id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
3673,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make containers.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
7143,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to wrap and store wood for a year.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
10992,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,1,Abnaki,84,r47,159,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 159"
10993,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,1,Abnaki,84,r47,170,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Shredded bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170"
36113,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make containers.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
36114,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,166,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make baskets and whistles.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 166"
23694,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hollow stalks used to make fishing lines for deep sea fishing.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 139"
26171,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,41,3,Other,32,Containers,"Large, mature leaves used to cover berries and other greens stored in kegs for winter use.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 41"
41960,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42016,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42100,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,103,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Fruit gathered to eat and sell. Blueberries were probably the most highly regarded wild plant food in the study area.  They were locally abundant and individuals and families from bands not in the vicinity of good blueberry fields travelled considerable distances in order to pick berries for themselves and to sell.  During the course of field studies members of the River Desert band travelled northwest of their area ninety miles and more.  Members of the Weymontaching Cree band were met near Clova in the Obedjiwan band area.  They had travelled to this location by train in order to pick blueberries and meet with relatives.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 103"
7150,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make canoes, baskets and containers.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7151,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,167,Designs,"Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
10396,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,126,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves rubbed on the face and hands as protection from mosquitoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 126"
3238,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Infusion of plant used to 'force the blood for sacrifices.',"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
15161,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,10,Apache,139,n66,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Large stems used to make an elk call.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
43753,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots pounded and placed in water to form suds used in bathing and shampooing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
43788,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,32,Containers,Thick portion of stalk used as hearth when making fire.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43789,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
43790,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots pounded and placed in water to form suds used in bathing and shampooing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
43791,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used to make fire drills.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
44064,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
44269,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44663,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,10,Apache,11,c49,50,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for washing the hair.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
2684,179,Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
3292,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Grass used under fruit when drying.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
3293,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
3294,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to cover fruit and allow ripening.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
5510,404,Artemisia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
7419,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
7454,611,Bouteloua sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
7605,643,Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'H‚r. ex Vent.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds worn around the neck in a string during ceremonies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 54"
16358,1787,Gutierrezia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
19067,2063,Juniperus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to heat cooking stones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
23518,2540,Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
23546,2545,Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey ex Coult.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
24003,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
32412,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used on fire to heat cooking stones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
32413,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to dig out crowns of the mescal plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
37352,3599,Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
38769,3804,Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
41174,4049,Typha latifolia L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen sprinkled as a cross onto largest mescal crown.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
12068,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks used in the head dress of Mountain Spirit dancers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12069,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stalks and leaf base tissues used to make cigarette papers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12070,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,17,Tools,"Stalks dried, split, drilled to make small holes and used as fire drill hearths.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
18235,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,26,Paint,Outer shell coverings soaked in water to make a black paint.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
19070,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder for fire drills.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19071,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
19072,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make handles for scrapers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
23473,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,3,Other,98,Weapon,Wood used to make the best war bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
24005,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,51,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Grass woven into trays and used for processing datil and mescal.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 51"
27534,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,35,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used instead of cattail pollen in ceremonies.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35"
27535,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,35,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin used for waterproofing woven water jugs.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35"
29948,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Resin used for fletching arrows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 37"
30676,3178,Prunus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,48,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48"
32418,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make platters and shelves for mescal cakes.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32419,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make stirrups.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32420,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make digging sticks and wooden tweezers.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32421,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make toy bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
33807,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make high quality bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
41179,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as ground covering for ceremonial tipis during the puberty ritual.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
41180,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in many ceremonies.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
43802,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,3,Other,106,Soap,Large roots used to make soap.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
1794,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1795,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1796,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1797,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1825,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1826,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1827,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1828,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1829,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1830,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1831,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1832,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
8147,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Whole fruit mashed, water added and mixture drunk after a two day burial in a dry place. The drink was consumed immediately after the two-day burial and said to be better than tiswin.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8148,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,32,Containers,Burls used as containers.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8149,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Burls used as vessels or cups.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
19078,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried bark made into a torch.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
24008,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried leaves fashioned into spoons.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
24009,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,58,Protection,Grass used as wrapping material for foods to be transported or stored.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
24010,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
24044,2592,Nolina sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,106,Soap,Crowns and bases of leaves pounded together and mixed with water to make soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
27542,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used to waterproof baskets.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27790,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used to waterproof baskets.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
29972,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used to attach arrow points to shafts.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29973,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
43806,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44035,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,38,Decorations,Red roots used in basket decorations.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
44036,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
1117,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
2736,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers used as face paint.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
7433,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
8967,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11586,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves ground and used as 'green paint' in making sand paintings.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
23530,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
26568,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Reeds used as an arrow shaft for hunting small birds with arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26569,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Reeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26570,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Reeds used to make pipe stems.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
27545,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch warmed and applied inside and out to waterproof water jugs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
32062,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan skins.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
32612,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan skins.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35923,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,3,Other,32,Containers,Withes used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
35924,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Withes tied together and used to stir mush and other foods.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35925,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split withes used to make the three dice and throwing sticks for the setdilth game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35926,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the poles and hoops for the pole game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
38774,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
41182,4049,Typha latifolia L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,151,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151"
43811,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
44071,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as counters in various games.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
23910,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,16,Apalachee,197,hann86,97,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant cultivated and sold.,"Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 97"
23911,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,16,Apalachee,197,hann86,97,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant smoked in the pre-ballgame rituals.,"Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 97"
5223,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,17,Arapaho,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole plant used for ceremonials.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
12962,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Berries used to make necklaces.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
12963,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Boiled seeds strung on sinew and used as necklaces.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
18542,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,46,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles ground and used for their scent.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
3295,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,18,Arikara,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
20232,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,137,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pulverized root used for poisoning fish.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 137"
437,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make spoons.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
438,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,"Straight sticks tied around a tree base, ignited and burned until the tree fell.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
1957,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,38,Decorations,Formerly used to decorate dance masks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
2483,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
3503,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used to make drinking straws.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
3504,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,Hollow stems used to make breathing tubes for hiding under water when in danger.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
3723,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems dried, pounded and used to make eulachon nets.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
8501,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used in young girls' games.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
8542,799,Castilleja unalaschcensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) Malte,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Flowers used in young girls' games.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
9076,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,3,Other,38,Decorations,Inner bark used for decorating masks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
10998,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used for barbecue racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
12952,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
15402,1673,Fucus sp.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used in steaming pits to generate steam for cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
21490,2321,Lycopodium clavatum L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,3,Other,38,Decorations,Used to make wreaths.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
21588,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,32,Containers,Large leaves folded and used as berry containers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
21589,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Large leaves folded and used as drinking cups, as covering for drying cakes and to line pits.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
23695,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to store eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
24409,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,3,Other,58,Protection,Spiny stems used as protective charms against supernatural powers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
30336,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark formerly used for wrapping implements.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
31146,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as a valuable fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
33470,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,'Canes' hollowed out and used for pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33549,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,3,Other,58,Protection,Used as a deterrent against snakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
36779,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems hollowed out and used as pipe bowls.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
38570,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Berries rubbed on the scalp for lice.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
38731,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to hang salmon for drying and smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
39445,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make harpoon shafts.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
39446,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make adze handles, bark scrapers and wedges.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
39942,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,3,Other,38,Decorations,Inner bark used for mask decoration.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
39943,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,3,Other,37,Fuel,Inner bark used for tinder.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
40941,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled and used on traps to remove rust and give them a clean smell.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
41755,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,211,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fibers sun dried and used to make fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 211"
41920,4064,Usnea sp.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,38,Decorations,Formerly used to decorate dance masks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
42644,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,21,Bella Coola,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used for luck.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42645,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,3,Other,58,Protection,Outer roots hung in homes or boiled for protection from supernatural powers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
40942,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
240,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed needles sprayed over the Horn ceremonial containers to purify them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
241,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Needle incense used for transfer ceremonies of Black Spring tipi design & Bear Medicine Hat bundle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
242,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,17,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as perfume.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17"
243,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used in buckskin bags for delightful odor & mixed with grease to add fragrance to hair oil.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
244,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Needles packed with stored items, saddle pads or burned in a household smudge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
245,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Used for incense, primarily in association with the Medicine Pipe bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
246,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,26,Paint,Needles mixed with dry paint to make it smell better.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
247,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,58,Protection,Needle smudge used for safety's sake during severe thunderstorms.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
441,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make paint containers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
1183,55,Acorus calamus L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant used for barter.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2258,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bulbs rubbed on quivers as a deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2259,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,106,Soap,Bulbs and water used to shine arrows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2421,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Bark split, covered with raw hide and used to make stirrups.","McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
2923,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Dried berries traded for tobacco.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2924,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berries, elk manure and tobacco seed planted in small prairie plot in the Tobacco Planting ceremony.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2925,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Forked sticks used in religious rituals.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2926,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrows.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2927,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries.  The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill.  Girls played a game while harvesting the berries.  After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat.  Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
3488,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root held in the mouth during Horn Society curse ceremony. Curses were indulged in by the Horn Society as a whole.  In this case a special sweat lodge was constructed.  A human figure representing the condemned man was drawn in the bottom of a pit intended to contain hot stones.  The stones were brought in at a designated time and placed on the drawing to represent the victim's suffering.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3489,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Root pieces attached to the binding of the Spear Staff (with bundle), the head staff. The Spear Staff was used during the secret ceremony of the Horns, in which the chief ceremonialist participated in a fertility rite with the initiate's wife.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3490,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Root used by the Horn Society in the initiation ceremonies. The root was found in the nontransferable initiation bundles.  Having been distributed by the owner of the Spear Staff bundle to the others, down to the owner of the Marten, the root was kept in the mouth and used to bless the initiates.  After the ritual, the root was tied to the paint application sticks, to fortify and replenish the supernatural power inherent in the paint.  The same was done with a wooden scratching pin, which was either worn in the hair or attached to one's garments.  This was done in preparation for the next opening ceremony.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3491,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used during the ritual of body painting & tied to headdresses of all members of Pigeon Society.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3492,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used in the rites of most age graded societies & in the Natoas Beaver & Medicine Pipe bundles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3493,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used by ceremonialists to bless others with long life and good luck.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3494,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used for collective power in designated societies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3495,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used for individual power by ceremonialists and diviners.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3496,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots tied in small bundle and attached to the tail base or bridle for luck in horse racing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3497,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used by ceremonialists to bless others with long life and good luck.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3498,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used for luck in games of chance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3499,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Juice used to spray on quirt (a rod) to cause other horses to fall behind during a race. A piece of plant was placed in the mouth, and the rider sprayed the quirt with the juice.  This quirt was not used to whip the horse.  When the race began, the rider would try to get on the right side of the other horses; he carried the magic quirt but whipped his horse with a regular one.  At an opportune time the rider threw back the sprayed quirt, causing the other horses to fall behind.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3500,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Root held in the mouth to make the other players lazy during the hand game.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3501,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Root held in the rider's mouth to cast a spell so that other horses could not pass.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3620,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
4518,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried berries used in rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
4519,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves mixed with tobacco, dried cambium or red osier dogwood and used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
4520,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Dried berries strung on necklaces.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
4521,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Heavy fruit set taken by the medicine men as a sign of a severe winter to come.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
4522,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4523,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
4524,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
4998,388,Artemisia campestris L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Infusion of roots rubbed on a hide to be tanned.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
4999,388,Artemisia campestris L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,106,Soap,Infusion of roots cleansed and used for scalp infections.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
5238,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant tied to articles that were sacrificed to the Sun.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
5239,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in religious rituals.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
5240,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Infusion of plant used to treat hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5241,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant stuffed into saddles, women's pillows, hide bags and quivers as a deodorant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5242,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,87,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87"
5243,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put on campfire coals and the smoke repelled the mosquitoes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5244,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,143,Paper,Leaves used as toilet paper.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
5245,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used to clean paint applicators made from broken buffalo shoulder blades.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5246,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant made into balls and used as molds to make rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5338,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by assistants to the participants during the sweat lodge rituals to relieve thirst. This thirst resulted from taboos against the consumption of liquids.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5339,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Packed into ceremonial moccasins for storage.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5340,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a bed for the Buffalo Stones (Iniskim) during buffalo drive rituals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5341,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as the Holy Offering of the All Smoking ceremony and for certain Horn Society rituals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5342,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for cleansing in the sweat lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5343,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to cleanse the body during participation in the All Smoking Ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5344,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used to cleanse the headdresses of the Horn Society before transferring to new owners. In the transferral, the headdress was laid on a bed of man sage.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5345,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to cleanse the singers of the All Smoking ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5346,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to wipe the black paint off the one man who fasted until the Okan center pole was raised.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5347,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to wipe the sweat from their bodies during the sweat lodge ceremonies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5348,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Worn around wrists and ankles by the Lodge dancers in the Okan (Holy Lodge) of the Sun dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5349,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used to cleanse a man entered in a horse race.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5350,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant stuffed into saddles, women's pillows, hide bags and quivers as a deodorant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5351,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,87,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87"
5352,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Leaves used in defense of the use of yellow angelica by an opponent in the hand game. The loser went to his lodge and asked for a small piece of meat, which he combined with man sage leaves.  Carrying this charm in his pocket, he returned to the gambling place, where he walked abruptly among the participants and took the dice in his hands.  Then he pretended to sing and perform with the dice--all the while secretly rubbing them with the meat and sage mixture.  After he handed back the dice, the man who had been using the yellow angelica would get a headache and grow lazy, losing all he had won.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
5353,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Stems used as a curse on horses to slacken in races. Short pieces were broken from the stem and a small, flat, white stone was collected.  The man first sprayed the rock with juice from his mouth.  Then the stems were placed on the ground; they represented the other horses.  The stone was sprayed again and shoved toward the stems, without touching them, three times.  At the fourth shove the stone was pressed into the stems.  Horses so cursed were sure to slacken in the race.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
5354,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,143,Paper,Leaves used as toilet paper.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
5355,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to cleanse a person afraid of a ghost.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
6433,459,Aster sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Flowers used to make necklaces.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
6853,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used in roasting camas roots.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
6854,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,47,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Roots used as incense during the Planting ceremonies of the Tobacco Society. A horse was encouraged to stand near a smudge of roots.  Then a rider leapt on the horse and galloped across the planting grounds, stopping only to deposit small offerings to the Small People.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
6855,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,47,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Roots used as incense during the preparatory rites for the ceremonial runner. The ceremonial runner, in pre-horse days, had the duty of herding the buffalo toward the piskun (buffalo jump).  The runner bathed himself in the smoke from a smudge of the dried root; according to tradition, that would enable him to run long distances--more than twenty miles a day.  The runner wore special moccasins, which were transferable annually.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
6856,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,47,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Roots used as incense for the Crow feather headpiece during the transfer ceremony of Beaver bundle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
7132,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
7155,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
8076,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass tied by medicine men to horns of the sacred buffalo head used in the Sun Dance ceremony.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
8077,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves tied around the horn of the sacred buffalo skull used in ceremonials.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
8078,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant tied around the horns of the buffalo head in the Sun Dance.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
8534,797,Castilleja sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flowers used to shine and waterproof hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
9265,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flowers rubbed on rawhide thongs and mittens for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
9597,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as the favorite smoking tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
9684,917,Chimaphila umbellata ssp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hult‚n,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
10271,1020,Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves used to remove 'ghost bullets,' supernatural objects shot into people by ghosts. The bullets were removed by a diviner either with a sucking tube or through a slit in the skin made with a flint.  Then the leaves were boiled and applied to the place where the bullets were removed.  Fainting was often the result of coming near a ghost and the victim was revived with a smudge of the stem of this plant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
10272,1020,Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,58,Protection,Flowers worn by children in their hair at night to keep ghosts away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
11004,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant mixed with tobacco, kinnikinnick or dried cambium and used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
11005,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
11006,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
11007,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems and tamps.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
11008,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover a circle of split beaver teeth and used as a gambling wheel.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
11009,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,21,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover split beaver teeth for gambling wheels.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
12047,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Dry, flaky bark used as tinder when starting a fire with twirling sticks.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
12970,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Seeds cleaned, boiled, threaded, dried, greased and made into necklaces.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
12971,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,56,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Seeds used to make necklaces.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56"
12972,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,106,Soap,Berries used to make soap.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
12973,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Braided bark used to whip stone tops spun by children on the ice during the winter.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
13291,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used by children to shine their bouncing arrows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
14400,1571,Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a joke on people by placing it under the covers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
15418,1675,Gaillardia aristata Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Flower heads served as spoons for the sick and invalid.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
15419,1675,Gaillardia aristata Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flower heads rubbed on rawhide bags for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
15756,1713,Gentiana affinis Griseb.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,38,Decorations,Flowers used for their attractiveness.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
15936,1738,Geum triflorum Pursh,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,38,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Ripe seeds crushed and used as perfume.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 38"
15957,1739,Geum triflorum var. ciliatum (Pursh) Fassett,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Crushed seed pods used for perfume.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
16037,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,98,Weapon,Burs believed to be shot by ghosts inflicting disease in their victims.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16792,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalk placed on altar of Sun Dance ceremonial.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
16793,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks placed on the altar of the Sun Dance ceremonial.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
16794,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used by infirm people to suck soup and stew without raising up.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16795,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems used to make children's flutes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16796,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make children's toy blowguns.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16969,1856,Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Spread out appearance of grass indicated the best condition for hunting buffalo cows in the fall.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
17198,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Braided plant put up on Sun Dance alters and used in religious services.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
17199,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass braids strung on the inside of headbands of the Motokiks headdresses.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17200,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass braids tied vertically around the base of the Horn Society staffs.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17201,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass essential to the raising of a fallen dancer or fallen paraphernalia.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17202,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass water used to bathe the mother 34 days after giving birth and before returning home.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17203,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves ceremonially smoked with tobacco.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17204,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Smoke from burning grass used to purify Sundance dancers.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17205,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems burned and prayers said during every ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17206,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Sun Dance ceremony and burned on a small altar found in many lodges.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
17207,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,28,3,Other,38,Decorations,Used to decorate women's hair.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17208,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Grass packed into saddles to keep them smelling good.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
17209,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Grass used by everyone as incense during daily prayers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17210,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Grass water used as incense smudge by the mother 34 days after giving birth & before returning home.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17211,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves braided and placed with the clothes or carried in small bags as perfume.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
17212,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves mixed with red ochre to make it smell good.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
17213,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as a hairwash and incense.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
17214,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,9,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Stems bound at the lower end with other stems, braided and used as incense during ceremonies.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 9"
17215,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Used as an incense, natural sachet or perfume.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
17216,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves soaked in water and used as a hairwash.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
17217,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,28,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves soaked in water and used as a hairwash.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
18586,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch held in the right hand and the wing of an owl in the other by the Okan dancer.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
18587,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,33,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Seven berries, representing the Bunched Stars, used to make headpieces worn by some dancers.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
18588,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,33,3,Other,38,Decorations,Sprigs used symbolically to decorate the altar of the Marten designed tipi.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
18941,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony, the summer festival of the Blackfoot.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17"
18942,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used on the altar of the sacred woman at the Sun Dance.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
19083,2063,Juniperus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Greased leaves used to smoke hides yellow.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
19084,2063,Juniperus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Dried, smoked berries used to make necklaces, wristlets or clothing decorations.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
20561,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant top dried and burned ceremonially.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
20607,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to make head pieces for playing and mimicking the affairs of the Holy Woman.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
20818,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Plant mixed with brains and used in soft tanning.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
21062,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Fruits stuffed into a porcupine foot and tied on a young girl's hair as a good luck charm.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
21063,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Fruits used during the tanning process of animal pelts to keep them from smelling.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
21240,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,45,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial rites of the Native American Church.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 45"
21367,2306,Lupinus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves chewed by ceremonialist, to reinforce his powers, before he undertook any face painting.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21368,2306,Lupinus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used as incense in the Ghost Dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21479,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Puffballs figured into religious life. Puffballs were thought to be stars that had fallen to earth during supernatural events.  There was a story about the woman who married Morning Star and had a child by this supernatural being.  When she returned to earth with the Natoas bundles and her child, she was directed by the star personage to keep her baby from touching the ground for fourteen days.  She managed all right until the day she went for wood and left the child in the care of a grandmother.  The grandmother was careless and the baby touched the ground.  It turned into a large puffball and returned to the heavens as the Fixed Star (North Star), plugging the hole left by the woman when she pulled out the Holy Turnip.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21480,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Firelighters bundle of the Horn Society for use as punk to light a fire easily.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21481,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,167,Designs,"Small, painted circles at the base of the tipi represented puffballs to insure fire to those within.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21482,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Puffballs used as incense to keep ghosts away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
21560,2333,Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Stems used to waterproof newly tanned buffalo hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
22473,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Blossoms dried and used for perfume.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
22474,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,61,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Dried blossoms used as an insect repellant.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 61"
22603,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,51,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant boiled with traps to destroy the human scent.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 51"
23194,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried flowerheads used by invalids for sucking broth and soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23195,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried flowerheads used to apply water to a green hide to make it easier to scrape the hide.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23262,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,51,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Flowers dried and used as a perfume.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 51"
23743,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,52,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 52"
23868,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick, dried cambium or red osier dogwood & used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
23869,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plants planted, harvested ceremonially and smoked as an important part of every ritual.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
23870,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves used for ritual smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating ceremonialist.  This man had the favored position because of his wealth in bundle ownership.  He drew on the unlit pipe four times and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to the man next to the distinguished bundle owner.  This man drew on the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward.  Then the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it reached the door of the tipi, whence it was returned to the orderly.  The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the lodge, where women and children were seated.  If the pipe went out during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and refilled it.  The manner in which the participant received the pipe varied according to bundle ownership.  Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, imitating the actions of a bear.  A ceremony in which smoking had special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony.  This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle owners.  They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe.  The Big Smoke commenced at sundown and continued until day break, and there was continuous use of many pipes.  Four songs were allowed to be sung for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for sixteen songs or more.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
24996,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Infusion of roots used to sweetened diapers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
24997,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Root pieces kept in quivers and clothing as a deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
25254,2722,Oxytropis sericea Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Stems used by children to make headdresses. The headdresses were worn during a single-file dance to different spots while singing a song.  The seeds would rattle in their pods.  Then the leader would suddenly stop and look behind him while the others dropped to the ground.  The leader struck whoever remained standing with a smoking stick which he carried.  Then he took some of the seeds of the plant, chewed them and applied the mixture to the burn.  Shortly, the irritation stopped and the game continued with changing leaders.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
25716,2783,Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,38,Decorations,Root pieces dried and attached to clothing and robes as ornamentation and medicine.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
26008,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Plant rubbed on arrows for shine and waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27393,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood burls scraped with a rough stone, grease applied to prevent cracking and made into a bowl.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27394,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and used as a glue for headdresses and bows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27395,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Sticks notched to act as fasteners on designated food storage bags.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27396,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used to make wind chimes and presented to newly married couples.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27397,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make story sticks. Story sticks were prepared by older men and presented to children in return for favors.  The sticks were notched to count the number of stories that the man would tell the child.  They were often varnished with a solution of boiled hoof and steer phallus and sometimes red ochre was added.  Then the stick was polished with a piece of rawhide.  Story sticks were sometimes used to hang tipi doors.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27398,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and applied to moccasins for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27931,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Twigs used as twirling sticks in fire making.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18"
29056,3083,Polyporus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Firelighters bundle of the Horn Society for use as punk to light a fire easily.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
29057,3083,Polyporus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used as incense to keep ghosts away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
29272,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,68,3,Other,58,Protection,Sap used to conceal human scent when stealing enemy horses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29355,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,68,3,Other,58,Protection,Sap used to conceal human scent when stealing enemy horses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29513,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark used as punk in the ceremonial lighting of pipes.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29514,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pole used as Sun Dance ceremony centerpiece to symbolize the axis between people and world beyond.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29515,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,29,3,Other,38,Decorations,Used to make head wreaths by the Motokiks.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
29516,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for firewood.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29517,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Sap rubbed on the bodies of horse thieves to disguise the human scent.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29518,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,179,Preservative,Branches used for drying meat.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29581,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark or moistened leaves used to make whistles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
30722,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,32,Containers,Hard wood used to make incense tongs.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
30723,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hard wood used to make roasting skewers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
30724,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks used to dig roots.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
31147,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,18,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18"
31597,3225,Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves acted as a vesicant and given to unsuspecting people as toilet paper as a prank.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
33649,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used by children to play a game. The children sat in a circle and began counting to ten, each child counting one number around the circle.  The tenth child would take five berries and eat them at once, trying his best not to show a bitter face.  If he was successful, the child next to him would do the same and this would continue until one grimaced at the sour taste.  He was then struck on the thigh with a knuckle punch, thus giving the name 'punctured berry' to the plant.  The child who never grimaced won all the others' berry supplies.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
34151,3432,Rosa sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Fruits used to make necklaces.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
34780,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,58,Protection,Berries applied to quivers to strengthen them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
36019,3544,Salix prolixa Anderss.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial sticks.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36133,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,3,Other,32,Containers,"Wood used to make the top and bottom hoop of buckets, basins and other containers.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36134,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make tipi pegs and pins.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
36135,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Gall pitch used for incense during the annual ceremonies of the Motokiks and Kaispa Societies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
36136,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch with loosened bark used as a buzzing whistle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
39034,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,59,3,Other,26,Paint,Green twigs burned and smoke used to blacken newly made pipes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
39133,3854,Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,55,3,Other,37,Fuel,Green twigs used to make a fire to blacken the surface of newly made pipes.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 55"
39725,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Berries dried and placed in small buckskin bags for perfume.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
39726,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits kept as a household and clothing deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39727,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,35,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Seeds and leaves kept for the pleasant smell.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35"
39728,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,35,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Seeds and leaves placed among clothing or other possessions as an insect repellant.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35"
39729,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruits often crushed and mixed with paint for a robe.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39739,3927,Thalictrum sp.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried, whole plant used for perfume.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
39823,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowering signaled the time to collect buffalo tongues in preparation for the Sun Dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39824,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,41,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowers indicated the prime buffalo hunting season.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 41"
42536,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
42628,4103,Veratrum californicum var. californicum,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,62,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Pounded, dry root used for snuff.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
44081,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as a soap substitute and hair wash.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
376,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
476,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Limbs used for house construction and considered good firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1492,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Large roots used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1493,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood coals used as a favorite source for roasting.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1494,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1495,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1496,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches bound together and used for torches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1514,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Limbs used as a favorite firewood for roasting, giving a high intensity heat.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1515,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1516,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow heads.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1766,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pounded leaves dried and made into netting used for ceremonial costumes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1767,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried stalks used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1768,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded leaves dried and made into bowstrings and snares.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1769,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Pounded leaves dried and made into saddle blankets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1770,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as awls in basket making.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1771,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as tool for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
4358,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4359,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4360,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4361,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4362,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4363,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4376,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4377,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4378,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4379,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4380,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4381,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4466,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4467,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4468,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4469,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4470,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4471,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4977,387,Artemisia californica Less.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,42,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42"
5942,420,Arundo donax L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
6175,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6680,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,45,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed leaves and roots used as a soap and rubbed into articles for cleaning.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 45"
7616,650,Bursera microphylla Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,48,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Sap used by players of peon, a popular gambling game, to acquire 'power.'","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 48"
8675,817,Ceanothus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,51,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51"
9572,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9573,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,3,Other,58,Protection,"Tree usually comfortable to camp under, providing some shade for the desert dweller.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9574,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,3,Other,17,Tools,Long limbs used as sticks to reach fruits and nuts too high to grasp by hand.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9702,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saponaceous material used as a stupefying agent and placed into streams to catch fish.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
9703,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed bulb used as soap.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
11596,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried gourds used to make rattles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
11597,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried gourds used to make ladles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
11598,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Root and pepo (fruit) useful as a soap and bleach.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
12143,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant offered a means of coming into contact with the sacred world.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12144,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used to make a drink taken at rituals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12145,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used ritually in male puberty ceremonies.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12146,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Vial of the plant carried for 'good luck.',"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12147,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used to smoke.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
14394,1569,Eschscholzia sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,73,3,Other,38,Decorations,Pollen used by women as a facial cosmetic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 73"
14730,1607,Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Body of the plant used as a cooking vessel. The top was cut off of the cactus and the interior was dug out.  Water was then put into the depression and heated with hot stones.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 67"
14819,1630,Fouquieria splendens Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,74,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 74"
20086,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems made into painted arrows and used in ceremonial dances.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69"
20087,2161,Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. L”ve,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,69,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fire hardened stems used as the main shaft in arrowmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69"
23823,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions:  north, east, west, south and up or center.  This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual.  Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today.  At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23824,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23825,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23826,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23827,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23833,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions:  north, east, west, south and up or center.  This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual.  Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today.  At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23834,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23835,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23836,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23837,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23850,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions:  north, east, west, south and up or center.  This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual.  Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today.  At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23851,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23852,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23853,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23854,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
24350,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,94,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 94"
24351,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,94,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make implements requiring extreme hardness: throwing sticks and clubs.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 94"
25489,2746,Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,52,3,Other,58,Protection,Trees large enough to shelter campers.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52"
25837,2803,Penstemon centranthifolius Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,99,3,Other,38,Decorations,Used as decorations at funerals or church affairs.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 99"
25952,2824,Pentachaeta aurea Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,52,3,Other,38,Decorations,Pollen used as a cosmetic for women.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52"
26573,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,101,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 101"
27798,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Nuts used as an important trade item.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27799,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27800,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, high combustibility, used for firewood and kindling.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27801,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Wood, gave off a pleasant odor, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28088,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Nuts used as an important trade item.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28089,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28090,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, high combustibility, used for firewood and kindling.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28091,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Wood, gave off a pleasant odor, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28633,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,105,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 105"
29467,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,106,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Trunks used to make wooden mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 106"
29889,3142,Proboscidea althaeifolia (Benth.) Dcne.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Hooked thorns used as a tool in mending baskets and broken pottery.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30021,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Trunk used to make wooden mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30022,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used as an adhesive for arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30023,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used to secure foreshafts to arrows and baskets to mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30024,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as kindling for cooking and firewood in sweathouses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30025,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood used as firewood for cooking, baking pottery and warmth.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30026,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fire hardened branches used as the foreshaft inserted into the mainshaft of an arrow.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30027,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Smaller limbs used for bowmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30028,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,143,Paper,Bark used as a wrapping.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30029,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,114,3,Other,58,Protection,"Trees used by women as shaded working areas, out of the direct rays of the sun, for grinding food.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 114"
30030,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used to puncture the skin for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30065,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small limbs used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30066,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Long branch made into a mescal cutter to sever agave leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
31839,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31840,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31841,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31842,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31843,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31844,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31845,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31934,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31935,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31936,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31937,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31938,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31939,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31940,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31996,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31997,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31998,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31999,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32000,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32001,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32002,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32184,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32185,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32186,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32187,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32188,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32189,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32190,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
35364,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Roots used in tanning hides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
36364,3555,Salvia apiana Jepson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,136,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Fresh, crushed leaves applied to armpits by hunters to eliminate body odors and detection from game.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136"
36643,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Twigs used in making whistles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
37534,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make ceremonial bundles and images for image burning ceremony.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37535,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant areas used by nesting water fowl and used as indicator by hunters of game.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
39028,3847,Suaeda sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,141,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used in making soap.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 141"
40816,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Used to trade with travelers passing through their territory.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
41189,4049,Typha latifolia L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks used in constructing ceremonial bundles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
43553,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make images of the dead burned in the memorial rites.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43554,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds used as filling material for gourd rattles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43555,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems used to make cooking utensils, spoons and stirring implements.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43556,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43557,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for flailing and hulling dried seeds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43558,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used to make children's play hoops.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
44207,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,3,Other,106,Soap,"Scraped, mashed roots and water used as soap.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44362,4244,Zea mays L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,153,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprinkled on images of the dead during mourning ceremonies.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 153"
8676,817,Ceanothus sp.,25,California Indian,111,m90,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Flowers used to make soap suds.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
8968,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,25,California Indian,111,m90,62,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Root used to make pipe bowls.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
8969,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,25,California Indian,111,m90,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for digging sticks.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
8970,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,25,California Indian,111,m90,62,3,Other,98,Weapon,Wood used to make clubs.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
17298,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,25,California Indian,111,m90,59,3,Other,32,Containers,Root fibers used to make bags.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59"
26372,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,25,California Indian,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
26373,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,25,California Indian,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
28338,2991,Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris (Greene) I.M. Johnston,25,California Indian,111,m90,55,3,Other,26,Paint,Red matter around root used as rouge.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 55"
328,8,Abies sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,70,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Rotten wood used to smoke and tan skins.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 70"
2620,174,Alnus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,72,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make fish nets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72"
4530,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,27,Carrier,134,c73,74,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves and stems used to smoke.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74"
4531,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,27,Carrier,34,h49,12,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
7160,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Inner bark made into dishes and used for processing fish, picking berries and to eat with.","Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
9478,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,27,Carrier,134,c73,83,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries used as red paint.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 83"
27055,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,27,Carrier,134,c73,69,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into drying poles and used for smoking and drying meat.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69"
34784,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,27,Carrier,134,c73,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to dry berries on.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74"
16802,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,61,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of blossoms rubbed on body to keep off flies and mosquitoes.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
29197,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,54,3,Other,76,Insecticide,"Resin from buds used to repel mosquitoes, black flies and gadflies.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 54"
148,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
411,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
477,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
14782,1621,Fomes sp.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as a target for archery.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
17311,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make roasting tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
17312,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make shafts and spear prongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
29095,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,31,Chehalis,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
31257,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31258,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Warmed cones used as charms to stop the rain.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31259,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
39449,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
40946,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41196,4049,Typha latifolia L.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,21,3,Other,38,Decorations,Leaf edges used to make imbrications on coiled baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21"
582,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
616,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
644,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
674,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
1628,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1629,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make dough trays.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1630,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1631,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1653,78,Aesculus pavia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Nut carried in the pocket for good luck.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1655,79,Aesculus sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
3246,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,48,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
5917,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5918,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrowshafts and blowguns with darts for small game.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5919,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make candles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5920,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,'Joint of reed' used to make flutes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5921,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,98,Weapon,Used as knives as last resort in committing suicide in 1738 smallpox epidemic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5971,421,Asarum canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried leaves pounded and used for snuff.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
6070,423,Asarum sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried and pounded leaves used for snuff.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
6160,438,Asclepias perennis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6170,440,Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6283,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
7818,690,Calycanthus floridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used for perfume.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
8021,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
8275,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make barrel hoops.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8276,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8277,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8278,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8279,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8321,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make barrel hoops.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8322,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8323,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8324,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8325,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8390,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make barrel hoops.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8391,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8392,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8393,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make blowgun darts and arrow shafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8394,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8399,769,Carya sp.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,40,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Dried leaves used to wrap around ball of meal, boiled for one hour and used for bread.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 40"
8420,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
9868,942,Cicuta maculata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to repel insect pests.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
9907,950,Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Down used as the tail for blow darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
10035,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Down used as the tail for blow darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
10111,990,Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used for carving.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
10441,1042,Coix lacryma-jobi L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Seeds used to make beads.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
10766,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10767,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make loom shuttles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10885,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10886,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make loom shuttles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
11447,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,3,Other,58,Protection,Infusion of bark taken or bathed in by ball players 'to ward off tacklers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
12549,1304,Dionaea muscipula Ellis,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small piece of plant chewed and spat on bait for fishing.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
12946,1371,Echium vulgare L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Seeds used to make beads.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
14456,1579,Eupatorium maculatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used as a straw in sucking water from low springs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
14557,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used as a straw in sucking water from low springs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
14664,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make buttons.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
15267,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make butter paddles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15268,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood and lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15269,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make handles and ball bats.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
15588,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
16000,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,58,Protection,Compound infusion of bark used by ball players 'to ward off tacklers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
16477,1806,Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,48,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion taken for 'flux' and leaves rubbed on body as insect repellent.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
17715,1977,Ilex opaca Ait.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
17716,1977,Ilex opaca Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,38,Decorations,Whole plant used for Christmas trees.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
17717,1977,Ilex opaca Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
17885,1991,Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of vine used for soaking sweet potatoes to keep away bugs and moles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
18255,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18256,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make gunstocks.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
19140,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
19141,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Used for moth proofing.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
19270,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
19408,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fruit used to make ceremonial rattles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
19409,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fruit used to make dippers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
20488,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
20676,2222,Lobelia inflata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Used to smoke out gnats.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
21801,2366,Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
21817,2368,Magnolia macrophylla Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
22544,2430,Melia azedarach L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves used to drive out 'house insects.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
23060,2490,Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"34, 35",3,Other,76,Insecticide,Poultice of beaten root used for boils and milk poured over leaves used as fly poison.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34, 35"
23931,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
23970,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
25218,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make butter paddles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25219,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25220,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25221,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrowshafts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25222,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
25347,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Roots sold in large quantities to traders in the late 19th century for fifty cents a pound.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
27519,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
27744,2962,Pinus glabra Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles or gum used to scent soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28080,2971,Pinus pungens Lamb.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28106,2974,Pinus rigida P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28178,2977,Pinus strobus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28266,2978,Pinus taeda L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28292,2979,Pinus virginiana P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles or gum used to scent soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28534,3009,Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root used on hooks to make the fish bite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
28578,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make buttons.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
28685,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Root ooze used to soak corn before planting to keep off crows and insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
30330,3164,Prunus cerasus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
30488,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
30583,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
30743,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
31876,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31877,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31878,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32053,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32054,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32055,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32177,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32178,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32179,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32321,3279,Quercus palustris Muenchh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make pins or small pegs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
32364,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32365,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32366,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32424,3289,Quercus sp.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
32509,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32510,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32511,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32545,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32546,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make corn beaters and mortars.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32547,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32854,3338,Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,38,Decorations,Flowers used to decorate the home.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
32864,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
32865,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
32866,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
33801,3404,Robinia hispida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make pegs for log cabins.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33802,3404,Robinia hispida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and blowgun darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33822,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make pegs for log cabins.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33823,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and blowgun darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
37124,3585,Saponaria officinalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,3,Other,106,Soap,Used for soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
37227,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Flowers mixed with beans for planting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
37228,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used to scent soap.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
38249,3716,Solanum carolinense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves in sweet milk used to kill flies.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
40332,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40333,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40395,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40396,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40854,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40855,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40856,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,381,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40928,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40929,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40930,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,269,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
41683,4058,Urtica dioica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems twisted for bow strings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
43259,4151,Viola bicolor Pursh,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43272,4156,Viola cucullata Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43287,4160,Viola pubescens Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43301,4162,Viola rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43312,4165,Viola sororia Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
43333,4149,Viola ?pedata L. (pro sp.),32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of root used to soak corn before planting to keep off insects.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
44056,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
44057,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to intoxicate fish.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44058,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots pounded, boiled and used instead of soap to wash blankets.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44367,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Shucks used to make dolls.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
251,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used by Sundancers for confidence and protection from thunder and for purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
252,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to drive away ill spirits or to revive spirits of the dying.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
544,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned during Sundance ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
545,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
546,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned and used for cooking meat.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
547,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as firewood for cooking meat.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
1213,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,58,Protection,"Root tied to a child's necklet, dress or blanket to keep away the night spirits.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
1214,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
3253,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves burned as incense and used to purify gifts offered to the sun or the spirits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18"
3254,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,187,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried flowers carried or chewed and rubbed on the body as protection from danger before battle.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
4546,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
4547,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
4548,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
5364,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves burned as incense in ceremonies to purify implements, utensils or persons.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5365,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used extensively in ceremonies to drive away bad spirits, evil influences and ominous dreams.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5366,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants wiped on persons who broke taboos for purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5367,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants wrapped around Sundancers' eagle bone whistles for prevention of thirst.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5368,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprigs used as ceremonial paint brushes during the Sundance.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5369,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used in sweat lodges to sprinkle water on the rocks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5433,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,190,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used for many ceremonial purposes. On ceremonial occasions it is spread about the borders of a lodge in a special way.  Other uses are to wipe off ceremonial paint; or to purify, by wiping off, with a bundle of the sage, the body of one who has committed some fault--violated some tabu.  It is used by Contraries to wipe off the ground in a lodge where a Contrary had been seated.  The dried leaves are burned on the coal to make a smoke used in purifying implements or utensils used in ceremony; or to smoke, and so purify, the body of an individual.  This is to drive away bad spirits, and particularly to drive away a bad or ominous dream had by a sick person, which dream may remain in the mind of the person and trouble him.  It may be mixed with 'motsinists' (Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum)--a small pinch of each in about the same quantity--for the same purpose.  The patient who is being smoked sits over the coal on which the sage is being sprinkled, with a blanket over the body and the coal in order to confine the smoke.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190"
5512,404,Artemisia sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16"
11015,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant smoked ceremonially.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 23"
11016,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11017,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with dried kinnikinnick leaves and used for pipe smoking.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
11018,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, pulverized under bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
11019,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
12051,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,3,Other,58,Protection,Powdered leaves or infusion rubbed over body to protect hands from hot soup during Contrary dance.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
13025,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Rushes made into small baskets and used as dishes to serve food.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13026,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,58,Protection,Rushes fastened to the head of a baby's board to form a shade for the face.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13027,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Rushes made into small baskets and used as children's playthings.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
15274,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make racks for drying meat.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15275,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
15276,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
15277,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,31,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31"
16803,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,40,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems made into whistles and used for romantic purposes at night.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 40"
17221,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried leaves burned over coals in many ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
17222,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Smoke from burning grass used for purification of rattles, sacred shields and Sundance dancers.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17223,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves used as a perfume by wrapping the article in the leaves.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
17224,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,9,3,Other,26,Paint,Used to paint pipes in the Sun Dance and the Sacred Arrow ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 9"
17225,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,28,3,Other,58,Protection,Burned for protection from lightning and thunder.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
18329,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,38,Decorations,Rootlets used to sew patterns for ornamentations on robes or other leather.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
18961,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Knots used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
18962,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
18963,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the best material for bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5"
18964,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Burned as an incense when making medicine.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
18965,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make courting flutes.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5"
18966,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,36,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant burned and smoke used for protection from thunder and lightning.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 36"
20071,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,8,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants used to make bedding for various ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 8"
22481,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,23,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Leaves dried, powdered, mixed with fir or sweet grass and used as perfume.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 23"
22620,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,27,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves and stems used as perfume and deodorizers in houses.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 27"
23209,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,70,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves chewed and used as horse perfume.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 70"
23267,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,186,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves and pine needles burned over coal for a fragrance.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 186"
27939,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,6,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Gum placed inside whistles and flutes to improve their sounds.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 6"
27940,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,50,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Pitch used to make bone and wooden whistles and flutes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"
29276,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,68,3,Other,26,Paint,"Fruits used to make red, green, yellow, purple and white paint for suitcases and tipis.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29366,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,68,3,Other,26,Paint,"Fruits used to make red, green, yellow, purple and white paint for suitcases and tipis.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
30752,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,42,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Limbs used to make arrow shafts and bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
30753,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
30754,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
30755,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow shafts and bows.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
31355,3205,Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,178,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Only used in certain ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 178"
32915,3347,Rhus glabra L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
33102,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
33103,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
33727,3396,Ribes sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
34164,3432,Rosa sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
35648,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to make meat drying racks.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35649,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drums.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35650,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,26,Paint,Charcoal used as a black paint for Sun Dancers.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
35651,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks bent and used to remove hair from hides.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
37131,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sticks used to make man designs upon which Sun Dancers stood.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37132,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
37133,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37134,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Small sticks wrapped with buffalo hair and used as a tamper for tobacco pipes.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
39038,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bushes used to make the Sun Dance altar.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
647,34,Acer saccharinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,"Bark, hemlock and swamp oak bark boiled together to make a wash to remove rust from steel or iron. The barks were boiled together and used to remove rust from steel or iron and to prevent further rusting.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
675,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Sap made into sugar and used as a commodity of intertribal commerce. Maple sugar was among the great staples in the domestic economy and was a commodity of intertribal commerce being traded to people of tribes in areas not possessing this tree.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
676,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make paddles for stirring maple sap.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
1227,55,Acorus calamus L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of roots used as a charm to 'rattle snakes away.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
1680,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as a charm for protection.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
2279,161,Allium stellatum Nutt. ex Ker-Gawl.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
3734,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Root chewed to counteract evil charms.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
4102,319,Aralia racemosa L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,58,Protection,"Decoction of root used to drive away 'blue tailed swifts.' 'Blue tailed swifts' were a type of lizard.  When they became troublesome, the Indians used this decoction to drive them away.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
4554,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
5259,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,3,Other,58,Protection,Fresh leaves in nostrils and mouth as protection when 'working over the dead.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
5978,421,Asarum canadense L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Slightly roasted roots made into a powder and sprinkled on clothing for perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
6288,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots applied to whistles used for calling deer.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
7164,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for utensils.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7165,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,167,Designs,Used as patterns for work in decorative art.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7457,612,Bovista pila Berk. & Curt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,26,Paint,Used as paint for the dead.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
8329,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for bows.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
9869,942,Cicuta maculata L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10399,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Patterns bitten into leaves for entertainment.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10511,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used for perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
10512,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used to sprinkle water on the hot stones of the vapor bath.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
10772,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,138,3,Other,98,Weapon,"Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
10950,1099,Cornus rugosa Lam.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
11189,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used for drumming sticks.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
11430,1131,Crataegus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as awls.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
12595,1317,Dirca palustris L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Tough, pliant bark used for tying and binding.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
13297,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,122,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Plant pieces carried in men's pockets to prevent their rivals from having good luck.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 122"
15184,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make handles for fishing spears.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
15244,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel for quiet fires because it did not crackle and shoot sparks like other woods.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
17226,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used for ceremonial, economic and pleasurable purposes.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
18357,2042,Juncus effusus L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,125,3,Other,32,Containers,Rushes used for weaving little bags and pouches.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 125"
19491,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots used to weave bags.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
19735,2116,Lathyrus venosus Muhl. ex Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots carried as a charm to insure successful outcomes of difficulties.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
20556,2215,Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt. ex J.F. Gmel.) MacM.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,26,Paint,Used for facepaint.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
24192,2604,Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,138,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
24402,2638,Onosmodium molle ssp. hispidissimum (Mackenzie) Boivin,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Seeds used as a love charm and to attract money and worldly goods.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
25348,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Root became a money commodity because of the white traders' demand for it.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
25349,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root considered a good luck charm if carried in the pocket.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
26574,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to weave frames for drying berries.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
28095,2973,Pinus resinosa Soland.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
28415,3001,Plantago major L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Powdered roots carried as protection against snakebites.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
28825,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Root burned for the fragrance. When one burned it in a room before going to bed, it insured sound sleep and caused one to awaken refreshed, rested and feeling young, so it is said.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
28836,3049,Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Morong,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,125,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Root burned, especially in the house, for the pleasant fragrance.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 125"
31923,3254,Quercus bicolor Willd.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled with hemlock and soft maple bark and the liquid used to clean the rust from traps. The solution was believed to prevent the trap from becoming rusty again.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
32429,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,17,Tools,Used for awls.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
32926,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
36143,3551,Salix sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking and general utility.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37179,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37482,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used for toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
38239,3715,Smilax tamnoides L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,3,Other,241,Malicious Magic,"Vine boiled with pisabik stone powder and used as malicious magic. The mischief maker sprinkled the mixture upon the bed of a couple, thereby causing them to quarrel and separate.  It was thought that the prickly character of the stem was transferred to the bed and irritated the couple causing them to become ill-disposed toward each other.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
39860,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make sturgeon spears.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39861,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as perfume for clothing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
40339,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bast made into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and into other cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40340,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework of houses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40341,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spiles for drawing out maple sap from trees into buckets during sugar making time.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40862,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Boiled bark used to make a wash to clean rust from steel traps and to prevent further rusting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
43143,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,141,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fruit used as bait for snares set for snowshoe rabbits before guns had come into common use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 141"
44371,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Husks turned back and used to suspend corn ears from the ceiling.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
5923,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,18,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make blowguns and darts.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 18"
8281,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,24,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Leaves 'scattered about to drive away fleas.',"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24"
32242,3271,Quercus laurifolia Michx.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32520,3291,Quercus texana Buckl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, post oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32558,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and post oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
785,38,Achillea millefolium L.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Seeds used as house fragrances.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
2490,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for dishes and utensils.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2491,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
4555,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves pulverized and smoked before the introduction of tobacco and presently mixed with tobacco.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
24417,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Sticks peeled, cut into pieces, fastened to bass fishing line and used to attract fish.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
24418,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into fishing lures.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
29096,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,41,Clallam,99,f80,194,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used in a children's game.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194"
30338,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,41,Clallam,99,f80,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fashioned into twine and used as fishing line.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202"
31148,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
31149,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make spear and harpoon shafts.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
31445,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,41,Clallam,99,f80,194,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used to cover berry baskets and to wipe fish before hanging up to smoke.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194"
39451,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make barbecue stakes.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39452,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
39453,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Needles mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
39454,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40949,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Limbs cut, placed around rocks in tidal areas and used to gather ling cod eggs.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40950,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used for fish trap stanchions.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
1524,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
23744,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,74,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves pounded, mixed with water, chewed and used as a smoking material.","Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 74"
1773,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,202,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Baked crowns obtained from Paipai and Diegueno in trade for agricultural products.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202"
11659,1163,Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,113,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Seeds used to tan hides.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 113"
11709,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,266,3,Other,58,Protection,Oily kernels rubbed on hands as protection against cold.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 266"
15981,1749,Glaucothea armata O. F. Cook,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Seeds used in gourd rattles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
19410,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,115,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
26575,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,122,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"
32521,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns gathered and traded with the Paipai for wild sheep skins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
35579,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,207,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Tubers used in gambling games.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 207"
43560,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Seeds used in gourd rattles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
3141,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
11434,1131,Crataegus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
26374,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
8833,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make game sticks.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
10816,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
11322,1115,Coryphantha sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,3,Other,98,Weapon,Spines used to punish unfaithful wives.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
11479,1143,Croton monanthogynus Michx.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Leaves mixed with animal brains and used for tanning.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
21739,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,522,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522"
32307,3274,Quercus marilandica Muenchh.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
32928,3347,Rhus glabra L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves added to tobacco for smoking.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
37119,3584,Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L. Benson,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make arrows for aratsi game.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
37354,3600,Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bundles of stems used as switches in the sweat lodge.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
38168,3707,Smilax bona-nox L.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
38526,3757,Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Beans used as ornaments, possibly for ceremonial purposes.","Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
38527,3757,Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.,48,Comanche,143,j68,3,3,Other,58,Protection,Seeds carried by medicine men as protection against contamination from menstrual blood.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 3"
44202,4233,Yucca louisianensis Trel.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
40555,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,49,Concow,89,c02,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh leaves mashed and used as a fish poison.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 385"
1499,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow foreshafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
5058,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5059,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,17,Tools,Burned branches used to smoke bees from nests.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5123,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
7455,611,Bouteloua sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used as straws.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
8682,817,Ceanothus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,3,Other,106,Soap,Decoction used as a detergent.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
9468,897,Chenopodium californicum (S. Wats.) S. Wats.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,106,Soap,Scraped roots and water used to produce detergent foam.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
9708,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bulbs produced a detergent foam used as fish poison.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
9709,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,106,Soap,Bulbs produced a detergent foam used in washing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
11264,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
11485,1145,Croton setigerus Hook.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots thrown into freshwater pools or dammed streams to stupefy fish.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
14374,1567,Eschscholzia californica Cham.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,9,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of flowers rubbed into the hair to kill lice.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 9"
15224,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in sandals as a snake repellent.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
16543,1816,Helenium puberulum DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,26,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Dried, powdered plant used as a snuff to induce sneezing.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26"
16737,1845,Hemizonia corymbosa (DC.) Torr. & Gray,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Foliage burned to drive ground squirrels from burrows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
22389,2413,Marah macrocarpus (Greene) Greene,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used to make detergent lather.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
28600,3018,Platanus racemosa Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap bread during baking.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
29098,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used to line earth ovens.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
30436,3170,Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
31449,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,3,Other,32,Containers,Fronds used to line acorn-leaching pits and earth ovens.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
31450,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,50,Costanoan,16,b84,247,3,Other,58,Protection,Fronds used as sunshades.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247"
32437,3289,Quercus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for bowls and mortars.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
32438,3289,Quercus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
35790,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,37,Fuel,Twigs used for kindling.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
36505,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,37,Fuel,Hollow twigs used in fire making.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36506,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hollow twigs used for arrowshafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36507,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow twigs used for flutes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36508,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow twigs used for pipes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
37540,3614,Scirpus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stems made into pipes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
39455,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
40441,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to wrap bread.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
41617,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Burning leaf smoke used to drive ground squirrels from burrows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41618,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves hung in bunches to freshen air.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41619,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,7,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 7"
41620,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
43216,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Foliage used as camouflage during deer hunting.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
485,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,77,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Large leaves used for lining baskets, wrapping fish and placing on berry drying racks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
4188,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,82,3,Other,329,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
15507,1688,Galium sp.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,88,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Plants rubbed on the hands to take pitch off.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
15508,1688,Galium sp.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plants used for lighting fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
20986,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds burned to fumigate homes and to 'drive away ghosts.',"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
33473,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33553,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33613,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,84,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
34041,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used with gooseberry and cedar roots to make reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
6571,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover camas while baking.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
13353,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,15,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of stalks used as a wash for hair infested with vermin.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
15227,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,45,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
29101,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas or wapatoo.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
31263,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31264,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Cones placed near the fire and used as charms to bring sunshine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31265,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make salmon spears and harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
32126,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32127,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
34789,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Bark boiled and used for soap.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
35962,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,26,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make drills for fire drills.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
39458,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used to make drum frames.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39459,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39957,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to line cooking pits or cut in broad strips, plaited and used for dishes.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
4559,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
11029,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
12977,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Seeds used to make beads.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
793,38,Achillea millefolium L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dried flowers used for lynx bait.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
1099,44,Achillea sp.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make lures for traps.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
4567,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,29,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
5262,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as an ingredient in trap lures.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 30"
7189,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7190,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make dishes to collect birch sap and fresh cambium.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7191,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7192,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for upright supports and cross bars of the smoke curing rack.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7193,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make wooden spoons, stoppers for sturgeon skin jars and hammers to pound fish eggs.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7194,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7195,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Dried rotten wood with other rotten woods used to smoke tan hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7196,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make moose calls.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7629,657,Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,33,3,Other,32,Containers,Grass used to line and cover winter storage pits for potatoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
9273,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,38,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Comas coincided with the moose mating season which followed fattening.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
9274,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,38,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowering coincided with the season of moose fattening.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
11034,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,36,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried inner bark pulverized, mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
19496,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,41,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Rotten wood used to smoke tan and yellow tint hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 41"
21130,2261,Lonicera dioica L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,43,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used as straws by children.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 43"
21131,2261,Lonicera dioica L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,43,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow stem sections used as pipe stems for corn cob pipes and toy rose hip pipes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 43"
21485,2320,Lycopodium annotinum L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,44,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to separate raw fish eggs from the membranes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 44"
21510,2324,Lycopodium obscurum L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,44,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to separate raw fish eggs from the membranes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 44"
23566,2557,Myrica gale L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,46,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pistillate catkins used as an ingredient in lures.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 46"
26911,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Split log hollowed out to make a dish to feed fish broth to puppies.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26912,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood pegs used to fasten the tabs on the bottom & top pieces to the basket body during construction.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26913,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,"Rotten, dried wood burned in a slow fire to smoke tan hides.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26914,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make floats for fishing nets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
26915,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dead, standing trees used to make a moose hide stretcher.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
27074,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to make designs on baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27075,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Dry cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood and used to smoke tan hides a golden brown color.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27076,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Roots used to tie and secure the stick and bundle game made from black spruce boughs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
27371,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,50,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,"Dry, open cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood used to smoke tan hides.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 50"
29206,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Buds mixed with other ingredients to make a trap lure.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29600,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Trees used to make a deadfall trap for bear.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29601,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Short section of fresh branch used to make a toy whistle.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
33872,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,55,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Firm hips strung on a string to make a necklace.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 55"
33873,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Halved, fresh hip hollowed out to make a bowl for a toy pipe.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 55"
35663,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used to make a stopper for a sturgeon skin jar.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35664,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used to make a fish roasting stick.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35665,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35666,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35667,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows and arrows.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35668,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35669,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35670,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35767,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used to make a stopper for a sturgeon skin jar.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35768,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used to make a fish roasting stick.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35769,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35770,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35771,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows and arrows.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35772,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35773,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35774,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35901,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems used to make a stopper for a sturgeon skin jar.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35902,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems used to make a fish roasting stick.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35903,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35904,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35905,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows and arrows.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35906,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35907,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make a bead weaving loom.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35908,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
37185,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaf used by children as a toy kettle to cook meat over an open fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 59"
42470,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Firm, ripe berries strung on a string to make a necklace.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
2952,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,60,Crow,30,h92,9,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used for tipi stakes and closure pins.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
5374,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,60,Crow,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants used extensively in ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"