id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
33470,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,'Canes' hollowed out and used for pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
6784,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,'Down' put onto fires by children to produce a sudden burst of flame which spread rapidly.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
13097,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,57,Fasteners,'Gum' used to fasten arrow points to the slit ends of arrow twigs.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
30115,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,57,Fasteners,'Gum' used to fasten handles to gourds.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
2557,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,"'If you see a creek without alder along its banks, the water isn't good to drink.'","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
5920,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,'Joint of reed' used to make flutes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
6226,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,'Milk' from the broken stems used in cases of emergency for branding stock temporarily.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
23431,2521,Monotropa uniflora L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,215,3,Other,224,Plant Indicator,Abundance of plant in woods indicated many mushrooms in the coming season.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 215"
31950,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31977,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32012,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32153,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32199,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32252,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32606,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31839,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31934,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31996,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32184,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31840,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31935,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31997,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32185,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31949,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31974,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32011,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32152,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32198,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32251,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32605,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32465,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Acorn shells used to hold medicine and a humming bird was made to sip from each shell.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32521,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns gathered and traded with the Paipai for wild sheep skins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
31985,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns gathered in large quantities and traded for other foods.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
31844,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31939,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32001,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32189,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31842,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31937,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31999,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32187,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31845,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31940,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32002,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32190,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32484,3289,Quercus sp.,194,"Pima, Desert",136,r91,6,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns used for trade.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
20529,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Acorns used in a first fruits ceremony in October after the first rainfall.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
7250,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,"After stripping a felled tree of its bark, it was salvaged for firewood.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
15294,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,All ash wood quite valuable and used for bows and arrows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
16670,1832,Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,324,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Amount of flowers present used as a sign that there will be copious rains and abundant harvest.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 324"
5405,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Applied to unraveler strings (a woman's hair cord or buckskin string from her moccasins).,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
19344,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Armful of stems with leaves used on heated stones in the sweathouse for the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
26580,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,95,Hopi,37,w39,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Associated ceremonially with the bow and arrow.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 66"
5270,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,37,w39,94,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Attached to prayer sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 94"
1773,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,202,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Baked crowns obtained from Paipai and Diegueno in trade for agricultural products.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202"
44533,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Balls of husks covered with woven cotton used ceremonially to insure bountiful crops. The balls of corn husks covered with woven cotton were used with long fringes of white cotton ceremonial sashes symbolizing corn and a desire for bountiful crops.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
40000,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and branches used as kindling to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
31148,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
31296,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and wood used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
34789,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Bark boiled and used for soap.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
4188,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,82,3,Other,329,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4225,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,215,Saanich,23,tb71,82,3,Other,231,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
40941,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled and used on traps to remove rust and give them a clean smell.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
31923,3254,Quercus bicolor Willd.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled with hemlock and soft maple bark and the liquid used to clean the rust from traps. The solution was believed to prevent the trap from becoming rusty again.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
29208,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bark burned for a mosquito repelling smoke.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
2652,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bark burned to repel mosquitos.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
2653,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,340,Preservative,Bark burned to smoke fish.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
24475,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark charred, mixed with pounded salmon eggs and used as black face paint for dancing.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
538,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,365,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark cut into one-inch bands, fastened together into a roll and used to catch deer.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
40201,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark cut into strips and used for storage of string dried clams and smelts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
2504,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
30338,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,41,Clallam,99,f80,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fashioned into twine and used as fishing line.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202"
3816,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine & occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3817,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3814,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make net sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3818,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3815,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark fibers made into twine and used to make large-meshed nets for carrying bulky or heavy articles.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
20410,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fibers used in fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
41064,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
7151,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,167,Designs,"Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
18749,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark formerly shredded, bound into bundles and used as torches to give light in houses.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
30336,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark formerly used for wrapping implements.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
7194,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
43024,4129,Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark furnished one of the ingredients of kinnikinnick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
27030,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark made into a container and used to roast waterfowl eggs. The spruce bark was cut large enough to surround the eggs, tied around the eggs and the ends plugged with moss.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
40243,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark made into a headband and worn by pubescent girls and young men in ritual isolation.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
12998,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark made into a headband and worn by the man chosen to sing when newborn twins first cried.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"
11329,1120,Cowania sp.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,54,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark made into a ring used in a hoop and pole game.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54"
7297,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark made into broad rimmed hats used by young, menstruating girls to restrict their vision. The broad rimmed hats prevented them from looking where they were not supposed to.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
15330,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark made into cordage and used to make heavy load carrying nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15331,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into cordage and used to make rabbit nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
24476,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,58,Protection,Bark made into face paint and used by shamans to repel enemy spirits from the shaman's patient.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
35666,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35770,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35904,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35668,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35772,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35906,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
12999,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
41072,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,26,Paint,Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
18815,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark mixed with dirt to use as tinder.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
11017,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with dried kinnikinnick leaves and used for pipe smoking.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
11029,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
11069,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,125,Lakota,108,r80,44,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44"
10919,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,81,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark occasionally mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
36330,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark of dead trees used to make capes and aprons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
29581,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark or moistened leaves used to make whistles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
41789,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,129,Lummi,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41850,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41852,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
7088,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7112,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7242,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7252,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark rolled into a handy, burn all night torch. The Ojibwe often used a torch of rolled birch bark in lieu of candles.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
40126,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark sheets used to make cases for storing whale harpoon heads.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
2463,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark smoke used to tan white buckskin yellow.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
11440,1131,Crataegus sp.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,431,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark smoked to attract deer while hunting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431"
26400,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,3,Other,106,Soap,Bark soaked in warm water and used for washing the face.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
39067,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark soaked, rubbed in water and used as a skin wash for protection and truthfulness.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
30423,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark softened and used to make bags.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
30389,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark split and used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30424,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark split and used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
2421,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Bark split, covered with raw hide and used to make stirrups.","McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
36077,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark strips used for hanging fish.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36078,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark strips used for twining into nets or fish line.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
13000,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark twine used in drying roots and bunches of tied bark used as soapberry whippers. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, the bark could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of the fresh or dried bark, after it was soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.  The bark wine was used in twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing and also to thread bitter roots, avalanche lily corms and other roots for drying.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
35681,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35825,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36069,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36248,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35682,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35827,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36070,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
8683,817,Ceanothus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used as a filter to leach the bitter out of acorn meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
5632,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as a plug to keep water from spilling out of a water jug.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
40856,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,381,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40930,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,269,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
31195,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,71,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as a top quality fuel.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
18713,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used as a torch in the 'Fire Dance.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18931,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used as a torch.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
31146,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as a valuable fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
30028,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,143,Paper,Bark used as a wrapping.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
28038,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,52,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as fuel because it cooled quickly and enemies cannot tell how long ago camp was broken.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 52"
31858,3252,Quercus agrifolia var. agrifolia,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as fuel for firing pottery.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
29417,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as fuel for roasting the clays in making skin paints.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
30024,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,107,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as kindling for cooking and firewood in sweathouses.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 107"
18708,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in corn storage pits.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
7285,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in food storage pits.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7286,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in storage pits.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
18709,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as platform for sun drying roasted corn.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
39484,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as the covering for stone knives.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
39488,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark used as the handle for stone knives.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
5687,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5826,408,Artemisia tripartita Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,79,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
19070,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder for fire drills.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
18710,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder for making ceremonial fire with fire drill.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
32438,3289,Quercus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
20530,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used by a wale-pu (a ceremonial figure) as tinder to create flashes of light.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
7215,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used for boxes and other containers.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7310,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used for decorations.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
31257,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31263,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31266,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,81,Green River Group,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31280,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,114,Klallam,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31282,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,129,Lummi,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31304,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,210,Quinault,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31308,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,241,Skagit,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31317,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
29207,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used for fishing floats.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
40916,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,422,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Bark used for fuel, when reboiling pitch, because the heat was easy to regulate.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422"
10792,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used for kinnikinnick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
39988,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40129,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used for mask adornments.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
7311,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,143,Paper,Bark used for paper and cards.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
24471,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for ritual purification.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
10992,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,1,Abnaki,84,r47,159,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 159"
39888,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
41000,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41063,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41095,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41101,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
2442,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
41035,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
24472,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Bark used for the acquisition of luck by hunters, fishers and shamanistic initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
11142,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,276,Washo,139,n66,49,3,Other,167,Designs,Bark used for the patterns in baskets.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
7330,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
32385,3285,Quercus rubra L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,242,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used in tanning and coloring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242"
40007,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bark used in the fire dancer's headdress to produce sparks and fire. A baking powder can with a copper tube in front and a flexible hose in the back was filled with burning red cedar outer bark.  An aide to the Fire Dancer blew on the hose in the back to produce sparks and smoke at the front of the headdress, which concealed the can and embers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
30425,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used to bind bows considered a decorative contrast to the wood of the bows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
30426,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark used to bind bows in the middle and ends for strength.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
15332,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,447,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark used to bind bundles of fine brush for acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 447"
11008,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover a circle of split beaver teeth and used as a gambling wheel.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
11009,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,21,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to cover split beaver teeth for gambling wheels.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
41074,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to cure hides.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
30384,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Bark used to decorate bows, 'tomahawk' handles and pipe stems.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
12983,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to imbricate clematis bags.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
30385,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used to imbricate split cedar root baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
18851,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,79,Gosiute,38,c11,372,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line and cover the fruit storing pits.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 372"
39957,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to line cooking pits or cut in broad strips, plaited and used for dishes.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
2570,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line pots for storing elderberries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2585,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line pots for storing elderberries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
7201,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,76,Flathead,73,b05,8,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line sacks and stiffen them into baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
40890,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to make a dye and tanning material.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40039,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,54,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make a storage trunk.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
7245,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make all sorts of drying trays.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7210,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7189,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7223,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make boxes, coffins and other containers.","Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
27506,2956,Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.,115,Klamath,66,c97,89,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make buckets for gathering berries.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 89"
7150,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make canoes, baskets and containers.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7203,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7312,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
27993,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers for sand painting pigments.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
7287,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers for storing food and picking berries.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7288,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make containers for storing food, picking berries and cooking.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7191,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7224,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes and cooking utensils.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7190,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make dishes to collect birch sap and fresh cambium.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7090,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7114,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7246,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
41452,4051,Ulmus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,40,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to make dogsled harnesses.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 40"
36206,3551,Salix sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make fishing line and reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
29317,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make food storage containers and to line food storage pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
7247,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make funnels for pouring hot lard.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
30402,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark used to make harpoons, spears, fishing lines, nets and other hunting gear.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
10948,1098,Cornus racemosa Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,418,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark used to make kinnikinnick for smoking.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
7270,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make many of the household utensils, storage vessels and containers.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7196,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make moose calls.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7331,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make muskrat callers.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
40172,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bark used to make neck, wrist and ankle rings worn by dancers.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
40244,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Bark used to make necklaces and belts worn by dancers at tribal gatherings.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
441,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make paint containers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
5564,404,Artemisia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to make saddle blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
7248,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make shallow trays for winnowing wild rice.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7243,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make small vessels, pails and trays.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
437,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make spoons.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
7089,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7113,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7244,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
27441,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make temporary, berry picking containers.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
36105,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,26,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make the harpoon lines in sea-lion hunting gear.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
30381,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,120,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used to make the reed for a ceremonial wolf whistle.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
28166,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make the trays for the colored powders used in the sandpaintings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
7337,585,Betula sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used to make torches for night fishing.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
29244,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark used to make toys.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
7336,585,Betula sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make trumpets for calling game.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
26877,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make utensils of all kinds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
40979,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to smoke hides into a dark brown color.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
7211,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start campfires or light the stove at home.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
26943,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start fires.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
27092,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start fires.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
5833,409,Artemisia tripartita ssp. tripartita,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to stuff into the necks of bottles to keep the water from spilling out.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
10917,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,3,Other,338,Preservative,Bark used to tan articles like cedar bark bailers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
119,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan buckskin.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
8946,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan buckskin.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32062,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan skins.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
32612,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan skins.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
35665,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35769,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35903,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to tie or fasten many things. Bark was used to tie the fish roasting sticks, rock fish net weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied together before they were bent, as well as bundles to be carried by hand.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
30395,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,37,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark used to tie the prongs of fish spears.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
35917,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to weave saddle blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
7143,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to wrap and store wood for a year.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
30345,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to wrap the joints of implements such as harpoons, where the head is fixed to the shaft. First some pitch was smeared over the joint, then the cherry bark was wrapped around and bound tightly with twine or sinew.  Finally more pitch was plastered over to make the joint completely watertight.  Cherry bark is both strong and flexible and is decorative as well.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
5733,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark wound about a stick and used as a torch.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
18818,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark wound around a stick & used as a torch to provide light and carry a fire to a new campsite.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
647,34,Acer saccharinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,"Bark, hemlock and swamp oak bark boiled together to make a wash to remove rust from steel or iron. The barks were boiled together and used to remove rust from steel or iron and to prevent further rusting.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
32520,3291,Quercus texana Buckl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, post oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32242,3271,Quercus laurifolia Michx.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and live oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32558,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark, red oak and post oak boiled and used for paint.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
31179,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,157,Navajo,61,rhf16,42,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Bartered with the Hano for corn and meal.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 42"
18340,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,187,Panamint,163,k52,78,3,Other,38,Decorations,Basal portions of stems used as light yellow-brown decorations for baskets.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 78"
40363,3959,Tilia americana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Basswood fiber used for matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
40339,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bast made into thread for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags and into other cordage of all sorts.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40340,3959,Tilia americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework of houses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
26358,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Beans cultivated as a commercial crop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
26287,2867,Phaseolus acutifolius Gray,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Beans made into a flour by the Koshairi and used for ritual purposes. Prayer meal ground from beans was exceedingly unusual; it was almost always made from corn.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
38526,3757,Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Beans used as ornaments, possibly for ceremonial purposes.","Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
34780,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,58,Protection,Berries applied to quivers to strengthen them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
23434,2524,Morella caroliniensis (P. Mill.) Small,96,Houma,49,speck41,56,3,Other,145,Lighting,Berries boiled and wax used to make candles.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56"
23439,2525,Morella cerifera (L.) Small,96,Houma,49,speck41,56,3,Other,145,Lighting,Berries boiled and wax used to make candles.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56"
36684,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries crushed by children when playing 'soda pop.',"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
39725,3925,Thalictrum occidentale Gray,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Berries dried and placed in small buckskin bags for perfume.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
33664,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Berries dried, mixed with bitter-root and sold to the Thompson.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
41976,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold to the nearby stores.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42129,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold to the nearby stores.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
41960,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42016,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries gathered and sold.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
30948,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Berries mashed, made into little cakes, dried and used like chewing tobacco.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
30958,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries mixed with bear grease and used to make paint for painting pictographs.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
39068,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries rubbed on the face during a game called 'lehal.',"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
38570,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Berries rubbed on the scalp for lice.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
37930,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,331,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and traded.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
37842,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,78,Gitksan,14,c93,236,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37864,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,171,Nuxalkmc,14,c93,236,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37931,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,268,"Tsimshian, Coast",14,c93,236,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries smoke dried and used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37926,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used as an important trade item.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
4198,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Berries used as bait for steelhead.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
9478,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,27,Carrier,134,c73,83,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries used as red paint.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 83"
9484,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,13,3,Other,26,Paint,Berries used by children as paint by rubbing it on what they wished to color.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
33649,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used by children to play a game. The children sat in a circle and began counting to ten, each child counting one number around the circle.  The tenth child would take five berries and eat them at once, trying his best not to show a bitter face.  If he was successful, the child next to him would do the same and this would continue until one grimaced at the sour taste.  He was then struck on the thigh with a knuckle punch, thus giving the name 'punctured berry' to the plant.  The child who never grimaced won all the others' berry supplies.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
4614,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,171,Nuxalkmc,14,c93,239,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"
4638,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,239,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"
37843,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,78,Gitksan,14,c93,331,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
37861,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,164,Nisga,14,c93,331,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
2927,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries.  The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill.  Girls played a game while harvesting the berries.  After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat.  Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
10840,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10857,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10906,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10914,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10977,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10982,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berries used in ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
18636,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries used in rattles.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18752,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Berries used in rattles.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
4234,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Berries used to make necklaces.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
12962,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Berries used to make necklaces.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
12972,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,106,Soap,Berries used to make soap.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
2924,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berries, elk manure and tobacco seed planted in small prairie plot in the Tobacco Planting ceremony.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
43373,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,102,Jemez,28,c30,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as a body paint for dancers.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
25557,2759,Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc.,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as a purple body paint for the summer dance.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
14805,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as purple body paint for summer dances.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
38258,3718,Solanum douglasii Dunal,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,3,Other,38,Decorations,Berry juice used for tattooing.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
14846,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,109,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berry used in the flower dance at the Strawberry Festival, danced by young girls. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were danced and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 109"
14950,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,110,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berry used in the flower dance at the Strawberry Festival, danced by young girls. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were danced and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 110"
5646,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Bitter wood used as a head scratcher by menstruating women. Any other kind of wood would cause the hair to fall out and the face to wrinkle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
7291,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black colored stem growth used as tinder for kindling fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
40455,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,364,3,Other,38,Decorations,Black juice used to apply temporary tattoo marks onto the skin.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 364"
41930,4065,Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung.,95,Hopi,37,w39,100,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Black powder used as a ceremonial body paint.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 100"
7292,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black stem growth used as tinder for starting fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
1595,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Black stems used as hunting charms to bring good luck.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
15401,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,44,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladders squeezed and popped by children for entertainment.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 44"
32624,3297,Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladdery envelope blown up by children and busted on the forehead.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50"
32625,3297,Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,50,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bladdery envelope blown up by children and busted on the forehead.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50"
43706,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Blades braided to make necklaces.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
17263,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,55,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Blades braided together and packed amongst clothes to give them a nice smell.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
16155,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Blades placed under a trap to keep it from freezing to the ground and over it to hide the trap.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
18344,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,100,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Blades used by children to make play baskets.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 100"
23718,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,32,Containers,"Blades used to cover fish in the boat, while at sea, to prevent the fish from drying out.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
20107,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,3,Other,32,Containers,Blades used to line oolichan ripening pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
16156,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Blades used to make duck hunting blinds.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
13481,1428,Equisetum sp.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Blades used to produce smoke in smudge fires.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56"
18343,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,100,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Blades used to string clamshell beads to hold them together when being smoothed.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 100"
20108,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Blades used to tie Pacific silverweed roots together before steaming.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
21756,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Blades weighted, placed underwater at river mouths and used to catch herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23709,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Blades weighted, placed underwater at river mouths and used to catch herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
26390,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,108,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooming bushes indicated the groundhogs were fat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
6517,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooming plant indicated that the lodgepole pine cambium was ready to harvest.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
24657,2659,Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated saskatoon berries ready to be picked.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
24769,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated saskatoon berries ready to be picked.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
21360,2305,Lupinus sericeus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21388,2308,Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
21393,2310,Lupinus wyethii S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that groundhogs were fat enough to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
6518,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that pine cambium was ready to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
38474,3744,Solidago sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,133,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Blooms used as an indicator of corn ripening. The goldenrod served the Omaha as a mark or sign in their floral calendar.  When they were on the summer buffalo hunt, the sight of the goldenrod indicated to them that their corn was beginning to ripen at home.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 133"
15799,1722,Geranium atropurpureum Heller,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,29,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Blossoming plant dipped in sea water, salt and water plants to bring rain.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29"
5731,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,38,Decorations,Blossoms and leaves used as personal decorations in a spring dance.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
11807,1178,Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.,291,Zuni,6,s15,84,3,Other,58,Protection,"Blossoms chewed and rubbed all over the hands for protection. This medicine belonged to the grandmother of the Gods of War.  She gave it to the people with the instructions that, when near the enemy, they should chew the blossoms, eject the mass into their hand rubbing their hands well together.  As soon as the Gods of War had done this, a peculiar yellow light spread all over the world, preventing the enemy from seeing how to aim their arrows.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 84"
22473,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Blossoms dried and used for perfume.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
3116,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,21,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blossoms used as a reliable method of when to plant the corn.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 21"
30287,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,87,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Blossoms used as an indicator of when to plant corn, beans and squashes.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
31347,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,291,Zuni,6,s15,97,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Blossoms used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring bodies yellow. The blossoms were used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring their limbs and bodies yellow.  The flowers were ground into a meal and mixed with yellow ocher and urine.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 97"
31348,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,291,Zuni,6,s15,97,3,Other,26,Paint,Blossoms used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring bodies yellow. The blossoms were used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring their limbs and bodies yellow.  The flowers were ground into a meal and mixed with yellow ocher and urine.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 97"
16638,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,93,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Blossoms used ceremonially for anthropic worship.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"
25127,2705,Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch,125,Lakota,108,r80,40,3,Other,26,Paint,Blossoms used for painting the face.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 40"
9976,964,Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,58,3,Other,58,Protection,Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
9977,964,Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,58,3,Other,58,Protection,Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
25820,2800,Penstemon angustifolius Nutt. ex Pursh,125,Lakota,108,r80,59,3,Other,26,Paint,Blossoms used to make blue paint for moccasins.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 59"
31615,3227,Punica granatum L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,66,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Blossoms used to make necklaces.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 66"
14730,1607,Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Body of the plant used as a cooking vessel. The top was cut off of the cactus and the interior was dug out.  Water was then put into the depression and heated with hot stones.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 67"
40862,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Boiled bark used to make a wash to clean rust from steel traps and to prevent further rusting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
41536,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boiled bark used to make matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
31037,3184,Prunus virginiana var. virginiana,205,Ponca,17,g19,88,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boiled bark water used as a wash for traps to remove the scent of the former captures.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 88"
27,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
212,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
313,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
18630,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Boiled branch used as wash by men returning from burying a corpse.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18743,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Boiled branch used as wash by men returning from burying a corpse.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
41726,4058,Urtica dioica L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,140,3,Other,58,Protection,Boiled plant used as a bath to combat witchcraft and a jinx by an evil person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 140"
44091,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Boiled root used in tanning hides. The yucca roots were boiled and then cooled and sprinkled over the hides after they had been treated with the brain-liver-marrow dressing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
12963,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Boiled seeds strung on sinew and used as necklaces.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
14722,1605,Fendlera rupicola Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boiled with juniper berries, pinon buds and corn meal and used in mush-eating ceremonies.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25"
31337,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,3,Other,26,Paint,"Boiled, crushed flowers used for yellow paint or dye.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
23711,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,133,Makah,25,g73,50,3,Other,32,Containers,Bottle ends used to carry fish oil and molasses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23737,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,50,3,Other,32,Containers,Bottle ends used to carry fish oil and molasses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
23739,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,50,3,Other,32,Containers,Bottle ends used to carry fish oil and molasses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50"
19,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs bundled up and used as home air fresheners.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
170,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs bundled up and used as home air fresheners.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
281,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,2,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs burned and used as incense in sweathouses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
18547,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs burned as a fumigant to purify dwellings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25"
31275,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Boughs considered 'good luck.',"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
19013,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,3,Other,58,Protection,"Boughs considered an extremely powerful medicine for combating evil spirits associated with death. When a person died, his family used the boughs to fumigate the house.  All the doors and windows were closed and the boughs were burned and the smoke allowed to fill all the rooms.  This treatment was made even more effective by adding rose branches to the juniper.  After the smoke treatment, rose and juniper branches were boiled together and the water used to wash the entire house--lights, windows, floors, walls and ceilings.  This wash water was then taken outside and splashed all around the house and along the trails leading to the outbuildings to prevent the spirit of the dead person from coming back to the house.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
41032,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs immersed in the water and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41054,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs made into headdresses and worn by dancers in the Ghost dance.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
40973,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs made into hoops and used to combat witchcraft.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
19154,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19188,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19193,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19198,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,63,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
40970,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Boughs rubbed on the body for luck on hunting expeditions.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41086,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41107,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41003,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,318,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs submerged in herring spawning areas to collect the roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
26963,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs taken home as talismans for protection.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
40968,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used among several botanical materials in ritual purification practices.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40971,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used as camouflage by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
263,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,2,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs used as incense.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
19065,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,3,Other,58,Protection,"Boughs used as protection against illnesses and death. One informant said that, formerly, when a person died the branches were broken and laid in the coffin to keep the germs away and to keep the spirit or 'ghost' of the deceased person from harming or scaring the living.  The informant also said that the branches could be placed on the stove in a little dish and the scent allowed to permeate the room.  The branches could also be placed around the edges of the family's bedrooms as a disinfectant.  They were left there until they lost their strong, pungent odor.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
31225,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Boughs used as scrubbers by boys and girls at puberty because it would bring good luck. The branches were boiled for good luck and good health, either to drink or used as a wash.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
41045,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
27192,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used at girl's puberty potlatch to brush with sweeping motions and scare away bad influences.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
31240,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used by bereaved persons to scrub themselves as a purification ritual.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
40124,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used by boys in training for manhood.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
40996,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boughs used by girls at puberty for rubbing ceremony. Girls at puberty were brushed on the arms and face with boughs, which were bundled together with soft, fern fronds.  The bundle was fist-sized, with needled hemlock twigs sticking out from both ends.  Before the rubbing ceremony began, the girl would go down to the edge of the water at sunrise and, four separate times, would dip the branches in the water, suck the water from the branches, then blow it out in a fine spray.  At the same time, she would dip her face in the water with her eyes open, four times, each time lifting her head and spraying out the water.  This was said to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.  All bundles used for this purpose were subsequently deposited in a special place.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
31226,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used by hunters to scrub themselves before hunting so that the deer could not smell them.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
27276,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,317,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boughs used by shamans, hunters and fishers during preparatory and purification rituals.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317"
213,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs used by young girls to scrub the face & clothes so that they would not be bothered by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
31221,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used for scrubbing and purification by girls at puberty.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
40148,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used in church on Palm Sunday.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
40071,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in drying seaweed for eating.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
31276,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs used in fire to pass the bow & arrow through, to prevent the deer from smelling the hunter.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
40976,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in processing salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
31163,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used in the Easter and Evergreen dances.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
39969,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs used to camouflage canoes, especially during duck hunting.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
41047,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
40942,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40183,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,63,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 63"
40972,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
27187,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used to hit & rub boys as part of a ritual treatment to increase their strength & tolerance.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
12,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,173,3,Other,32,Containers,Boughs used to line oolichan ripening pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
20171,2172,Libocedrus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,362,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to line the leach.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362"
41060,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boughs used to make play houses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41056,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to roast fern roots.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
31244,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Boughs used to scrub the body during a sweatbath to impart a nice smell and make the skin clean.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
40216,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,215,Saanich,23,tb71,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used to vigorously scrub the body for purity while bathing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71"
40977,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to wrap and cover foods in earth ovens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
31241,3200,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,34,3,Other,32,Containers,Boughs used under a freshly killed deer while butchering it.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 34"
40969,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40073,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs weighted, placed underwater at estuaries and used for catching herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
12310,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boys holding handfuls of this and mariposa lily above their heads chased by girls on occasions.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
7706,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boys holding handfuls of this plant and larkspur above their heads chased by girls on occasions.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
12973,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Braided bark used to whip stone tops spun by children on the ice during the winter.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
17198,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Braided plant put up on Sun Dance alters and used in religious services.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
37374,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,104,Kansa,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Braided stems used as one of the five coverings of the sacred clamshell. The sacred clamshell was kept wrapped in five coverings.  The innermost covering was the bladder of a buffalo bull; the second, a covering made of the spotted skin of a fawn; the third was a covering made of braided cattails; the fourth, a very broad piece of deerskin and finally the fifth and outermost covering was made of braided hair from the head of a buffalo bull.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
30804,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch bundles tied to sacred Sun Dance poles.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
18586,2057,Juniperus horizontalis Moench,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch held in the right hand and the wing of an owl in the other by the Okan dancer.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
36730,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,268,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch joints used as water squirt guns for playing or pop guns for shooting pith corks.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 268"
36096,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,3,Other,58,Protection,Branch tied to the bow of a boat as a charm against danger when crossing the river in high water.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
26879,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,505,3,Other,106,Soap,"Branch tips and needles boiled and used as a wash by hunters, warriors and boys at puberty.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505"
39058,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,280,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch tips ignited and used for cauterizing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280"
27221,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Branch tips used as sacred items.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
7134,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch used for the pole in the 'hoop and pole' game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
27963,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch used to hang the outgrown cradle of a male child so the boy will grow strong like the tree.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 51"
13617,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branch used to make Enemyway prayer stick.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
44664,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,102,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch used to make a planting stick.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 102"
32216,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branch used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
36136,3551,Salix sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch with loosened bark used as a buzzing whistle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
33198,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branch, with eagle down attached, carried by the dancers on the last night of the Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
15665,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches and leaves used in steam cooking pits to circulate steam and keep food from burning.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
27180,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Branches and roots made into pegs, dipped in pitch and used as nails to hold together bent boxes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
31200,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches and twigs used in almost all the winter dances.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 42"
31291,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches attached to masks and carried in hands by god impersonators in Nightway.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
33892,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34005,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34060,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34213,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
1496,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches bound together and used for torches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
34075,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches broken and left in the house after removal of corpse to keep the disease in the body.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
5147,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches burned as a smudge to drive away mosquitoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
31160,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches considered important in many of the ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
39970,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,86,Haisla,14,c93,162,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches covered with Sitka spruce pitch used for night fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
36233,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches hardened by pounding with a stone and used to make lances.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
39065,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,59,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches looped around cradleboards to protect babies from ghosts.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
19119,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches made into a fagot and used by the personator of the Black God, owner of all fire.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
24877,2674,Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches made into a wand and used in Red Antway. The Antway wand consisted of five cactus branches with branches of rabbitbrush and other plants wrapped around their combined bases.  The base was wrapped with yucca fiber. A small colored wooden disk was attached to each branch by a yucca fiber, each disk a different color.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
36235,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches made into heddle sticks and used in weaving.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36236,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches made into hoops and used inside the buckskin sack of a bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
35927,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches made into prayer sticks.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 68"
33894,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34007,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34062,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34215,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and ghosts.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33895,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34008,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34063,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34216,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one who was being jinxed by some bad person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
19120,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches made into wands and used in certain ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
33927,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34099,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34139,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34258,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,58,Protection,"Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person to protect other people from its spirit. After a death, an orphan, widower or widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness and to 'keep ghosts away.'  Widows and widowers could fish only if rose branches were first swept around their gill nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
33896,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34009,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34064,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34217,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches placed around the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from returning.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
27272,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,100,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches rubbed on skin to protect one against evil or 'witchcraft.' The protective powers were attributed to the prickly needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100"
27485,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches rubbed on the hunters' bodies to hide the human scent.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
25600,2765,Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,80,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Branches sold to local florist shops.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
19682,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,37,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches stuck in the ground to shade tobacco plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
15672,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,96,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches tied into a bunch and used for whipping soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96"
11081,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches twisted and used to make fishnets.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
36054,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36087,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
39512,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,75,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
33890,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34003,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34058,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34211,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave before the corpse was lowered into it. The grave was swept prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
39563,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by bereaved people to scrub and purify themselves.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
29658,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used by boys to make whistles.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68"
27499,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,318,3,Other,58,Protection,Branches used by hunters as shelter to discourage and repel animals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
31165,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used by the Koshares for dances.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
27236,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,234,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used ceremonially to initiate the children.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
31158,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used ceremonially.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
11065,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used for arrows with tips of western service berry wood.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
10998,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used for barbecue racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
29518,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,179,Preservative,Branches used for drying meat.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29304,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,68,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for firewood.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29387,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,68,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for firewood.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29516,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for firewood.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
31692,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
17331,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,263,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used for holding fish while barbecuing because they don't burn.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 263"
8648,810,Ceanothus greggii Gray,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used for kindling.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
27132,2936,Picea pungens Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,20,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used for the Chant of the Sun's House.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 20"
30349,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98-99,3,Other,98,Weapon,Branches used for whips.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98-99"
5047,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in Beautyway garment ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
18740,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in a few ceremonies and dances.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 40"
33893,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34006,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34061,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34214,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
31198,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,42,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in almost all dances.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 42"
18661,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in ceremonial dances.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
39881,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches used in closets to prevent moths.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
33815,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used in making arrow shafts.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
36335,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Branches used in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
31285,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in the Shooting Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
18628,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in the kachina dances.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18741,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in the kachina dances.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
27237,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in winter dances and to make traditional costumes for initiation ceremonies.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
18521,2054,Juniperus communis L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Branches used on rocks in the steambath for the aromatic properties.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
3274,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,183,Paiute,98,m53,116,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used to cover baskets filled with berries.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 116"
32413,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to dig out crowns of the mescal plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
280,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to drive away ghosts and bad spirits.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
40184,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,66,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
35966,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,287,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to hang drying oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 287"
38731,3792,Spiraea douglasii Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to hang salmon for drying and smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
31292,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to make Holyway big hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
1494,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
11016,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11041,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,76,Flathead,30,h92,21,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11119,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,92,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 92"
32139,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
36234,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrowshafts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
1495,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
21739,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,522,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522"
39460,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,49,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 49"
32472,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,98,Weapon,"Branches used to make clubs. In warfare, clubs were used by some of the warriors.  The older type consisted of a grooved stone, which was hafted by twisting a small branch from an oak twice around the grooved section of the stone and tying the free ends together.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
11036,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,60,Crow,30,h92,21,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Branches used to make drumsticks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11113,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make fish traps.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
36623,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,94,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Branches used to make flutes, clappers and small whistles.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 94"
11037,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,60,Crow,30,h92,21,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to make forks for sweatlodge rocks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
35975,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make hobby horses for children.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
33145,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to make hoe handles.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
35648,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to make meat drying racks.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
36232,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used to make or sew water bottles.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
36229,3551,Salix sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches used to make prayersticks, prayerstick foundations and plumed wands.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38"
11112,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to make spatulas.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
510,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make staves for a dice type gambling game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
27627,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to make the circle of branches for the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
31693,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,128,3,Other,37,Fuel,Branches used to make the initial fire for pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 128"
11035,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,60,Crow,30,h92,21,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Branches used to make tipi stakes and pins.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
36579,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles and clappers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
35670,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35774,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35908,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
40447,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,105,Karok,70,b81,58,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to prop salmon filet open.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
5512,404,Artemisia sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16"
10933,1097,Cornus obliqua Raf.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,54,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to stretch rat skins while drying.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 54"
11048,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,233,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to string fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 233"
15652,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,299,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to whip soapberries into a froth.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299"
35826,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used under fish to keep them clean.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
4949,382,Artemisia absinthium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,75,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches used under mattresses as a repellent for bedbugs and other insect pests.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
5148,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches with leaves used as an insect repellent & stopped flies from laying eggs in stored salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5146,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches with leaves used as spreaders for drying salmon and to separate stored layers of salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
36332,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Branches with the bark and leaves twisted and used for tying and binding in construction. The branches were used for tying and binding, especially in constructing the underground winter pit houses and in making fish traps, weirs and rafts.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
27664,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branches, preferably one broken from a lightning struck tree, used in Evilway ceremonials as pokers.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
15630,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish to prevent sticking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15631,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Branches, with leaves attached, used as beaters for whipping soapberries.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
18774,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Branchlets, with needles, used to make prayersticks of the west.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
8465,786,Castilleja hispida Benth.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
8514,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,127,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
41087,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,Broken boughs used by the handful like a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
8518,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,284,3,Other,38,Decorations,Broken plant parts used in the house for decoration or for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 284"
8540,797,Castilleja sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,284,3,Other,38,Decorations,Broken plant parts used in the house for decoration or for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 284"
11491,1145,Croton setigerus Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,363,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bruised leaves used as a substitute for soaproot to poison fish and make them easier to catch.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 363"
5034,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
5811,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
8630,808,Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,367,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Brushes used to build fish dams.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 367"
29318,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bud scale resin used to glue arrowhead onto shafts and in making spears, fish hooks and canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
384,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,52,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Buds and blossoms dried and used by women as perfume sachets.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 52"
29206,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Buds mixed with other ingredients to make a trap lure.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
29323,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,116,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Buds used as a binding agent to glue duck feathers to red cedar hoops used for festive applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"
9739,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,107,3,Other,106,Soap,"Bulb used as soap for washing body, hair and utensils.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107"
9738,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,107,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bulb used for fish poison.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107"
2259,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,106,Soap,Bulbs and water used to shine arrows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
9714,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,19,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bulbs boiled into liquid starch & applied to twined seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 19"
9750,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bulbs crushed, placed in still waters and used as a fish poison.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
9728,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bulbs formerly mashed, stirred in rivers and used as a poison to stupefy fish and eels.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9753,924,Chlorogalum sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,352,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bulbs made into glue and used to fasten sinew on the backs of the sinew backed bows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 352"
9696,920,Chlorogalum angustifolium Kellogg,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,3,Other,106,Soap,"Bulbs pounded, mixed with water and used as a detergent for washing clothes and buckskin blankets.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
9712,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,3,Other,106,Soap,"Bulbs pounded, mixed with water and used as a detergent for washing clothes and buckskin blankets.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
9751,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,93,3,Other,106,Soap,"Bulbs pounded, rubbed between the hands and used as hair shampoo.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93"
9708,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bulbs produced a detergent foam used as fish poison.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
9709,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,106,Soap,Bulbs produced a detergent foam used in washing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
9727,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bulbs roasted and the juice used as a substitute for glue in attaching feathers to arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
2258,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bulbs rubbed on quivers as a deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2031,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bulbs rubbed on the skin to repel insects.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2161,141,Allium cernuum Roth,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bulbs rubbed on the skin to repel insects.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2301,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,188,Papago,27,cu35,18,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Bulbs traded for baskets, skins or pottery.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 18"
7842,699,Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats.,219,"Salish, Halkomelem",101,ttco83,83,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Bulbs traded to the Nootka and Nitinaht tribes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 83"
7843,699,Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats.,220,"Salish, Straits",101,ttco83,83,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Bulbs traded to the Nootka and Nitinaht tribes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 83"
7888,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,219,"Salish, Halkomelem",101,ttco83,83,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Bulbs traded to the Nootka and Nitinaht tribes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 83"
7889,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,220,"Salish, Straits",101,ttco83,83,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Bulbs traded to the Nootka and Nitinaht tribes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 83"
23726,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Bulbs used for curving and molding halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52"
5643,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Bunched bark used as a stopper for the basketry water bottle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
27628,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bunches of needles carried in each hand by dancers on the last night of the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
5544,404,Artemisia sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bunches of plant, with other plants, tied to corners of hoops used in unraveling ceremonial objects.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
23221,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,363,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bunches of plants carried in bachelors' coats for the pleasant fragrance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363"
22557,2435,Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.,61,Dakota,17,g19,91,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bunches of plants hung in the home for the fragrance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
22558,2435,Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.,61,Dakota,17,g19,91,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bunches of plants hung in the home for the fragrance.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
16160,1770,Gramineae sp.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,3,Other,17,Tools,Bunches placed on trees as trail markers.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
38794,3808,Sporobolus giganteus Nash,95,Hopi,82,c74,365,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bundles of plant used to cover kiva entrance during Bean Ceremonial.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 365"
37354,3600,Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bundles of stems used as switches in the sweat lodge.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
8148,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,32,Containers,Burls used as containers.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8149,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Burls used as vessels or cups.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
18964,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Burned as an incense when making medicine.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
17261,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,28,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Burned as incense for spiritual protection and purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
5058,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5123,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5059,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,17,Tools,Burned branches used to smoke bees from nests.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
17225,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,28,3,Other,58,Protection,Burned for protection from lightning and thunder.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
21141,2263,Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans (Benth.) Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,56,3,Other,167,Designs,Burned wood ashes made into a paste for tattooing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 56"
40459,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,81,3,Other,167,Designs,Burned wood ashes made into a paste for tattooing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81"
5402,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,349,3,Other,38,Decorations,Burned wood soot used for tattooing.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 349"
39656,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,58,Protection,Burning leaf smoke used by undertakers after a burial to prevent the ghost from following.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
41617,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Burning leaf smoke used to drive ground squirrels from burrows.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
41619,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,7,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 7"
41620,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
16037,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,98,Weapon,Burs believed to be shot by ghosts inflicting disease in their victims.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
391,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bushes dried and used for firewood.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
39038,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bushes used to make the Sun Dance altar.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17"
44045,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,46,3,Other,32,Containers,Cactus ribs bound together to form the frame for containers used to carry crops.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 46"
9486,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,3,Other,26,Paint,"Calyx crushed and red paint used on the face, body, clothes, wood and skins.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
5938,419,Arundinaria sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,29,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Cane made into cigarettes used to pay for medicine given by a cheani, a ceremonial leader.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
3565,267,Angelica sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Carried about the person for good luck in gambling or hunting.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
18662,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Cedar purge kept one from getting tired, but did not preclude sleepiness.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18663,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Cedar wood fire smoke used to fumigate property of the deceased.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
20663,2221,Lobelia cardinalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,273,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Ceremonial 'tobacco' not smoked, but used to ward off storms and strewn onto graves.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273"
44403,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the nadir.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44404,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the northeast direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
18330,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
18400,2052,Juncus torreyi Coville,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
37373,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with water.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
7705,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially used as the Yellow Flower associated with the northwest direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
426,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,3,Other,26,Paint,Charcoal mixed with oil and used as black paint.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
18629,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Charcoal of plant, chewed melon seeds and water used to make a ceremonial body paint.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18742,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Charcoal of plant, chewed melon seeds and water used to make a ceremonial body paint.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
35650,3518,Salix amygdaloides Anderss.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,37,3,Other,26,Paint,Charcoal used as a black paint for Sun Dancers.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
21684,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,259,Thompson,10,tta90,113,3,Other,58,Protection,Charcoal used as protection against 'witchcraft.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 113"
10916,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,210,Quinault,25,g73,42,3,Other,38,Decorations,Charcoal used for tattooing.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
19678,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,38,Decorations,Charcoal used in tattooing as a permanent greenish blue color.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
24269,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Chewed blossoms rubbed on the bodies of young girls so that they could dance well and ensure rain. The blossoms were given by the High Priest and the Sun Priest of the Corn Maidens.  The girls chewed the blossoms, ejected the mass into their hands and rubbed it on the neck, breast, arms and hands ensuring that they would dance well so that it would rain and the corn would grow.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
25629,2767,Pectis papposa Harvey & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Chewed blossoms used as perfume before a dance in ceremonies of the secret fraternities. The blossoms were chewed by both sexes, especially by women, ejected into the hands and rubbed on the neck, limbs and clothing as perfume.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
25630,2767,Pectis papposa Harvey & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Chewed blossoms used as perfume before a dance in ceremonies of the secret fraternities. The blossoms were chewed by both sexes, especially by women, ejected into the hands and rubbed on the neck, limbs and clothing as perfume.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
40438,3971,Townsendia strigosa Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by Night Chant chanter & spit upon prayersticks to facilitate the disentanglement of string.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
5338,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by assistants to the participants during the sweat lodge rituals to relieve thirst. This thirst resulted from taboos against the consumption of liquids.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
16300,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,46,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Chewed leaf juice had an intoxicating effect upon bees.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
240,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed needles sprayed over the Horn ceremonial containers to purify them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
27426,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,180,Preservative,Chewed pitch sprayed onto mats to preserve them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
25836,2802,Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck,291,Zuni,6,s15,95,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Chewed root rubbed over the rabbit stick to insure success in the hunt. A rabbit stick which was treated in this manner was sure to kill any rabbit that it was aimed at, provided the thrower had a good heart.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95"
3907,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,82,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Chewed seed paste spread among clothing and used as perfume, especially by bachelors.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82"
3908,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Chewed seed paste used among blankets or other effects by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
44491,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed seeds scattered around the corn fields to protect the harvest from blackbirds. When the corn was approaching maturity, blackbirds attacked the fields for food.  To prevent further damage, men chewed some grains and scattered them around the corn fields to deter the birds from the fields.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
20744,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,287,Yuki,46,c57i,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Chewed while hunting to prevent deer from detecting human scent.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... I. Historical Review and Medicinal Plants, The Masterkey 31:40-48, page 44"
3450,260,Angelica breweri Gray,144,Miwok,100,bg33,166,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed, rubbed on body or decoction taken to ward off snakes.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 166"
25155,2709,Oxalis oregana Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,108,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children ate as many leaves as they could without making an awful face; a children's game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 108"
38961,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children play with the berries.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
2864,200,Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children played with stems that exuded a blood-colored juice; looked like they had been injured.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
21753,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Children threw dried, little floats from blade base onto fire to make them explode; firecrackers.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
13002,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Cleaned, polished seeds, with holes drilled in them, strung and used as necklaces.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
38403,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,84,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Clustered flower heads used by children as play whips.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 84"
44472,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cob pith used as punk (tinder).,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44524,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cobs used as fuel in emergencies and as fire lighters.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44484,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used by pottery makers to smooth the pottery.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44476,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to beat leather while dyeing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44482,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,32,Containers,Cobs used to close up pottery jars.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44527,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Cobs used to make feathered darts and to stuff kick balls.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44526,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to make handles and holders.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
39657,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,3,Other,58,Protection,Cold infusion of plant used as a bath by undertakers to prevent the ghost from following.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
9504,900,Chenopodium graveolens Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,3,Other,58,Protection,Cold infusion taken to give protection in warfare.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
11167,1107,Corydalis aurea Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Cold infusion used to soak watermelon seeds to increase production.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
11178,1108,Corydalis curvisiliqua ssp. occidentalis (Engelm. ex Gray) W.A. Weber,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Cold infusion used to soak watermelon seeds to increase production.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
33857,3414,Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Cold infusion used to soak watermelon seeds to increase productivity.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
6275,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
9273,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,38,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Comas coincided with the moose mating season which followed fattening.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
16000,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,3,Other,58,Protection,Compound infusion of bark used by ball players 'to ward off tacklers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
41033,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Compound of powdered bark and oil or pitch used on the hair to remove vermin.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
19125,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Concave bark used to make improvised trays for the sandpainting powders.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
32467,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Concave hole in wood used as a die to make metallic hemispheres for beads and sunflower blossoms.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
24360,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Concave sticks with far-spaced, deep notches used as loud rattles for scraping stick songs.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
31264,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Cones placed near the fire and used as charms to bring sunshine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
298,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Cones sold for money.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
2537,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,32,Containers,Cones used to store elderberries in the creeks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
12954,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,23,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Considered a good fertilizer for potatoes.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
18666,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Considered an important source of firewood for steady, even fires.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
376,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
7388,595,Bloomeria crocea (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
12467,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
14362,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Corms used as wagers in gambling. Some of the women used to climb up the valley sides to dig sacks of corms which they used as wagers in gambling.  The winners would stagger down the hillside with several sacks of corms, while others, who had worked just as hard, would return home empty handed, having lost in the gambling.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
44534,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn ears carried or secretly worn in dances by personators of anthropic gods.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44434,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn husks used as cigarette papers for the ceremonial cigarettes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44435,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal smeared on the body in the burial ceremony.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44443,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal sprinkled by everyone before eating and prayer repeated.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44535,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal wrapped in husks given to theurgists visiting the sick. The packages were always presented with a prayer and the recipient prayed.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44444,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn pollen and corn meal used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44436,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn silks used in the 'Corn Dances.',"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44470,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Cornmeal mush used to make images for ceremonies. In the Bead Chant, an image of a wildcat was made of sweet corn; in the Mountain Chant, an image of the bear was made of sweet corn; and in the Coyote Chant, effigies of a coyote and a kit fox were made in sweet corn; other images such as the dog, chicken, cat and pig were also reproduced in sweet corn.  To make these animals, a stiff mush was made of corn, which was kneaded to the desired shape, omitting the extremities such as tail, ears and feet.  White shell, turquoise and cannel coal was used for the eyes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30"
44473,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Cornmeal, considered less sacred than corn pollen, used in innumerable ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
16136,1768,Gossypium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,3,Other,17,Tools,"Cotton twisted into thread, braided into a thick cord and used in the strike-a-light.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
16132,1766,Gossypium hirsutum L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Cotton used to make ceremonial garments.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
31136,3195,Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth) W.A. Weber,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Cottony flower tops used like stuffing to line deer antler head disguises.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 43"
19414,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Covered with a cord net to be used as water containers in ceremonies and buried with the dead.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
27834,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,50,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Cracked shells pinched by children onto the ear lobes and worn as ornaments.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
11226,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Crooked stick with an enlarged base made the favorite drum stick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
16444,1799,Hamamelis virginiana L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,87,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Crotched sticks used to locate underground water or buried treasure.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87"
22312,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,87,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Crotched sticks used to locate underground water.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87"
30274,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,87,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Crotched sticks used to locate underground water.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87"
24044,2592,Nolina sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,106,Soap,Crowns and bases of leaves pounded together and mixed with water to make soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
18857,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Crushed bark used as a 'slow match.' The crushed bark was twisted into a rope, tied at intervals with yucca and wrapped into a coil.  The free end was set on fire and kept smoldering by blowing on it at intervals.  Fire could be carried in this fashion from early dawn until noon.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
18858,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,206,3,Other,37,Fuel,Crushed bark used for tinder.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 206"
21894,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Crushed berries used as purple coloring for the skin and for objects employed in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
21895,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,26,Paint,Crushed berries used as purple coloring for the skin and for objects employed in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
33155,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,3,Other,26,Paint,Crushed berry juice used as a vehicle for paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
9703,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,54,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed bulb used as soap.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54"
1852,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,3,Other,32,Containers,Crushed fibers used as an ingredient in pottery making.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
2749,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,26,Paint,Crushed leaves and blossoms moistened with spittle or water and rubbed on cheeks as rouge.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
6680,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,45,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed leaves and roots used as a soap and rubbed into articles for cleaning.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 45"
38249,3716,Solanum carolinense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves in sweet milk used to kill flies.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
43211,4141,Vicia faba L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,59,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 59"
43855,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed leaves mixed with water for soap.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
10396,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,126,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves rubbed on the face and hands as protection from mosquitoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 126"
4522,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
40566,3995,Trichostema lanceolatum Benth.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,67,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves used in bed rolls to discourage fleas.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 67"
22544,2430,Melia azedarach L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed leaves used to drive out 'house insects.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
5133,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,28,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed plant mixed with water and used on bed clothing as a bed bug repellent.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
44121,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,106,Soap,"Crushed roots rubbed on hair or clothes for soap or crushed, roasted roots soaked in water for soap. This soap caused more itching than that from wild leafed yucca, but was considered better to keep the natural color of the hair.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44003,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed roots used for soap.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
15957,1739,Geum triflorum var. ciliatum (Pursh) Fassett,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Crushed seed pods used for perfume.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
12536,1303,Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,41,3,Other,203,Snuff,Crushed seeds and leaves used for snuff.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
3916,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,82,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Crushed seeds spread among clothing and used as perfume, especially by bachelors.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82"
35475,3493,Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,67,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Crushed, dried roots used as tinder.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 67"
17947,1997,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. attenuata (Gray) V.& A. Grant,157,Navajo,141,h56,160,3,Other,38,Decorations,Cultivated as an ornamental flower.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 160"
32461,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Curled twig used as a drum stick in the War Dance Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
385,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Curved rods used for fleshing and dehairing animal skins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
24828,2670,Opuntia sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,45,3,Other,58,Protection,Cut stem secretion applied to buckskin moccasins as a varnish.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 45"
26835,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,26,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Dark, dry fruits used by girls to make necklaces.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 26"
5657,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead stems used as twirling sticks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
5662,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead twigs used for a twirling stick in fire making.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
18582,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dead wood used for fuel.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
18930,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dead wood used for fuel.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
477,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
511,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
522,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
26915,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dead, standing trees used to make a moose hide stretcher.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
29680,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of branches used as a protective bath against witches.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
18501,2054,Juniperus communis L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of branches used as a wash for the body to protect a person from evil influences.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
29679,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Decoction of branches used to wash traps, guns, buckskins and hunters. The decoction was used to wash humans such as hunters who desired to be exceptionally 'clean.'","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
14374,1567,Eschscholzia californica Cham.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,9,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of flowers rubbed into the hair to kill lice.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 9"
37927,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of leafless branches taken by hunters to clean out their insides for good luck. The decoction was said to clean the hunters' insides.  The hunters also used the decoction to wash themselves and their gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37928,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Decoction of leafless branches used as a wash for hunting gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
42691,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of plant and devil's club used as a wash for areas occupied by corpse to give good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42692,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of plant and devil's club used as a wash for areas occupied by corpse to kill poison.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
1111,45,Achlys triphylla (Sm.) DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,186,3,Other,76,Insecticide,"Decoction of plant used as a furniture and floor wash for lice, bedbugs and other household pests.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 186"
7584,636,Bromus ciliatus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,273,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Decoction of plant used as a soak for corn, a 'corn planting medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273"
35587,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,273,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Decoction of root used as a corn medicine, when starting to plant corn.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273"
25019,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,109110,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of root used as a dip to kill chicken lice.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110"
4102,319,Aralia racemosa L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,58,Protection,"Decoction of root used to drive away 'blue tailed swifts.' 'Blue tailed swifts' were a type of lizard.  When they became troublesome, the Indians used this decoction to drive them away.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
25072,2699,Osmorhiza sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,397,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Decoction of roots and whole plant used as wash for seeds, a 'seed medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 397"
1227,55,Acorus calamus L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of roots used as a charm to 'rattle snakes away.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
16195,1778,Grindelia robusta Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of roots used as a shampoo to kill hair lice.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
13035,1383,Elymus canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,274,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Decoction of roots used as a soak for 'corn medicine.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 274"
11828,1183,Cymopterus globosus (S. Wats.) S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"63, 64",3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of roots used as an insecticide.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 63, 64"
28549,3012,Platanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindl.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,290,3,Other,58,Protection,"Decoction of smashed, dried roots taken to frighten away ghosts.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 290"
13353,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,15,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of stalks used as a wash for hair infested with vermin.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
28707,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"25, 26",3,Other,76,Insecticide,Decoction of whole plant sprinkled on potato plants to kill potato bugs.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 25, 26"
23159,2495,Mitella diphylla L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,345,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of whole plants used as body and rifle wash to counteract bad luck.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 345"
24478,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,106,Soap,Decoction or infusion of bark used to wipe one's body after bathing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
37888,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,34,h49,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Decoction or infusion of berries taken during purification rites.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
8682,817,Ceanothus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,3,Other,106,Soap,Decoction used as a detergent.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
5296,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,238,Sioux,30,h92,45,3,Other,106,Soap,Decoction used for bathing.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45"
7697,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,306,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dense leaflets used to prevent sand from mixing with the meal in leaching acorn meal.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306"
13794,1480,Erigeron philadelphicus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,429,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Disk florets smoked to attract the buck deer. They say that cows and deer eat the blossoms.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429"
9907,950,Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Down used as the tail for blow darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
10035,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Down used as the tail for blow darts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
6070,423,Asarum sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried and pounded leaves used for snuff.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
19078,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried bark made into a torch.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
10898,1094,Cornus foemina P. Mill.,141,Micmac,103,s17,317,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
35954,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried bark smoked as a substitute for tobacco.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
38345,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Dried berries soaked in water and planted with watermelon seed to increase productivity.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
4520,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Dried berries strung on necklaces.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2923,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Dried berries traded for tobacco.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
18568,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,34,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Dried berries used for beads to make necklaces.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
4518,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried berries used in rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
18567,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,34,3,Other,38,Decorations,Dried berries used to decorate dresses.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
18569,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,289,Yurok,70,b81,34,3,Other,38,Decorations,Dried berries used to decorate dresses.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
11782,1171,Cupressus sp.,157,Navajo,121,l86,22,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Dried berries used to make necklaces.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 22"
22474,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,61,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Dried blossoms used as an insect repellant.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 61"
8468,787,Castilleja integra Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,3,Other,178,Preservative,Dried bracts mixed with chile seeds to prevent spoilage during storage.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
11005,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
23194,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried flowerheads used by invalids for sucking broth and soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
23195,2504,Monarda fistulosa L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried flowerheads used to apply water to a green hide to make it easier to scrape the hide.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
3254,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,187,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried flowers carried or chewed and rubbed on the body as protection from danger before battle.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
793,38,Achillea millefolium L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dried flowers used for lynx bait.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
18553,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried fruits added to flavor tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
44227,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Dried fruits sold to the Pimas.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
11597,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried gourds used to make ladles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
11596,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried gourds used to make rattles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
27636,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried gum, together with parts of different birds, used as an incense for ceremonial fumigation.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
22511,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,23,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Dried heads used to make necklaces.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 23"
3531,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Dried hollow stems formerly used as pipe stems.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
44423,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried husks woven into small bottles or receptacles for salt.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 154"
29350,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,3,Other,106,Soap,"Dried inner bark packaged into small, fist sized bundles and used as a soap substitute. Each person carried his own package with him.  Men's and women's were packaged differently.  The soap was also used as a laundry soap.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
11034,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,36,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried inner bark pulverized, mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
10810,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,331,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried inner bark used either alone or with tobacco for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331"
10794,1089,Cornus amomum P. Mill.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried inner bark used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
36175,3551,Salix sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,182,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves added to tobacco in place of shelf fungus.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 182"
23810,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,103104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves and other plant parts smoked in pipes and cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 103104"
23267,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,186,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves and pine needles burned over coal for a fragrance.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 186"
43820,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Dried leaves boiled with gum, hardened, powdered, mixed with water & used to waterproof baskets.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
17221,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried leaves burned over coals in many ceremonies.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
3186,221,Amorpha canescens Pursh,172,Oglala,17,g19,93,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried leaves crushed fine, mixed with buffalo fat and used as a smoking material.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
24008,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried leaves fashioned into spoons.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
33157,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,108,Keresan,90,w45,563,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with native tobacco and used for smoking.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563"
4567,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,29,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
4429,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4443,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
33102,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
5971,421,Asarum canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried leaves pounded and used for snuff.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
37988,3680,Silene menziesii Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,381,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves powdered and formerly used to smoke as a tobacco.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381"
4523,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
4589,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
32947,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
32948,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
4474,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
4607,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
7461,615,Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sometimes worn inside basket caps for the fragrance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
17247,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17248,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17249,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17250,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,15,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sprinkled over the fire to yield incense and used during the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15"
17223,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,170,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves used as a perfume by wrapping the article in the leaves.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
3246,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,48,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
15588,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
9597,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as the favorite smoking tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
5085,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,119,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119"
12190,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,41,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
23047,2488,Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,54,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 54"
23908,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,115,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 115"
8399,769,Carya sp.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,40,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Dried leaves used to wrap around ball of meal, boiled for one hour and used for bread.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 40"
27970,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,115,Klamath,186,c04,735,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried needles stuffed loosely between cross sticks and lighted to ignite them.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1904, Wokas, a Primitive Food of the Klamath Indians., Smithsonian Institution, US. National Museum., page 735"
18157,2025,Jacquinia pungens,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried nuts used as favorite rattle beads.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
4686,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
16667,1832,Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,324,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried petals ground and mixed with corn meal to make yellow face powder for women's basket dance.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 324"
34192,3432,Rosa sp.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,48,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried petals used as a house perfume.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 48"
14218,1547,Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H‚r. ex Ait.,102,Jemez,28,c30,22,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried plant powder mixed with watermelon seeds during storage & planting stops watermelon disease.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
8224,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
25278,2724,Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
38890,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,229,Seri,29,d44,136,3,Other,17,Tools,"Dried plant skeletons used as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
8120,752,Carex sp.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried plant tied in tight bundles for torches and used for travel by night like a lantern.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
13703,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,72,f96,20,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used as one of the four prescribed kiva fuels.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20"
1952,119,Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1954,120,Alectoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Vain,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1956,121,Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Massal.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
10747,1087,Cornicularia divergens Ach.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
10586,1065,Conopholis alpina var. mexicana (Gray ex S. Wats.) Haynes,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried plant used to rub the ground before the race to make runner more swift footed.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
18131,2020,Isocoma pluriflora (Torr. & Gray) Greene,193,Pima,11,c49,101,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plants used for kindling.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 101"
15508,1688,Galium sp.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plants used for lighting fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
6182,441,Asclepias sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,47,3,Other,38,Decorations,Dried pods gathered for decorative purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
6181,441,Asclepias sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,47,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried pods used as spoons.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
12908,1363,Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,27,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried pulp used as candles.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
20845,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried root chips and Bull Durham used as a friendly smoke.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
29351,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,259,Thompson,10,tta90,276,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried root used as a drill in making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 276"
8945,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried root used as a hearth for fires.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
27352,2948,Pinguicula vulgaris L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,106,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried roots kept for good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
42717,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried roots used as a charm to call rain.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
42486,4092,Valeriana capitata Pallas ex Link,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
42541,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
43274,4157,Viola epipsila Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,18,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried roots used as incense at potlatches.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 18"
27297,2939,Picea sp.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,36,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried roots used to make cigars and smoked.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 36"
7195,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Dried rotten wood with other rotten woods used to smoke tan hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
27637,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Dried seeds used to make necklaces, bracelets, anklets and wristlets.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
11673,1163,Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried shell used by children to carry parched corn.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
41767,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41801,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41817,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41824,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41864,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41768,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41802,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41818,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41825,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41865,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
16634,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,56,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Dried stalks made into fire-sticks and used to light cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
1767,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried stalks used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
29813,3120,Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried stem fibers made into strong cords and used to make carrying nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
29814,3120,Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dried stem fibers made into strong cords and used to make rabbit nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53"
14049,1512,Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Fr‚m.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,263,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,"Dried stem used as tobacco pipe if pottery pipe lacking, burned with tobacco.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263"
23814,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,263,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried stems and leaves used for smoking.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263"
44088,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried stems peeled and used to make a hearth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
8948,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Dried sticks used as spindles for fire by friction.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
3276,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried tops placed on a pan of live coals to hurt the eyes of the evil spirits and keep them away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
31841,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31936,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31998,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32186,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried wood considered an ideal firewood for heating and cooking.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
24698,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,3,Other,145,Lighting,Dried woody stems used for candles and torches before the presence of other forms of lighting.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
20104,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Dried, brown leaves woven into mats and other marketable products and sold for cash. The sale of baskets, mats, tote sacks and ropes provided a significant supplementary cash income.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
20105,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Dried, brown leaves woven into mats, baskets, tote sacks and ropes for hanging herring & other fish.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
26176,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26186,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26177,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Dried, burned leaves added to snuff for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26187,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Dried, burned leaves added to snuff for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26179,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, burned plant ashes added to chewing tobacco.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
3874,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, crushed stem fibers used to make fish nets and snares for deer, bears and small game.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 90"
26654,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, curly leaves used by children to make wigs.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
32984,3347,Rhus glabra L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,331,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, deveined, red leaves broken fine and used for smoking in the absence of kinnikinnick.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331"
13432,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Dried, ground with corn meal and used to make a ceremonial bread.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
16908,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, hollow stems used as toy blowguns to shoot berries or small pebbles.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
8684,817,Ceanothus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,89,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, mashed leaves mixed with tobacco.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89"
44089,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,32,Containers,"Dried, peeled stems used to make a hearth, to contain the fire.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
41689,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
16543,1816,Helenium puberulum DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,26,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Dried, powdered plant used as a snuff to induce sneezing.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26"
11018,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, pulverized under bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
32932,3347,Rhus glabra L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32985,3347,Rhus glabra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32989,3347,Rhus glabra L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32995,3347,Rhus glabra L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
33012,3347,Rhus glabra L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,99,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, red leaves used for smoking.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
28719,3035,Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis,101,Isleta,76,j31,38,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Dried, rubbed leaves rolled in corn husks to make ceremonial cigarettes.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
28720,3035,Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis,101,Isleta,76,j31,38,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, rubbed leaves rolled in corn husks to make ceremonial cigarettes.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
23736,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,124,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, shredded stems used as cordage or fish line.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 124"
19084,2063,Juniperus sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,114,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Dried, smoked berries used to make necklaces, wristlets or clothing decorations.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 114"
23812,2577,Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves considered the most important source of tobacco.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
4585,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,64,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
4687,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
34027,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted, powdered leaves and bark occasionally used for smoking.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
39739,3927,Thalictrum sp.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried, whole plant used for perfume.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
39741,3927,Thalictrum sp.,82,Gros Ventre,111,m90,57,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Dried, whole plant used for perfume.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
5793,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry bushes used for fuel in absence of other firewood.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
28064,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,261,"Thompson, Upper (Fraser Band)",33,steed28,499,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry cones mixed with fir bark to make the best smoke for smoking skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
28066,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,262,"Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band)",33,steed28,499,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry cones mixed with fir bark to make the best smoke for smoking skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
27075,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Dry cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood and used to smoke tan hides a golden brown color.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
44483,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dry husks of young corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
29652,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,183,Paiute,98,m53,61,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry limbs used as a source of fuel.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
33133,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry shrub used as one of the four prescribed fuels for the kivas.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
31222,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dry wood broken & placed in a thick layer above & below the food in the cooking pit & used as fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
10920,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,241,Skagit,25,g73,42,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dry wood used to make foreshafts of salmon harpoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
12047,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Dry, flaky bark used as tinder when starting a fire with twirling sticks.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
27371,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,50,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,"Dry, open cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood used to smoke tan hides.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 50"
24570,2643,Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow,193,Pima,11,c49,58,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Dry, woody joints made into canes, napkin rings and other tourist souvenirs.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 58"
41126,4047,Typha angustifolia L.,193,Pima,11,c49,64,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Dry, yellow pollen used to decorate the face, chest and back.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 64"
17275,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,141,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Easily braided grass used in play by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 141"
35931,3535,Salix irrorata Anderss.,291,Zuni,6,s15,70,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Eight or twelve willows trimmed at the ends, tied together & used for stirring fire toasted foods. The willows were used for stirring corn, popcorn and any other food toasted over a fire.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 70"
23719,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,32,Containers,Enlarged upper portion of stipes dried and rinsed with fresh water and used for oil storage bottles.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23723,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Enlarged upper portion of stipes used as funnels for pouring water onto hot rocks in pit cooking.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23720,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,32,Containers,Enlarged upper portion of the stipes used as molds for cosmetics.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
23727,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,206,3,Other,17,Tools,Enlarged upper portion of the stipes used as steam boxes for making halibut hooks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 206"
40997,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Entire trees anchored upside down under the water to collect herring spawn. At herring spawning time, in spring, entire hemlock trees were cut and anchored upside down under the water.  The spawn stuck on the branches.  The branches were then broken off and the spawn peeled away and eaten fresh, usually after steam-cooking.  If for later use, the branches were hung outside to be wind dried.  When one wanted to eat some, he would soak the branches and rub them to remove the spawn.  While being cooked, the eggs would swell and float to the surface and could be scooped off and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
12005,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,32,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used for games.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32"
12006,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used for games.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33"
12003,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used to kill small animals.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32"
12004,1219,Dalea enneandra Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,33,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Erect, slender stems made into small arrows, with a thorn in the end, used to kill small animals.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33"
26608,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,38,Decorations,Extensively used to make fringe for dresses.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
26632,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,38,Decorations,Extensively used to make fringe for dresses.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
17373,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,261,3,Other,58,Protection,Extremely hard wood used to make cuirasses and other types of armor.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 261"
39472,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as needles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39475,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,98,Weapon,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; spear handles & war clubs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39473,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; wedges & mat pressers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39474,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong and resilient wood used to make sticks for prying open mussels and chitons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
29477,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Falling seeds indicate the time to plant.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
35602,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,94,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Favorite food with ducks and geese and planted by hunting clubs to attract these birds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 94"
2748,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by them to the populace between the dances.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
6581,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
16366,1790,Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
31488,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
43568,4194,Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eat.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
30000,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber made into cord used for bows.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
3766,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3775,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"