id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
8,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,14,c93,173,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pitch applied to the face of mourners.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
12,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,173,3,Other,32,Containers,Boughs used to line oolichan ripening pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
18,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hard knots used to make halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
19,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs bundled up and used as home air fresheners.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
27,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
77,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used for waterproofing seams in canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
94,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for kindling and fuel.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
117,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used for decoration at dances and in the house.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
119,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to tan buckskin.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
128,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,38,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Twigs used for making pipe stems.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"
148,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
156,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fragrant boughs placed under bedding as an incense.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
169,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, hard knots used to make halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
170,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs bundled up and used as home air fresheners.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
212,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
213,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs used by young girls to scrub the face & clothes so that they would not be bothered by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
240,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed needles sprayed over the Horn ceremonial containers to purify them.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
241,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Needle incense used for transfer ceremonies of Black Spring tipi design & Bear Medicine Hat bundle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
242,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,17,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used as perfume.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17"
243,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves used in buckskin bags for delightful odor & mixed with grease to add fragrance to hair oil.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
244,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Needles packed with stored items, saddle pads or burned in a household smudge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
245,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Used for incense, primarily in association with the Medicine Pipe bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
246,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,26,Paint,Needles mixed with dry paint to make it smell better.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
247,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,36,3,Other,58,Protection,Needle smudge used for safety's sake during severe thunderstorms.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
251,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used by Sundancers for confidence and protection from thunder and for purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
252,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to drive away ill spirits or to revive spirits of the dying.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
263,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,2,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs used as incense.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
264,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,2,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Needles placed on stoves as incense or pulverized and used as body and garment scents.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
270,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,174,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make chairs and insect proof storage boxes for dancing regalia.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174"
271,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,174,3,Other,167,Designs,Tree used as a design on wooden drums.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174"
280,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,2,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used to drive away ghosts and bad spirits.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
281,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,2,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs burned and used as incense in sweathouses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2"
298,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Cones sold for money.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
299,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for a long lasting fire.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
313,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
314,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,3,Other,106,Soap,"Sweet smelling bough used by 'old people' to wash their skin, to give their bodies a nice scent.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
328,8,Abies sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,70,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Rotten wood used to smoke and tan skins.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 70"
351,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers made into ceremonial necklaces.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
376,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
383,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fitted around deer hunters' heads and used in sizing deer head disguises.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 40"
384,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,52,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Buds and blossoms dried and used by women as perfume sachets.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 52"
385,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Curved rods used for fleshing and dehairing animal skins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
386,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,3,Other,17,Tools,Short transverse sticks affixed to poles and used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the shafts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
387,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems peeled of bark and thorns and used to beat sheep hides to make them more pliable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
391,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bushes dried and used for firewood.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
392,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
393,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
405,18,Acacia willardiana,229,Seri,29,d44,138,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
411,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
415,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to made acorn paddles.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
416,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
419,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,90,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make small boxes and oil containers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90"
420,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,90,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and drinking containers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90"
421,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
422,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90"
423,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,209,Quileute,25,g73,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
426,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,3,Other,26,Paint,Charcoal mixed with oil and used as black paint.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
429,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Saplings used to make salmon tongs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
435,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Wood gathered while green, the heart removed and used in making bows, arrows and dipnet frames.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
436,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used in making implement handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
437,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make spoons.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
438,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,"Straight sticks tied around a tree base, ignited and burned until the tree fell.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
441,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make paint containers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
442,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,20,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Straight, young tree trunks used to make bows.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
443,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young twigs used for making fishnet hoops.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
448,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make screens for smoke drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
449,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make tongs for removing food from boiling water.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
450,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used to make teepee pegs.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
451,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
452,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
453,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make spear handles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
454,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make a child's first bow.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
463,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for making bows.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
464,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,289,Yurok,70,b81,15,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fruit used to play with.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
467,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,86,Haisla,14,c93,209,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into rattles and used by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
469,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make frontispieces for chief's masks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
470,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
471,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make axe handles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
472,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make the skulls for the shamanistic costumes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
473,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,82,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 82"
476,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Limbs used for house construction and considered good firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
477,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
485,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,77,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Large leaves used for lining baskets, wrapping fish and placing on berry drying racks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
487,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,84,Haida,25,g73,39,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to make wood carvings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
488,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,White wood used to make rattles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
490,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves placed under and between layers of the bulbs while cooking in the earth oven.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
491,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into the paddle used for stirring the food in the cooking baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
492,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to made acorn paddles.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
496,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
497,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
498,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
500,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
501,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes and spoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
507,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Hard, lightweight wood used to make masks and ceremonial rattles.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
508,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Hard, lightweight wood used to make bowls.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
509,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make dice for a gambling game.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
510,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make staves for a dice type gambling game.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
511,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,39,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
514,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as an excellent fuel.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
516,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
517,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
519,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,245,Snohomish,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
520,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,251,Squaxin,25,g73,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to lay fish on while cleaning.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
522,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dead wood used for smoking salmon.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
523,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,39,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes and spoons.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
530,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,32,Containers,"Inner bark used to make scouring pads, temporary baskets and sometimes for weaving bags.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
531,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark used to make soapberry whippers. Children sometimes made miniature whisks which they used to whip the juice that was left after the dried soapberries were soaked.  They made the juice with their whisks and then drank it.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
532,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used in pit cooking, to line the pit and interspersed between the layers of food. The leaves were also used between layers of fish in fish caches.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
533,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used to line the containers used in making ripened salmon eggs. The maple leaves were used to line the basket and were placed in layers between the eggs.  The eggs were generally prepared in a birch bark basket, placed in a hole in the ground lined with birch bark and left there until springtime when they were considered cooked.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
534,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make soapberry eating paddles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
535,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,265,Tlingit,25,g73,39,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to make wood carvings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
537,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,267,Tsimshian,25,g73,39,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to make wood carvings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
538,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,365,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark cut into one-inch bands, fastened together into a roll and used to catch deer.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
544,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned during Sundance ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
545,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
546,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned and used for cooking meat.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
547,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as firewood for cooking meat.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
549,27,Acer negundo L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,101,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
550,27,Acer negundo L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,366,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to obtain charcoal for tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 366"
551,27,Acer negundo L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs made into prayer sticks.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
552,27,Acer negundo L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40"
555,27,Acer negundo L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,4,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Large trunk burls or knots used to make bowls and dishes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
556,27,Acer negundo L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,4,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Large trunk burls or knots used to make drums.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
557,27,Acer negundo L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,4,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Large trunk burls or knots used to make pipe stems.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
558,27,Acer negundo L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,62,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tubes for bellows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62"
563,27,Acer negundo L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,101,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
564,27,Acer negundo L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,336,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant made into charcoal and used for tribal tattooing of girls.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 336"
567,27,Acer negundo L.,238,Sioux,30,h92,4,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
570,28,Acer negundo var. interius (Britt.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,38,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Twigs used for making pipe stems.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"
571,29,Acer negundo var. negundo,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40"
572,29,Acer negundo var. negundo,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40"
575,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
576,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
582,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
594,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
595,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
616,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
621,32,Acer rubrum L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,53,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 53"
625,32,Acer rubrum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,412,3,Other,167,Designs,"Leaf frequently used in the Ojibwe beadwork designs. Many leaves, flowers and fruits furnish designs.  Since the plants are sacred to their midewiwin or medicine lodge, it is common for them to use especially valuable remedies in their designs.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 412"
627,32,Acer rubrum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Traps boiled in water with bark to deodorize the scent of the previous animal trapped.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
631,32,Acer rubrum L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
632,32,Acer rubrum L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
633,32,Acer rubrum L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Plant used to make ox yokes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
644,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
647,34,Acer saccharinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,"Bark, hemlock and swamp oak bark boiled together to make a wash to remove rust from steel or iron. The barks were boiled together and used to remove rust from steel or iron and to prevent further rusting.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
657,34,Acer saccharinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
658,34,Acer saccharinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
674,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
675,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Sap made into sugar and used as a commodity of intertribal commerce. Maple sugar was among the great staples in the domestic economy and was a commodity of intertribal commerce being traded to people of tribes in areas not possessing this tree.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
676,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make paddles for stirring maple sap.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
693,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,145,Lighting,Wood used to make torch handles.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
696,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,266,3,Other,167,Designs,Leaf used in beadwork designs.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 266"
699,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows and arrows.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
705,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and many other objects of utility.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
706,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make paddles for stirring maple sugar or wild rice while scorching or parching it.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
712,36,Acer sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,88,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 88"
718,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,3,Other,167,Designs,Leaves used as design for bead work and applique work.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
721,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,167,Designs,Three-lobed leaf was a great favorite with Ojibwe women for design work for beading.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
722,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
723,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
725,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,110,3,Other,167,Designs,"Leaves used as a pattern for bead and applique work. In making up a design for art work or bead work, a woman would burn deer antlers until they turned to charcoal and use this to rub on the backs of leaves.  This surface was placed down upon a piece of white birchbark and rubbed until the shape and venation of the leaves were transferred to the birchbark.  Then arranging with other leaves, a design would be formed which would be the pattern for the bead work.  Oftentimes, this would be placed directly under the loom so that the form and outline of the finished bead work would be a true representation of the natural object.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 110"
785,38,Achillea millefolium L.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Seeds used as house fragrances.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
793,38,Achillea millefolium L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Dried flowers used for lynx bait.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
851,38,Achillea millefolium L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,6,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Leaves formerly used for cologne, perfume and bath powder.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 6"
917,38,Achillea millefolium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Leaves and stems used in a smudge to keep mosquitoes away.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
939,38,Achillea millefolium L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,58,Protection,Seed heads placed on a pan of live coals to produce smoke to keep the witches away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
1034,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
1035,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
1099,44,Achillea sp.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,23,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make lures for traps.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23"
1107,45,Achlys triphylla (Sm.) DC.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,79,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Leaves dried and hung in houses to keep flies and mosquitos away.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
1111,45,Achlys triphylla (Sm.) DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,186,3,Other,76,Insecticide,"Decoction of plant used as a furniture and floor wash for lice, bedbugs and other household pests.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 186"
1117,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
1183,55,Acorus calamus L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant used for barter.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
1213,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,58,Protection,"Root tied to a child's necklet, dress or blanket to keep away the night spirits.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
1214,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
1227,55,Acorus calamus L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Decoction of roots used as a charm to 'rattle snakes away.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
1362,55,Acorus calamus L.,177,Omaha,124,ff11,584,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves made into wreaths and worn around the neck or head for the pleasant odor.,"Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 584"
1404,58,Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch.,228,Seminole,88,s54,506,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant sold to greenhouses.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506"
1492,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Large roots used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1493,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood coals used as a favorite source for roasting.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1494,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make arrows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1495,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Branches used to make bows.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1496,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,3,Other,145,Lighting,Branches bound together and used for torches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1499,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow foreshafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
1500,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,217,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217"
1501,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,205,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Gum used to secure stone points to arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205"
1502,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,205,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow foreshafts.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205"
1514,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Limbs used as a favorite firewood for roasting, giving a high intensity heat.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1515,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1516,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow heads.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1524,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1527,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,217,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood and roots used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217"
1534,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,45,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Stem inserted into ear lobe to keep hole from closing, either alone or with feathers; an earring.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 45"
1547,70,Adiantum jordanii C. Muell.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,46,3,Other,125,Jewelry,"Stem inserted into ear lobe to keep hole from closing, either alone or with feathers; an earring.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 46"
1582,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,105,Karok,71,sg52,377,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Stems used as decoration on clothing, especially on the Jump Dance dress.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 377"
1583,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to line baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
1584,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to cover berry drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
1585,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,3,Other,38,Decorations,Stalks used as decorative overlay twine in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
1593,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,3,Other,17,Tools,Stem inserted in a pierced ear lobe to keep the wound from closing.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
1595,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Black stems used as hunting charms to bring good luck.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
1598,72,Adiantum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
1608,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood sections hollowed out by burning and carved into bowls.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
1614,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as twirling sticks for making fire by friction.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
1620,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Ground nuts sprinkled into pools to kill fish, a fishing method.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1621,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1622,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a drill stick and block for making fires.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1628,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1629,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make dough trays.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1630,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to carve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1631,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,143,Paper,Wood used for pulpwood.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1653,78,Aesculus pavia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Nut carried in the pocket for good luck.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1655,79,Aesculus sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
1659,79,Aesculus sp.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,325,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the fire drill.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 325"
1680,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as a charm for protection.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
1710,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,193,Pima,19,c35,10,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1744,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,16,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Pit baked, kept in jars and traded as a delicacy.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
1745,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,54,3,Other,32,Containers,Two-ply fiber formerly used to make carrying nets.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 54"
1749,89,Agave americana L.,193,Pima,19,c35,10,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1766,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pounded leaves dried and made into netting used for ceremonial costumes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1767,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried stalks used for firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1768,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded leaves dried and made into bowstrings and snares.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1769,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Pounded leaves dried and made into saddle blankets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1770,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as awls in basket making.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1771,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,17,Tools,Thorns used as tool for tattooing.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1773,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,202,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Baked crowns obtained from Paipai and Diegueno in trade for agricultural products.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202"
1783,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Fibers and the cordage made from them bartered with the Pimas for blankets and cotton.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
1794,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1795,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1796,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1797,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1825,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1826,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,38,Decorations,Juice used by young girls to daub on their cheeks.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1827,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1828,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice covering pit stones after baking used to paint stripes on buckskin.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1829,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1830,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk fashioned into hoe handles.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1831,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1832,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,3,Other,98,Weapon,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1837,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,193,Pima,19,c35,10,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Obtained by barter from the Papago Indians.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1843,96,Agave sp.,89,Havasupai,37,w39,71,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Leaves and young buds baked and traded with the Hopi.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
1844,96,Agave sp.,89,Havasupai,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalk and fiber used to make ceremonial equipment.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
1852,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,3,Other,32,Containers,Crushed fibers used as an ingredient in pottery making.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1861,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line the baking pits.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 91"
1862,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp pointed leaf tips used to make basketry awls.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1869,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to make spoons for thin drinks.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
1905,104,Agoseris aurantiaca var. purpurea (Gray) Cronq.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
1952,119,Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1954,120,Alectoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Vain,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1956,121,Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Massal.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dried plant used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1957,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,3,Other,38,Decorations,Formerly used to decorate dance masks.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
1961,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for wiping salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
1995,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
1996,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Nuts dried, strung together and burned like candles.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
2031,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bulbs rubbed on the skin to repel insects.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2161,141,Allium cernuum Roth,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bulbs rubbed on the skin to repel insects.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2258,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Bulbs rubbed on quivers as a deodorant.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2259,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,106,Soap,Bulbs and water used to shine arrows.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2279,161,Allium stellatum Nutt. ex Ker-Gawl.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used as toys.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
2301,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,188,Papago,27,cu35,18,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Bulbs traded for baskets, skins or pottery.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 18"
2421,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Bark split, covered with raw hide and used to make stirrups.","McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
2442,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2455,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2463,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark smoke used to tan white buckskin yellow.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
2474,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,332,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for tinder.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2475,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,332,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2479,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,503,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Stems sometimes used as a scent.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 503"
2483,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
2490,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for dishes and utensils.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2491,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2502,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,14,c93,224,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned for boiling oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2504,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2505,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes to serve oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2510,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2511,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood considered a good fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2515,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Water soaked stems used for lashing in the sweat house.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2516,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,328,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328"
2517,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,328,3,Other,169,Preservative,Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328"
2530,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2531,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2532,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,279,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and large tubs for tribal feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2533,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
2534,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2537,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,32,Containers,Cones used to store elderberries in the creeks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2538,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cook halibut heads and salmonberry sprouts.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2539,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and dishes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2540,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,266,Preservative,Wood used for smoking and drying fish.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2541,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly smoked.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2552,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used for making masks, ceremonial rattles and model canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2553,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and branches placed over and beneath food in steaming pits and kettles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2554,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2555,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel for drying and smoking fish and meats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2556,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,303,Preservative,Wood used for smoking and drying fish.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2557,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,"'If you see a creek without alder along its banks, the water isn't good to drink.'","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2560,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks and rattles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2561,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2562,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make rattles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2563,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles and canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2570,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line pots for storing elderberries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2574,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2575,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow points.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2577,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make canned food dishes, spoons and platters.","Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2578,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking salmon.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2585,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line pots for storing elderberries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2591,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel for smoking meat.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2620,174,Alnus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,72,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make fish nets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72"
2648,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as firewood.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
2649,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Wood burned to make ashes added to tobacco.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
2652,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bark burned to repel mosquitos.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
2653,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,340,Preservative,Bark burned to smoke fish.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
2667,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2668,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2670,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Plants used as water indicators.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2678,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,225,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 225"
2684,179,Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
2700,184,Amaranthus albus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,45,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with many different plants, to smoke for lewdness, which was performed at the Coyote Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45"
2714,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,26,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used to make a glue.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 26"
2736,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers used as face paint.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2743,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Seeds used to bait snares.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
2748,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by them to the populace between the dances.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
2749,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,26,Paint,Crushed leaves and blossoms moistened with spittle or water and rubbed on cheeks as rouge.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
2838,196,Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf ash used as Evilway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51"
2860,198,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,35,3,Other,143,Paper,Plant used for toilet paper.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 35"
2864,200,Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children played with stems that exuded a blood-colored juice; looked like they had been injured.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2883,201,Ambrosia psilostachya DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,55,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Used rolled up, with various sages, in the sweat houses.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 55"
2885,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,157,Navajo,141,h56,151,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Herb mixed with tobacco.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151"
2923,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Dried berries traded for tobacco.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2924,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Berries, elk manure and tobacco seed planted in small prairie plot in the Tobacco Planting ceremony.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2925,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Forked sticks used in religious rituals.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2926,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Shoots used to make arrows.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2927,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries.  The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill.  Girls played a game while harvesting the berries.  After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat.  Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
2952,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,60,Crow,30,h92,9,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood used for tipi stakes and closure pins.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2954,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
2955,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
2958,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,76,Flathead,30,h92,9,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, flexible stems used for arrow shafts.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2963,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make arrows.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2972,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs used as points on arrow shafts.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2973,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the foreshafts of salmon harpoons.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2983,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
2984,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems made into hoops with leather covers to use in a game.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
2987,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
3001,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,3,Other,98,Weapon,Very hard and tough wood used for making arrows and ramrods.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
3013,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows and spears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3014,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks and seed beaters.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3017,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Traded with the Coast Indians.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
3018,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers and other tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3020,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3021,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3022,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3025,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3026,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3029,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood occasionally used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
3031,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,65,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems of the young plant used for arrows.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 65"
3052,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Traded with the Coast Indians.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
3053,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make salmon spreaders.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3054,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as reinforcement for dipnet hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3055,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3056,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers and other tools.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3057,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make root diggers, handles and other tools.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
3061,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,87,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used for arrow shafts.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3062,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to make popgun pistons.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
3080,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,221,Samish,25,g73,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the spreader in rigging halibut line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3086,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,38,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used to make discs for gambling games.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3089,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,38,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used as the spreader in rigging halibut line.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3116,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,21,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blossoms used as a reliable method of when to plant the corn.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 21"
3127,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,95,Hopi,37,w39,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make bows and arrows.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79"
3129,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Sticks used in a Kawaiisu tale. Coyote sharpens the ends of the sticks (some versions refer to the roots) and plants them, points upward, on one side of his house.  Grizzly Bear, chasing coyote over the house, jumps on the points and is killed.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3130,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows and gun cleaners.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3141,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root diggers.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
3145,214,Amelanchier sp.,197,Pit River,109,m66,222,3,Other,58,Protection,Wood made into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor and used for fighting.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 222"
3146,214,Amelanchier sp.,230,Shasta,109,m66,217,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrows.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 217"
3158,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make flat parching trays.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3159,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems made into arrow shafts and used for hunting.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3160,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the spindle of the fire drill.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3161,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,95,Hopi,82,c74,284,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 284"
3162,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,95,Hopi,82,c74,284,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 284"
3175,217,Amelanchier utahensis var. utahensis,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stem used to make Evilway hoop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
3181,220,Amoreuxia palmatifida Moc. & Sess‚ ex DC.,194,"Pima, Desert",136,r91,6,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Roots used for trade.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
3186,221,Amorpha canescens Pursh,172,Oglala,17,g19,93,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried leaves crushed fine, mixed with buffalo fat and used as a smoking material.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
3197,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,45,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 45"
3198,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,93,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Shrub used on the ground to receive meat while butchering, to keep the meat clean.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
3238,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Infusion of plant used to 'force the blood for sacrifices.',"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
3246,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,48,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
3253,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves burned as incense and used to purify gifts offered to the sun or the spirits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18"
3254,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,187,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried flowers carried or chewed and rubbed on the body as protection from danger before battle.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
3273,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,75,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Leaves, stems and flowers placed in baby cradles, pillows or stored clothes for the good smell.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
3274,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,183,Paiute,98,m53,116,3,Other,32,Containers,Branches used to cover baskets filled with berries.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 116"
3276,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,58,Protection,Dried tops placed on a pan of live coals to hurt the eyes of the evil spirits and keep them away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
3292,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Grass used under fruit when drying.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
3293,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
3294,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to cover fruit and allow ripening.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
3295,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,18,Arikara,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3299,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,93,Hidatsa,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3300,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,135,Mandan,17,g19,68,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3304,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows for toy bows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3306,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,205,Ponca,17,g19,68,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows for toy bows.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3344,249,Anemone cylindrica Gray,205,Ponca,17,g19,82,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Wooly fruits used as good luck charms when playing cards. They rubbed their hands in the smoke that resulted from burning some of the wooly fruits for good luck.  Some of the chewed fruit would work as well.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82"
3431,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,28,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28"
3445,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,401,3,Other,58,Protection,Infusion of smashed roots used as wash to remove ghosts from the house.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 401"
3450,260,Angelica breweri Gray,144,Miwok,100,bg33,166,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed, rubbed on body or decoction taken to ward off snakes.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 166"
3488,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root held in the mouth during Horn Society curse ceremony. Curses were indulged in by the Horn Society as a whole.  In this case a special sweat lodge was constructed.  A human figure representing the condemned man was drawn in the bottom of a pit intended to contain hot stones.  The stones were brought in at a designated time and placed on the drawing to represent the victim's suffering.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3489,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Root pieces attached to the binding of the Spear Staff (with bundle), the head staff. The Spear Staff was used during the secret ceremony of the Horns, in which the chief ceremonialist participated in a fertility rite with the initiate's wife.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3490,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Root used by the Horn Society in the initiation ceremonies. The root was found in the nontransferable initiation bundles.  Having been distributed by the owner of the Spear Staff bundle to the others, down to the owner of the Marten, the root was kept in the mouth and used to bless the initiates.  After the ritual, the root was tied to the paint application sticks, to fortify and replenish the supernatural power inherent in the paint.  The same was done with a wooden scratching pin, which was either worn in the hair or attached to one's garments.  This was done in preparation for the next opening ceremony.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3491,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used during the ritual of body painting & tied to headdresses of all members of Pigeon Society.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3492,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Root used in the rites of most age graded societies & in the Natoas Beaver & Medicine Pipe bundles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3493,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used by ceremonialists to bless others with long life and good luck.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3494,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used for collective power in designated societies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3495,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used for individual power by ceremonialists and diviners.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3496,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots tied in small bundle and attached to the tail base or bridle for luck in horse racing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3497,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used by ceremonialists to bless others with long life and good luck.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3498,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used for luck in games of chance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3499,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Juice used to spray on quirt (a rod) to cause other horses to fall behind during a race. A piece of plant was placed in the mouth, and the rider sprayed the quirt with the juice.  This quirt was not used to whip the horse.  When the race began, the rider would try to get on the right side of the other horses; he carried the magic quirt but whipped his horse with a regular one.  At an opportune time the rider threw back the sprayed quirt, causing the other horses to fall behind.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3500,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Root held in the mouth to make the other players lazy during the hand game.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3501,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Root held in the rider's mouth to cast a spell so that other horses could not pass.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3503,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used to make drinking straws.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
3504,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,3,Other,17,Tools,Hollow stems used to make breathing tubes for hiding under water when in danger.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
3507,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stems used to collect liquid Sitka spruce pitch.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3508,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves chewed and juice rubbed on the body to mask the human smell.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3509,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves used with devil's club to wash the human smell from one's body.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3511,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3512,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leafstalks used in children's games.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
3530,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant formerly used during the seal bladder festival.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
3531,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Dried hollow stems formerly used as pipe stems.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
3565,267,Angelica sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Carried about the person for good luck in gambling or hunting.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
3581,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used as a purification after a funeral.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
3591,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,20,3,Other,58,Protection,Root carried and/or hung in homes for protection.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20"
3600,271,Annona glabra L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,509,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Plant used to make lye.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 509"
3601,271,Annona glabra L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,509,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make spoons.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 509"
3620,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
3621,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Tiny, dried leaves used as an element of kinnikinnick.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
3673,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make containers.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
3676,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"In the olden times, used ceremonially because of its persistent sweet scent.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
3682,286,Antitrichia curtipendula (Hedw.) Brid.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,145,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used in earth ovens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145"
3723,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stems dried, pounded and used to make eulachon nets.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3734,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,58,Protection,Root chewed to counteract evil charms.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
3746,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant stalk sucked by hunters to imitate fawn wanting it's mother, a doe magnet.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79"
3747,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and used for bow strings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3766,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3775,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used as thread or twine for binding or tying.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3814,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make net sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3815,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark fibers made into twine and used to make large-meshed nets for carrying bulky or heavy articles.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3816,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine & occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3817,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3818,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3819,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark fiber made into twine and used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3820,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark fibers made into twine and used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
3821,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
3825,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make nets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3842,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,12,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make bags.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3848,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,33,steed28,498,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Inner bark traded in large quantities to the Spences Bridge band.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3849,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3852,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
3856,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,57,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Stems used to make bridle ropes, bowstrings and thread for sewing baskets and buckskin.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 57"
3857,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,247,Songish,23,tb71,78,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make pursenets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 78"
3869,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,3,Other,32,Containers,"Plant fiber made into sacks and used for storing potatoes, oats or onions.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3870,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3871,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used for making nets and snares.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3872,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plants made into rope or thread and used for sewing and to make fishnets. The plants were dried, beaten with a stick to soften and loosen the fiber and then rolled and twisted on a piece of buckskin covering the upper leg.  The resulting rope or thread was used for sewing, for rope and for fish nets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3873,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,246,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to make nets for catching deer.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 246"
3874,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,90,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, crushed stem fibers used to make fish nets and snares for deer, bears and small game.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 90"
3884,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Milky substance used by children to rub on playmates' faces and stick their eyelids together.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3885,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3902,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,273,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Ripe seeds used to perfume smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273"
3907,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,82,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Chewed seed paste spread among clothing and used as perfume, especially by bachelors.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82"
3908,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Chewed seed paste used among blankets or other effects by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
3912,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,82,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Seeds used as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82"
3916,300,Aquilegia canadensis L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,82,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Crushed seeds spread among clothing and used as perfume, especially by bachelors.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82"
3918,302,Aquilegia eximia Van Houtte ex Planch.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,39,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 39"
3921,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,117,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Flower used as a good luck charm.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
3946,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,507,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used as a charm by both sexes 'to retain wealth and possessions.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 507"
3947,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,507,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used as a charm for good luck in gambling.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 507"
3948,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,247,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Whole plant kept by people as a good luck charm.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247"
3977,310,Arabis holboellii Hornem.,157,Navajo,74,e44,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in the Night Chant Ceremony.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 48"
4102,319,Aralia racemosa L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,58,Protection,"Decoction of root used to drive away 'blue tailed swifts.' 'Blue tailed swifts' were a type of lizard.  When they became troublesome, the Indians used this decoction to drive them away.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
4188,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,82,3,Other,329,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4189,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4196,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves placed over maple leaves in earth oven, forming last layer before oven covered with earth.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
4197,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover stored madrono berries.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
4198,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Berries used as bait for steelhead.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4199,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to test the temperature of pitch used in canoe construction. The pitch was ready to use when the leaf turned black.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4204,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,3,Other,38,Decorations,Leaves and scarlet berries used for decorative purposes.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4205,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make stirrups.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4206,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make saw handles and other tools.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4220,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
4221,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used for paper dolls for the younger children to play with.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
4223,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves sometimes smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4225,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,215,Saanich,23,tb71,82,3,Other,231,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4226,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Young branches used to make spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4227,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Young branches used to make gambling sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4234,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Berries used to make necklaces.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4342,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make reels for string.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4343,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4344,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,120,Walking Sticks,Wood used to make canes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4347,334,Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,69,3,Other,145,Lighting,Wood used on the fire at dances and ceremonials because it made a bright light to see by.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 69"
4348,334,Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,69,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making tools and awl handles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 69"
4358,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4359,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4360,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4361,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4362,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4363,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4367,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,68,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used for making tools and awl handles.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 68"
4376,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4377,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4378,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4379,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4380,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4381,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4384,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,219,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219"
4392,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make reels for string.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4393,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4394,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,120,Walking Sticks,Wood used to make canes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4402,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as an exceedingly fine fuel.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4411,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,200,Pomo,89,c02,375,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves boiled and the yellowish red extract used as a cleansing body wash.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4415,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,285,Yokia,89,c02,375,3,Other,32,Containers,Two V-shaped branches used to carry wood on the back.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4426,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make reels for string.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4427,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4428,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,3,Other,120,Walking Sticks,Wood used to make canes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4429,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4431,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,183,Paiute,98,m53,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101"
4443,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4449,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Fire dried, pulverized leaves smoked with other plants or alone.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
4466,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4467,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant provided food for wild game and therefore a rich hunting opportunity.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4468,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4469,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4470,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Stems used to make small tools.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4471,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make awl handles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4474,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
4481,344,Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Red leaves indicated fattened moose and the time to hunt them.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
4492,345,Arctostaphylos sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,146,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make mush stirring paddles.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146"
4496,346,Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4505,346,Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4518,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Dried berries used in rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
4519,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,14,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves mixed with tobacco, dried cambium or red osier dogwood and used in all religious bundles.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14"
4520,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,107,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Dried berries strung on necklaces.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107"
4521,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Heavy fruit set taken by the medicine men as a sign of a severe winter to come.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
4522,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4523,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
4524,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
4530,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,27,Carrier,134,c73,74,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves and stems used to smoke.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74"
4531,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,27,Carrier,34,h49,12,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
4546,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
4547,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
4548,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
4554,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used for smoking.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
4555,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves pulverized and smoked before the introduction of tobacco and presently mixed with tobacco.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
4559,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
4567,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,29,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
4570,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,23,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves powdered, dried, used as a substitute for tobacco or mixed with the tobacco and smoked.","Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23"
4571,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as an additive to or substitute for tobacco.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
4581,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as one of the elements in the tobacco mixture.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
4584,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,239,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked like tobacco.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"
4585,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,64,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
4587,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves smoked during religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4588,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4589,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
4590,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,108,Keresan,90,w45,559,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with native-grown tobacco for smoking.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559"
4595,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,125,Lakota,108,r80,44,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as tobacco.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44"
4597,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,133,Makah,3,g83,297,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Leaves dried and sold.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297"
4598,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,133,Makah,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4604,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
4607,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
4610,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried or roasted and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4611,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,297,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves roasted, crushed and smoked.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297"
4612,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,167,Nootka,101,ttco83,104,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4614,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,171,Nuxalkmc,14,c93,239,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"
4627,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,101,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101"
4636,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
4638,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,239,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Berries used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"
4639,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,183,Paiute,98,m53,100,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100"
4640,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves smoked like tobacco.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
4641,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,108,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
4642,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
4644,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves smoked during religious ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4645,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4647,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves dried and smoked or mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4654,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,62,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Leaves roasted until dry, mashed and mixed with tobacco.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 62"
4655,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used as a tobacco substitute.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
4685,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves placed in moccasins or shoes after the death of a husband or wife for protection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
4686,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
4687,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
4688,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
4689,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Mashed berries rubbed on the inside of coiled cedar root baskets to waterproof them. The berries were used to waterproof baskets such as those used for whipping soapberries.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
4707,350,Ardisia escallonoides Schiede & Deppe ex Schlecht. & Cham.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used to make meat roasting sticks.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
4708,350,Ardisia escallonoides Schiede & Deppe ex Schlecht. & Cham.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
4731,357,Arenaria sp.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,61,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used to make tobacco mixture for smoking.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 61"
4742,361,Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey,95,Hopi,82,c74,285,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to whip children during initiation.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 285"
4798,366,Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott,138,Menominee,51,s23,79,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Root used in sacred bundles and gave the power of supernatural dreams to the owner.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79"
4852,367,Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott,190,Pawnee,17,g19,69,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Seeds used in gourd shells to make rattles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69"
4862,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,95,Hopi,82,c74,286,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonials.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 286"
4863,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,95,Hopi,82,c74,286,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used to decorate the faces of the female kachina.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 286"
4907,375,Aristolochia sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,17,Tools,Nuts used by children in play for blowing.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
4949,382,Artemisia absinthium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,75,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches used under mattresses as a repellent for bedbugs and other insect pests.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
4963,385,Artemisia australis Less.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,7,3,Other,38,Decorations,Leaves woven into wreaths.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 7"
4971,386,Artemisia biennis Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used in blackening ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
4977,387,Artemisia californica Less.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,42,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42"
4985,387,Artemisia californica Less.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,199,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant and white sage used to build a ceremonial hunting fire before hunting. The hunters stood around the fire and in its smoke before hunting because they believed that the fire and smoke would absolve them of any breach of social observances they might have committed which would otherwise have brought them bad luck.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 199"
4998,388,Artemisia campestris L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Infusion of roots rubbed on a hide to be tanned.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
4999,388,Artemisia campestris L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,3,Other,106,Soap,Infusion of roots cleansed and used for scalp infections.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
5004,388,Artemisia campestris L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,35,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Pulverized roots used for perfume.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 35"
5023,391,Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clements,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used in blackening ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5033,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used as brush beds for roasting pinon cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
5034,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
5036,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,95,Hopi,82,c74,287,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make prayer sticks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 287"
5047,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Branches used in Beautyway garment ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5048,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used as Evilway and Hand Trembling blackenings.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5058,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5059,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,17,Tools,Burned branches used to smoke bees from nests.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5061,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,105,Karok,70,b81,18,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Shoots used with drying salmon to keep 'salmon beetles' away.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
5066,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant and meat chewed by a boy and his parents after his first kill. A boy did not eat the meat of his first kill but, together with his parents, chewed the meat mixed with California mugwort and then spit it into the fire.  If this custom were neglected, the boy would never kill deer and would become a transvestite.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5067,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for many different ceremonial purposes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5068,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,12,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant used for the aromatic fragrance in baths and hair washes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12"
5085,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,119,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119"
5123,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,145,Lighting,Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
5133,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,28,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Crushed plant mixed with water and used on bed clothing as a bed bug repellent.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
5134,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,28,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant used in the bed as a bed bug repellent.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
5146,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches with leaves used as spreaders for drying salmon and to separate stored layers of salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5147,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches burned as a smudge to drive away mosquitoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5148,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Branches with leaves used as an insect repellent & stopped flies from laying eggs in stored salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5164,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,183,Paiute,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Foliage used for medicine man's costume.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5184,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,58,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant burned to keep away mosquitos.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 58"
5211,396,Artemisia filifolia Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,288,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ritualistic purposes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 288"
5212,396,Artemisia filifolia Torr.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,56,3,Other,143,Paper,Used for drying hands and as a substitute for toilet paper.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 56"
5214,396,Artemisia filifolia Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,143,Paper,Very soft leaves used as a convenient substitute for toilet paper.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5221,396,Artemisia filifolia Torr.,257,Tewa,82,c74,288,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for ritualistic purposes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 288"
5223,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,17,Arapaho,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole plant used for ceremonials.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5238,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant tied to articles that were sacrificed to the Sun.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
5239,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in religious rituals.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
5240,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Infusion of plant used to treat hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5241,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant stuffed into saddles, women's pillows, hide bags and quivers as a deodorant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5242,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,87,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87"
5243,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put on campfire coals and the smoke repelled the mosquitoes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5244,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,143,Paper,Leaves used as toilet paper.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
5245,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,106,Soap,Plant used to clean paint applicators made from broken buffalo shoulder blades.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5246,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant made into balls and used as molds to make rattles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5259,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,366,3,Other,58,Protection,Fresh leaves in nostrils and mouth as protection when 'working over the dead.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
5262,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,30,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used as an ingredient in trap lures.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 30"
5268,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole plant used for all ceremonies.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
5270,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,37,w39,94,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Attached to prayer sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 94"
5271,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,82,c74,289,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 289"
5272,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,72,f96,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprig attached to the prayer emblem and regarded as efficacious in petitions for water.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 21"
5273,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used on prayersticks.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
5276,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,45,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant burned and smoke used in religious ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45"
5277,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,45,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant burned and used as a smudge for mosquitoes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45"
5280,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,143,Paper,Very soft leaves used as a convenient substitute for toilet paper.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5284,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash applied before painting Witcheryway prayer sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5294,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,58,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant burned to keep away mosquitos.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 58"
5296,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,238,Sioux,30,h92,45,3,Other,106,Soap,Decoction used for bathing.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45"
5307,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,263,"Thompson, Upper (Nicola Band)",33,steed28,497,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel in smoking skins.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
5310,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,38,Decorations,Sprigs and corn ears attached to decorated tablets and carried by female dancers in a drama. The sprigs and corn ears were carried by female dancers in the drama of The Coming of the Corn Maidens.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
5311,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Sprigs dipped in water and planted with corn so that it would grow in abundance.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
5313,398,Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Bess.) Hult‚n,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make small boys' arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
5314,398,Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Bess.) Hult‚n,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make small arrows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
5338,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Chewed by assistants to the participants during the sweat lodge rituals to relieve thirst. This thirst resulted from taboos against the consumption of liquids.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5339,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Packed into ceremonial moccasins for storage.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5340,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a bed for the Buffalo Stones (Iniskim) during buffalo drive rituals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5341,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as the Holy Offering of the All Smoking ceremony and for certain Horn Society rituals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5342,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used for cleansing in the sweat lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5343,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to cleanse the body during participation in the All Smoking Ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5344,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used to cleanse the headdresses of the Horn Society before transferring to new owners. In the transferral, the headdress was laid on a bed of man sage.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5345,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to cleanse the singers of the All Smoking ceremony.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5346,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to wipe the black paint off the one man who fasted until the Okan center pole was raised.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5347,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to wipe the sweat from their bodies during the sweat lodge ceremonies.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5348,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Worn around wrists and ankles by the Lodge dancers in the Okan (Holy Lodge) of the Sun dance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5349,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used to cleanse a man entered in a horse race.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5350,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Plant stuffed into saddles, women's pillows, hide bags and quivers as a deodorant.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5351,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,87,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87"
5352,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Leaves used in defense of the use of yellow angelica by an opponent in the hand game. The loser went to his lodge and asked for a small piece of meat, which he combined with man sage leaves.  Carrying this charm in his pocket, he returned to the gambling place, where he walked abruptly among the participants and took the dice in his hands.  Then he pretended to sing and perform with the dice--all the while secretly rubbing them with the meat and sage mixture.  After he handed back the dice, the man who had been using the yellow angelica would get a headache and grow lazy, losing all he had won.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
5353,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Stems used as a curse on horses to slacken in races. Short pieces were broken from the stem and a small, flat, white stone was collected.  The man first sprayed the rock with juice from his mouth.  Then the stems were placed on the ground; they represented the other horses.  The stone was sprayed again and shoved toward the stems, without touching them, three times.  At the fourth shove the stone was pressed into the stems.  Horses so cursed were sure to slacken in the race.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
5354,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,124,3,Other,143,Paper,Leaves used as toilet paper.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124"
5355,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to cleanse a person afraid of a ghost.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5364,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves burned as incense in ceremonies to purify implements, utensils or persons.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5365,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used extensively in ceremonies to drive away bad spirits, evil influences and ominous dreams.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5366,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants wiped on persons who broke taboos for purification.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5367,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants wrapped around Sundancers' eagle bone whistles for prevention of thirst.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5368,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprigs used as ceremonial paint brushes during the Sundance.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5369,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,3,Other,17,Tools,Sprigs used in sweat lodges to sprinkle water on the rocks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5374,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,60,Crow,30,h92,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plants used extensively in ceremonies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5383,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make wreaths and bracelets for the sun dance and used in the sweat lodge.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36"
5384,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make bracelets and head wreaths for the Sun Dance.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
5385,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,36,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant burned as incense.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36"
5386,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,46,3,Other,58,Protection,Smudged on the body and home to ward off evil spirits.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
5392,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,211,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Smudge of leaves used to drive away mosquitoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 211"
5402,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,349,3,Other,38,Decorations,Burned wood soot used for tattooing.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 349"
5405,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Applied to unraveler strings (a woman's hair cord or buckskin string from her moccasins).,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5406,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used as Evilway and Hand Tremblingway blackenings.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5412,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,238,Sioux,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Plant used in smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
5420,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,37,Fuel,Plant used on the fire in the first smoking of a hide during the curing process. The smoke from this plant was supposed to soften the hide.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
5421,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Plant burned and the smoke used as a good smudge against mosquitoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
5422,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,170,3,Other,58,Protection,"Plant used as incense to protect one against evil influences. If one had to go into a large crowd, he could smoke himself with this plant to protect himself against strangers who might bring him harm.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
5433,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,190,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Plant used for many ceremonial purposes. On ceremonial occasions it is spread about the borders of a lodge in a special way.  Other uses are to wipe off ceremonial paint; or to purify, by wiping off, with a bundle of the sage, the body of one who has committed some fault--violated some tabu.  It is used by Contraries to wipe off the ground in a lodge where a Contrary had been seated.  The dried leaves are burned on the coal to make a smoke used in purifying implements or utensils used in ceremony; or to smoke, and so purify, the body of an individual.  This is to drive away bad spirits, and particularly to drive away a bad or ominous dream had by a sick person, which dream may remain in the mind of the person and trouble him.  It may be mixed with 'motsinists' (Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum)--a small pinch of each in about the same quantity--for the same purpose.  The patient who is being smoked sits over the coal on which the sage is being sprinkled, with a blanket over the body and the coal in order to confine the smoke.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190"
5442,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,125,Lakota,108,r80,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make wreaths and bracelets for the sun dance and used in the sweat lodge.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36"
5443,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,125,Lakota,108,r80,36,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plant burned as incense.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36"
5470,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as wash by dancers after the Sun Dance.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5507,402,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Keck,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant ash used in blackening ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5510,404,Artemisia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
5512,404,Artemisia sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,16,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16"
5518,404,Artemisia sp.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5544,404,Artemisia sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Bunches of plant, with other plants, tied to corners of hoops used in unraveling ceremonial objects.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5545,404,Artemisia sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a wand when practicing for the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5550,404,Artemisia sp.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5556,404,Artemisia sp.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5561,404,Artemisia sp.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5564,404,Artemisia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to make saddle blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
5569,404,Artemisia sp.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
5570,405,Artemisia suksdorfii Piper,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,97,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Plants dried and hung in houses for fresh scents.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97"
5581,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,"Fresh, crushed leaves rubbed on hands to remove or mask odors after cleaning fish.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
5583,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Used to cover food odors and in the sweat lodges.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
5584,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Used as a tobacco quid additive.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
5589,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,39,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as a switch during the sweatbath.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 39"
5602,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,3,Other,32,Containers,Used under fresh meat and fish to keep them clean.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5603,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a steambath switch.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5615,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,45,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for firewood in absence of other wood.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45"
5623,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as a covering over berries and other foods preserved in caches.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
5624,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to produce fire by friction.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
5632,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as a plug to keep water from spilling out of a water jug.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
5642,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds thrown into a fire to explode 'like firecrackers' during celebrations.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5643,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Bunched bark used as a stopper for the basketry water bottle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5644,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,32,Containers,Used as preferred material for both hearth.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5645,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to roast pinyon seeds.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5646,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Bitter wood used as a head scratcher by menstruating women. Any other kind of wood would cause the hair to fall out and the face to wrinkle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5647,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,"Tarlike lac gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5648,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as preferred material for foreshaft of composite drill for the fire making.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5655,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Twig used as a twirling stick to produce fire by friction.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
5656,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
5657,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead stems used as twirling sticks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
5662,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,Dead twigs used for a twirling stick in fire making.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
5671,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used in the end of the fire drill.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5687,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5688,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5689,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,78,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Wood used for smoking hides during the tanning process.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78"
5690,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make quivercases.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
5691,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Used to smoke hides.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
5692,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make saddle blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
5731,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,38,Decorations,Blossoms and leaves used as personal decorations in a spring dance.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5732,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for tinder in the creation of fire by friction.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5733,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark wound about a stick and used as a torch.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5734,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5793,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,3,Other,37,Fuel,Dry bushes used for fuel in absence of other firewood.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
5806,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,3,Other,32,Containers,"Fibrous bark used in weaving mats, bags and clothing.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
5807,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to make quivercases.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
5808,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Used to smoke hides.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
5809,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make saddle blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
5810,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used as brush beds for roasting pinon cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
5811,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Brush burned to roast cones.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 17"
5816,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,276,Washo,111,m90,51,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for medicine man's costume.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51"
5826,408,Artemisia tripartita Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,79,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
5827,408,Artemisia tripartita Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,79,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
5828,408,Artemisia tripartita Rydb.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,79,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Wood used for smoking hides during the tanning process.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
5833,409,Artemisia tripartita ssp. tripartita,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to stuff into the necks of bottles to keep the water from spilling out.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
5840,410,Artemisia vulgaris L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,57,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Leaves rubbed on the face and hands as a purifying agent.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 57"
5917,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5918,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrowshafts and blowguns with darts for small game.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5919,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make candles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5920,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,'Joint of reed' used to make flutes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5921,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,98,Weapon,Used as knives as last resort in committing suicide in 1738 smallpox epidemic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5923,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,18,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make blowguns and darts.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 18"
5926,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks hollowed and used as blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5927,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5929,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant used to make blowguns, knives, arrows and bows.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
5930,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Plant used to make flutes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
5931,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make blowing tubes used for working melted silver.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
5932,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,98,Weapon,Plant used to make war spears.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
5936,418,Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks hollowed and used as blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5937,418,Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young shoots used to make arrow shafts.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5938,419,Arundinaria sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,29,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Cane made into cigarettes used to pay for medicine given by a cheani, a ceremonial leader.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
5939,419,Arundinaria sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,29,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Large stems used as flutes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
5940,419,Arundinaria sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,29,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Four pieces of hollow cane used as implements in the winter game of bish-i.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
5942,420,Arundo donax L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
5943,420,Arundo donax L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Reed made into a whistle and attached to the collar of a otter skin for the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
5944,420,Arundo donax L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Reed used to make prayersticks.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
5945,420,Arundo donax L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Reed, with tassels, used in the special pouch required for every chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24"
5971,421,Asarum canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried leaves pounded and used for snuff.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
5978,421,Asarum canadense L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Slightly roasted roots made into a powder and sprinkled on clothing for perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
6070,423,Asarum sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried and pounded leaves used for snuff.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
6100,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make large-meshed nets for carrying bulky or heavy articles.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6101,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make network sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6102,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,206,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206"
6103,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and sometimes used to make bowstrings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6104,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6105,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6106,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stem fiber made into twine, occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6160,438,Asclepias perennis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6170,440,Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6175,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6181,441,Asclepias sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,47,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dried pods used as spoons.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
6182,441,Asclepias sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,47,3,Other,38,Decorations,Dried pods gathered for decorative purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
6191,441,Asclepias sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make nets.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
6215,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,60,Crow,30,h92,66,3,Other,26,Paint,Milky juice used for temporary branding of livestock.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66"
6226,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,'Milk' from the broken stems used in cases of emergency for branding stock temporarily.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6256,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Inner bark used for binding or tying.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
6275,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
6283,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fibers used to make bowstrings.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
6288,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots applied to whistles used for calling deer.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
6300,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Milky juice used to mount precious stones into necklaces, earrings, collars, and bracelets.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 51"
6304,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Outer bark used for making cords for fishlines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6315,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,428,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Milk and Canada hawkweed milk used to put on a deer call to imitate the call of a hungry fawn.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428"
6320,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6322,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6324,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6330,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,109,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109"
6367,448,Asclepias verticillata L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Used as a planting stick.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
6433,459,Aster sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Flowers used to make necklaces.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
6439,459,Aster sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with other plants, as a liniment for the Bead Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
6440,459,Aster sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used, with other plants, as the Bead Chant tobacco.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
6443,460,Astragalus allochrous Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
6475,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,177,Omaha,17,g19,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a mat to keep the meat free from dirt while butchering.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6476,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,177,Omaha,17,g19,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks with pods used by small boys as rattles in games in which they imitated tribal dances.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6477,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,205,Ponca,17,g19,91,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plant used as a mat to keep the meat free from dirt while butchering.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6478,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,205,Ponca,17,g19,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stalks with pods used by small boys as rattles in games in which they imitated tribal dances.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6494,473,Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus,177,Omaha,17,g19,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Fruits gathered just before corn planting time and ceremonially soaked with seed corn. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn, but were discarded before planting.  The informants could not give a reason for this process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6495,473,Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus,205,Ponca,17,g19,91,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Fruits gathered just before corn planting time and ceremonially soaked with seed corn. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn, but were discarded before planting.  The informants could not give a reason for this process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91"
6513,482,Astragalus lentiginosus var. palans (M.E. Jones) M.E. Jones,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,27,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as a charm in some prayers.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 27"
6517,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooming plant indicated that the lodgepole pine cambium was ready to harvest.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
6518,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Blooms indicated that pine cambium was ready to eat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
6519,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,28,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to wipe the juice from the lodgepole pine bark before the cambium was scraped off.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
6520,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to wipe off the turpentine like juice from the inside of stripped pine bark.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
6524,487,Astragalus mollissimus var. matthewsii (S. Wats.) Barneby,157,Navajo,74,e44,56,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used by the male and female shooters in the Lightning Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 56"
6571,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,14,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cover camas while baking.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
6573,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,105,Karok,70,b81,20,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to clean eel's blood from butchered eel.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
6574,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,263,3,Other,32,Containers,Fronds used as covering for fungus placed on hot stones to make a red paint.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 263"
6578,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds placed in layers below and above food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
6581,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
6584,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,209,Quileute,25,g73,14,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Leaves used to wipe fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
6587,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,58,Protection,Used to cover berry baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
6611,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,217,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves formerly used as soap.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217"
6620,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,292,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
6622,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,24,3,Other,98,Weapon,"Infectious wood used to carve arrowheads. The arrowheads were attached to light, swift bamboo shafts and always broke upon impact making them ideal for war purposes.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
6625,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6649,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,257,Tewa,82,c74,292,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
6654,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs attached to prayer plumes and sacrificed to the cottontail rabbit to ensure good hunting.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
6664,504,Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hard wood used to make arrow points.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6680,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,45,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed leaves and roots used as a soap and rubbed into articles for cleaning.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 45"
6688,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,66,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves rubbed in water and lather and used for washing clothing and baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 66"
6733,517,Atriplex sp.,193,Pima,104,r08,69,3,Other,37,Fuel,Woody plants used for fuel.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 69"
6744,521,Aulacomnium sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Moss mixed with house plant dirt as a fertilizer to make the plants healthier.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
6779,531,Baccharis douglasii DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,209,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used for drilling fires. A small hole was made in a flat, extremely dry stick.  The drill, a short piece of wood, was inserted into the hole and twirled to form the dust which would ignite if conditions were dry and favorable.  No tinder was used.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 209"
6782,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6783,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make planting sticks.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6784,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,'Down' put onto fires by children to produce a sudden burst of flame which spread rapidly.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6785,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pith used to make 'peashooters' and stems and twigs used to make the shooter.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6787,533,Baccharis pilularis DC.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,393,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Light and pithy wood formerly used for arrows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 393"
6796,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plant burned into a black powder, mixed with another ingredient and used for gun powder.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6797,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stems used to make one piece arrows for hunting small game.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6804,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make stone-tipped hunting arrows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
6805,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,98,Weapon,Wood used to make stone-tipped war arrows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
6810,537,Baccharis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Stems used for firewood.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17"
6853,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used in roasting camas roots.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
6854,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,47,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Roots used as incense during the Planting ceremonies of the Tobacco Society. A horse was encouraged to stand near a smudge of roots.  Then a rider leapt on the horse and galloped across the planting grounds, stopping only to deposit small offerings to the Small People.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
6855,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,47,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,"Roots used as incense during the preparatory rites for the ceremonial runner. The ceremonial runner, in pre-horse days, had the duty of herding the buffalo toward the piskun (buffalo jump).  The runner bathed himself in the smoke from a smudge of the dried root; according to tradition, that would enable him to run long distances--more than twenty miles a day.  The runner wore special moccasins, which were transferable annually.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
6856,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,47,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Roots used as incense for the Crow feather headpiece during the transfer ceremony of Beaver bundle.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
6903,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,80,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves wrapped around young boy's feet to practice walking silently and carefully in the woods.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
6929,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,225,Sanpoil,32,tbk80,80,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used under cleaned and washed salmon.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
6956,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,175,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Roots strung on long strings and used in trading.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175"
6965,551,Bambusa sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stems made into whistles and used in certain ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25"
7049,569,Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch,96,Houma,49,speck41,57,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Stems used to fasten dugout canoes to the shore and for general fastening purposes.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57"
7088,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7089,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7090,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7112,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7113,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7114,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7115,577,Betula nana L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,3,Other,37,Fuel,Shrub burned to smoke fish.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
7118,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7119,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7132,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
7134,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branch used for the pole in the 'hoop and pole' game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
7139,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,3,Other,37,Fuel,Used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7140,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make a pack saddle with posts at both ends.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
7143,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to wrap and store wood for a year.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
7150,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make canoes, baskets and containers.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7151,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,167,Designs,"Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7155,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
7160,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Inner bark made into dishes and used for processing fish, picking berries and to eat with.","Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7164,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for utensils.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7165,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,167,Designs,Used as patterns for work in decorative art.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7189,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7190,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make dishes to collect birch sap and fresh cambium.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7191,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7192,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for upright supports and cross bars of the smoke curing rack.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7193,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make wooden spoons, stoppers for sturgeon skin jars and hammers to pound fish eggs.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7194,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7195,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Dried rotten wood with other rotten woods used to smoke tan hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7196,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make moose calls.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7197,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,32,Containers,"Fine, shredded bark used as vessels to catch sap from trees in sugar making-time.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7198,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Fine, shredded bark used as household utensils.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7199,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Fine, shredded bark bound into bundles and used for torches.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7200,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7201,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,76,Flathead,73,b05,8,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line sacks and stiffen them into baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7203,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7204,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7210,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7211,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start campfires or light the stove at home.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7212,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7213,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish traps.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7215,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used for boxes and other containers.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7223,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make boxes, coffins and other containers.","Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7224,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes and cooking utensils.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7242,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7243,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make small vessels, pails and trays.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7244,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7245,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make all sorts of drying trays.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7246,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7247,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make funnels for pouring hot lard.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7248,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make shallow trays for winnowing wild rice.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7249,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Nearly any kitchen utensil common to the white man, could be duplicated in birch bark by the Ojibwe.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7250,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,"After stripping a felled tree of its bark, it was salvaged for firewood.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7251,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,Scraps of bark used by women to kindle or light fires.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7252,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark rolled into a handy, burn all night torch. The Ojibwe often used a torch of rolled birch bark in lieu of candles.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7253,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,143,Paper,Patterns for decorative art made upon the bark.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7254,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,143,Paper,Records of medicine lodge rituals kept on its virgin surface.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7255,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,143,Paper,There were many layers of bark ranging from the thinnest paper to quite heavy pieces.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7256,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,328,Preservative,Wood had the property of protecting articles stored in it from decay.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7257,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,58,Protection,"Ojibwe claim that birch was never struck by lightning, hence offered a safe harbor in thunderstorms.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7258,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"No birch was gathered by the Ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to Winabojo & Grandmother Earth. Families made a pilgrimage to birch groves during the latter part of June and in July to gather their supply of birch bark, because it peels most easily at that time.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7259,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Paper birch and cedar form the two most sacred trees of the Ojibwe, both of which were very useful.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7260,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,The Ojibwe regard the bark as a distinct 'contribution from Winabojo.',"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7265,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7266,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7267,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7270,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make many of the household utensils, storage vessels and containers.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7285,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in food storage pits.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7286,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in storage pits.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7287,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers for storing food and picking berries.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7288,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make containers for storing food, picking berries and cooking.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7289,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and spoons.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7290,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and spoons.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7291,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black colored stem growth used as tinder for kindling fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7292,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black stem growth used as tinder for starting fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7293,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7294,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make spears for hunting bears and bows for hunting both large and small game.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7295,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drums.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7296,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drumss.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7297,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark made into broad rimmed hats used by young, menstruating girls to restrict their vision. The broad rimmed hats prevented them from looking where they were not supposed to.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7298,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the bow of the fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7299,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges and tool handles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7300,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7308,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,32,Containers,"Tough, waterproof bark used as a material for lining storage caches. The bark was particularly important in the storage of food.  It could be stripped off in fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin sheets.  These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting stained.  The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in storage and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7309,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Tough, waterproof bark used as a material for wrapping food. The bark was particularly important in the storage of food.  It could be stripped off in fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin sheets.  These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting stained.  The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in storage and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7310,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used for decorations.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7311,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,143,Paper,Bark used for paper and cards.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7312,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7313,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7314,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7315,581,Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,226,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used for carving.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 226"
7329,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make containers.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7330,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used for tinder.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7331,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make muskrat callers.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7336,585,Betula sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make trumpets for calling game.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7337,585,Betula sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,145,Lighting,Bark used to make torches for night fishing.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7367,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,153,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plants transplanted to pots and used as house plants.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 153"
7377,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,63,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Fronds placed below and above food in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
7381,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,15,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used with sword fern to cook baking camas.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15"
7388,595,Bloomeria crocea (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
7393,598,Boerhavia erecta L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,75,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Sticky leaves and stem hung in house to catch flies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 75"
7419,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
7421,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
7426,607,Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
7427,607,Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,14,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
7433,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant gathered and sold.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
7437,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,125,Lakota,108,r80,29,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Most plants have two spikes: for sport, people would hunt for those with three.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29"
7439,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,"Plant used to foretell winter, one fruit spike-mild winter and more fruit spikes-severe winter.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7440,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,157,Navajo,74,e44,25,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tied to the end of the wand carried by the girl in the Squaw Dance.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25"
7448,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Grass bunches tied together and used to strain goat's milk.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
7450,609,Bouteloua hirsuta Lag.,157,Navajo,74,e44,25,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Used to make sacred charcoal for certain ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25"
7454,611,Bouteloua sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
7455,611,Bouteloua sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used as straws.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
7457,612,Bovista pila Berk. & Curt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,26,Paint,Used as paint for the dead.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7461,615,Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Dried leaves sometimes worn inside basket caps for the fragrance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
7462,615,Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & Gray,133,Makah,3,g83,257,3,Other,38,Decorations,Flowers used in bouquets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 257"
7518,619,Brassica oleracea L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,25,3,Other,58,Protection,Leaves worn under the hat to protect from a strong sun.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 25"
7557,627,Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant and other plants used as a ceremonial liniment for the Female Shooting Life Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
7584,636,Bromus ciliatus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,273,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Decoction of plant used as a soak for corn, a 'corn planting medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273"
7605,643,Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'H‚r. ex Vent.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds worn around the neck in a string during ceremonies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 54"
7606,644,Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7607,645,Bryoria glabra (Mot.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7608,646,Bryoria trichodes (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7616,650,Bursera microphylla Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,48,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Sap used by players of peon, a popular gambling game, to acquire 'power.'","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 48"
7618,651,Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.,228,Seminole,88,s54,95,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make medicine bowls.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95"
7629,657,Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,33,3,Other,32,Containers,Grass used to line and cover winter storage pits for potatoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
7632,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used at the bottom of berry baskets & in a layer over the berries to keep the berries clean.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7633,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used over and under food in pit cooking.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7634,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves tied to a stick and used as a beater for whipping soapberries.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7637,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Grass used in drying soapberries. The grass was washed, braided at the ends and laid out on a rack upon which the soapberries were placed to dry.  A small fire was lit under the racks and when the berries were dried, they were stored with the grass still attached.  Then, for use, the berries and grass were soaked in water and hand mixed.  The grass, which helped to whip the berries, eventually floated to the top after which it was removed.  Any remaining grass was removed by the person eating the berry whip.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
7638,658,Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,140,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Tied bunches of grass used as soapberry whips.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140"
7639,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make a carrying case for a part of the wedding garments.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7640,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to make prayer sticks.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7641,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plumes used to decorate mask of kachina.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7642,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,296,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296"
7643,659,Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.,102,Jemez,37,w39,65,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plumes used to decorate masks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 65"
7644,660,Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.,125,Lakota,108,r80,29,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Plant top, instead of a feather, worn on the head as a war charm.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29"
7645,660,Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.,125,Lakota,108,r80,29,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Used for pipe cleaning.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29"
7681,666,Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,42,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Flowers, because of their beauty, have an esthetic appeal.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42"
7682,666,Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,42,3,Other,38,Decorations,"Flowers, because of their beauty, have an esthetic appeal.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42"
7689,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Twig used as a twirling stick to produce fire by friction.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
7690,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire blocks.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
7697,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,306,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Dense leaflets used to prevent sand from mixing with the meal in leaching acorn meal.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306"
7698,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,337,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leafy branches used to spread water gently over acorn meal.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 337"
7699,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,306,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Small limbs used as bows.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306"
7700,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,276,Washo,111,m90,52,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"