856,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,381,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40855,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40854,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40816,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Used to trade with travelers passing through their territory.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
40809,4035,Triteleia laxa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 25"
40773,4028,Triphysaria versicolor ssp. faucibarbatus (Gray) Chuang & Heckard,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 35"
40746,4026,Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,272,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Smoked at ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272"
40585,3998,Trientalis borealis ssp. borealis,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,431,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root mixed with many others to make smoking scent that attracted the deer to the hunter.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431"
40578,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,170,Numlaki,89,c02,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh leaves mashed and used as a fish poison.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 385"
40566,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,67,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves used in bed rolls to discourage fleas.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 67"
40562,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant used in bedding to keep fleas away.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
40555,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,49,Concow,89,c02,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh leaves mashed and used as a fish poison.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 385"
40546,3990,Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Martius,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,132,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 132"
40521,3983,Tragia nepetifolia Cav.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant sprinkled on hogan during rain storm for protection from lightning.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
40497,3978,Tradescantia bracteata Small ex Britt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,26,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers made into a blue jelly like paint used for painting moccasins.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 26"
40484,3975,Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaf chewed and given to opponent to insure good luck in gambling.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
40459,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,81,3,Other,167,Designs,Burned wood ashes made into a paste for tattooing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81"
40455,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,3,Other,38,Decorations,Black juice used to apply temporary tattoo marks onto the skin.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
40454,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fresh leaves formerly used to wrap up acorn meal for baking.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
40448,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Twigs used to spit the salmon steaks during smoking.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
40447,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,70,b81,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to prop salmon filet open.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
40446,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover soap plant while cooking in the earth oven.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
40441,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to wrap bread.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
40439,3971,Townsendia strigosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Juice spat upon the wand used in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
40438,3971,Townsendia strigosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by Night Chant chanter & spit upon prayersticks to facilitate the disentanglement of string.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
40424,3968,Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen shaken from a horned toad pollen to unraveler string and used in unraveling ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
40414,3966,Torreya californica Torr.,200,Pomo,89,c02,305,3,Other,17,Tools,"Rigid, sharp-pointed leaves formerly used as needles to prick pitch soot into the skin in tattooing.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
40402,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Used for tanning.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
40401,3963,Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to remove scum in cooking.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
40397,3962,Tillandsia sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a water supply for cooking during the dry season.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
40396,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40395,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40370,3959,Tilia americana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,269,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Inner bark two-ply cord used to make mats, baskets, fish nets and shoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269"
40363,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Basswood fiber used for matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40341,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spiles for drawing out maple sap from trees into buckets during sugar making time.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40340,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework of houses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40339,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bast made into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and into other cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40333,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40332,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40298,3954,Thymophylla pentachaeta var. pentachaeta,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant eaten or used as lotion by hunters so deer cannot smell them.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46"
40295,3952,Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco for the flavor.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
40288,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make woodworking tools.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40287,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make hunting and fishing tools.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40286,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark used to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40285,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve totem poles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40284,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make storage boxes and chests.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40283,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,32,Containers,"Inner bark used to make containers for collecting, storing and cooking foods.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40282,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Wood made into toilet sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40281,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into horns used for ritual purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40274,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root 'doll formation' considered to bring good luck to anyone who found it.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
40273,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,32,Containers,"Inner root softened, split into strips and used to make bags.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
40272,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Inner bark and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40271,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Roots made into coiled baskets and considered an important trading item. Widows and women who did not have ready access to meat or fish used to make baskets and trade for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
40252,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,251,Squaxin,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make herring rakes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40251,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,251,Squaxin,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for weaving with vine maple sticks to make fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40246,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,241,Skagit,25,g73,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Limbs burned at night and waved through the houses after a death to scare off the ghosts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40244,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Bark used to make necklaces and belts worn by dancers at tribal gatherings.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
40243,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark made into a headband and worn by pubescent girls and young men in ritual isolation.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
40242,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Root sold at annual tribal gathering.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
40240,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,218,"Salish, Cowichan",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots woven with gooseberry and wild rose roots to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40239,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for the drill to make friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40238,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Young, slender branches used to make nets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40237,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make herring rakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40236,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make fishing line.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40235,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel and also as the drill or hearth in making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40234,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Outer bark used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40233,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for tinder.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40232,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used for threading clams.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40231,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make coffins and boxes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40230,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used for the hearth to make friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40229,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used to make totems, masks and ceremonial drums.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40217,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,215,Saanich,23,tb71,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots woven with gooseberry and wild rose roots to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40216,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,215,Saanich,23,tb71,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used to vigorously scrub the body for purity while bathing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40215,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for weaving with vine maple sticks to make fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40214,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the water.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40206,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make the spindle for spinning mountain-goat wool.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40205,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Small limbs strung with pecten shells and used as dance rattles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40204,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,145,Lighting,Inner bark used as lampwicks in oil lamps.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40203,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the water.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40202,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make dishes, ladles and spoons.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40201,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark cut into strips and used for storage of string dried clams and smelts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40188,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,183,Paiute,98,m53,46,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used for drum frames.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46"
40187,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40186,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood made into whistles or trumpets & used to announce the dances in the tsaika & glualaxa series.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40185,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40184,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40183,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40182,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as kindling.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40181,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used for carving.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40180,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,38,Decorations,Inner bark used to make masks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40179,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make sticks to dry oolichans and made into barbecue racks for salmon and other fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40178,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make containers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40177,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,32,Containers,Inner bark used to make boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40176,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood and inner bark used for shamanistic or other ceremonial activities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40175,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark woven into dance screens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40174,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark used to make head rings worn by dancers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40173,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Fibrous tissue used to make ceremonial head, neck, ankle and wrist rings.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40172,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bark used to make neck, wrist and ankle rings worn by dancers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40156,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Inner bark and stems used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
40151,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40150,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows and dipnet frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40149,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Infusion of cedar, fir & rose branches of equal size used as bathing water for sweathouse ritual.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40148,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used in church on Palm Sunday.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40132,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young limbs twisted and used as basket traps for fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40131,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used for the slats or poles of fish weirs, gaff sticks and to make arrow shafts.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40130,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Green boughs used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40129,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used for mask adornments.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40128,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make bowls, cooking boxes and spreading sticks to prevent dried fish from curling up.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40127,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make storage boxes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40126,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark sheets used to make cases for storing whale harpoon heads.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40125,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40124,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used by boys in training for manhood.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40101,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into floats for fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
40091,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40090,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the water.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40089,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make fish barbecuing sticks and cross pieces.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40088,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make boxes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40087,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make totem poles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40078,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,129,Lummi,25,g73,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Singed limbs used as brooms to sweep off the walls of a house after removal of a corpse.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40075,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, straight branches used to make fishing line.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40074,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fibrous bark used to make fish nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40073,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs weighted, placed underwater at estuaries and used for catching herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40072,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel and making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40071,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in drying seaweed for eating.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40070,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood steamed for flexibility and malleability and used to make boxes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40051,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making implements.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40050,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for making utensils.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40040,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,54,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40039,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,54,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make a storage trunk.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
40035,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,145,Lighting,Inner bark used as lampwicks in oil lamps.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40034,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make dishes, ladles and spoons.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40022,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,17,Tools,"Long, dried kindling tied with cedar bark & used as torch to burn out excess wood in making a canoe. There is a story about Deer and the Chickadees in which Deer was using such a bundle of cedar pieces while making a canoe.  He became so absorbed in watching the dancing of the Chickadees that he burned right through the bottom of the canoe.  Turner's informant Alice Paul pointed out that a deer is still like that--when he sees anything moving, he stares at it.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40021,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young branches used to make fish traps.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40020,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make a scabbard for a sword or spear.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40019,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Shredded inner bark twisted tightly, tied with cedar bark strips and used as tinder to start a fire. A story involving cedar -- called 'nuhtume' by Hesquiat -- tells of the time Deer stole fire.  This version has Deer taking fire from the Wolves; another says that Deer stole it from Chief Red-winged Blackbird.  In both versions Deer attached the soft, shredded cedar bark to his elbows, knees and horns.  He allowed this dry cedar bark to catch fire when he visited the fire's owner.  Deer escaped by jumping out through the roof.  Since, however, he had to jump into water while fleeing, the only fire that continued to burn was that in the cedar bark on his horns.  Thus, Deer did bring back fire but suffered burnt knees and elbows.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40018,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make serving dippers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40007,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bark used in the fire dancer's headdress to produce sparks and fire. A baking powder can with a copper tube in front and a flexible hose in the back was filled with burning red cedar outer bark.  An aide to the Fire Dancer blew on the hose in the back to produce sparks and smoke at the front of the headdress, which concealed the can and embers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40005,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the shafts of oolichan spears and arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40004,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the hook used to lift oolichan nets to empty their contents into a canoe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40003,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into small sticks to prop open conical nets used to catch oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40002,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into noisemakers and used to round up animals to be hunted.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40001,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make fishing line.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40000,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and branches used as kindling to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39999,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Withes used with pitch to fasten arrow heads to the shafts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39998,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,167,Designs,Wood used to make totem poles and other carvings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39997,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into tongs and used to transfer boiling stones from the fire to cooking vessels.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39996,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood boards used to separate oval leaved blueberries from the leaves.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39995,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39994,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make boxes to store many types of food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39993,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Wood used as toilet sticks prior to the introduction of toilet paper.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39992,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make coffins.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39991,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39990,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make a special type of 'rattle' for ceremonial activities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39989,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark rings worn around the neck and on the legs by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39988,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39971,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,58,Protection,Inner bark dyed and tied to pets to protect them from the dog eater.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39970,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches covered with Sitka spruce pitch used for night fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39969,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs used to camouflage canoes, especially during duck hunting.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39959,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,76,Flathead,30,h92,54,3,Other,32,Containers,Whole bark sheets used to make storage containers.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
39957,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to line cooking pits or cut in broad strips, plaited and used for dishes.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
39943,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark used for tinder.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39942,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,3,Other,38,Decorations,Inner bark used for mask decoration.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39925,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,58,Protection,Preserved or fresh leaves used as a smudge to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39924,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,145,Lighting,Rolled bark used for night hunting torches.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39923,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Preserved or fresh leaves used as a smudge to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39916,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,This tree and the white cedar were worshipped as the two most useful trees in the forest.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
39915,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Pungent fragrance of leaves and wood always used as an acceptable incense to Winabojo.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
39905,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
39904,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
39896,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,81,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves used as moth balls and clothes stored away with layers of leaf sprays to keep out the moths.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81"
39889,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
39888,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
39881,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches used in closets to prevent moths.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
39861,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as perfume for clothing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39860,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make sturgeon spears.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39827,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,76,Flathead,146,j87,41,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers indicated the prime buffalo hunting season.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 41"
39824,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,41,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers indicated the prime buffalo hunting season.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 41"
39823,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowering signaled the time to collect buffalo tongues in preparation for the Sun Dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39809,3939,Thelypodium wrightii ssp. wrightii,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,61,3,Other,26,Paint,Used to make paint for pottery.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 61"
39800,3938,Thelypodium wrightii Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,85,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Seeds crushed by women and planted with beans to ensure a proliferative crop.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 85"
39762,3930,Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr‚m.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,67,3,Other,58,Protection,Powdered plant kept on one's person to keep snakes away.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 67"
39741,3927,Thalictrum sp.,82,Gros Ventre,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried, whole plant used for perfume.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
39739,3927,Thalictrum sp.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried, whole plant used for perfume.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
39729,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruits often crushed and mixed with paint for a robe.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39728,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,35,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Seeds and leaves placed among clothing or other possessions as an insect repellant.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35"
39727,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,35,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Seeds and leaves kept for the pleasant smell.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35"
39726,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits kept as a household and clothing deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39725,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Berries dried and placed in small buckskin bags for perfume.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
39712,3923,Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make tea to drink and bathe in on fifth night after blackening ceremony of War Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 48"
39700,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,205,Ponca,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39698,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39696,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,177,Omaha,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39691,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,61,Dakota,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39690,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,61,Dakota,17,g19,80,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Mature, lightly scented fruits stored or scattered over clothing for the pleasant odor.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39689,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Mature fruits stored in bags for their agreeable odor and rubbed or scattered on clothing. The tops were broken off the mature fruits and stored in bags for their agreeable odor being rubbed and scattered on clothing at any time when the effect was desired.  Although the smell was not considered to be very fragrant by Europeans, the Indians treasured it because of its suggestion of the fresh outdoors.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
39671,3916,Tetradymia stenolepis Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as tattooing needles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
39657,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,58,Protection,Cold infusion of plant used as a bath by undertakers to prevent the ghost from following.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39656,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,58,Protection,Burning leaf smoke used by undertakers after a burial to prevent the ghost from following.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39655,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used for Evilway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39639,3913,Tetradymia axillaris A. Nels.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as tattooing needles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
39636,3911,Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.,228,Seminole,88,s54,485,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used for fish poison.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 485"
39613,3910,Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,4,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to poison fish.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 4"
39602,3905,Taxus sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
39570,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39566,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,57,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipes.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39565,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood 'hardened' in the fire and used to make wedges, axe handles and digging sticks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
39564,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
39563,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by bereaved people to scrub and purify themselves.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
39560,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,98,Weapon,Used to make war clubs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39559,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39558,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39557,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39555,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39554,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,230,Shasta,109,m66,217,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 217"
39553,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39552,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39551,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39550,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,98,Weapon,Wood used to make weapons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39549,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling disks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39548,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, harpoon shafts and halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39547,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pegs dipped in boiling pitch and driven into holes in the corners of a box to seal it.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39544,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39543,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39542,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39537,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game disks.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39536,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows and whaling-harpoon stocks.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39535,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used in various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39533,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39532,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39531,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirrers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39529,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
39528,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for mush stirrers.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
39525,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,197,Pit River,89,c02,305,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Formerly sold to the Ukiah Indians.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
39524,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 39"
39523,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39522,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into bows for use with arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39521,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make serving bowls for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39518,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
39516,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks for harvesting pacific cinquefoil roots.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 118"
39515,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make digging and prying sticks, mat pressers and wedges.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39514,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,226,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make chest high digging sticks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 226"
39513,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, clubs, lances, whaling harpoon shafts and other fishing gear.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39512,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39509,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,24,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
39508,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,305,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Formerly used to make the strongest bows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
39505,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows and whale harpoon shafts.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39504,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons and dishes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39503,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make trinket boxes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39502,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make fire tongs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39501,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,267,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as a barklifter to peel red cedar bark off the trees.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 267"
39500,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make curved digging sticks for prying wild clover roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
39499,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Trees used to measure strength. Men who could twist a yew tree from crown to butt were considered very strong.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39498,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39496,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,89,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 89"
39495,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39494,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39492,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,319,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrow heads and halibut hooks.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 319"
39489,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make various tools.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39488,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark used as the handle for stone knives.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39487,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make tobacco pipes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39486,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39485,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39484,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as the covering for stone knives.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39479,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game disks.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39478,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows and whaling-harpoon stocks.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39477,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used in various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39475,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,98,Weapon,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; spear handles & war clubs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39474,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong and resilient wood used to make sticks for prying open mussels and chitons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39473,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; wedges & mat pressers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39472,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as needles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39470,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39469,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make clubs to knock out fish and halibut hooks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39468,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39467,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Sticks used to strike rods of cedar to make noise while driving animals to be killed.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39465,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,98,Weapon,Wood used to make war paddles and war clubs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39463,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,85,Haihais,14,c93,319,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrow heads and halibut hooks.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 319"
39460,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 49"
39459,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39458,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used to make drum frames.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39455,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
39454,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39453,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Needles mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
39452,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39451,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make barbecue stakes.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39449,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39446,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make adze handles, bark scrapers and wedges.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
39445,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make harpoon shafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
39431,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant used to make ball poles, spoon ballsticks and dolls.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39430,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,17,Tools,"Plant used to make heddles, mortars and pestles.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39429,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Plant used to make ox yokes and ox bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39428,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Plant used to make drums.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39427,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39426,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Plant used for tanning skins.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39425,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons and food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39424,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,95,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make medicine bowls.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95"
39423,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make hunting dance posts.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39422,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for burial purposes and made into coffin logs.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39346,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems made into whistles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
39322,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,429,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Yellow flowers used in the odorous hunting mixture smoked to attract deer.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429"
39286,3889,Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.,193,Pima,11,c49,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used in winter for fuel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 107"
39243,3880,Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,277,3,Other,106,Soap,Infusion of powdered root used as wash to 'cure strong smell under your arm.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 277"
39170,3867,Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (Gray) Nesom,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,30,3,Other,26,Paint,Petals mixed with whitewash.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
39152,3858,Symphoricarpos sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Lightweight, pithy stems used to make bird arrow shafts.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
39144,3855,Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood made into charcoal and used in tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
39138,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,24,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Slender twigs used for arrow shafts.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
39135,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,125,Lakota,108,r80,43,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems made into arrows used to shoot at dogs in play.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 43"
39133,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,55,3,Other,37,Fuel,Green twigs used to make a fire to blacken the surface of newly made pipes.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 55"
39130,3853,Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
39123,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,285,Yokia,89,c02,389,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Medium-sized branches used to make first-rate arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 389"
39121,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make small bird arrows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
39120,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
39119,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,183,Paiute,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make small bird arrows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
39116,3850,Symphoricarpos albus var. albus,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
39111,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,259,Thompson,33,steed28,455,3,Other,106,Soap,Mild decoction of wood used to wash babies.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 455"
39081,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks marked and used in a dice game.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39080,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharpened stem used as a root digging stick.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39068,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries rubbed on the face during a game called 'lehal.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
39067,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark soaked, rubbed in water and used as a skin wash for protection and truthfulness.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
39065,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,59,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches looped around cradleboards to protect babies from ghosts.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
39058,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,280,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch tips ignited and used for cauterizing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280"
39038,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bushes used to make the Sun Dance altar.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
39034,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,59,3,Other,26,Paint,Green twigs burned and smoke used to blacken newly made pipes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
39033,3848,Suaeda suffrutescens S. Wats.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and stalks used to line cooking pits.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
39030,3848,Suaeda suffrutescens S. Wats.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and stalks used to line cooking pits.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
39028,3847,Suaeda sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,141,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used in making soap.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 141"
39020,3846,Suaeda moquinii (Torr.) Greene,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to line baking pits for roasting chollas.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
39007,3845,Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,72,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 72"
39005,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,104,r08,78,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to line saltbush roasting pits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 78"
39004,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,104,r08,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to cover coals in cooking pits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71"
39003,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,19,c35,23,3,Other,32,Containers,Used moistened with cottonwood to line pits for roasting saltbush overnight.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
39002,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,19,c35,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Layer of plant used to cover the embers in a baking pit.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 36"
38980,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant tied to the body, clothes or hair and used as a scent.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
38961,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children play with the berries.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
38945,3836,Stillingia sylvatica Garden ex L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Plant considered a rain symbol because the dry land terrapins get under it for shade.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
38914,3828,Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a paint ingredient for chant arrows used in various ceremonies.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50"
38890,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
38886,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,7,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruit used to make ink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 7"
38885,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,34,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 34"
38877,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,188,Papago,27,cu35,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Pulp boiled with water, strained, boiled again and used as a ceremonial drink.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 22"
38855,3819,Staphylea trifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,274,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Seeds considered sacred and used in the rattles of the medicine dance.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 274"
38818,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,210,Quinault,25,g73,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plants used to cover steaming sprouts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
38815,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,133,Makah,25,g73,45,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plants used to cover steaming sprouts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
38814,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plants laid under fish to keep them clean.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
38813,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,256,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 256"
38796,3808,Sporobolus giganteus Nash,95,Hopi,82,c74,365,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 365"
38795,3808,Sporobolus giganteus Nash,95,Hopi,82,c74,365,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in the hunting ceremony.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 365"
38794,3808,Sporobolus giganteus Nash,95,Hopi,82,c74,365,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bundles of plant used to cover kiva entrance during Bean Ceremonial.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 365"
38774,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
38769,3804,Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
38768,3803,Spirogyra sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as a bait in fishing.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
38767,3803,Spirogyra sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,72,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 72"
38752,3797,Spiraea stevenii (Schneid.) Rydb.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant burned for smoking fish.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
38736,3793,Spiraea douglasii var. menziesii (Hook.) K. Presl,210,Quinault,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems peeled and used to string clams for roasting.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
38733,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,129,Lummi,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for spreading and cooking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
38731,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to hang salmon for drying and smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
38704,3784,Sphenosciadium capitellatum Gray,183,Paiute,65,stew33,317,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used for lice.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 317"
38682,3780,Sphaeralcea parvifolia A. Nels.,95,Hopi,82,c74,363,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for mid-winter ceremonials.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 363"
38676,3780,Sphaeralcea parvifolia A. Nels.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,232,3,Other,32,Containers,Juice made into a paste and mixed with clay before molding it into a pot.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232"
38675,3779,Sphaeralcea munroana (Dougl. ex Lindl.) Spach ex Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,374,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant pounded in water into a gummy paste & applied over the rough inner surfaces of earthen dishes.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374"
38669,3777,Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Rydb.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,232,3,Other,32,Containers,Juice made into a paste and mixed with clay before molding it into a pot.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232"
38664,3776,Sphaeralcea fendleri Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,232,3,Other,32,Containers,Juice made into a paste and mixed with clay before molding it into a pot.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232"
38656,3773,Sphaeralcea coccinea ssp. coccinea,79,Gosiute,38,c11,374,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant pounded in water into a gummy paste & applied over the rough inner surfaces of earthen dishes.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374"
38641,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,125,Lakota,108,r80,51,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots chewed and hands rubbed with the roots by heyoka men to protect their hands in scalding water.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 51"
38640,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,125,Lakota,156,k90,32,3,Other,58,Protection,Root juices used by medicine men for protection of hands from fire or boiling water.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
38637,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,60,3,Other,26,Paint,"Root skin pounded into powder, water added and used as face paint for dances.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 60"
38626,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,43,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Flowers appealed to the esthetic nature, picked and used for bouquets in the home.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 43"
38625,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,43,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Flowers appealed to the esthetic nature, picked and used for bouquets in the home.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 43"
38624,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,71,3,Other,261,Preservative,"Leaves used while drying wild leafed yucca, to prevent spoiling.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 71"
38623,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,71,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Root sap rubbed on the skin and used as glue for feathers and cotton during dances.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 71"
38621,3770,Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used as a litter for drying mescal.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
38620,3770,Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,56,3,Other,32,Containers,"Whole plant boiled, added to red clay and used to make cups.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56"
38602,3767,Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex Gray,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,32,Containers,Used in pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
38595,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
38594,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
38570,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Berries rubbed on the scalp for lice.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
38527,3757,Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.,48,Comanche,143,j68,3,3,Other,58,Protection,Seeds carried by medicine men as protection against contamination from menstrual blood.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 3"
38526,3757,Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Beans used as ornaments, possibly for ceremonial purposes.","Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
38498,3753,Sonchus arvensis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hunters sucked the milk from branches to imitate the sound of a fawn nursing, to draw the doe near.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
38474,3744,Solidago sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,133,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Blooms used as an indicator of corn ripening. The goldenrod served the Omaha as a mark or sign in their floral calendar.  When they were on the summer buffalo hunt, the sight of the goldenrod indicated to them that their corn was beginning to ripen at home.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 133"
38441,3739,Solidago nemoralis Ait.,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant used as an incense.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
38403,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,84,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Clustered flower heads used by children as play whips.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 84"
38398,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,50,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Roots smoked with other tobaccos.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50"
38397,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,50,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used as a charm for success in gambling.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50"
38362,3729,Solanum tuberosum L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Potatoes attained a high degree of importance in the economy.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
38345,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Dried berries soaked in water and planted with watermelon seed to increase productivity.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
38341,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Planted with watermelons to make them more prolific and ripen early.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
38340,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Infusion of plant sprinkled on watermelons to make them more prolific and ripen early.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
38328,3726,Solanum rostratum Dunal,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
38326,3725,Solanum physalifolium Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Leaves and berries soaked in water used on watermelon seed to insure a good crop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
38270,3720,Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.,108,Keresan,90,w45,562,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Fruit made into a necklace worn by women.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562"
38267,3720,Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.,95,Hopi,37,w39,90,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Yellow fruits made into necklaces for clowns.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 90"
38258,3718,Solanum douglasii Dunal,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,3,Other,38,Decorations,Berry juice used for tattooing.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
38251,3717,Solanum donianum Walp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
38249,3716,Solanum carolinense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves in sweet milk used to kill flies.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
38239,3715,Smilax tamnoides L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,3,Other,241,Malicious Magic,"Vine boiled with pisabik stone powder and used as malicious magic. The mischief maker sprinkled the mixture upon the bed of a couple, thereby causing them to quarrel and separate.  It was thought that the prickly character of the stem was transferred to the bed and irritated the couple causing them to become ill-disposed toward each other.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
38233,3713,Smilax rotundifolia L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used in an old hide and seek game.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
38232,3713,Smilax rotundifolia L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to block the path of pursuers because of its sharp thorns and its scandent nature.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
38168,3707,Smilax bona-nox L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
38138,3703,Sium suave Walt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children for whistles.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33"
37988,3680,Silene menziesii Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,381,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves powdered and formerly used to smoke as a tobacco.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381"
37964,3670,Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,467,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows and bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467"
37963,3670,Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,467,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467"
37960,3667,Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.,228,Seminole,88,s54,494,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make pestles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"
37959,3667,Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.,228,Seminole,88,s54,494,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make food paddles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"
37952,3664,Sida sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,26,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used to make wreaths.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 26"
37944,3662,Shinnersoseris rostrata (Gray) S. Tomb,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant offered to the antelope at the Corral Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
37931,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,268,"Tsimshian, Coast",14,c93,236,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37930,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,331,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and traded.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
37928,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Decoction of leafless branches used as a wash for hunting gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37927,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of leafless branches taken by hunters to clean out their insides for good luck. The decoction was said to clean the hunters' insides.  The hunters also used the decoction to wash themselves and their gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37926,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used as an important trade item.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37888,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,34,h49,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Decoction or infusion of berries taken during purification rites.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37868,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Infusion of branches taken to bring good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
37864,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,171,Nuxalkmc,14,c93,236,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37861,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,164,Nisga,14,c93,331,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
37843,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,78,Gitksan,14,c93,331,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
37842,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,78,Gitksan,14,c93,236,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37758,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make dolls.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37757,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make fire fans.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37756,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make fish drags.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37755,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant used to make flint and steel punk.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37754,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make dance fans and rattles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37753,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant used to make tourist goods.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37746,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,289,Yurok,70,b81,55,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Wood used to make canoes and traded to the Karok.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
37740,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pieces of bark used by young girls to play dolls.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
37727,3652,Senna occidentalis (L.) Link,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
37726,3652,Senna occidentalis (L.) Link,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
37678,3643,Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,69,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant parts used in bed as a bed bug repellent.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 69"
37677,3643,Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,69,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant parts used in bed for the good smell.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 69"
37668,3642,Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkl.,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant boiled and taken before person goes into sweathouse, to get a good voice for the Night Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
37606,3631,Sedum debile S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,381,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly used to smoke.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381"
37604,3629,Sebastiania bilocularis S. Wats.,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
37554,3614,Scirpus sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,32,Containers,Grass-like herbs used extensively to weave coarse bags and nets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
37542,3614,Scirpus sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,211,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant braided by children to make a whip.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 211"
37540,3614,Scirpus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stems made into pipes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
37535,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant areas used by nesting water fowl and used as indicator by hunters of game.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37534,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make ceremonial bundles and images for image burning ceremony.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37523,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,116,3,Other,17,Tools,Grass formerly used to cut a newborn baby's umbilical cord.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 116"
37522,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,37,3,Other,38,Decorations,Used to make fringe for buckskin dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 37"
37521,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,37,3,Other,32,Containers,Used over and under food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 37"
37497,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make saddles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37496,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems sewn with cord, made into mats & used as rugs, meat platters, cradle linings & sleeping mats.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37495,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make images representing the deceased in the ceremony for the dead.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
37482,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37458,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,187,Panamint,163,k52,78,3,Other,38,Decorations,Roots used as dark brown or black decorations for baskets.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 78"
37457,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37456,3606,Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37430,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,192,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used by children to make tiny snares to catch small fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 192"
37428,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,3,Other,38,Decorations,Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make Indian doctor headdresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37427,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make bags.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37411,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used for wefts and binding tule items.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37410,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,81,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used as ties for sandals.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 81"
37409,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,78,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make egg bags for transporting gathered eggs.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 78"
37396,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems dried, sewn into large mats and used for drying berries and cutting and drying meat and fish.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37395,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,3,Other,32,Containers,"Stems woven into storage bags and used to store dried meat, fish and berries.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37394,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems used to make headdresses for Indian doctors.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36"
37374,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,104,Kansa,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Braided stems used as one of the five coverings of the sacred clamshell. The sacred clamshell was kept wrapped in five coverings.  The innermost covering was the bladder of a buffalo bull; the second, a covering made of the spotted skin of a fawn; the third was a covering made of braided cattails; the fourth, a very broad piece of deerskin and finally the fifth and outermost covering was made of braided hair from the head of a buffalo bull.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
37373,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
37367,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Long stems made into a ball and used as an instrument in children's games. The long stems were made into a ball by bending over the base of several together and the remaining length braided together to form a swinging handle.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
37354,3600,Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bundles of stems used as switches in the sweat lodge.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
37352,3599,Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
37228,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used to scent soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
37227,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Flowers mixed with beans for planting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
37210,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,123,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used for a drinking cup when out in the woods or swamp.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123"
37185,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaf used by children as a toy kettle to cook meat over an open fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 59"
37179,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37170,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used as needles in the manufacture of tule and cattail mats.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 69"
37167,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems tied together with buckskin and used for mush stirring sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
37164,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,98,Weapon,Wood used to make war bows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37163,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37162,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make planting sticks, knitting needles, heddle sticks, distaff handles used in weaving.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37161,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as firewood.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37160,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots carved into an image of a snake for the Lightning Chant, Beauty Chant and Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37152,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant part kicked to see who kicked it the farthest, in racing games.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
37151,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for planting and lease rods.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37150,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"