id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
1905,104,Agoseris aurantiaca var. purpurea (Gray) Cronq.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
9988,966,Cirsium parryi (Gray) Petrak,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
10199,1016,Clematis columbiana var. columbiana,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
10217,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
11169,1108,Corydalis curvisiliqua ssp. occidentalis (Engelm. ex Gray) W.A. Weber,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
12413,1276,Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
12878,1356,Echinocereus coccineus Engelm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,42,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
13042,1385,Elymus glaucus Buckl.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,42,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42"
14789,1621,Fomes sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,44,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
16009,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,45,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
17570,1943,Hymenopappus filifolius var. cinereus (Rydb.) I.M. Johnston,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
17862,1990,Ipomoea leptophylla Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
17948,1998,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. candida (Rydb.) V.& A. Grant,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,45,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
18010,2005,Ipomopsis pumila (Nutt.) V. Grant,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,45,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
18669,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
19470,2094,Lappula occidentalis (S. Wats.) Greene,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,51,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
19915,2134,Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,51,3,Other,,,"Taxon known and named but no use was specified. Crushed plant applied to sunburns that dancers got during the harvest, mask and other dances.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
21279,2279,Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,52,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 52"
22537,2428,Medicago sativa L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,53,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
23455,2526,Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
25454,2738,Panicum capillare L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,57,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
25558,2759,Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,58,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
26594,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,59,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
31370,3206,Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
31816,3245,Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (D. Don) DC.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,69,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 69"
33644,3383,Ribes montigenum McClatchie,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
36349,3554,Salsola tragus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,68,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 68"
38328,3726,Solanum rostratum Dunal,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
38767,3803,Spirogyra sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,72,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 72"
39007,3845,Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,72,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 72"
385,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Curved rods used for fleshing and dehairing animal skins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
386,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,3,Other,17,Tools,Short transverse sticks affixed to poles and used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the shafts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
387,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems peeled of bark and thorns and used to beat sheep hides to make them more pliable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
429,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Saplings used to make salmon tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
436,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used in making implement handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
438,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,"Straight sticks tied around a tree base, ignited and burned until the tree fell.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
453,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spear handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
471,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make axe handles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
558,27,Acer negundo L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tubes for bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
1593,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem inserted in a pierced ear lobe to keep the wound from closing.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
1614,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as twirling sticks for making fire by friction.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
1622,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a drill stick and block for making fires.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1659,79,Aesculus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,325,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the fire drill.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 325"
1770,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as awls in basket making.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1771,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as tool for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1796,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1829,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1830,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1862,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp pointed leaf tips used to make basketry awls.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
2515,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Water soaked stems used for lashing in the sweat house.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2563,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles and canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
3014,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks and seed beaters.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3018,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers and other tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3056,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers and other tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3057,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make root diggers, handles and other tools.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
3141,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
3160,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the spindle of the fire drill.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3504,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,Hollow stems used to make breathing tubes for hiding under water when in danger.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
4199,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to test the temperature of pitch used in canoe construction. The pitch was ready to use when the leaf turned black.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4206,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make saw handles and other tools.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4348,334,Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making tools and awl handles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 69"
4362,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4363,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4367,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,68,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making tools and awl handles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 68"
4380,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4381,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4470,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4471,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4907,375,Aristolochia sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,17,Tools,Nuts used by children in play for blowing.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
5059,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,17,Tools,Burned branches used to smoke bees from nests.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5246,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant made into balls and used as molds to make rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5369,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used in sweat lodges to sprinkle water on the rocks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5603,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a steambath switch.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5646,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Bitter wood used as a head scratcher by menstruating women. Any other kind of wood would cause the hair to fall out and the face to wrinkle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5647,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,"Tarlike lac gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5648,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as preferred material for foreshaft of composite drill for the fire making.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5657,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead stems used as twirling sticks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
5662,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead twigs used for a twirling stick in fire making.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
5671,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used in the end of the fire drill.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5734,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5931,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make blowing tubes used for working melted silver.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
6226,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,'Milk' from the broken stems used in cases of emergency for branding stock temporarily.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6367,448,Asclepias verticillata L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a planting stick.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
6519,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to wipe the juice from the lodgepole pine bark before the cambium was scraped off.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
6520,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to wipe off the turpentine like juice from the inside of stripped pine bark.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
6779,531,Baccharis douglasii DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,209,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for drilling fires. A small hole was made in a flat, extremely dry stick.  The drill, a short piece of wood, was inserted into the hole and twirled to form the dust which would ignite if conditions were dry and favorable.  No tinder was used.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 209"
6783,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make planting sticks.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6903,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,80,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves wrapped around young boy's feet to practice walking silently and carefully in the woods.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
7298,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the bow of the fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7299,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges and tool handles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7300,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
8083,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,50,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp edged leaves used by men for shaving.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
8180,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Four needles tied in a row and used as piercing instruments for tattooing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
8181,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,17,Tools,Giant ribs split in two and used as wooden tongs for gathering cholla joints and buds.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
8182,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,70,3,Other,17,Tools,Perforations bored in sticks and used to smooth rough cords.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 70"
8183,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Ribs used as the larger of the two pieces of twisters used to make rope.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 62"
8184,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Ribs used for the handles of skin scrapers.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
8185,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,3,Other,17,Tools,Ribs used to make several kinds of light tools.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
8190,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,14,3,Other,17,Tools,Trunks used to make cactus fruit picking poles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 14"
8224,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
8279,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8325,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8394,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8634,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,3,Other,17,Tools,"Rods used to make burden baskets, broad shallow scoops and deep spoon shaped scoops with handles.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8635,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into the slender needle used in piercing the ear lobe of young girls.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
8636,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
8637,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharpened twigs used to pierce roasted pinons.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
8662,813,Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,3,Other,17,Tools,"Rods used to make burden baskets, broad shallow scoops and deep spoon shaped scoops with handles.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
8669,815,Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt.,200,Pomo,109,m66,288,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the fire drill.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 288"
8773,823,Celtis laevigata Willd.,228,Seminole,88,s54,489,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make squirting tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 489"
8787,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tubes for bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
8794,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles for axes and hoes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
8871,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,226,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226"
8903,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a root digger or Camas stick.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98"
8904,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers or camas sticks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98"
8906,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,3,Other,17,Tools,"Hard, enduring wood used for making 'camas sticks.'","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
8948,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried sticks used as spindles for fire by friction.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8949,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into small tools.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8954,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the handle of the weaving distaff.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
8963,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles and weaving combs.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
8965,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make rabbit sticks.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
8969,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,25,California Indian,111,m90,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for digging sticks.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
8972,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,95,Hopi,82,c74,298,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 298"
8973,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,17,Tools,Hard wood used to make digging sticks.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
8979,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,354,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood formerly used to make tools for digging Indian potatoes and worms out of the ground.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 354"
8982,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for digging sticks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
8983,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
9064,857,Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene,228,Seminole,88,s54,496,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used as a bed for ripening persimmons.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 496"
9102,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,313,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make adze handles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313"
9133,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,61,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61"
9317,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem used to draw the pus out of a boil or cut.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
9574,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,3,Other,17,Tools,Long limbs used as sticks to reach fruits and nuts too high to grasp by hand.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9813,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
10105,987,Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) Kkenth.,228,Seminole,88,s54,498,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 498"
10106,987,Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) Kkenth.,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
10293,1025,Cleome multicaulis DC.,157,Navajo,74,e44,51,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stalks used as a drill to start fires. The brittle stalks, about an inch in diameter were used for the drills which were whirled between the palms of the hands and were made to revolve on the edge of a larger stalk into which a notch had been cut.  A pinch of sand was sometimes placed under the point of the drill which caused the wood to become a fine powder.  This powder then ran down the notch and formed a little pile on the ground.  Smoke was produced in less than a minute and in about two minutes tiny sparks dropped onto the pile of dry powder which took fire from them.  By carefully feeding the fire with bits of dried bark and grass and with much blowing, a blaze was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
10512,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used to sprinkle water on the hot stones of the vapor bath.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
10767,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make loom shuttles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10886,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make loom shuttles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10931,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implement handles.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
10933,1097,Cornus obliqua Raf.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,54,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to stretch rat skins while drying.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 54"
11037,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,60,Crow,30,h92,21,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to make forks for sweatlodge rocks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11068,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,120,Kutenai,30,h92,21,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make pelt stretchers.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11121,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,92,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make drying frames for beaver skins.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 92"
11388,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,258,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used for piercing ears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258"
11389,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,454,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454"
11390,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,258,3,Other,17,Tools,Strong wood used for digging sticks and axe handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258"
11394,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making 'camas sticks' for digging these and other roots.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
11404,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as probes for ripe boils and ulcers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
11430,1131,Crataegus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as awls.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
11434,1131,Crataegus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
11441,1131,Crataegus sp.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp thorns used for sewing awls on finer work such as buckskin sewing with sinew.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
11887,1199,Cyperus laevigatus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,9,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem fibers used to remove all impurities in liquids.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9"
12070,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stalks dried, split, drilled to make small holes and used as fire drill hearths.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12590,1316,Dipsacus fullonum L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to card wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 78"
12867,1353,Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as awls in the making of coiled basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
12868,1353,Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow,187,Panamint,163,k52,83,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns formerly used as awls in basket making.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 83"
13122,1401,Ephedra californica S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing. The charcoal was mashed, a little water added and a design made with it on the skin.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
13138,1403,Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
13191,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27"
13333,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a file.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
13360,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,204,3,Other,17,Tools,Joints pulled apart and used by children to produce a whistling sound.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 204"
13500,1428,Equisetum sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to sharpen and polish bone.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
13538,1431,Equisetum telmateia var. braunii (Milde) Milde,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,58,3,Other,17,Tools,"Leafless, fertile stems used as sandpaper in smoothing arrow shafts and drill shafts.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 58"
13668,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
14012,1507,Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. & Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,29,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to pierce ears.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 29"
14719,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,51,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make weaving forks, planting sticks and knitting needles.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
14802,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,95,Hopi,82,c74,319,3,Other,17,Tools,Used for digging stick.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 319"
14803,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,95,Hopi,37,w39,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for digging sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 87"
14826,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used to pierce the ears of both sexes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
15093,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make implement handles, especially D-adze handles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
15112,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make D-adze handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115"
15211,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make axe and knife handles.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
15221,1657,Fraxinus cuspidata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make weaving tools.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
15227,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,45,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
15230,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,17,Tools,"Peeled pole, ten or more feet in length, used to knock down pinyon cones.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15231,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles and small tools.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
15269,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles and ball bats.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15285,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for handles of various tools, such as hoes or axes.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15323,1662,Fraxinus velutina Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,25,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into long prongs used to pick from saguaro cacti and pinyon pine trees.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25"
15324,1662,Fraxinus velutina Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,25,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a sharp tool for gathering mescal agave.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25"
15393,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,125,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used with an open fire to steam heat kerfed boards to bend into red cedar bentwood boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125"
15549,1696,Garrya elliptica Dougl. ex Lindl.,290,"Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)",109,m66,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood hardened by fire and used for mussel bars to pry the mussels off the rocks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 169"
16136,1768,Gossypium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,3,Other,17,Tools,"Cotton twisted into thread, braided into a thick cord and used in the strike-a-light.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
16140,1768,Gossypium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,3,Other,17,Tools,"Twisted, soaked in mutton tallow and used as a lampwick for soldering.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
16160,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Bunches placed on trees as trail markers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16161,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as trail markers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16315,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,157,Navajo,74,e44,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used for whirls when making fire by friction.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86"
17313,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make needles for sewing tule and basket sedge.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
17318,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
17334,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,263,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make knitting needles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263"
17337,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,167,Nootka,41,te82,72,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make needles and harpoons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
17343,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17351,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make camas bulb digging sticks and cambium scrapers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17352,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make knitting needles and cattail mat needles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17354,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,216,Salish,63,tb73,288,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
17357,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make camas bulb digging sticks and cambium scrapers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17358,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make knitting needles and cattail mat needles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
17397,1908,Hordeum jubatum L.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,34,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to rub the skin off yucca stalks.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 34"
18342,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to hold drilled clamshell beads in place when rolled on a stone slab to smooth them.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
18387,2048,Juncus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a sandpaper for smoothing bows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
18635,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a rake for clearing brush from the fields.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18751,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a rake for clearing brush from the fields.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18763,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,291,Zuni,6,s15,93,3,Other,17,Tools,"Shredded, fibrous bark used as tinder to ignite the fire sticks used for the New Year fire. The bark was also used to make firebrands carried by personators of certain gods.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"
18820,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood hearth board used as a base for a fire drill.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
19072,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make handles for scrapers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19422,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as pottery scrapers.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19437,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,47,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make pottery scrapers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47"
19594,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,36,3,Other,17,Tools,"Gumlike substance gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 36"
19595,2101,Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,36,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a pointed digging stick.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 36"
19654,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,187,Panamint,163,k52,84,3,Other,17,Tools,Lac used to make awl handles.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 84"
19683,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,3,Other,17,Tools,Short transverse sticks affixed to poles and used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the shafts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
19684,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,60,3,Other,17,Tools,Smooth sticks used as the shuttles in weaving cotton.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 60"
19685,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Stakes used to stake out sheep hides so they can be made more pliable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
19686,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as the smaller of the two pieces of twisters used to make rope.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 62"
19687,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,59,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles for basketry awls.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 59"
19874,2126,Ledum palustre L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a switch in the sweathouse.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
21884,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,95,Hopi,37,w39,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make various tools.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 76"
22220,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22221,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make sledgehammer handles and mallet heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22224,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make axe handles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
22263,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22273,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,209,Quileute,25,g73,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mauls for driving stakes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
22281,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks and adze handles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
23195,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried flowerheads used to apply water to a green hide to make it easier to scrape the hide.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23536,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,42,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used in pierced ears to keep the hole from growing together.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 42"
23562,2556,Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make pestles and axe handles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
23726,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Bulbs used for curving and molding halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52"
23727,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,17,Tools,Enlarged upper portion of the stipes used as steam boxes for making halibut hooks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
24192,2604,Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,138,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
24351,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,94,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements requiring extreme hardness: throwing sticks and clubs.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 94"
24361,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Four foot sticks with sharp points used as digging sticks.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 31"
24362,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,60,3,Other,17,Tools,Wooden stakes driven into the ground and used for weaving cotton.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 60"
24368,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,17,Tools,Formerly used to make shovels.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
24369,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
24616,2653,Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,56,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used for needles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 56"
24700,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as sewing needles and for tattooing.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
24723,2665,Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,233,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used to prick the design into the skin for tattooing.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233"
25129,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make utensil handles.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
25278,2724,Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
26374,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
26381,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for netting shuttles and knitting needles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 31"
26393,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26395,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,183,Paiute,98,m53,77,3,Other,17,Tools,"Sticks used as digging sticks, one of the principal tools.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 77"
26414,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,230,3,Other,17,Tools,Hard wood used for making knitting needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 230"
26590,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem split and the sharp edge used at birth to cut the navel cord.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26591,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,17,Tools,"Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboolike stems used in the making of fire drills.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26619,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
26620,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
26915,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dead, standing trees used to make a moose hide stretcher.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
27039,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make boats, boat paddles, shovels, skin stretchers and wedges for chopping wood.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
27107,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,49,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make drying racks.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
27184,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a bark peeling tool.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27185,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27287,2939,Picea sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,17,Tools,"Logs and poles used for making kayak parts, tool handles and other utilitarian objects.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
27301,2939,Picea sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,17,Tools,"Twigs used as beaters to make a high, stiff, lasting lather of yucca roots and water.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27432,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make cedar bark peelers, digging sticks and board bending tools.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
27488,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,86,Haisla,14,c93,178,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make maul heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27491,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,3,Other,17,Tools,Smoldering twigs used to singe and trim hair.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27495,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,70,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 70"
27558,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the knife for trimming mescal heads.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27638,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make loom poles, beams and uprights used in the construction of looms.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27669,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make sharp sticks for perforating buckskin and various other tools.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27816,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the knife for trimming mescal heads.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27931,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used as twirling sticks in fire making.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18"
27955,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make ladders.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27981,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used for twirling sticks in fire production.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18"
28075,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,348,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make kiva ladders.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 348"
28326,2986,Pipturus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into clubs and used to beat the tapa.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
28638,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,249,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks used to peg a hide to the ground while stretching it during tanning.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 249"
28647,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,188,Papago,27,cu35,59,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a spindle for spinning cotton.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 59"
29320,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,17,Tools,Thin board of wood placed at the top of a cradle to flatten a child's head.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29351,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried root used as a drill in making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
29353,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,289,Yurok,70,b81,47,3,Other,17,Tools,Pitch used to apply soot in the tattooing process.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 47"
29458,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wooden tubes for the bellows used in silversmithing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
29552,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make fire spindle and sometimes the hearth.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29562,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the frame of the loom.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29645,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,17,Tools,Logs used to scrape deer hides.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29687,3090,Populus ?acuminata Rydb. (pro sp.) [angustifolia ? deltoides],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make fire drills.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
29889,3142,Proboscidea althaeifolia (Benth.) Dcne.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Hooked thorns used as a tool in mending baskets and broken pottery.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30030,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used to puncture the skin for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30038,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,32,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make knives for cutting yucca stalks, pottery paddles & tools for digging pottery clay.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32"
30066,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Long branch made into a mescal cutter to sever agave leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30118,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,32,3,Other,17,Tools,"Two foot long, sword shaped slabs sharpened and used as weed hoes.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 32"
30403,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for the drill to make friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
30429,3167,Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,55,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a drill in fire making.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55"
30529,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,95,Hopi,37,w39,79,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make weaving batons.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79"
30724,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks used to dig roots.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
30903,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,54,3,Other,17,Tools,Straight stems used to make gun cleaners.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"
30968,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles for root diggers.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
31278,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the hook for climbing sugar pine trees.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
31917,3253,Quercus alba L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood was of much value, especially for making awls to punch holes in birch bark.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
32070,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make handles for implements, such as hoes and axes.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32077,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles and other wooden portions of various implements.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
32092,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood sticks notched by sheepherders to keep track of the days they have worked.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32093,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make axe handles, hoe handles, digging sticks and weaving tools.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32118,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Woods used to make digging sticks.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44"
32121,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make rabbit sticks and other utensils.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44"
32127,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32211,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,328,3,Other,17,Tools,Shoots split into strands and used for twining the rods of baskets and scoops.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328"
32340,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used to tie warp of rugs to beam while weaving.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32341,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for tool handles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32346,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make batten for weaving.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32413,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to dig out crowns of the mescal plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
32420,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make digging sticks and wooden tweezers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32429,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,17,Tools,Used for awls.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
32467,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Concave hole in wood used as a die to make metallic hemispheres for beads and sunflower blossoms.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32468,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make batten stick for weaving.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32469,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make hoes and digging sticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32522,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the hoe and axe handles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32583,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,228,Seminole,88,s54,493,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make pestles and cane mills.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 493"
32615,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make batten sticks and bows for the baby's cradle.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32875,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood made into the large plug used to keep the pierced ear lobe open on young girls.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
33145,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to make hoe handles.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
33171,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,231,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs made into a seed-fan and used to beat the seeds off plants.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 231"
33391,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Pithless stems used as tubes to inflate seal paunches made into oil containers.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33435,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the distaff used in spinning.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
33495,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for removing splinters and for tattooing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33570,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for removing splinters and for tattooing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33626,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for removing splinters and for tattooing.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
34029,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
34275,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make needles for leather work.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
35651,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks bent and used to remove hair from hides.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35668,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35669,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35699,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make long needles for sewing tule into mats.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35772,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35773,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35793,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make tongs for removing cactus fruit.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
35804,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make long needles for sewing tule into mats.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35906,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35907,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35962,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,26,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make drills for fire drills.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
35967,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,287,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mallet heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 287"
35974,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem used to make loom frames.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36059,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,17,Tools,Roots used to make the fire drill.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36097,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,17,Tools,Roots used as a fire drill.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36098,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,17,Tools,Whole plant beaten with a stick to make the wind blow on hot days.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
36223,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make scrapers for removing hair from hides.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36235,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches made into heddle sticks and used in weaving.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36236,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches made into hoops and used inside the buckskin sack of a bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36563,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as a twirling stick in fire making.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36767,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,505,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505"
36768,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
36923,3570,Sambucus sp.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,99,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems made into the shuttle used for weaving.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 99"
37148,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,3,Other,17,Tools,"Strong wood used for rabbit sticks, planting sticks, lease rods and clothes hooks.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
37149,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
37150,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
37151,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,358,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for planting and lease rods.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
37162,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make planting sticks, knitting needles, heddle sticks, distaff handles used in weaving.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37170,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used as needles in the manufacture of tule and cattail mats.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 69"
37523,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,116,3,Other,17,Tools,Grass formerly used to cut a newborn baby's umbilical cord.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 116"
37757,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make fire fans.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
37960,3667,Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.,228,Seminole,88,s54,494,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make pestles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"
38890,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
39058,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,280,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch tips ignited and used for cauterizing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280"
39080,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharpened stem used as a root digging stick.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39430,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,17,Tools,"Plant used to make heddles, mortars and pestles.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39446,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make adze handles, bark scrapers and wedges.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
39454,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39459,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39470,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39472,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as needles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39473,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; wedges & mat pressers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39474,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong and resilient wood used to make sticks for prying open mussels and chitons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39488,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark used as the handle for stone knives.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39489,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,57,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make various tools.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 57"
39499,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Trees used to measure strength. Men who could twist a yew tree from crown to butt were considered very strong.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39500,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make curved digging sticks for prying wild clover roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
39501,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,267,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as a barklifter to peel red cedar bark off the trees.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 267"
39502,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make fire tongs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39514,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,226,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make chest high digging sticks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 226"
39515,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make digging and prying sticks, mat pressers and wedges.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
39516,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks for harvesting pacific cinquefoil roots.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 118"
39523,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 75"
39533,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39544,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39553,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39559,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39565,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood 'hardened' in the fire and used to make wedges, axe handles and digging sticks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
39639,3913,Tetradymia axillaris A. Nels.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as tattooing needles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
39671,3916,Tetradymia stenolepis Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,3,Other,17,Tools,Spines used as tattooing needles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
40022,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,17,Tools,"Long, dried kindling tied with cedar bark & used as torch to burn out excess wood in making a canoe. There is a story about Deer and the Chickadees in which Deer was using such a bundle of cedar pieces while making a canoe.  He became so absorbed in watching the dancing of the Chickadees that he burned right through the bottom of the canoe.  Turner's informant Alice Paul pointed out that a deer is still like that--when he sees anything moving, he stares at it.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40051,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making implements.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 8"
40187,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40206,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make the spindle for spinning mountain-goat wool.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40239,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for the drill to make friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40288,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,315,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make woodworking tools.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 315"
40341,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spiles for drawing out maple sap from trees into buckets during sugar making time.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40414,3966,Torreya californica Torr.,200,Pomo,89,c02,305,3,Other,17,Tools,"Rigid, sharp-pointed leaves formerly used as needles to prick pitch soot into the skin in tattooing.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 305"
40982,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40983,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mallets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41087,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,Broken boughs used by the handful like a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41436,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41468,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41474,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41482,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41513,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41565,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41573,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41581,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41595,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76"
41602,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41606,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41611,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
43381,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,70,b81,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used for lashings.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
43557,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for flailing and hulling dried seeds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43727,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for trimming the edges of mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43791,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used to make fire drills.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43818,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,17,Tools,Terminal spines used as needles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43994,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to make cincture pads for supporting water vases upon the head.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
44094,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,17,Tools,"Hard, sharp-pointed blades bound with sinew and used in place of wood to make the fire drill.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44122,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Flower stalks used as spindles to start fire by friction.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44184,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used as a spindle in making fire by friction.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 52"
44258,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make a brush to apply colored clays to pottery.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44476,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to beat leather while dyeing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44484,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used by pottery makers to smooth the pottery.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44526,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to make handles and holders.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44664,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,102,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch used to make a planting stick.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 102"
454,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make a child's first bow.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
464,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,289,Yurok,70,b81,15,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit used to play with.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
488,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,White wood used to make rattles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
509,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice for a gambling game.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
510,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make staves for a dice type gambling game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
576,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
595,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
658,34,Acer saccharinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
723,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
2279,161,Allium stellatum Nutt. ex Ker-Gawl.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
2864,200,Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children played with stems that exuded a blood-colored juice; looked like they had been injured.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2927,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries.  The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill.  Girls played a game while harvesting the berries.  After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat.  Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2955,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
2984,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems made into hoops with leather covers to use in a game.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
3021,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3022,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3026,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3062,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3086,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,38,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make discs for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3304,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows for toy bows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3306,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,205,Ponca,17,g19,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows for toy bows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3511,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3512,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leafstalks used in children's games.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
3884,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Milky substance used by children to rub on playmates' faces and stick their eyelids together.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3885,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
4221,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used for paper dolls for the younger children to play with.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
4227,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young branches used to make gambling sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4852,367,Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott,190,Pawnee,17,g19,69,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used in gourd shells to make rattles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69"
5518,404,Artemisia sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5550,404,Artemisia sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5556,404,Artemisia sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5561,404,Artemisia sp.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5569,404,Artemisia sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5940,419,Arundinaria sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,29,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Four pieces of hollow cane used as implements in the winter game of bish-i.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
6320,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6322,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6324,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6330,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6476,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,177,Omaha,17,g19,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks with pods used by small boys as rattles in games in which they imitated tribal dances.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6478,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,205,Ponca,17,g19,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks with pods used by small boys as rattles in games in which they imitated tribal dances.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6784,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,'Down' put onto fires by children to produce a sudden burst of flame which spread rapidly.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6785,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pith used to make 'peashooters' and stems and twigs used to make the shooter.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
7134,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch used for the pole in the 'hoop and pole' game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
7200,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7265,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7266,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7267,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7314,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7437,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,125,Lakota,108,r80,29,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Most plants have two spikes: for sport, people would hunt for those with three.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29"
7706,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boys holding handfuls of this plant and larkspur above their heads chased by girls on occasions.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
8501,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used in young girls' games.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
8523,794,Castilleja parviflora Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Flowers used by children as pretend woodpecker scalps, a form of money or wealth.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
8542,799,Castilleja unalaschcensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) Malte,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used in young girls' games.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
8833,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game sticks.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
8955,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice and the sweathouse for ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
9072,859,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.,289,Yurok,70,b81,23,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruits used by children to throw at each other.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 23"
10142,1004,Claytonia parviflora Dougl. ex Hook.,105,Karok,70,b81,24,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Shoot used to play a game. The stem was stripped of it's outer layers leaving only the terminal leaf or inflorescence hanging loosely on a flexible strand.  Opponents held firmly to the base of the strand and attempted to hook the opponents leaf or inflorescence.  After engaging, the opponents pulled and the opponent who retained his leaf or inflorescence won.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
10152,1005,Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,25,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Shoot used to play a game. The stem was stripped of it's outer layers leaving only the terminal leaf or inflorescence hanging loosely on a flexible strand.  Opponents held firmly to the base of the strand and attempted to hook the opponents leaf or inflorescence.  After engaging, the opponents pulled and the opponent who retained his leaf or inflorescence won.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
10176,1008,Claytonia sibirica var. sibirica,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fresh flowers used by children to play a game. Each of the two players held a stem in his hand and tried to hook his flower around his opponent's flower.  When the flowers were engaged, the players pulled and the one whose flower head came off lost.  It was done over and over and a score was kept.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
10399,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Patterns bitten into leaves for entertainment.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10904,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,81,Green River Group,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make disks for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
10910,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,114,Klallam,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make disks for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
10921,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,241,Skagit,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make disks for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
11008,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover a circle of split beaver teeth and used as a gambling wheel.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
11009,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,21,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover split beaver teeth for gambling wheels.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11329,1120,Cowania sp.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,54,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark made into a ring used in a hoop and pole game.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54"
11513,1146,Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg.,172,Oglala,17,g19,99,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a headdress by little boys while playing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
11602,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,243,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruits used by girls for juggling.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 243"
11603,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,243,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots made into a wooden ball and used in playing the 'four hills' game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 243"
11609,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,40,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Ripe gourds used as children's rattles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
12005,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,32,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used for games.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32"
12006,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used for games.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33"
12310,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boys holding handfuls of this and mariposa lily above their heads chased by girls on occasions.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
12414,1276,Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,177,Omaha,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Mature plant, with the seed-filled pods, used as rattles by little boys. The little boys used the rattles as they mimicked some of the native dances in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
12417,1276,Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Mature plant, with seed-filled pods, used as rattles by little boys, to mimic native dances.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
12418,1276,Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,205,Ponca,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Mature plant, with seed-filled pods, used as rattles by little boys, to mimic native dances.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
12534,1303,Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins,95,Hopi,82,c74,311,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant, a powerful irritant, placed in armpit as a practical joke.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 311"
12973,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Braided bark used to whip stone tops spun by children on the ice during the winter.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
13027,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Rushes made into small baskets and used as children's playthings.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13359,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,368,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children as whistles.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 368"
13407,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,238,Sioux,30,h92,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems formerly used by children to make whistles.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 58"
13469,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,272,Ute,142,c09,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children as whistles.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 34"
13487,1428,Equisetum sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalk sections used by children to make whistles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 37"
13501,1428,Equisetum sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,63,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to make whistles. The elders warned children not to use the stems as whistles as they might cause the appearance of snakes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
13984,1500,Eriogonum compositum Dougl. ex Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
13994,1504,Eriogonum elatum Dougl. ex Benth.,183,Paiute,98,m53,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used in game similar to wishbone pulling. When the plant has matured and the stems are dry and brittle, the stout, long-branched flowering stems of this plant are used to play a game.  Two children fashion a hook for themselves from the branching portion of the stem.  These hooks are interlocked, and the participants pull on them until one of the hooks is broken.  The person with the unbroken hook is considered to be the winner.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 68"
14022,1510,Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
14089,1519,Eriogonum niveum Dougl. ex Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
14091,1520,Eriogonum nudum Dougl. ex Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to play a game by hooking each other's plant.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
14099,1521,Eriogonum nudum var. oblongifolium S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to play a game by hooking each other's plant.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
14362,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Corms used as wagers in gambling. Some of the women used to climb up the valley sides to dig sacks of corms which they used as wagers in gambling.  The winners would stagger down the hillside with several sacks of corms, while others, who had worked just as hard, would return home empty handed, having lost in the gambling.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
14400,1571,Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a joke on people by placing it under the covers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
14782,1621,Fomes sp.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as a target for archery.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
14787,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14788,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14791,1621,Fomes sp.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as a target for archery.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
14797,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14798,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15286,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the hoop for hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
15401,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,44,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladders squeezed and popped by children for entertainment.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 44"
15546,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15547,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15554,1698,Garrya sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,235,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Straight, thick stocks used to make whistles.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235"
16389,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,280,Winnebago,17,g19,89,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used as counters or tally checks in gambling.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
16449,1801,Hastingsia alba (Dur.) S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves put over the teeth to make a snapping sound for amusement.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
16796,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make children's toy blowguns.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16828,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a game by throwing the plant into a pot.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16829,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16876,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Swollen leaf sheaths and small, unexpanded leaves used in children's games.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
16908,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, hollow stems used as toy blowguns to shoot berries or small pebbles.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
16970,1856,Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sharp pointed fruits with long awns used as play arrows by adults and children.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
16971,1856,Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds thrown like darts by playing children.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 57"
16973,1858,Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth,125,Lakota,108,r80,31,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Grass heads used in mischievous games in which boys throw a bunch at people to stick them.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 31"
16998,1861,Heteromeles arbutifolia var. arbutifolia,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves thrown into the fire by children to hear them crack like firecrackers.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
17275,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,141,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Easily braided grass used in play by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 141"
17314,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Shoots used to make 'Indian cards.' A set of little sticks was prepared by scraping ten inch lengths of shoot clean of bark.  All the sticks were straight and one was marked with a black mark.  The dealer took the set of sticks in his hands, shuffled the sticks, sang and held his hands behind his back.  He tried to prevent his opponents from guessing where the black marked stick was.  If the dealer kept the other side from guessing where the ace was for ten times, he won.  This was a gambling game.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
17335,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,263,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make practice bows and arrows for children.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263"
17336,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make practice bows for children.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17344,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling game sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17395,1908,Hordeum jubatum L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,106,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children to place in the sleeves of playmates as a joke.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 106"
18344,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,100,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Blades used by children to make play baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 100"
18636,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries used in rattles.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18752,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries used in rattles.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18821,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves stuffed into buckskin and used as a ball in a game like lacrosse or hockey.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18860,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the pole of the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
19015,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Tough wood made into a spoked wheel and used in a throwing game. The wheel was rolled along a trough and contestants threw spear-like sticks at it, trying to stop it by having their stick enter the center of the wheel, thus making it fall over.  Lesser points were made by getting the stick part way through the spokes, each of which gave a different value according to its color.  The winner had to get twenty points.  This game was played by men and was often accompanied by betting.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19129,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19428,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,51,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Gourds made into rattles.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
19430,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,108,Keresan,90,w45,561,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make rattles.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 561"
19985,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,51,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Flattish, hardened stipes used for 'beach hockey.'","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51"
20080,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems straightened, notched, fixed with wooden tips into arrows and used in games.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
20589,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
20595,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
20607,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to make head pieces for playing and mimicking the affairs of the Holy Woman.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
21616,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,320,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Spadices on sticks thrown by children in distance contests.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 320"
21753,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Children threw dried, little floats from blade base onto fire to make them explode; firecrackers.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
22409,2415,Marah oreganus (Torr. ex S. Wats.) T.J. Howell,289,Yurok,70,b81,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit tossed by children at one another in play.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
22410,2415,Marah oreganus (Torr. ex S. Wats.) T.J. Howell,289,Yurok,70,b81,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit used by children to construct representations of animals by inserting twigs.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
22555,2434,Melilotus indicus (L.) All.,193,Pima,11,c49,131,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used in target shooting games.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 131"
22892,2451,Mentzelia involucrata S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves thrown by children at one another because they stick and were hard to remove.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41"
22963,2463,Menziesia ferruginea Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Forked branches used by children to make sling shots.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
23714,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,25,g73,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plants and stems used by children as beach games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23715,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,3,g83,206,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children to make 'kelp cars' to tow around on the beach.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
24246,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks cut and used as whistles by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
24249,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,209,Quileute,25,g73,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks cut and used as whistles by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
24676,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,61,Dakota,17,g19,104,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant used by small boys in playing games. The 'cactus game' was played on the prairie where the cactus abounded.  One boy was chosen to be 'it' and he would take a stick, place a cactus plant upon it and hold it up it the air.  The other boys would attempt to shoot at it with their bows and arrows and the target holder would run after the boy who hit the target and strike him with the spiny cactus making him 'it'.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104"
25155,2709,Oxalis oregana Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,108,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children ate as many leaves as they could without making an awful face; a children's game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 108"
26592,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Small stem sections used in the dice game and ring and pin game.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26623,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,66,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make game sticks for the canute game.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 66"
26649,2908,Phyllospadix scouleri Hook.,209,Quileute,25,g73,21,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Grass used by boys as arrow target practice.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
26654,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, curly leaves used by children to make wigs.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
26688,2915,Physalis lanceolata Michx.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,362,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Large calyx of plant inflated by children in play & popped by striking it on the forehead or hand.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 362"
26770,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used for making children's bows.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26778,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,266,Tolowa,70,b81,43,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds squeezed and popped.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
26858,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
26867,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27076,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots used to tie and secure the stick and bundle game made from black spruce boughs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27198,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27259,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Timber used to make toys.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
27397,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make story sticks. Story sticks were prepared by older men and presented to children in return for favors.  The sticks were notched to count the number of stories that the man would tell the child.  They were often varnished with a solution of boiled hoof and steer phallus and sometimes red ochre was added.  Then the stick was polished with a piece of rawhide.  Story sticks were sometimes used to hang tipi doors.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27670,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make tops for spinning and sticks used in the moccasin game.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27711,2960,Pinus elliottii Engelm.,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ball poles.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
27779,2964,Pinus lambertiana Dougl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,93,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pitch used in whistles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 93"
28095,2973,Pinus resinosa Soland.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
28169,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Wood used to make the ball for the game, shinny.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
29061,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29062,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29096,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,41,Clallam,99,f80,194,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used in a children's game.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194"
29106,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,105,Karok,71,sg52,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fronds used in a game played by adults of both sexes to see who had the longest wind. Beginning at the bottom of the frond, the player touched each leaflet, first on one side of the stem and then the other and said 'tiip'  each time he touched a leaflet.  Whoever went the farthest up the frond won.  There was no gambling on this game.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378"
29108,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,114,Klallam,25,g73,13,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29121,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,3,g83,221,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fronds used in the game, pile pile. The game, pile pile, was played frequently in Neah Bay earlier this century and went as follows:  one would take a deep breath and pluck the pinnae one by one saying 'pile' for each, all in one breath.  The winner was the one who reached the top (apex) of the frond, pulled the most pinnae off, before running out of breath.  In Neah Bay anyone could play this game, but among the Nitinaht, where adults also play pile pile, the game was a family privilege exercised at big potlatches.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221"
29122,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,25,g73,13,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29127,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fronds used in games.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
29128,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,221,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Fronds used in the game, pile pile. The game, pile pile, was played frequently in Neah Bay earlier this century and went as follows:  one would take a deep breath and pluck the pinnae one by one saying 'pile' for each, all in one breath.  The winner was the one who reached the top (apex) of the frond, pulled the most pinnae off, before running out of breath.  In Neah Bay anyone could play this game, but among the Nitinaht, where adults also play pile pile, the game was a family privilege exercised at big potlatches.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 221"
29133,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,183,Paiute,98,m53,36,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Kids played with it as a feather.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 36"
29244,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to make toys.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
29405,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29406,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29407,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29420,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29421,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29422,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29427,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29428,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29429,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29433,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Green, unopened fruits used by children as beads and ear pendants in play.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29434,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by children to make toy tipis.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29435,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used by little girls to make toy moccasins.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29553,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots carved into kachina dolls for children and tourists.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29554,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots carved into kachina dolls for children.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29563,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make clubs for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29564,3105,Populus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
29581,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark or moistened leaves used to make whistles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
29601,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Short section of fresh branch used to make a toy whistle.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29658,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used by boys to make whistles.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68"
29804,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,54,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Tough, rubbery holdfasts carved into 'beach hockey' balls.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
30159,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks used in gambling games.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30160,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood made into balls and used in racing games.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30254,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,364,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used to make playing pieces of a game similar to dice.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 364"
31597,3225,Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves acted as a vesicant and given to unsuspecting people as toilet paper as a prank.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
31660,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Softened bark used to stuff baseballs.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
31845,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31940,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31950,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31977,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32002,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32012,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32153,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32190,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32199,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32252,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32283,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32296,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32298,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32300,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32302,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths from this or another plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32335,3281,Quercus phellos L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ballsticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
32421,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make toy bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32470,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stick curved in hot ashes to make a 'j' shaped stick or bat for shinny and other games.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32471,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks kicked out of the ground while playing 'football.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32606,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32624,3297,Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladdery envelope blown up by children and busted on the forehead.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50"
32625,3297,Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladdery envelope blown up by children and busted on the forehead.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50"
32667,3303,Ranunculus californicus Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,30,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Flower put under the chin by a child, if yellow was reflected, the child would like butter.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 30"
33640,3382,Ribes missouriense Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,84,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Unripe, acidulous berries used in children's games. The children were divided into two teams and each child was given a portion of the unripe berries which were to be eaten without making a grimace.  The team less successful in completing the task had to forfeit to the winners and execute some performances for their amusement such as hopping backwards on one foot.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84"
33649,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used by children to play a game. The children sat in a circle and began counting to ten, each child counting one number around the circle.  The tenth child would take five berries and eat them at once, trying his best not to show a bitter face.  If he was successful, the child next to him would do the same and this would continue until one grimaced at the sour taste.  He was then struck on the thigh with a knuckle punch, thus giving the name 'punctured berry' to the plant.  The child who never grimaced won all the others' berry supplies.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
33873,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Halved, fresh hip hollowed out to make a bowl for a toy pipe.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 55"
34011,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hips used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
34030,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hips used as beads by children.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
35001,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,124,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make children's practice bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
35547,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ballsticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
35579,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,207,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Tubers used in gambling games.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 207"
35670,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35700,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split stems used to make clappers and whistles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35752,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,492,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make ballsticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492"
35774,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35805,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,61,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split stems used to make clappers and whistles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61"
35908,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35925,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split withes used to make the three dice and throwing sticks for the setdilth game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35926,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the poles and hoops for the pole game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35975,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make hobby horses for children.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
36051,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,86,Haisla,14,c93,288,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Whips used to lash opponents in the 'hoop and pole game.' In the Haisla 'hoop and pole game,' players attempted to spear a rolling hoop.  If a player succeeded in spearing the hoop, he was lashed by his opponent with a willow whip.  If, however, the spearman retrieved his spear, the hoop and the whip, his team would get the next throw of the hoop.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36084,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,86,Haisla,14,c93,288,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Whips used to lash opponents in the 'hoop and pole game.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36114,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,166,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make baskets and whistles.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 166"
36136,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch with loosened bark used as a buzzing whistle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
36224,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling wheels.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
36550,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pithless wood used to make 'squirt guns' and whistles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36579,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles and clappers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
36617,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow wood used for pop guns.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36618,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split branches used for making bows for small children.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36643,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Twigs used in making whistles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36669,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36684,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries crushed by children when playing 'soda pop.',"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
36722,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems, after punching out the pith, used by children to make pop guns.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
36730,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,268,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch joints used as water squirt guns for playing or pop guns for shooting pith corks.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 268"
36743,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36748,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36759,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36769,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,505,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make toy blowguns.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505"
36802,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems hollowed and used as blowguns by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
36832,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems hollowed out and used as blowguns by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
36895,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make children's whistles and 'pea shooters.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
37119,3584,Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L. Benson,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make arrows for aratsi game.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
37152,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant part kicked to see who kicked it the farthest, in racing games.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
37163,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
37179,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37367,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Long stems made into a ball and used as an instrument in children's games. The long stems were made into a ball by bending over the base of several together and the remaining length braided together to form a swinging handle.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
37482,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37542,3614,Scirpus sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,211,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant braided by children to make a whip.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 211"
37740,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pieces of bark used by young girls to play dolls.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
37758,3655,Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,504,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make dolls.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 504"
38138,3703,Sium suave Walt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children for whistles.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33"
38233,3713,Smilax rotundifolia L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used in an old hide and seek game.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
38403,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,84,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Clustered flower heads used by children as play whips.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 84"
38594,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
38595,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
38961,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children play with the berries.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
39068,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries rubbed on the face during a game called 'lehal.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
39081,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks marked and used in a dice game.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39135,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,125,Lakota,108,r80,43,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems made into arrows used to shoot at dogs in play.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 43"
39346,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems made into whistles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
39431,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant used to make ball poles, spoon ballsticks and dolls.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
39479,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game disks.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39537,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game disks.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
39549,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling disks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39691,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,61,Dakota,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39696,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,177,Omaha,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39698,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
39700,3921,Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall.,205,Ponca,17,g19,80,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used by small boys to make toy flutes.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 80"
41060,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boughs used to make play houses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41130,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalk used to make toy arrows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
41422,4050,Typha sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,18,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the hoop for a game.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 18"
41437,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41469,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41475,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41483,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41486,4051,Ulmus americana L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41514,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41566,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41574,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41582,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41596,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41631,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves thrown into the fire by children to hear them crack like firecrackers.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
41769,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41803,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41819,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41826,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41866,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding for popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
43124,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43132,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43133,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43135,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43138,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stalks, without the pith, used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43303,4164,Viola sempervirens Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used by children during play.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43321,4166,Viola sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,103,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Violets used by children in playing games. The children separated into two teams, one team taking the name of their tribe and the other of another tribe such as the Dakota.  Each team collected violets and the two parties sat down facing each other and snapped violets at each other until there were none remaining.  The victorious team taunted the other as being poor fighters.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103"
43370,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Vines used to make the hoop of the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
43558,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used to make children's play hoops.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43755,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as tally sticks to keep track of scores in the hidden ball game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
43819,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Ring of leaves wrapped in buckskin used in the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
44039,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44071,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as counters in various games.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44142,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44259,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fiber used to make a ring for a game similar to 'ring toss.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44260,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Leaves made into a ball and used to play 'shooting the yucca.' 'Shooting the yucca' was a Navajo game played with a ball made of bark and wound with yucca leaves which had been previously placed in hot ashes to make them flexible.  A stick of scrub oak was attached to this by a yucca cord, to give momentum to the light ball.  The ball was thrown into the air and the archers discharged their arrows at it as soon as it was drawn downward by the weight of the stick.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44367,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Shucks used to make dolls.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44527,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Cobs used to make feathered darts and to stuff kick balls.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44540,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Ribboned husks made into small, square pads and used by young people in games. Small plumes were attached to the small, square pads upright, in the center, forming the shuttlecocks for use in the game of battledore and shuttlecock.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
246,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,26,Paint,Needles mixed with dry paint to make it smell better.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
426,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,3,Other,26,Paint,Charcoal mixed with oil and used as black paint.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
1795,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1827,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1828,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
2736,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers used as face paint.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2749,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,26,Paint,Crushed leaves and blossoms moistened with spittle or water and rubbed on cheeks as rouge.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
6215,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,60,Crow,30,h92,66,3,Other,26,Paint,Milky juice used for temporary branding of livestock.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66"
7457,612,Bovista pila Berk. & Curt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,26,Paint,Used as paint for the dead.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7606,644,Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7607,645,Bryoria glabra (Mot.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7608,646,Bryoria trichodes (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7945,717,Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make paint for wooden items.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7946,718,Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Muell. Arg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make paint for wooden items.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
8484,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,95,Hopi,82,c74,297,3,Other,26,Paint,"Root and juniper bark chewed, mixed with white clay and used as ceremonial paint.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 297"
8485,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,95,Hopi,37,w39,91,3,Other,26,Paint,"Root chewed, mixed with white clay and the juice used to decorate artificial squash blossoms.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 91"
8496,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,257,Tewa,82,c74,297,3,Other,26,Paint,"Root and juniper bark chewed, mixed with white clay and used as ceremonial paint.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 297"
8760,820,Celastrus scandens L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,43,3,Other,26,Paint,Roots chewed and smeared on the body and be impervious to wounding.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 43"
9424,894,Chenopodium album L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,78,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant formerly used for painting bows and arrows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 78"
9478,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,27,Carrier,134,c73,83,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries used as red paint.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 83"
9484,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,13,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries used by children as paint by rubbing it on what they wished to color.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
9486,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,3,Other,26,Paint,"Calyx crushed and red paint used on the face, body, clothes, wood and skins.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
9487,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,259,Thompson,10,tta90,203,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant tops mashed with a little water and used to make ink to write with.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 203"
9729,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,3,Other,26,Paint,"Juice diluted, smeared over the back of a bow and soot applied to produce a permanent black color.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
10311,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,108,Keresan,90,w45,559,3,Other,26,Paint,Used to make the black paint for pottery decoration.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559"
10344,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,58,3,Other,26,Paint,"Young plants boiled, dried, soaked in hot water and used as black paint for pottery decorations.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 58"
10350,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,291,Zuni,6,s15,96,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant paste used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods. The plant was boiled for a long time and the concoction allowed to evaporate.  The precipitated paste was then used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 96"
10582,1064,Conocephalum conicum,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,145,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make a green paint for wood.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145"
12286,1249,Delphinium decorum Fisch. & C.A. Mey.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,26,Paint,"Flowers pounded, mixed with salmon glue and fresh mountain grapes and used to paint arrows and bows.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
12297,1252,Delphinium menziesii DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers used as a paint for clothing.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
12378,1273,Descurainia pinnata ssp. pinnata,95,Hopi,72,f96,15,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers mixed with dark iron pigment used as a black color for pottery decoration.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 15"
12379,1273,Descurainia pinnata ssp. pinnata,95,Hopi,82,c74,310,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used in the preparation of pottery paint.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 310"
12412,1275,Descurainia sp.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,60,3,Other,26,Paint,"Plants moistened, steamed, liquid squeezed and the remaining mass used as paint to decorate pottery.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 60"
13103,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,102,3,Other,26,Paint,Resin melted and used as a varnish.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 102"
13704,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,72,f96,20,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers and chalky stones used as a bright yellow pigment for personal decoration in ceremonies.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20"
14312,1554,Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,43,3,Other,26,Paint,Ground flowers used as yellow paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
14313,1554,Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,43,3,Other,26,Paint,Ground flowers used as yellow paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
14652,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make a yellow paint.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
14654,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,259,Thompson,33,steed28,501,3,Other,26,Paint,Used as a paint on wood and skin.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501"
14790,1621,Fomes sp.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,49,3,Other,26,Paint,"Whole plant made into a white powder, sometimes mixed with coloring, and used to make a paint.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 49"
15666,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,26,Paint,"Leaves crushed, mixed with salmon roe and used as paint for masks and wooden item designs.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
17224,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,9,3,Other,26,Paint,Used to paint pipes in the Sun Dance and the Sacred Arrow ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 9"
18235,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,26,Paint,Outer shell coverings soaked in water to make a black paint.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
19556,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,25,3,Other,26,Paint,"Pitch heated, rubbed into a fine powder, mixed with grease and used as a red paint for girls' faces.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
19579,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,3,Other,26,Paint,Pitch burned until dry to make a reddish pigment and used as a face paint for women and men.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
20437,2206,Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers made into yellow paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20556,2215,Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt. ex J.F. Gmel.) MacM.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,26,Paint,Used for facepaint.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
20594,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,3,Other,26,Paint,Roots dipped in hot grease and used as a red paint on the face and on dressed skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
20630,2220,Lithospermum sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,52,3,Other,26,Paint,Ground flowers used to make yellow paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 52"
21202,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,209,Quileute,25,g73,48,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice used to paint the faces of dolls.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 48"
21829,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruit mixed with salmon glue and pounded larkspur flowers and used to paint arrows and bows.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
21895,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,26,Paint,Crushed berries used as purple coloring for the skin and for objects employed in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
22391,2413,Marah macrocarpus (Greene) Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,210,3,Other,26,Paint,Seeds mixed with iron oxide and turpentine to make a red paint.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 210"
24462,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,14,c93,217,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant made into black face paint and used by warriors.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24475,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark charred, mixed with pounded salmon eggs and used as black face paint for dancing.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24496,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,129,Lummi,25,g73,41,3,Other,26,Paint,"Sticks burned, mixed with grease or Vaseline and used as a reddish brown face paint.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 41"
24497,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,130,"Lummi, Washington",23,tb71,78,3,Other,26,Paint,"Stems charred, mixed with grease or Vaseline and used as a black face paint.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 78"
24510,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,95,3,Other,26,Paint,Wood charcoal used as a special ceremonial paint for dancers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
24615,2653,Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,56,3,Other,26,Paint,Tunas used for red paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 56"
25127,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,125,Lakota,108,r80,40,3,Other,26,Paint,Blossoms used for painting the face.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 40"
25820,2800,Penstemon angustifolius Nutt. ex Pursh,125,Lakota,108,r80,59,3,Other,26,Paint,Blossoms used to make blue paint for moccasins.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 59"
26845,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,78,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruit made into a red stain used in painting horses and various articles of adornment.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 78"
27241,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,234,3,Other,26,Paint,"Pitch used like shellac on harpoons. The pitch was ignited and caught with a mussel shell as it melted.  The whale hunter's entire family would join in and chew the pitch until it was the right consistency.  Then the hunter would put the pitch on his harpoon, smooth it over and then burn off the excess.  Finally, he would shine it until it was smooth like shellac.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
27490,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,3,Other,26,Paint,Twigs burned and used as a pigment material for tattoos.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27557,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,26,Paint,Gum used in the paint used on the base of arrows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27600,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,60,3,Other,26,Paint,Pitch mixed with ground lichens or mineral colors to make a paint medium.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
27815,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,26,Paint,Gum used in the paint used on the base of arrows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
28338,2991,Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris (Greene) I.M. Johnston,25,California Indian,111,m90,55,3,Other,26,Paint,Red matter around root used as rouge.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 55"
28343,2992,Plagiobothrys jonesii Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,52,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice from the stem and root juncture used to paint the face 'just for fun.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
28344,2993,Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (Gray) Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,52,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice from the stem and root juncture used to paint the face 'just for fun.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
29276,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,68,3,Other,26,Paint,"Fruits used to make red, green, yellow, purple and white paint for suitcases and tipis.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29314,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,26,Paint,"Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a base for paints.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29366,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,68,3,Other,26,Paint,"Fruits used to make red, green, yellow, purple and white paint for suitcases and tipis.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
30158,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,3,Other,26,Paint,Resin boiled and used as a pottery paint.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30555,3175,Prunus pumila var. besseyi (Bailey) Gleason,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruit used to paint the face.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
30824,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,42,3,Other,26,Paint,Sap mixed with different colored clays and used as paint for Indian designs.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
30898,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,26,Paint,Gum applied to the surface of bows and arrows before painting the design.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
30958,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries mixed with bear grease and used to make paint for painting pictographs.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
31073,3188,Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,143,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make black paint for wood.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 143"
31337,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,26,Paint,"Boiled, crushed flowers used for yellow paint or dye.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
31348,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,291,Zuni,6,s15,97,3,Other,26,Paint,Blossoms used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring bodies yellow. The blossoms were used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring their limbs and bodies yellow.  The flowers were ground into a meal and mixed with yellow ocher and urine.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 97"
32242,3271,Quercus laurifolia Michx.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32345,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,3,Other,26,Paint,Gum used for painting arrows between the feathers.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32520,3291,Quercus texana Buckl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, post oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32558,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and post oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
33155,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,3,Other,26,Paint,Crushed berry juice used as a vehicle for paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
33926,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,26,Paint,"Petals mixed with pine pitch, grease and red ochre paint to make a cosmetic.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34098,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,26,Paint,"Petals mixed with pine pitch, grease and red ochre paint to make a cosmetic.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34138,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,26,Paint,"Petals mixed with pine pitch, grease and red ochre paint to make a cosmetic.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34257,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,26,Paint,"Petals mixed with pine pitch, grease and red ochre paint to make a cosmetic.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
35650,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,26,Paint,Charcoal used as a black paint for Sun Dancers.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
37053,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used as a red skin stain.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
38637,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,60,3,Other,26,Paint,"Root skin pounded into powder, water added and used as face paint for dances.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 60"
38656,3773,Sphaeralcea coccinea ssp. coccinea,79,Gosiute,38,c11,374,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant pounded in water into a gummy paste & applied over the rough inner surfaces of earthen dishes.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374"
38675,3779,Sphaeralcea munroana (Dougl. ex Lindl.) Spach ex Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,374,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant pounded in water into a gummy paste & applied over the rough inner surfaces of earthen dishes.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374"
38886,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,7,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruit used to make ink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 7"
39034,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,59,3,Other,26,Paint,Green twigs burned and smoke used to blacken newly made pipes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
39170,3867,Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (Gray) Nesom,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,30,3,Other,26,Paint,Petals mixed with whitewash.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
39729,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruits often crushed and mixed with paint for a robe.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39809,3939,Thelypodium wrightii ssp. wrightii,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,61,3,Other,26,Paint,Used to make paint for pottery.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 61"
40497,3978,Tradescantia bracteata Small ex Britt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,26,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers made into a blue jelly like paint used for painting moccasins.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 26"
40546,3990,Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Martius,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,132,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 132"
41072,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,26,Paint,Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41129,4048,Typha domingensis Pers.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,208,3,Other,26,Paint,Pollen used as a face paint.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 208"
43654,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,26,Paint,"Ground, seed powder used as a blue paint for the mask dancers.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43697,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used as pigment for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
43698,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,311,3,Other,26,Paint,Used as a yellow pigment for paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 311"
43768,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice used as a varnish on certain kachinas.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
44002,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice used as a varnish for sacred kachinas.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44625,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers ground into a paste and used as a dark red body paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
18,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hard knots used to make halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
169,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hard knots used to make halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
383,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fitted around deer hunters' heads and used in sizing deer head disguises.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 40"
392,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
393,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
405,18,Acacia willardiana,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
411,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
416,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
421,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
422,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90"
423,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,209,Quileute,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
435,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood gathered while green, the heart removed and used in making bows, arrows and dipnet frames.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
442,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,20,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Straight, young tree trunks used to make bows.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
443,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young twigs used for making fishnet hoops.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
463,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
538,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,365,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark cut into one-inch bands, fastened together into a roll and used to catch deer.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
575,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
594,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
627,32,Acer rubrum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Traps boiled in water with bark to deodorize the scent of the previous animal trapped.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
632,32,Acer rubrum L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
657,34,Acer saccharinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
699,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows and arrows.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
712,36,Acer sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,88,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 88"
722,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
793,38,Achillea millefolium L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dried flowers used for lynx bait.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
1099,44,Achillea sp.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make lures for traps.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
1494,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1495,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1499,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow foreshafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
1502,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,205,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow foreshafts.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205"
1516,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow heads.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1620,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Ground nuts sprinkled into pools to kill fish, a fishing method.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1621,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1655,79,Aesculus sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
1768,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded leaves dried and made into bowstrings and snares.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
2455,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2475,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,332,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2575,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow points.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2620,174,Alnus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,72,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make fish nets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72"
2668,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2743,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Seeds used to bait snares.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
2926,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrows.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2954,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
2958,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,76,Flathead,30,h92,9,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, flexible stems used for arrow shafts.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2963,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2972,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs used as points on arrow shafts.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2973,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the foreshafts of salmon harpoons.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2983,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
2987,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
3013,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows and spears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3020,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3025,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3029,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood occasionally used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
3031,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,65,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems of the young plant used for arrows.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 65"
3054,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as reinforcement for dipnet hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3055,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3061,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3080,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,221,Samish,25,g73,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the spreader in rigging halibut line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3089,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the spreader in rigging halibut line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3127,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows and arrows.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79"
3130,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows and gun cleaners.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3146,214,Amelanchier sp.,230,Shasta,109,m66,217,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 217"
3159,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems made into arrow shafts and used for hunting.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3162,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,95,Hopi,82,c74,284,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 284"
3197,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,45,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 45"
3295,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,18,Arikara,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3299,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,93,Hidatsa,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3300,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,135,Mandan,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3723,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems dried, pounded and used to make eulachon nets.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3746,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant stalk sucked by hunters to imitate fawn wanting it's mother, a doe magnet.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79"
3747,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and used for bow strings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3816,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine & occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3817,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3818,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3819,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark fiber made into twine and used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3820,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark fibers made into twine and used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
3821,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
3825,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make nets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3849,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3852,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
3857,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,247,Songish,23,tb71,78,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make pursenets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 78"
3870,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3871,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3872,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plants made into rope or thread and used for sewing and to make fishnets. The plants were dried, beaten with a stick to soften and loosen the fiber and then rolled and twisted on a piece of buckskin covering the upper leg.  The resulting rope or thread was used for sewing, for rope and for fish nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3873,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,246,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make nets for catching deer.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 246"
3874,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, crushed stem fibers used to make fish nets and snares for deer, bears and small game.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 90"
4198,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Berries used as bait for steelhead.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4359,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4377,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4467,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4708,350,Ardisia escallonoides Schiede & Deppe ex Schlecht. & Cham.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
5262,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as an ingredient in trap lures.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 30"
5313,398,Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Bess.) Hult‚n,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make small boys' arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
5314,398,Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Bess.) Hult‚n,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make small arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
5918,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrowshafts and blowguns with darts for small game.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5923,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,18,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make blowguns and darts.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 18"
5926,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks hollowed and used as blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5927,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5929,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to make blowguns, knives, arrows and bows.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
5936,418,Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks hollowed and used as blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5937,418,Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
6102,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
6103,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and sometimes used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6104,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6105,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6106,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stem fiber made into twine, occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6160,438,Asclepias perennis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6170,440,Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6175,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6191,441,Asclepias sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make nets.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
6283,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6288,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots applied to whistles used for calling deer.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
6304,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Outer bark used for making cords for fishlines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6315,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,428,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Milk and Canada hawkweed milk used to put on a deer call to imitate the call of a hungry fawn.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428"
6625,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6664,504,Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6787,533,Baccharis pilularis DC.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,393,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Light and pithy wood formerly used for arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 393"
6796,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant burned into a black powder, mixed with another ingredient and used for gun powder.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6797,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make one piece arrows for hunting small game.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6804,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make stone-tipped hunting arrows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
7196,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make moose calls.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7213,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish traps.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7294,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make spears for hunting bears and bows for hunting both large and small game.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7331,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make muskrat callers.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7336,585,Betula sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make trumpets for calling game.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7642,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7699,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,306,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small limbs used as bows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306"
7700,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,276,Washo,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
7826,692,Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn.,285,Yokia,89,c02,348,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pithy shoots used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 348"
8119,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in tending hako fish traps.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
8177,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Ribs split, made into rough cages and used to trap gambel quail and morning doves.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 43"
8278,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8324,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8329,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for bows.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
8355,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used for making bows. Some are quite particular about the piece of wood they select, choosing a billet from the tree that includes heart wood on one side and sap wood on the other.  The heart wood is the front of the bow in use, while the sap wood is nearest the user.  It is a wood of general utility.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
8370,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Strong, elastic wood used to make bows and arrows.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
8393,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8401,769,Carya sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,492,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492"
8465,786,Castilleja hispida Benth.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
8514,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
8627,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs used as foreshafts for the two piece arrows. Straight stems were used by removing the leaves and bark and sharpening one end. The piece would then have been fitted into a section of hollow carizzo grass or 'cane.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17"
8630,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,367,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Brushes used to build fish dams.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 367"
8870,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,226,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226"
8896,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,365,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365"