id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
1608,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood sections hollowed out by burning and carved into bowls.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
1710,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,193,Pima,19,c35,10,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1749,89,Agave americana L.,193,Pima,19,c35,10,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1837,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,193,Pima,19,c35,10,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
2463,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark smoke used to tan white buckskin yellow.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
4481,344,Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Red leaves indicated fattened moose and the time to hunt them.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
10225,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,10,3,Other,38,Decorations,Grown as an ornamental vine for houses and verandas.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 10"
4639,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,183,Paiute,98,m53,100,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100"
18343,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,100,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Blades used to string clamshell beads to hold them together when being smoothed.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 100"
18344,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,100,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Blades used by children to make play baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 100"
26878,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,100,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Tree and red cedar tree provided good luck and wishes for those who asked for it.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100"
27272,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,100,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches rubbed on skin to protect one against evil or 'witchcraft.' The protective powers were attributed to the prickly needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100"
36894,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Pithy branches hollowed out and used to make ceremonial and sacred wolf whistles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
36895,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make children's whistles and 'pea shooters.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
41930,4065,Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung.,95,Hopi,37,w39,100,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Black powder used as a ceremonial body paint.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 100"
549,27,Acer negundo L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,101,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
563,27,Acer negundo L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,101,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
4431,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,183,Paiute,98,m53,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101"
4522,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4627,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101"
18131,2020,Isocoma pluriflora (Torr. & Gray) Greene,193,Pima,11,c49,101,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plants used for kindling.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 101"
26573,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,101,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 101"
4429,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4443,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4449,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Fire dried, pulverized leaves smoked with other plants or alone.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
5942,420,Arundo donax L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
8594,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8619,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8621,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8623,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
8625,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
11005,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
13102,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,Resinous branches used to make quick fires.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 102"
13103,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,102,3,Other,26,Paint,Resin melted and used as a varnish.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 102"
16144,1768,Gossypium sp.,227,Santa Clara,61,rhf16,102,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Formerly used to weave large ceremonial blankets.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 102"
16147,1768,Gossypium sp.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,102,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make the strings for prayer feathers.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 102"
27501,2955,Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,102,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make a leister pole.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 102"
27798,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Nuts used as an important trade item.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27799,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27800,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, high combustibility, used for firewood and kindling.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
27801,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Wood, gave off a pleasant odor, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28088,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Nuts used as an important trade item.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28089,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used as an adhesive for mending pottery and baskets and attaching arrowpoints to shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28090,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, high combustibility, used for firewood and kindling.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
28091,2972,Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudworth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Wood, gave off a pleasant odor, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
39067,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark soaked, rubbed in water and used as a skin wash for protection and truthfulness.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
39068,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries rubbed on the face during a game called 'lehal.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
44664,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,102,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch used to make a planting stick.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 102"
16624,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,193,Pima,11,c49,103,3,Other,145,Lighting,Inner pulp of dried stalks strung and used to make quick-burning candles.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 103"
26308,2870,Phaseolus coccineus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds intimately associated with the annual ceremonies of planting time & the harvest thanksgiving.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26325,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds intimately associated with the annual ceremonies of planting time & the harvest thanksgiving.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26351,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds intimately associated with the annual ceremonies of planting time & the harvest thanksgiving.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
42100,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,103,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Fruit gathered to eat and sell. Blueberries were probably the most highly regarded wild plant food in the study area.  They were locally abundant and individuals and families from bands not in the vicinity of good blueberry fields travelled considerable distances in order to pick berries for themselves and to sell.  During the course of field studies members of the River Desert band travelled northwest of their area ninety miles and more.  Members of the Weymontaching Cree band were met near Clova in the Obedjiwan band area.  They had travelled to this location by train in order to pick blueberries and meet with relatives.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 103"
43321,4166,Viola sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,103,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Violets used by children in playing games. The children separated into two teams, one team taking the name of their tribe and the other of another tribe such as the Dakota.  Each team collected violets and the two parties sat down facing each other and snapped violets at each other until there were none remaining.  The victorious team taunted the other as being poor fighters.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103"
23810,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,103104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves and other plant parts smoked in pipes and cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 103104"
4598,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,133,Makah,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4610,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried or roasted and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4612,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,167,Nootka,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
15665,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches and leaves used in steam cooking pits to circulate steam and keep food from burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
15666,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,26,Paint,"Leaves crushed, mixed with salmon roe and used as paint for masks and wooden item designs.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
23753,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,115,Klamath,66,c97,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 104"
24676,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,61,Dakota,17,g19,104,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Plant used by small boys in playing games. The 'cactus game' was played on the prairie where the cactus abounded.  One boy was chosen to be 'it' and he would take a stick, place a cactus plant upon it and hold it up it the air.  The other boys would attempt to shoot at it with their bows and arrows and the target holder would run after the boy who hit the target and strike him with the spiny cactus making him 'it'.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104"
28058,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,32,Containers,Needles used to line food caches and cellars.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28059,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Needles supported on a framework of poles used for drying cooked berries. The needles were interspersed between layers of dried salmon or any other food being stored.  They kept the food dry, but allowed air to circulate around it to prevent spoiling.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28061,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Plant tops hollowed out with mock orange sticks and used to make the stems of smoking pipes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28062,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used to waterproof moccasins and other items.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
30724,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,3,Other,17,Tools,Sticks used to dig roots.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
41960,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42016,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
5656,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
5657,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead stems used as twirling sticks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
6518,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that pine cambium was ready to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
6520,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to wipe off the turpentine like juice from the inside of stripped pine bark.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
16135,1768,Gossypium sp.,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,105,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as a strike-a-light.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 105"
21360,2305,Lupinus sericeus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21388,2308,Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21393,2310,Lupinus wyethii S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21648,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,105,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to make rectangular drying frames for drying mashed salal berries.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
23856,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,105,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 105"
28633,3025,Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,105,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrow shafts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 105"
10472,1047,Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl.,183,Paiute,98,m53,106,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a protective covering for filled berry containers.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 106"
17395,1908,Hordeum jubatum L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,106,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used by children to place in the sleeves of playmates as a joke.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 106"
27352,2948,Pinguicula vulgaris L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,106,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried roots kept for good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
29467,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,106,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Trunks used to make wooden mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 106"
244,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Needles packed with stored items, saddle pads or burned in a household smudge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
441,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make paint containers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2258,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bulbs rubbed on quivers as a deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2259,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,106,Soap,Bulbs and water used to shine arrows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2927,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries.  The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill.  Girls played a game while harvesting the berries.  After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat.  Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
4518,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried berries used in rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
4520,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Dried berries strung on necklaces.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
9738,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bulb used for fish poison.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107"
9739,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,107,3,Other,106,Soap,"Bulb used as soap for washing body, hair and utensils.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107"
10795,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,61,Dakota,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10811,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10812,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10813,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,205,Ponca,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10815,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,107,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10817,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10818,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10819,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10820,1090,Cornus asperifolia Michx.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16893,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Pounded, dried roots mixed with beaver dung and planted in the same hole as the sacred pole.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
22963,2463,Menziesia ferruginea Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Forked branches used by children to make sling shots.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
29889,3142,Proboscidea althaeifolia (Benth.) Dcne.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Hooked thorns used as a tool in mending baskets and broken pottery.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30021,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Trunk used to make wooden mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30022,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used as an adhesive for arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30023,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used to secure foreshafts to arrows and baskets to mortars.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30024,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as kindling for cooking and firewood in sweathouses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30025,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood used as firewood for cooking, baking pottery and warmth.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30026,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fire hardened branches used as the foreshaft inserted into the mainshaft of an arrow.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30027,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Smaller limbs used for bowmaking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30028,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,143,Paper,Bark used as a wrapping.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
30030,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used to puncture the skin for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
31221,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used for scrubbing and purification by girls at puberty.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31222,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dry wood broken & placed in a thick layer above & below the food in the cooking pit & used as fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31223,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Peeled twig bundles used as whippers for soapberries.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31224,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Rotten wood used as fuel for smoking hides.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31225,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Boughs used as scrubbers by boys and girls at puberty because it would bring good luck. The branches were boiled for good luck and good health, either to drink or used as a wash.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31226,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used by hunters to scrub themselves before hunting so that the deer could not smell them.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31227,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young saplings used to make dipnet hoops and handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31597,3225,Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves acted as a vesicant and given to unsuspecting people as toilet paper as a prank.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
33410,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,First plant to sprout green leaves in spring.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33664,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Berries dried, mixed with bitter-root and sold to the Thompson.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
39286,3889,Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.,193,Pima,11,c49,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used in winter for fuel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 107"
4640,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked like tobacco.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
4641,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
11038,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
11118,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
11123,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15278,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15279,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15280,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15297,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15298,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15299,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15300,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15301,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15302,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15303,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15305,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood and cottonwood used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15306,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15307,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15308,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15313,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15314,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
15315,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
23789,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,183,Paiute,98,m53,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves and small twigs used for smoking.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 108"
23863,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,188,Papago,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
23864,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,193,Pima,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
23987,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
23988,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 108"
25155,2709,Oxalis oregana Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,108,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children ate as many leaves as they could without making an awful face; a children's game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 108"
26337,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,65,Diegueno,125,cb51,108,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant grown and traded to the Cocopa Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 108"
26352,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,109,Kiliwa,125,cb51,108,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant grown and traded to the Cocopa Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 108"
26361,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,182,Paipai,125,cb51,108,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant grown and traded to the Cocopa Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 108"
26388,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make harpoon shafts, bows and arrows, arrow tips and clubs.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26389,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,58,Protection,Wood used to make breast plate armor.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26390,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooming bushes indicated the groundhogs were fat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26391,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood used to make pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26392,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,106,Soap,"Leaves rubbed with water, made into a frothy lather and used to wash the hands and hair.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26393,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
35857,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,108,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make bird cages.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 108"
35858,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,193,Pima,11,c49,108,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 108"
4998,388,Artemisia campestris L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Infusion of roots rubbed on a hide to be tanned.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5240,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Infusion of plant used to treat hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5241,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant stuffed into saddles, women's pillows, hide bags and quivers as a deodorant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5243,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put on campfire coals and the smoke repelled the mosquitoes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5245,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used to clean paint applicators made from broken buffalo shoulder blades.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5246,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant made into balls and used as molds to make rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5350,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant stuffed into saddles, women's pillows, hide bags and quivers as a deodorant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
6320,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6322,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6324,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6330,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6433,459,Aster sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Flowers used to make necklaces.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
14846,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,109,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berry used in the flower dance at the Strawberry Festival, danced by young girls. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were danced and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 109"
22267,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,109,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 109"
23364,2513,Monardella odoratissima Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,109,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to wipe fishing hooks & lines, spears, harpoons, animal snares & arrows to remove scent.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
23749,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,95,Hopi,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
23790,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,188,Papago,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
23791,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,193,Pima,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
23858,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,95,Hopi,160,cb42,109,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 109"
29488,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,109,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as a poor source of fuel.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 109"
25019,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,109110,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of root used as a dip to kill chicken lice.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
1593,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem inserted in a pierced ear lobe to keep the wound from closing.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
3129,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Sticks used in a Kawaiisu tale. Coyote sharpens the ends of the sticks (some versions refer to the roots) and plants them, points upward, on one side of his house.  Grizzly Bear, chasing coyote over the house, jumps on the points and is killed.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3130,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows and gun cleaners.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
11082,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twisted branches used to make fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
11083,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark dried and mixed with tobacco as a substitute for kinnikinnick.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
11394,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making 'camas sticks' for digging these and other roots.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
18496,2054,Juniperus communis L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used as a 'good luck' smoke for hunters.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18708,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in corn storage pits.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18709,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as platform for sun drying roasted corn.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18710,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder for making ceremonial fire with fire drill.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18711,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as one of the main sources of fuel.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18712,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make hunting bows.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18713,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used as a torch in the 'Fire Dance.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
27925,2967,Pinus muricata D. Don,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
29134,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used as a lining for an acorn-leaching basin.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
29135,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
31300,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
35838,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to wrap up fish before roasting.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 11"
35839,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to wrap up fish before roasting.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 11"
39528,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for mush stirrers.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
39529,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
43576,4196,Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds used for lining the top and bottom of an earth oven in baking acorn bread.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
725,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,110,3,Other,167,Designs,"Leaves used as a pattern for bead and applique work. In making up a design for art work or bead work, a woman would burn deer antlers until they turned to charcoal and use this to rub on the backs of leaves.  This surface was placed down upon a piece of white birchbark and rubbed until the shape and venation of the leaves were transferred to the birchbark.  Then arranging with other leaves, a design would be formed which would be the pattern for the bead work.  Oftentimes, this would be placed directly under the loom so that the form and outline of the finished bead work would be a true representation of the natural object.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 110"
8515,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,110,3,Other,241,Malicious Magic,Touching the plant would cause an unwanted storm.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 110"
14950,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,110,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berry used in the flower dance at the Strawberry Festival, danced by young girls. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were danced and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 110"
23989,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,110,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 110"
8534,797,Castilleja sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flowers used to shine and waterproof hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
10271,1020,Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves used to remove 'ghost bullets,' supernatural objects shot into people by ghosts. The bullets were removed by a diviner either with a sucking tube or through a slit in the skin made with a flint.  Then the leaves were boiled and applied to the place where the bullets were removed.  Fainting was often the result of coming near a ghost and the victim was revived with a smudge of the stem of this plant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
10272,1020,Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,58,Protection,Flowers worn by children in their hair at night to keep ghosts away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
11007,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems and tamps.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
23940,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,111,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 111"
34114,3429,Rosa nutkana var. nutkana,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, wild parsnip, salmonberry, gooseberry and mask represented a child in a ceremonial dance.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 111"
36576,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,98,m53,111,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Stems used to make four holed flutes.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
39563,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by bereaved people to scrub and purify themselves.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
39565,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood 'hardened' in the fire and used to make wedges, axe handles and digging sticks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41086,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41087,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,Broken boughs used by the handful like a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41107,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
7270,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make many of the household utensils, storage vessels and containers.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
9265,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flowers rubbed on rawhide thongs and mittens for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
12970,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Seeds cleaned, boiled, threaded, dried, greased and made into necklaces.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
12973,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Braided bark used to whip stone tops spun by children on the ice during the winter.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
13291,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used by children to shine their bouncing arrows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
13984,1500,Eriogonum compositum Dougl. ex Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
14022,1510,Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
14089,1519,Eriogonum niveum Dougl. ex Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
22795,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant boiled with traps to deodorize them so that the smell of blood would not deter the animals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 112"
22796,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,112,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant boiled with traps to deodorize them so that the smell of blood would not deter the animals.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 112"
39080,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharpened stem used as a root digging stick.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
39081,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,183,Paiute,98,m53,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sticks marked and used in a dice game.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 112"
41720,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed on fishing lines to eliminate human odor.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
43220,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,112,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed on hands and fishing lines to eliminate human odor.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112"
8370,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Strong, elastic wood used to make bows and arrows.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
11659,1163,Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,113,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Seeds used to tan hides.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 113"
14694,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make food or chopping bowls.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
15310,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for making wooden spoons.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
15418,1675,Gaillardia aristata Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Flower heads served as spoons for the sick and invalid.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
15419,1675,Gaillardia aristata Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flower heads rubbed on rawhide bags for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16037,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,98,Weapon,Burs believed to be shot by ghosts inflicting disease in their victims.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16794,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used by infirm people to suck soup and stew without raising up.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16795,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems used to make children's flutes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16796,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make children's toy blowguns.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
19426,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,113,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fruit made into rattles used by the Medicine Societies.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
21684,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,259,Thompson,10,tta90,113,3,Other,58,Protection,Charcoal used as protection against 'witchcraft.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 113"
27384,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch from the cones used to waterproof sewn seams.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
34840,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap food for baking.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 113"
35002,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,171,Nuxalkmc,14,c93,113,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, wild parsnip, gooseberry and rose used in the dance of Winwina.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
35009,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,113,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant, wild parsnip, gooseberry, rose and mask represented a child in a ceremonial dance.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
35010,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,113,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a mat under any kind of berries and hemlock cambium when drying.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 113"
23871,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,61,Dakota,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23873,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,177,Omaha,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23875,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,190,Pawnee,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23876,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,205,Ponca,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
23878,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,280,Winnebago,17,g19,113114,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant cultivated and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114"
17208,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Grass packed into saddles to keep them smelling good.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
19083,2063,Juniperus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Greased leaves used to smoke hides yellow.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
19084,2063,Juniperus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Dried, smoked berries used to make necklaces, wristlets or clothing decorations.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
20039,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,114,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Roots formerly an important article of trade.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 114"
20607,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used by children to make head pieces for playing and mimicking the affairs of the Holy Woman.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
30029,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,114,3,Other,58,Protection,"Trees used by women as shaded working areas, out of the direct rays of the sun, for grinding food.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 114"
41364,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Leaves sewn together to make a wind-proof and waterproof side mat to be applied to the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
9813,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
13668,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,183,Paiute,98,m53,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Peeled stems used for piercing ears in preparation for wearing earrings.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115"
14400,1571,Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a joke on people by placing it under the covers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
15112,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make D-adze handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115"
15533,1691,Galium triflorum Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant tucked under women's girdles for the delicate fragrance given off during withering.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
15534,1691,Galium triflorum Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant tucked under women's girdles for the delicate fragrance given off during withering.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
19410,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,115,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19431,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,115,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19449,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,115,3,Other,32,Containers,"Fruit contents removed, shells cleaned and dried and used as water and food containers.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19450,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,115,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
21062,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Fruits stuffed into a porcupine foot and tied on a young girl's hair as a good luck charm.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
21063,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Fruits used during the tanning process of animal pelts to keep them from smelling.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
21560,2333,Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Stems used to waterproof newly tanned buffalo hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23194,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried flowerheads used by invalids for sucking broth and soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23195,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried flowerheads used to apply water to a green hide to make it easier to scrape the hide.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23908,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,115,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 115"
24997,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Root pieces kept in quivers and clothing as a deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
25254,2722,Oxytropis sericea Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Stems used by children to make headdresses. The headdresses were worn during a single-file dance to different spots while singing a song.  The seeds would rattle in their pods.  Then the leader would suddenly stop and look behind him while the others dropped to the ground.  The leader struck whoever remained standing with a smoking stick which he carried.  Then he took some of the seeds of the plant, chewed them and applied the mixture to the burn.  Shortly, the irritation stopped and the game continued with changing leaders.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
36669,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36743,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36748,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
36759,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Larger stems used by small boys to make popguns.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
37427,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,3,Other,32,Containers,Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make bags.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
37428,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,259,Thompson,10,tta90,115,3,Other,38,Decorations,Stems woven or sewn with Indian hemp twine to make Indian doctor headdresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 115"
43124,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43132,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43133,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43135,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks without the pith used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43138,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,115,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stalks, without the pith, used to make popguns in the absence of elderberry.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
627,32,Acer rubrum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Traps boiled in water with bark to deodorize the scent of the previous animal trapped.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
2955,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3021,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3022,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3026,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3062,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3274,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,183,Paiute,98,m53,116,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used to cover baskets filled with berries.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 116"
5518,404,Artemisia sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5550,404,Artemisia sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5556,404,Artemisia sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5561,404,Artemisia sp.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5569,404,Artemisia sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7200,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7265,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7266,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7267,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7314,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
26008,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Plant rubbed on arrows for shine and waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27393,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood burls scraped with a rough stone, grease applied to prevent cracking and made into a bowl.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27394,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and used as a glue for headdresses and bows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27395,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Sticks notched to act as fasteners on designated food storage bags.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27396,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used to make wind chimes and presented to newly married couples.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27397,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make story sticks. Story sticks were prepared by older men and presented to children in return for favors.  The sticks were notched to count the number of stories that the man would tell the child.  They were often varnished with a solution of boiled hoof and steer phallus and sometimes red ochre was added.  Then the stick was polished with a piece of rawhide.  Story sticks were sometimes used to hang tipi doors.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27398,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and applied to moccasins for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
29323,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Buds used as a binding agent to glue duck feathers to red cedar hoops used for festive applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"
29912,3146,Proboscidea parviflora (Woot.) Woot. & Standl.,193,Pima,11,c49,116,3,Other,167,Designs,Seed pods used as black designs for coiled baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 116"
32283,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32296,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32298,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32300,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
32302,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young growths from this or another plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
33307,3355,Rhus typhina L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco to cause it to smoke pleasantly.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
37523,3611,Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,116,3,Other,17,Tools,Grass formerly used to cut a newborn baby's umbilical cord.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 116"
41437,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41469,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41475,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41483,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41486,4051,Ulmus americana L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41514,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41566,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41574,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41582,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
41596,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
939,38,Achillea millefolium L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,58,Protection,Seed heads placed on a pan of live coals to produce smoke to keep the witches away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
3276,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried tops placed on a pan of live coals to hurt the eyes of the evil spirits and keep them away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
3921,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,117,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Flower used as a good luck charm.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
10237,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,117,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Stem smoked by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
14569,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Flowering tops used as a good luck talisman for gambling.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
17332,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make barbecue sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17333,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used with a yew wood barb tied on the end as an octopus spear.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17336,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make practice bows for children.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
17360,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,218,"Salish, Cowichan",101,ttco83,117,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make skewers for roasting and drying clams.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
19411,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,61,Dakota,17,g19,117,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds made into rattles and used for ritualistic music. A handle was attached to the gourd and its contents were removed and replaced with small gravel or seeds from another plant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 117"
19441,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,177,Omaha,17,g19,117,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds made into rattles and used for ritualistic music. A handle was attached to the gourd and its contents were removed and replaced with small gravel or seeds from another plant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 117"
19445,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,205,Ponca,17,g19,117,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Gourds made into rattles and used for ritualistic music. A handle was attached to the gourd and its contents were removed and replaced with small gravel or seeds from another plant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 117"
38498,3753,Sonchus arvensis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hunters sucked the milk from branches to imitate the sound of a fawn nursing, to draw the doe near.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
4642,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
11125,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Toasted, shredded bark used as kinnikinnick or smoking material.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
13246,1410,Epigaea repens L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Tribal flower of Forest Potawatomi and considered these flowers came directly from their divinity.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
23985,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,118,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves chewed and smoked.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 118"
30065,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small limbs used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
30066,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Long branch made into a mescal cutter to sever agave leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 118"
39516,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,118,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks for harvesting pacific cinquefoil roots.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 118"
5085,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,119,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119"
5731,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,38,Decorations,Blossoms and leaves used as personal decorations in a spring dance.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5732,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for tinder in the creation of fire by friction.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5733,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark wound about a stick and used as a torch.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5734,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
7150,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make canoes, baskets and containers.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7151,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,167,Designs,"Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
8672,816,Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,119,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119"
8673,816,Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,119,3,Other,282,Preservative,Wood used to smoke deer meat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119"
25716,2783,Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,38,Decorations,Root pieces dried and attached to clothing and robes as ornamentation and medicine.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
29581,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark or moistened leaves used to make whistles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
30722,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,32,Containers,Hard wood used to make incense tongs.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
30723,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hard wood used to make roasting skewers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
41806,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Fiber used to make bow strings, fishing line for jigging, ropes and oolichan traps.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
41807,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,119,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make fishing nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119"
3842,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,12,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make bags.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
4531,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,27,Carrier,34,h49,12,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
5033,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used as brush beds for roasting pinon cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
5066,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant and meat chewed by a boy and his parents after his first kill. A boy did not eat the meat of his first kill but, together with his parents, chewed the meat mixed with California mugwort and then spit it into the fire.  If this custom were neglected, the boy would never kill deer and would become a transvestite.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5067,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for many different ceremonial purposes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5068,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant used for the aromatic fragrance in baths and hair washes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5810,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used as brush beds for roasting pinon cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
8119,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used in tending hako fish traps.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
8120,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried plant tied in tight bundles for torches and used for travel by night like a lantern.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
14652,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make a yellow paint.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
15312,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,238,Sioux,73,b05,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for bows.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
18342,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to hold drilled clamshell beads in place when rolled on a stone slab to smooth them.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
18553,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried fruits added to flavor tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27663,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Nuts gathered and sold to make up a considerable portion of the cash income of many families.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27664,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches, preferably one broken from a lightning struck tree, used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27665,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Needles used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27666,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,32,Containers,Resin used in pottery and basketry making.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27667,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fires because it throws fewer sparks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27668,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make saddle horns.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27669,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make sharp sticks for perforating buckskin and various other tools.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27670,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make tops for spinning and sticks used in the moccasin game.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
32139,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
36102,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
37888,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,34,h49,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Decoction or infusion of berries taken during purification rites.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
3013,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows and spears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3014,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks and seed beaters.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
23860,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,147,Mohave,125,cb51,120,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wild tobacco smoked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120"
23865,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,288,Yuma,125,cb51,120,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wild tobacco smoked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120"
30381,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,120,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used to make the reed for a ceremonial wolf whistle.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
30382,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,120,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Smooth, tough bark used for binding and wrapping joints of fishing and hunting implements.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
32395,3285,Quercus rubra L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,3,Other,167,Designs,Leaves used to furnish a design for beadwork.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
10545,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,121,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Leaves thrown onto the fire to make a smudge and keep away mosquitoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121"
14361,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Strings of dried corms used as trading items.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
14362,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Corms used as wagers in gambling. Some of the women used to climb up the valley sides to dig sacks of corms which they used as wagers in gambling.  The winners would stagger down the hillside with several sacks of corms, while others, who had worked just as hard, would return home empty handed, having lost in the gambling.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
22044,2378,Maianthemum canadense Desf.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,121,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root used as a good luck charm to win a game.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121"
22262,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,V-shaped branches used as gaffs for salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
22263,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
23570,2557,Myrica gale L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,121,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant thrown onto the fire to make a smudge and keep away mosquitoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121"
31839,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31840,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31841,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31842,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31843,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31844,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31845,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31934,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31935,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31936,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31937,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31938,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31939,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31940,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31996,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31997,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31998,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31999,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32000,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32001,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32002,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32184,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32185,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32186,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32187,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32188,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Unhusked acorns dried and strung as necklaces.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32189,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32190,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
39531,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirrers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39532,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
39533,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,121,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121"
1595,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Black stems used as hunting charms to bring good luck.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
13297,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,122,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Plant pieces carried in men's pockets to prevent their rivals from having good luck.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 122"
26575,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,122,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"
26598,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,122,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"
26637,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,122,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Tubular stalk internodes used to smoke tobacco.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122"
27383,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,145,Lighting,Pine pitch and cedar used to make torches and attached to the canoe bow for night hunting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
33649,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used by children to play a game. The children sat in a circle and began counting to ten, each child counting one number around the circle.  The tenth child would take five berries and eat them at once, trying his best not to show a bitter face.  If he was successful, the child next to him would do the same and this would continue until one grimaced at the sour taste.  He was then struck on the thigh with a knuckle punch, thus giving the name 'punctured berry' to the plant.  The child who never grimaced won all the others' berry supplies.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
34780,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,58,Protection,Berries applied to quivers to strengthen them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
36136,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch with loosened bark used as a buzzing whistle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
39923,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Preserved or fresh leaves used as a smudge to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39924,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,145,Lighting,Rolled bark used for night hunting torches.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
39925,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,58,Protection,Preserved or fresh leaves used as a smudge to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
4999,388,Artemisia campestris L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,106,Soap,Infusion of roots cleansed and used for scalp infections.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
8296,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Nut meat oil mixed with bear grease and used as a preventive for mosquitoes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8351,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Nut meat oil mixed with bear grease and used as a preventive for mosquitoes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8437,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Nut meat oil mixed with bear grease and used as a preventive for mosquitoes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
11213,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Nut meat oil mixed with bear grease and used as a preventive for mosquitoes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
14684,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Nut meat oil mixed with bear grease and used as a preventive for mosquitoes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18214,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Nut meat oil mixed with bear grease and used as a preventive for mosquitoes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18295,2034,Juglans nigra L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Nut meat oil mixed with bear grease and used as a preventive for mosquitoes.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
37210,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,123,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used for a drinking cup when out in the woods or swamp.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123"
39726,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits kept as a household and clothing deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39729,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,26,Paint,Fruits often crushed and mixed with paint for a robe.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39823,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Flowering signaled the time to collect buffalo tongues in preparation for the Sun Dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
39860,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make sturgeon spears.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
39861,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as perfume for clothing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
40862,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Boiled bark used to make a wash to clean rust from steel traps and to prevent further rusting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
5244,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,143,Paper,Leaves used as toilet paper.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
5354,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,143,Paper,Leaves used as toilet paper.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
11364,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripened berries indicated that the mountain huckleberries in Sanpoil areas were beginning to ripen.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
17212,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves mixed with red ochre to make it smell good.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
23736,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,124,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, shredded stems used as cordage or fish line.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 124"
24996,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Infusion of roots used to sweetened diapers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
35001,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,124,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make children's practice bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
15393,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,125,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used with an open fire to steam heat kerfed boards to bend into red cedar bentwood boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125"
15474,1682,Galium aparine L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,125,3,Other,106,Soap,Used as a hair wash.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15531,1691,Galium triflorum Michx.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,125,3,Other,106,Soap,Used as a hair wash.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
18357,2042,Juncus effusus L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,125,3,Other,32,Containers,Rushes used for weaving little bags and pouches.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 125"
28836,3049,Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Morong,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,125,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Root burned, especially in the house, for the pleasant fragrance.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 125"
10396,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,126,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves rubbed on the face and hands as protection from mosquitoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 126"
17340,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make teepee pins.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17341,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make arrows, fishing spear heads and bows.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17342,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17343,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
17344,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make gambling game sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
26782,2928,Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Plant used to cause other people bad luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
28825,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Root burned for the fragrance. When one burned it in a room before going to bed, it insured sound sleep and caused one to awaken refreshed, rested and feeling young, so it is said.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
29311,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Inner bark shredded, spun with stinging nettle fiber and used for fishing lines and duck nets.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29312,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Knots used to make molded halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29313,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a scent in deer fat skin cosmetics.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
29314,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,126,3,Other,26,Paint,"Sweet smelling, yellow resin used as a base for paints.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
38239,3715,Smilax tamnoides L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,3,Other,241,Malicious Magic,"Vine boiled with pisabik stone powder and used as malicious magic. The mischief maker sprinkled the mixture upon the bed of a couple, thereby causing them to quarrel and separate.  It was thought that the prickly character of the stem was transferred to the bed and irritated the couple causing them to become ill-disposed toward each other.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
8465,786,Castilleja hispida Benth.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
8514,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
10511,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used for perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
10512,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used to sprinkle water on the hot stones of the vapor bath.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
21752,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,127,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant traded for oolichan grease and smoked oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 127"
21755,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,113,Kitkatla,14,c93,127,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant traded for oolichan grease and smoked oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 127"
24895,2678,Ornithogalum umbellatum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,127,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used only ornamentally.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 127"
30384,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Bark used to decorate bows, 'tomahawk' handles and pipe stems.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
30385,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used to imbricate split cedar root baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
30386,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,3,Other,38,Decorations,Root bark used to imbricate cedar root baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
30848,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Ripened fruit indicated that the spring salmon were coming up the river to spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
35976,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make single pronged barbecue sticks for roasting salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
36239,3551,Salix sp.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Soft roots used by young boys and girls as pre-scrubbers in the first stage of adulthood training.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
42604,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,127,3,Other,58,Protection,Roots tied on the ankle or calf to drive away rattlesnakes.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 127"
23696,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,128,3,Other,167,Designs,Plant heads used as the design for the horizontal timber ends of the Killer Whale house.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 128"
31692,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
31693,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used to make the initial fire for pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
31923,3254,Quercus bicolor Willd.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled with hemlock and soft maple bark and the liquid used to clean the rust from traps. The solution was believed to prevent the trap from becoming rusty again.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
41719,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plants rubbed in hands to eliminate human odor before touching fishing gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
41721,4058,Urtica dioica L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,128,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems dried, pounded and spun to make fishing lines and duck nets.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
5978,421,Asarum canadense L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Slightly roasted roots made into a powder and sprinkled on clothing for perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
12941,1369,Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray,172,Oglala,17,g19,129,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Seeds used for beads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 129"
20799,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,129,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to stupefy fish.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129"
20800,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,129,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Roots smoked for pleasure.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129"
547,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as firewood for cooking meat.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
5642,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds thrown into a fire to explode 'like firecrackers' during celebrations.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5643,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Bunched bark used as a stopper for the basketry water bottle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5644,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Used as preferred material for both hearth.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5645,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to roast pinyon seeds.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5646,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Bitter wood used as a head scratcher by menstruating women. Any other kind of wood would cause the hair to fall out and the face to wrinkle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5647,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,"Tarlike lac gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5648,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as preferred material for foreshaft of composite drill for the fire making.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
9484,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,13,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries used by children as paint by rubbing it on what they wished to color.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
12991,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,13,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Seeds sometimes used as beads.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
17346,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used for arrows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
18961,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Knots used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
18964,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Burned as an incense when making medicine.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
19162,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles thrown into the fire and used as incense during prayers in the peyote meeting.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
19163,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.'","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
19235,2066,Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles thrown into the fire and used as incense during prayers in the peyote meeting.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
19236,2066,Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.'","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
27993,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers for sand painting pigments.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
27994,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
27995,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Wood used to make saddle horns, pommel and back.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
29095,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,31,Chehalis,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29101,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas or wapatoo.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29108,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,114,Klallam,25,g73,13,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29119,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when steaming sprouts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29122,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,133,Makah,25,g73,13,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves pulled off the plants by children playing an endurance game.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29140,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,209,Quileute,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29144,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,210,Quinault,25,g73,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line pits when baking rhizomes or camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29148,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,251,Squaxin,25,g73,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves spread on racks for berries to dry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
34838,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to wrap meat for baking.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
22555,2434,Melilotus indicus (L.) All.,193,Pima,11,c49,131,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used in target shooting games.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 131"
33890,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33891,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33892,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33893,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33894,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33895,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33896,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34003,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34004,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34005,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34006,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34007,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34008,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34009,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34058,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34059,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34060,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34061,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34062,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34063,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34064,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34211,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34212,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34213,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34214,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34215,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34216,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34217,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34831,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,132,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to line steam cooking pits, berry baskets and placed between layers of fresh berries.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132"
40546,3990,Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Martius,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,132,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 132"
38474,3744,Solidago sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,133,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Blooms used as an indicator of corn ripening. The goldenrod served the Omaha as a mark or sign in their floral calendar.  When they were on the summer buffalo hunt, the sight of the goldenrod indicated to them that their corn was beginning to ripen at home.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 133"
29317,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make food storage containers and to line food storage pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29318,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bud scale resin used to glue arrowhead onto shafts and in making spears, fish hooks and canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29319,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Leaves trembling or shimmering with no perceptible wind was a signal that bad weather was coming.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29320,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,17,Tools,Thin board of wood placed at the top of a cradle to flatten a child's head.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
29645,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,17,Tools,Logs used to scrape deer hides.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
35364,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Roots used in tanning hides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
675,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Sap made into sugar and used as a commodity of intertribal commerce. Maple sugar was among the great staples in the domestic economy and was a commodity of intertribal commerce being traded to people of tribes in areas not possessing this tree.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
14784,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14785,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14786,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14787,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14788,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14794,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14795,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14796,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14797,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14798,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15543,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15544,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15545,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15546,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15547,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29058,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29059,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29060,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29061,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29062,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
32926,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
647,34,Acer saccharinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,"Bark, hemlock and swamp oak bark boiled together to make a wash to remove rust from steel or iron. The barks were boiled together and used to remove rust from steel or iron and to prevent further rusting.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
8224,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
18157,2025,Jacquinia pungens,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried nuts used as favorite rattle beads.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
25278,2724,Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
35681,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35682,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35825,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35826,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used under fish to keep them clean.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35827,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36069,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36070,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36248,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36364,3555,Salvia apiana Jepson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,136,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Fresh, crushed leaves applied to armpits by hunters to eliminate body odors and detection from game.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136"
38890,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
40339,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bast made into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and into other cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40340,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework of houses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40341,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spiles for drawing out maple sap from trees into buckets during sugar making time.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
4102,319,Aralia racemosa L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,58,Protection,"Decoction of root used to drive away 'blue tailed swifts.' 'Blue tailed swifts' were a type of lizard.  When they became troublesome, the Indians used this decoction to drive them away.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
12595,1317,Dirca palustris L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Tough, pliant bark used for tying and binding.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
20232,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,137,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pulverized root used for poisoning fish.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 137"
25348,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Root became a money commodity because of the white traders' demand for it.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
25349,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root considered a good luck charm if carried in the pocket.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
405,18,Acacia willardiana,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
10772,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,138,3,Other,98,Weapon,"Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
24192,2604,Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,138,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
30000,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber made into cord used for bows.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
36643,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Twigs used in making whistles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
37604,3629,Sebastiania bilocularis S. Wats.,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Straight stems used to make arrow shafts.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
15184,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make handles for fishing spears.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
15244,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel for quiet fires because it did not crackle and shoot sparks like other woods.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
23694,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hollow stalks used to make fishing lines for deep sea fishing.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 139"
37534,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make ceremonial bundles and images for image burning ceremony.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
37535,3614,Scirpus sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,139,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant areas used by nesting water fowl and used as indicator by hunters of game.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139"
43383,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,139,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139"
43390,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,179,b08,139,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Sap wood used as a binding material for brush fences, rafters, stringers and posts of earth lodges.","Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 139"
43601,4201,Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,139,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Green leaves used as top layer, over the hot stones, in the earth oven.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 139"
509,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice for a gambling game.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
4519,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves mixed with tobacco, dried cambium or red osier dogwood and used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
4547,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
6571,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover camas while baking.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
6584,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,209,Quileute,25,g73,14,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Leaves used to wipe fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
7421,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
7426,607,Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
7427,607,Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
7865,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,120,Kutenai,30,h92,14,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Traded to the Blackfeet.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7871,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,14,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Traded to the Gros Ventre and Crow.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7883,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,191,"Pend d'Oreille, Upper",30,h92,14,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Traded to the Kutenai.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7890,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,232,Shoshoni,30,h92,14,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Traded to the Nez Perce.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
8190,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,189,Papago and Pima,151,cb37,14,3,Other,17,Tools,Trunks used to make cactus fruit picking poles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 14"
11004,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant mixed with tobacco, kinnikinnick or dried cambium and used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
11019,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Inner bark mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
20410,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fibers used in fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
22380,2411,Marah fabaceus (Naud.) Naud. ex Greene,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Root used as a fish drug.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
23868,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick, dried cambium or red osier dogwood & used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
23869,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plants planted, harvested ceremonially and smoked as an important part of every ritual.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
23870,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves used for ritual smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating ceremonialist.  This man had the favored position because of his wealth in bundle ownership.  He drew on the unlit pipe four times and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to the man next to the distinguished bundle owner.  This man drew on the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward.  Then the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it reached the door of the tipi, whence it was returned to the orderly.  The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the lodge, where women and children were seated.  If the pipe went out during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and refilled it.  The manner in which the participant received the pipe varied according to bundle ownership.  Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, imitating the actions of a bear.  A ceremony in which smoking had special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony.  This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle owners.  They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe.  The Big Smoke commenced at sundown and continued until day break, and there was continuous use of many pipes.  Four songs were allowed to be sung for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for sixteen songs or more.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
31291,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches attached to masks and carried in hands by god impersonators in Nightway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31292,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to make Holyway big hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31293,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make bow and chant arrow for overshooting ceremony of Evilway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31294,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make garment for garment ceremony of Evilway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31295,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make unravelers for several ceremonials.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
31529,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,133,Makah,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
31536,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,209,Quileute,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
31543,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,251,Squaxin,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
31545,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,253,Swinomish,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed beneath fish being cleaned and used to wipe the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
32242,3271,Quercus laurifolia Michx.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32520,3291,Quercus texana Buckl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, post oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32558,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and post oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32856,3339,Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,Flowers used for dance wreaths.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
32867,3341,Rhododendron occidentale (Torr. & Gray ex Torr.) Gray,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,Flowers used for dance wreaths.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
33103,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
41282,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to make bed mats, storage baskets, medicine baskets and water jugs.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41283,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaves used to make mats hung up in the hogan to bring rain.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41284,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,58,Protection,"Leaves used to make mats hung up in the hogan to protect it, the people & the sheep from lightning.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
7637,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Grass used in drying soapberries. The grass was washed, braided at the ends and laid out on a rack upon which the soapberries were placed to dry.  A small fire was lit under the racks and when the berries were dried, they were stored with the grass still attached.  Then, for use, the berries and grass were soaked in water and hand mixed.  The grass, which helped to whip the berries, eventually floated to the top after which it was removed.  Any remaining grass was removed by the person eating the berry whip.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
7638,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Tied bunches of grass used as soapberry whips.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
20083,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Grass used to line old style graves.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
20084,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stout culms broken into lengths and poked into edges of cut fish to hold it flat while drying.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
23765,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
38362,3729,Solanum tuberosum L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Potatoes attained a high degree of importance in the economy.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
41725,4058,Urtica dioica L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make a tea taken during 'sweathousing' and used to 'wash' the skin and hair.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
41726,4058,Urtica dioica L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,58,Protection,Boiled plant used as a bath to combat witchcraft and a jinx by an evil person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
7606,644,Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7607,645,Bryoria glabra (Mot.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7608,646,Bryoria trichodes (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7945,717,Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make paint for wooden items.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7946,718,Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Muell. Arg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make paint for wooden items.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
17275,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,141,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Easily braided grass used in play by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 141"
39028,3847,Suaeda sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,141,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used in making soap.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 141"
43143,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,141,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fruit used as bait for snares set for snowshoe rabbits before guns had come into common use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 141"
26631,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,142,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Stems twined together to make food drying mats similar to those of tule stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 142"
26633,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,142,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Whitish culms valued for the use in decoration of coiled split cedar root baskets. The culms were harvested while still green and soft, warmed over the coals of a fire and broken at the nodes.  They were then split open, flattened and used together with dyed and undyed bitter cherry bark to create patterns on coiled cedar root baskets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 142"
31985,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns gathered in large quantities and traded for other foods.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
40816,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Used to trade with travelers passing through their territory.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
41189,4049,Typha latifolia L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,142,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks used in constructing ceremonial bundles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 142"
31073,3188,Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,143,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make black paint for wood.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 143"
41401,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and stems used in making 'trays' or plates.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
41402,4049,Typha latifolia L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,38,Decorations,Leaves used to make headdresses for Indian doctors.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
43697,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used as pigment for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
44649,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Rice used for trading.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
435,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood gathered while green, the heart removed and used in making bows, arrows and dipnet frames.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
436,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used in making implement handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
3682,286,Antitrichia curtipendula (Hedw.) Brid.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,145,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used in earth ovens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145"
10582,1064,Conocephalum conicum,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,145,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make a green paint for wood.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145"
43553,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make images of the dead burned in the memorial rites.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43554,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds used as filling material for gourd rattles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43555,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Stems used to make cooking utensils, spoons and stirring implements.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43556,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43557,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for flailing and hulling dried seeds.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43558,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used to make children's play hoops.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
4492,345,Arctostaphylos sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
21323,2292,Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to line acorn leaching basket, to prevent meal from running through the interstices.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
32216,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branch used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
32457,3289,Quercus sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
530,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,32,Containers,"Inner bark used to make scouring pads, temporary baskets and sometimes for weaving bags.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
531,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark used to make soapberry whippers. Children sometimes made miniature whisks which they used to whip the juice that was left after the dried soapberries were soaked.  They made the juice with their whisks and then drank it.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
532,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used in pit cooking, to line the pit and interspersed between the layers of food. The leaves were also used between layers of fish in fish caches.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
533,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used to line the containers used in making ripened salmon eggs. The maple leaves were used to line the basket and were placed in layers between the eggs.  The eggs were generally prepared in a birch bark basket, placed in a hole in the ground lined with birch bark and left there until springtime when they were considered cooked.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
534,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make soapberry eating paddles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
44071,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as counters in various games.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43811,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
44064,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
1117,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
7433,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
12716,1342,Dryopteris sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,149,3,Other,32,Containers,Fronds used to pack freshly caught salmon to prevent them from drying out.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 149"
23530,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
38774,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
415,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to made acorn paddles.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
464,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,289,Yurok,70,b81,15,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit used to play with.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
492,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to made acorn paddles.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
6625,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6664,504,Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6796,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant burned into a black powder, mixed with another ingredient and used for gun powder.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6797,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make one piece arrows for hunting small game.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
7381,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used with sword fern to cook baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
8181,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,17,Tools,Giant ribs split in two and used as wooden tongs for gathering cholla joints and buds.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
12378,1273,Descurainia pinnata ssp. pinnata,95,Hopi,72,f96,15,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers mixed with dark iron pigment used as a black color for pottery decoration.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 15"
13353,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,15,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of stalks used as a wash for hair infested with vermin.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
16279,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,72,f96,15,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprig attached to the paho (prayer emblem).,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 15"
17247,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17248,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17249,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17250,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
21140,2262,Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,200,Pomo,80,g67,15,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used for clay elbow pipes.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"
30116,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used to heat stones for baking cholla buds and joints.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
33139,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,15,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Leaves used on a person's body as an insect repellent.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 15"
33140,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,15,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves used on a person's body as a snake repellent.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 15"
39020,3846,Suaeda moquinii (Torr.) Greene,188,Papago,27,cu35,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to line baking pits for roasting chollas.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15"
27545,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch warmed and applied inside and out to waterproof water jugs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
35923,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,3,Other,32,Containers,Withes used to make baskets and water jugs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
44207,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,3,Other,106,Soap,"Scraped, mashed roots and water used as soap.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
2885,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,157,Navajo,141,h56,151,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Herb mixed with tobacco.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151"
41182,4049,Typha latifolia L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,151,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151"
24446,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24461,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24562,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7367,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,153,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plants transplanted to pots and used as house plants.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 153"
44362,4244,Zea mays L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,153,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprinkled on images of the dead during mourning ceremonies.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 153"
7203,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7204,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7312,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7313,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36077,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark strips used for hanging fish.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36078,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark strips used for twining into nets or fish line.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
44423,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried husks woven into small bottles or receptacles for salt.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 154"
2736,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers used as face paint.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
3673,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make containers.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
8967,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11586,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves ground and used as 'green paint' in making sand paintings.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
36113,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make containers.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
3869,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,3,Other,32,Containers,"Plant fiber made into sacks and used for storing potatoes, oats or onions.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3872,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plants made into rope or thread and used for sewing and to make fishnets. The plants were dried, beaten with a stick to soften and loosen the fiber and then rolled and twisted on a piece of buckskin covering the upper leg.  The resulting rope or thread was used for sewing, for rope and for fish nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
9082,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to make carved items and masks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9083,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wooden pegs used to hold together bent boxes of red cedar.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9084,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Rods struck with Pacific crabapple sticks or yew wood to make noise to herd animals while hunting.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9085,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
10992,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,1,Abnaki,84,r47,159,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 159"
13663,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,157,Navajo,141,h56,159,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Source of a commercial volatile oil.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 159"
13664,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,157,Navajo,141,h56,159,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used as a kiva fuel.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 159"
26568,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Reeds used as an arrow shaft for hunting small birds with arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26569,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Reeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26570,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Reeds used to make pipe stems.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
1744,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,16,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Pit baked, kept in jars and traded as a delicacy.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
2515,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Water soaked stems used for lashing in the sweat house.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
5512,404,Artemisia sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16"
7388,595,Bloomeria crocea (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
8226,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,16,3,Other,32,Containers,Seeds spread on saguaro ribs to dry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
9316,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Used for smoking fish and as a mosquito repellent.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
9317,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem used to draw the pus out of a boil or cut.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
12308,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Petals and seeds ground into a very fine blue meal prescribed for the Flute altar.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
12467,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
16361,1787,Gutierrezia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,16,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as an important plant in rain ceremonies.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 16"
19874,2126,Ledum palustre L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a switch in the sweathouse.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
23432,2522,Monroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,16,3,Other,38,Decorations,Pollen mixed with corn pollen and mineral pigments and painted on masks of the God Impersonators.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 16"
23433,2523,Morchella sp.,60,Crow,73,b05,16,3,Other,106,Soap,Used as a substitute for soap.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
23872,2583,Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used in compound for smoking and the delicate tobacco from flower was never chewed.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
24260,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,38,Decorations,Flowers used by marriageable maids in their hair on holidays.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
29050,3081,Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,16,3,Other,106,Soap,Used as lotion to wash a snake figurine before painting it.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 16"
33130,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
33133,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry shrub used as one of the four prescribed fuels for the kivas.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
38594,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
38595,3766,Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,16,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems and leaves used by children to make grass whistles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16"
39449,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39458,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used to make drum frames.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39459,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39494,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39495,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39503,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make trinket boxes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39504,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons and dishes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39505,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,133,Makah,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows and whale harpoon shafts.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39542,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39543,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39544,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39551,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39552,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39553,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39555,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows and arrows.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39557,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood used to make bows, arrows, all harpoon shafts, clubs and dip net frameworks.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39558,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39559,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make wedges for splitting logs and digging sticks for roots and clams.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
39560,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,16,3,Other,98,Weapon,Used to make war clubs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
17947,1997,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. attenuata (Gray) V.& A. Grant,157,Navajo,141,h56,160,3,Other,38,Decorations,Cultivated as an ornamental flower.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 160"
18476,2054,Juniperus communis L.,86,Haisla,14,c93,160,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make rattles worn on belts by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 160"
32062,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan skins.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
32612,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan skins.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35924,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Withes tied together and used to stir mush and other foods.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35925,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split withes used to make the three dice and throwing sticks for the setdilth game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35926,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make the poles and hoops for the pole game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
26162,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,161,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used in funeral ceremonies.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 161"
27626,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Seeds used as a commercial crop.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
27634,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Resin used to cement turquoise in jewelry.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
27640,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin used to waterproof containers.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
37149,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
37150,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
39969,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs used to camouflage canoes, especially during duck hunting.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39970,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches covered with Sitka spruce pitch used for night fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39971,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,58,Protection,Inner bark dyed and tied to pets to protect them from the dog eater.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39988,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39989,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark rings worn around the neck and on the legs by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39990,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make a special type of 'rattle' for ceremonial activities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39991,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39992,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make coffins.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39993,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Wood used as toilet sticks prior to the introduction of toilet paper.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39994,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make boxes to store many types of food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39995,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39996,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood boards used to separate oval leaved blueberries from the leaves.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39997,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into tongs and used to transfer boiling stones from the fire to cooking vessels.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39998,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,167,Designs,Wood used to make totem poles and other carvings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39999,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Withes used with pitch to fasten arrow heads to the shafts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40000,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and branches used as kindling to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40001,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make fishing line.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40002,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into noisemakers and used to round up animals to be hunted.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40003,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into small sticks to prop open conical nets used to catch oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40004,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the hook used to lift oolichan nets to empty their contents into a canoe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40005,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the shafts of oolichan spears and arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40007,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bark used in the fire dancer's headdress to produce sparks and fire. A baking powder can with a copper tube in front and a flexible hose in the back was filled with burning red cedar outer bark.  An aide to the Fire Dancer blew on the hose in the back to produce sparks and smoke at the front of the headdress, which concealed the can and embers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
7143,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to wrap and store wood for a year.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
3450,260,Angelica breweri Gray,144,Miwok,100,bg33,166,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed, rubbed on body or decoction taken to ward off snakes.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 166"
23750,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,166,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used very much.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 166"
36114,3551,Salix sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,166,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make baskets and whistles.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 166"
5273,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used on prayersticks.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
16281,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,126,vest40,168,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied onto the prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168"
16282,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,126,vest40,168,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied onto the prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168"
16283,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,95,Hopi,126,vest40,168,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied onto the prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168"
1794,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1795,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1796,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1797,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1825,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1826,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1827,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1828,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1829,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1830,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1831,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1832,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
15549,1696,Garrya elliptica Dougl. ex Lindl.,290,"Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)",109,m66,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood hardened by fire and used for mussel bars to pry the mussels off the rocks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 169"
242,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,17,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as perfume.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17"
4198,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Berries used as bait for steelhead.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4199,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to test the temperature of pitch used in canoe construction. The pitch was ready to use when the leaf turned black.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4234,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Berries used to make necklaces.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
5034,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
5338,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by assistants to the participants during the sweat lodge rituals to relieve thirst. This thirst resulted from taboos against the consumption of liquids.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5342,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for cleansing in the sweat lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5602,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Used under fresh meat and fish to keep them clean.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5603,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a steambath switch.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5811,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
6810,537,Baccharis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Stems used for firewood.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17"
8626,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17"
8627,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs used as foreshafts for the two piece arrows. Straight stems were used by removing the leaves and bark and sharpening one end. The piece would then have been fitted into a section of hollow carizzo grass or 'cane.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17"
8637,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharpened twigs used to pierce roasted pinons.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
9469,897,Chenopodium californicum (S. Wats.) S. Wats.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Mashed root used to clean and whiten clothes.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
11601,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Mashed pulp and seeds boiled in with the wash to whiten the clothes.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
12164,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make a tea given to young men learning to become dancers for ceremonies.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
12165,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Well known as a hallucinogenic plant used in rites marking boys' initiation into the toloache cult.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
13324,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stems used to administer medicines to babies.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13395,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stems used to administer medicines to babies.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13432,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Dried, ground with corn meal and used to make a ceremonial bread.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
13452,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stems used to administer medicines to babies.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
16970,1856,Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Sharp pointed fruits with long awns used as play arrows by adults and children.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
18941,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony, the summer festival of the Blackfoot.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17"
19119,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches made into a fagot and used by the personator of the Black God, owner of all fire.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19120,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches made into wands and used in certain ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19121,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Shredded bark carried by the dancers in the Fire Dance during the last night of the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19122,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood burned into charcoal, ground and used for black in sandpaintings.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19123,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19124,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood, struck by lightning, used as the two parts of the fire drill for the Night Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19125,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Concave bark used to make improvised trays for the sandpainting powders.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19126,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Light bark used as tinder to catch the spark from the fire drill.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19127,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned into charcoal and used as a fuel.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19128,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Seeds used to make necklaces, bracelets, anklets and wristlets.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19129,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19442,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,188,Papago,27,cu35,17,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for a drinking and eating vessel.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17"
26384,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used for making arrows.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
26601,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, hollow culms used for arrow shafts and in making baskets.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
26602,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,"Hard, hollow culms used for pipe stems.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
27232,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Warmed pitch used to protect the harpoon point.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27257,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to tie the tines of salmon spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27258,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Saplings used for the spring poles of snares for deer, elk and other game animals.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
27264,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots used to tie the tines of salmon spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
36135,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Gall pitch used for incense during the annual ceremonies of the Motokiks and Kaispa Societies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
37131,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sticks used to make man designs upon which Sun Dancers stood.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37133,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
37134,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Small sticks wrapped with buffalo hair and used as a tamper for tobacco pipes.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
39038,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bushes used to make the Sun Dance altar.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
40946,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41008,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used as stanchions of fish traps strung across a stream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41024,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,129,Lummi,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as poles for large dip nets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41032,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs immersed in the water and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41033,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Compound of powdered bark and oil or pitch used on the hair to remove vermin.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41064,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41070,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41071,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as walkways on top of fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41072,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,26,Paint,Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41080,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used in fish trap construction.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
43829,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
44199,4231,Yucca glauca var. glauca,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
44447,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Shucks used for cigarette wrappings and used in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
5420,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant used on the fire in the first smoking of a hide during the curing process. The smoke from this plant was supposed to soften the hide.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
5421,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant burned and the smoke used as a good smudge against mosquitoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
5422,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,58,Protection,"Plant used as incense to protect one against evil influences. If one had to go into a large crowd, he could smoke himself with this plant to protect himself against strangers who might bring him harm.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
10993,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,1,Abnaki,84,r47,170,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Shredded bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170"
13025,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Rushes made into small baskets and used as dishes to serve food.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13026,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,58,Protection,Rushes fastened to the head of a baby's board to form a shade for the face.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13027,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Rushes made into small baskets and used as children's playthings.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
17221,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried leaves burned over coals in many ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
17223,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves used as a perfume by wrapping the article in the leaves.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
43706,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Blades braided to make necklaces.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
1213,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,58,Protection,"Root tied to a child's necklet, dress or blanket to keep away the night spirits.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
1214,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
18329,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,38,Decorations,Rootlets used to sew patterns for ornamentations on robes or other leather.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
5806,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,3,Other,32,Containers,"Fibrous bark used in weaving mats, bags and clothing.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
10106,987,Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) Kkenth.,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
26620,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
36768,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,228,Seminole,88,s54,172,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make medicine tubes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172"
8,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,14,c93,173,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pitch applied to the face of mourners.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
12,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,173,3,Other,32,Containers,Boughs used to line oolichan ripening pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
17345,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
20736,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Plant considered the most sacred plant of the tribe.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
21698,2338,Lysichiton sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a temporary lining for open work baskets when used to hold berries.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
26396,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
270,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,174,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make chairs and insect proof storage boxes for dancing regalia.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174"
271,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,174,3,Other,167,Designs,Tree used as a design on wooden drums.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174"
6956,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,175,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Roots strung on long strings and used in trading.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175"
27170,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,86,Haisla,14,c93,175,3,Other,145,Lighting,Pitch applied to the ends of red cedar torches used in night fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27179,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots and red cedar bark used to make bag like implement for the oolichan grease rendering process.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27180,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Branches and roots made into pegs, dipped in pitch and used as nails to hold together bent boxes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27181,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into rake like implements and used to catch herring and oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27182,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27183,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make oolichan spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27184,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a bark peeling tool.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27185,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27187,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used to hit & rub boys as part of a ritual treatment to increase their strength & tolerance.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
12051,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,3,Other,58,Protection,Powdered leaves or infusion rubbed over body to protect hands from hot soup during Contrary dance.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
29972,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used to attach arrow points to shafts.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29973,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
8147,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Whole fruit mashed, water added and mixture drunk after a two day burial in a dry place. The drink was consumed immediately after the two-day burial and said to be better than tiswin.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8148,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,32,Containers,Burls used as containers.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8149,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Burls used as vessels or cups.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
27488,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,86,Haisla,14,c93,178,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make maul heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27490,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,3,Other,26,Paint,Twigs burned and used as a pigment material for tattoos.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27491,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,3,Other,17,Tools,Smoldering twigs used to singe and trim hair.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
31355,3205,Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,178,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Only used in certain ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 178"
31152,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,86,Haisla,14,c93,179,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make herring and oolichan rakes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179"
31153,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,179,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used for bindings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179"
2301,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,188,Papago,27,cu35,18,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Bulbs traded for baskets, skins or pottery.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 18"
3253,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves burned as incense and used to purify gifts offered to the sun or the spirits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18"
5061,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,105,Karok,70,b81,18,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Shoots used with drying salmon to keep 'salmon beetles' away.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
5923,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,18,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make blowguns and darts.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 18"
6367,448,Asclepias verticillata L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a planting stick.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
6581,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
8667,814,Ceanothus leucodermis Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,18,3,Other,106,Soap,Viscid fruits dipped into water by children and used as soap by rubbing them between the hands.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 18"
8976,843,Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,18,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood carved into a pipe head and used with a hollowed section of a honeysuckle twig as a pipe stem.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 18"