id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
17426,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Alleviates pain and produces sleep.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
17431,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,15,Sedative,'Alleviates pain and produces sleep.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
30296,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,,,'An ingredient of a medicine made after diagnosis.',"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
38238,3714,Smilax sp.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,,,'An ingredient of a medicine made after diagnosis.',"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
578,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,199,2,Drug,117,Diuretic,"'Arbor liquore abundans, ex quo liquor tanquam urina vehementer projicitur.'","Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199"
135,4,Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,34,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"'Balsam for breast and lung complaints with pain, soreness or cough.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34"
18247,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,13,Poison,'Bark used cautiously in medicine because it is poisonous.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
17734,1980,Ilex vomitoria Ait.,59,Creek,128,swan28,666,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,'Black drink' used to 'clear out the system.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 666"
27147,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,"51, 52",2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,'Branches used to whip a burned arm or leg until the blood came.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51, 52"
30838,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,199,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Branchlets' used in unspecified manner during gestation.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199"
32816,3332,Rhexia virginica L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,'Brew' from leaves and stems used for cleaning the throat.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
29159,3088,Pontederia cordata L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,20,Panacea,'Brew' from plant used for 'illness in general.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
21494,2321,Lycopodium clavatum L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Brew' from plant used for weakness and fever.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
39593,3903,Taxus canadensis Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Brew' from plant used for weakness and fever.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
19264,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),'Bristly edges of ten to twelve leaves' rubbed over skin for rheumatism.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
16759,1849,Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark,100,Iroquois,7,h77,328,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Chewed by women to bewitch men and make them crazy by affecting their hearts.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 328"
41880,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,'Children walk through nettles to prepare them for practice of witchcraft.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41884,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Children walk through nettles to prepare them for practice of witchcraft.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41877,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Children walk through nettles to toughen their skin.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41881,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,'Children walk through nettles to toughen their skin.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
14202,1540,Eriophorum russeolum Fries ex Hartman,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,22,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,'Cotton' from plant put in corner of eye to absorb fluid from 'watery eyes.',"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 22"
36027,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,'Cotton' used to dry 'moist eyes.',"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
30214,3159,Prunella vulgaris L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"74, 130",2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Drink' made from leaves taken and used as a wash for fevers.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
28679,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,'Drop of juice of fresh root' put in ear for deafness.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
20300,2188,Lilium philadelphicum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,282,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,"'Dry plants in sun, if twists together, wife is unfaithful; determines love.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 282"
38122,3699,Sisyrinchium montanum Greene,100,Iroquois,7,h77,288,2,Drug,13,Poison,'Feared it was poison.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 288"
14196,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,2,Drug,,,'Female' stems used medicinally.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
17799,1984,Inula helenium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'For female obstructions and pregnant women with weak bowels and wombs.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
35278,3485,Rumex crispus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,312,2,Drug,20,Panacea,'Good for all illnesses.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 312"
42973,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Good for typhus and bilious fevers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
42976,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,'Good for typhus and bilious fevers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
20036,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,114,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Hearts' used in some type of witchcraft.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 114"
7106,576,Betula lenta L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,300,2,Drug,,,"'Highly valued medicine because it sustains the deer, the mainstay of life.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300"
24061,2595,Nuphar lutea ssp. advena (Ait.) Kartesz & Gandhi,100,Iroquois,7,h77,319,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Hung up inside to keep witches away' as an anti-witch remedy.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 319"
9182,871,Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
9185,871,Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
14583,1586,Euphorbia corollata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
14586,1586,Euphorbia corollata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
19267,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,'Leaf ooze rubbed into scratched skin of ball players to prevent cramps.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
9837,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Mashed root put on a hot stone and sore limbs laid directly over it.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
9838,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,'Mashed root put on a hot stone and sore limbs laid directly over it.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
21217,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,37,2,Drug,13,Poison,"'Not good to eat, poison.'","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
33099,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,'Old man took this medicine and bore a child (an aphrodisiac?).',"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
39236,3880,Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,278,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Pass seed over female genitals to bring about childbirth.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 278"
41229,4049,Typha latifolia L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,271,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Patient sleeps on mattress made of plant' for cysts of breast.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 271"
41231,4049,Typha latifolia L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,271,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,'Patient sleeps on mattress made of plant' for cysts of yellow fever.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 271"
27521,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,55,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Pellets of tar' considered 'beneficial for soreness of the back.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55"
27523,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,55,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,'Pellets of tar' considered 'beneficial for soreness of the back.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55"
27522,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,"55, 84",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,'Pellets of tar' used as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55, 84"
14372,1567,Eschscholzia californica Cham.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,9,2,Drug,13,Poison,'Plant avoided by pregnant or lactating women as smell may be poisonous.',"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 9"
5979,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,309,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,'Plant may be added to all kinds of medicine to make them stronger.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
32285,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,303,2,Drug,122,Antidote,'Plant will stop the effects of the laxative made from V. opulus.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 303"
1193,55,Acorus calamus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,'Possesses stimulant and stomachic virtues' and used for 'gravel.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
1195,55,Acorus calamus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,'Possesses stimulant and stomachic virtues' and used for 'gravel.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
39434,3901,Taxus baccata L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,264,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,'Put in all medicines to give them strength.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 264"
3427,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,15,Sedative,'Root tonic' taken by weakly and nervous females.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3425,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,'Root tonic' taken for ague.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3423,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,'Root tonic' taken for colds.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3424,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Root tonic' taken for fever.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3422,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,119,Carminative,'Root tonic' taken for flatulent colics.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3421,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,84,Abortifacient,'Root tonic' taken for obstructed menses.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3426,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,'Root tonic' used as gargle for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3428,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,'Root tonic' used as gargle for sore throat.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
36478,3562,Salvia officinalis L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,16,Anthelmintic,'Sage tea' taken as a vermifuge.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
44363,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Smut' from plant used as salve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
27333,2943,Pilea pumila (L.) Gray,100,Iroquois,7,h77,308,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,'Squeeze water out of stem and inhale for sinus problems.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 308"
31760,3237,Pyrola americana Sweet,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Stick on cuts and sores to heal them.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
31782,3241,Pyrola elliptica Nutt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Stick on cuts and sores to heal them.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
14604,1590,Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Stops violent hemorrhaging from lungs and womb when given in small doses.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
14605,1590,Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,'Stops violent hemorrhaging from lungs and womb when given in small doses.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
23636,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,'Syrup' and honey used for colds and infusion used for babies' colds.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
23637,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,'Syrup' and honey used for coughs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
26526,2896,Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Tea ooze' used to bathe head for headache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
7949,720,Cannabis sativa L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,306,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,'This plant will get you going.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 306"
32861,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,'Throw clumps of leaves into a fire and dance around it to bring cold weather.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
26831,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,316,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,"'Tie in a poplar tree, then place among roots,' as a love medicine.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 316"
43352,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,287,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Water of the grape vine' taken and used as a wash to induce lactation.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
1410,59,Actaea pachypoda Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,'Will kill teeth of young people if not careful with it.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
41882,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,'Younger people walk through nettles to procure dreams.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41883,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,'Younger people walk through nettles to procure dreams.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
5005,388,Artemisia campestris L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,58,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,6Decoction of plants taken for colds.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 58"
20541,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Acorn mush taken by old people on their death bed to survive the day.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32074,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,101,Isleta,19,c35,47,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Acorns eaten to give greater sexual potency.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32105,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,101,Isleta,19,c35,47,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Acorns eaten to give greater sexual potency.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
31919,3253,Quercus alba L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,2,Drug,304,Dietary Aid,Acorns eaten to induce thirst and plenty of water thought to be beneficial.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
20525,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,"Acorns, the tannin soothed the cough, used as cough drops.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
37020,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,234,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Added to other medicines to strengthen their effect.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 234"
35531,3501,Ruta graveolens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Added to whiskey and taken for hysterics.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
35529,3501,Ruta graveolens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Added to whiskey and taken for palsy.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
16106,1764,Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,62,Delaware,97,t72,37,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Administered to women following childbirth.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 37"
7652,662,Calla palustris L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,33,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Aerial stems used for sore legs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
22215,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Afterbirth of a child tied to a young tree to ensure the child would grow up strong.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
10577,1062,Conium maculatum L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,33,2,Drug,13,Poison,All plant parts very poisonous.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33"
25420,2735,Panax trifolius L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,An 'ingredient to relieve sharp pains in the breast.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
16863,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,138,Menominee,51,s23,55,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,An evil medicine used by sorcerers.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55"
12135,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,13,Poison,An extremely poisonous plant.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
14570,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
15791,1720,Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
26070,2836,Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
35332,3485,Rumex crispus L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
31598,3225,Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,57,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Aroma of crushed leaves inhaled for head or lung colds.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 57"
21055,2253,Lomatium sp.,178,Oregon Indian,111,m90,57,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,Aromatic seeds carried by men as a love charm.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
18986,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Aromatic twigs burned as incense.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
37934,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Ash used as lotion for headaches.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37939,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Ash used as lotion for sore throat.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37940,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Ash used as lotion for toothaches.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37936,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Ash used as lotion to heal navels.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37938,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Ash used as lotion to heal navels.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
43688,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Ashes 'burnt from greenswitch' used for cancer.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
7451,610,Bouteloua simplex Lag.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Ashes applied to sores.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
397,16,Acacia koa Gray,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,46,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Ashes of this and other plants applied to the mouth interior of infants for physical weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 46"
398,16,Acacia koa Gray,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,46,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Ashes of this and other plants applied to the mouth interior of infants for physical weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 46"
39801,3939,Thelypodium wrightii ssp. wrightii,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,25,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Ashes rubbed on lids for eye disease.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25"
8262,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and detergent inner bark used as dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8309,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and detergent inner bark used as dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8378,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and detergent inner bark used as dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
38206,3711,Smilax laurifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and slightly tonic root bark used as a wash for burns and sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
43689,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and tonic infusion of root used for piles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
31860,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32038,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32162,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32348,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32493,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32529,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
14412,1574,Euonymus americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent infusion of bark sniffed for sinus.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
4086,319,Aralia racemosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent infusion taken for menstrual problems.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
758,38,Achillea millefolium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for hemorrhages and bowel complaints.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
2755,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for profuse menstruation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
2800,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for profuse menstruation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
2836,195,Amaranthus spinosus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for profuse menstruation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
13777,1480,Erigeron philadelphicus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Astringent plant boiled, mixed with tallow and used on sores.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
13803,1481,Erigeron pulchellus Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Astringent plant boiled, mixed with tallow and used on sores.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
12560,1310,Diospyros virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent plant used for sore throat and mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
30318,3164,Prunus cerasus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30474,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30567,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30728,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
42859,4108,Verbena hastata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root compound taken for flux.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
10663,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,48,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Astringent root used as a wash for oral cankers and babies' teething pains.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 48"
17544,1936,Hydrophyllum virginianum L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,37,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Astringent root used for flux.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 37"
15808,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Astringent, compound decoction used as a wash for thrush in child's mouth.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
33283,3355,Rhus typhina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,22,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,"Astringent, inner bark of trunk considered a valuable pile remedy.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 22"
1988,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Baked nut meats, other plants and breadfruit milk applied to scrofulous sores, ulcers and bad sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
1994,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,"Baked nut meats, other plants and breadfruit milk applied to scrofulous sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
29032,3080,Polypodium virginianum L.,81,Green River Group,25,g73,13,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Baked or raw roots used as a cough medicine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29034,3080,Polypodium virginianum L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,13,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Baked or raw roots used as a cough medicine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29039,3080,Polypodium virginianum L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,13,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Baked or raw roots used as a cough medicine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
112,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"68, 69",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Balsam gum used as a salve for sores.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 68, 69"
97,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,378,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Balsam gum used for colds and leaf smoke inhaled for colds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378"
99,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,378,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Balsam gum used for sores and compound containing leaves used as a wash.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378"
39269,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39271,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39267,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for stomach weakness.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39270,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for stomach weakness.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39268,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid taken for bad breath & mouth sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
30493,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,91,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark and another bark used to make cough syrup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 91"
44343,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,139,Expectorant,Bark and berries used as an expectorant.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44348,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and berries used for hemorrhages and tuberculosis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
32902,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,,,Bark and berries used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32961,3347,Rhus glabra L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,,,Bark and berries used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32878,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,,,Bark and berries used in medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32901,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32957,3347,Rhus glabra L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32877,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremoniess.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
44342,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark and berries used to make cough syrup.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44344,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark and berry medicine used for hemorrhages.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
28097,2973,Pinus resinosa Soland.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,379,2,Drug,,,Bark and cones used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379"
28252,2977,Pinus strobus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,379,2,Drug,,,Bark and cones used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379"
21456,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21468,2318,Lycium torreyi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
32779,3326,Rhamnus cathartica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and fruit used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
36028,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark and leaves chewed for mouth sores.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
36026,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,2,Drug,95,Anesthetic,Bark and leaves chewed to numb the mouth and throat.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
2627,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and leaves used for festers and bark used for wounds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2628,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark and leaves used for fevers and festers.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
17166,1885,Hibiscus tiliaceus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,39,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"Bark and other plants crushed, water added, strained and resulting liquid taken for congested chest.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 39"
1992,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,"Bark and other plants pounded, resulting liquid heated and taken for asthma.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
37951,3664,Sida sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,26,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and resulting liquid taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 26"
11784,1172,Curcuma longa L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,33,2,Drug,118,Nose Medicine,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and the resulting liquid taken for nose odors.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 33"
11786,1172,Curcuma longa L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,33,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and the resulting liquid used to gargle.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 33"
8549,801,Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,51,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,"Bark and other plants pounded, the resulting liquid heated and taken to purify the blood.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 51"
24432,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and other plants used as a skin wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24453,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and other plants used as a skin wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24554,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and other plants used as a skin wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
5,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and other plants used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2676,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and other plants used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
6,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark and other plants used for 'sickness.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24426,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bark and other plants used for arthritis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24449,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bark and other plants used for arthritis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24550,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bark and other plants used for arthritis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24442,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark and other plants used for bronchitis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24458,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark and other plants used for bronchitis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24559,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark and other plants used for bronchitis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24428,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bark and other plants used for cancer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24450,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bark and other plants used for cancer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24551,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bark and other plants used for cancer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24437,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark and other plants used for diabetes.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24456,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark and other plants used for diabetes.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24557,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark and other plants used for diabetes.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24444,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and other plants used for tuberculosis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24460,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and other plants used for tuberculosis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24561,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and other plants used for tuberculosis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2434,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark and other plants used to make a salve.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7039,568,Berberis vulgaris L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Bark and root used for sore throat.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
7038,568,Berberis vulgaris L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark and root used for ulcerated gums.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
33769,3398,Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum DC.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and roots used as a physic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
22257,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,268,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and roots used as a tonic for young men in training.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
34426,3450,Rubus fruticosus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark and roots used for children's diarrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
34427,3450,Rubus fruticosus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark and roots used for children's diarrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
32377,3285,Quercus rubra L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark and roots used for diarrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
24500,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,133,Makah,3,g83,289,2,Drug,,,Bark and roots used medicinally.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 289"
40899,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,62,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark and stems used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 62"
39050,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,76,Flathead,30,h92,59,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark and wild rose used to make an eyewash.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
12598,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,50,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and wood used as a strong purgative.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
9110,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,266,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bark ash and oil used as a lotion to give strength to the very ill.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
30361,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark ash rubbed on chest of baby as protection from mouth sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30365,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark ash rubbed on chest of baby as protection from rashes and mouth sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30351,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ash rubbed on chest of baby as protection from rashes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30352,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ash rubbed on newborn's chest to protect against rash and sore mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
30362,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark ash rubbed on newborn's chest to protect against rash and sore mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
30366,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark ash rubbed on newborn's chest to protect against rash and sore mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
33601,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark boiled and used as a cold medicine.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
645,34,Acer saccharinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark boiled and used as a wash for old, stubborn, running sores.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
40947,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,"Bark boiled, added to licorice ferns and used for hemorrhages.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
2650,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),Bark burned as an inhalant for 'rheumatism.',"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
27721,2962,Pinus glabra Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark chewed 'to check bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28268,2979,Pinus virginiana P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark chewed 'to check bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
43026,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,64,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark chewed and juice swallowed for 'cold on the lungs.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
33104,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark chewed and juice swallowed for colds.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
43027,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,64,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bark chewed and juice swallowed for whooping cough and 'cold on the lungs.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
26766,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark chewed and juice swallowed to induce vomiting.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
36184,3551,Salix sp.,76,Flathead,30,h92,67,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark chewed and used for cuts.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
2356,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,134,Malecite,93,mech59,245,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed and used for ulcerated mouths.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 245"
18653,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark chewed as a laxative.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
22264,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,109,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed by hunters to suppress thirst.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 109"
9539,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,219,Dietary Aid,Bark chewed by nursing mother to benefit the child.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
9541,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark chewed by nursing mother to benefit the child.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
38586,3764,Sorbus sitchensis var. sitchensis,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,59,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark chewed for colds.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59"
10748,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark chewed for headache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10862,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark chewed for headache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
36165,3551,Salix sp.,60,Crow,30,h92,67,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark chewed for headache.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
12561,1310,Diospyros virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark chewed for heartburn.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
17487,1926,Hydrangea arborescens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Bark chewed for high blood pressure.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
31867,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32044,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32168,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32354,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32499,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32536,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
25212,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
33142,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore gums.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
8269,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8316,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8385,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
17486,1926,Hydrangea arborescens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark chewed for stomach trouble.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
36167,3551,Salix sp.,60,Crow,30,h92,67,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for tooth hygiene.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
8831,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,24,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothache.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24"
18248,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
36317,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothache.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
8832,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,58,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothaches.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
36200,3551,Salix sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothaches.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
39266,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark chewed to cause vomiting and bring out the tough phlegm from the throat and lungs.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
15195,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,412,2,Drug,40,Emetic,"Bark chewed to cause vomiting and clean out the insides, as a hunting medicine for deer.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412"
15197,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,412,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,"Bark chewed to cause vomiting and clean out the insides, as a hunting medicine for deer.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412"
30374,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,129,Lummi,25,g73,37,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Bark chewed to facilitate childbirth.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
16005,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,30,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,"Bark combined with bark of prickly ash, wild cherry and sassafras and used as a tonic for coughs.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30"
29367,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bark combined with black haw and wild plum barks and used by women for weakness and debility.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
30598,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark combined with other roots and used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
172,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark dried, powdered and rubbed on the neck and under the arms as a deodorant.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
283,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark dried, powdered and rubbed on the neck and under the arms as a deodorant.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
17338,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,"Bark dried, powdered, mixed with Vaseline and used on burns.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
26244,2849,Peucedanum sandwicense Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark eaten by children and adults as a mild laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
26245,2849,Peucedanum sandwicense Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark eaten by children and adults as a mild laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
29279,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,76,Flathead,30,h92,68,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark eaten for colds.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29369,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,76,Flathead,30,h92,68,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark eaten for colds.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
28589,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark eaten for internal pains.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235"
28593,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235,2,Drug,380,Dietary Aid,Bark eaten to become fat.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235"
24492,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,278,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark extract taken for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
10947,1098,Cornus racemosa Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,367,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,Bark forced into the anus for piles.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 367"
40327,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,114,Snake Bite Remedy,Bark from tree struck by lightning chewed and spit on snakebite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40390,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,114,Snake Bite Remedy,Bark from tree struck by lightning chewed and spit on snakebite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
2438,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ground into a powder and used on open sores.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
105,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark gum applied to cuts and sores.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
104,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark gum taken for chest soreness from colds.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
107,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Bark gum taken for gonorrhea.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
2520,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,Bark held in women's mouth for blood spitting.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2523,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
18690,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark highly prized as a medicine for burns.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
10784,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"32, 33",2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark liquid injected rectally and poultice of bark applied to anus for diarrhea.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33"
30989,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark made into a cough medicine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
8425,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,302,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Bark mixed into young dog's food for worms.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302"
16004,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,30,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,"Bark mixed with bark of prickly ash, wild cherry and sassafras and used as a tonic to purify blood.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30"
15103,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,133,Makah,3,g83,286,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Bark mixed with crab apple bark to prevent the crab apple from constipating the user.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 286"
9537,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark mixture eaten by nursing mother to beautify the skin of the child during growth & development.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
9542,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark mixture eaten by nursing mother to beautify the skin of the child during growth & development.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
22242,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark of larger trees used as a laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
28566,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ooze used as wash for infected sores and infusion given for infant rash.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
25210,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ooze used for itch.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
7811,690,Calycanthus floridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ooze used on children's sores and infusion used for hives.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
7815,690,Calycanthus floridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark ooze used on children's sores and infusion used for hives.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
44352,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,387,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Bark or berries used for sore throat and tonsillitis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387"
39261,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed by children for sore mouths.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39264,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark or leaves chewed by children for sore mouths.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39262,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed for sore mouth caused by kissing a girl with menses.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39263,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed for sore mouth caused by smoking someone else's pipe.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
29593,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Bark outer surface scraped and used for venereal disease.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
36137,3551,Salix sp.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,67,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark peeled and used for cuts.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
1610,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark placed in cavity of tooth for toothaches.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
35753,3524,Salix cordata Michx.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,251,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark placed in hot water and used for blisters.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 251"
36825,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,42,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark placed in the hollow of a tooth for toothaches.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
36837,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,42,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark placed in the hollow of a tooth for toothaches.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
40080,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark pounded until soft as cotton and used to rub the face.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
39265,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark pounded, mixed with salt and coconut fibers, squeezed and resulting liquid used on deep cuts.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
7144,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 152"
7145,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,152,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 152"
29643,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark powder used on the feet and underarms as a deodorant and anti-perspirant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
2339,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2396,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2423,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
30780,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,76,Flathead,30,h92,42,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Bark resin warmed, strained, cooled and used for sore eyes.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
11011,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,27,Carrier,134,c73,71,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"Bark scraped, mixed with tobacco and smoked for lung sickness.","Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 71"
30894,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark scrapings placed beside the nose of babies for colds.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
30895,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark scrapings placed beside the nose of babies for colds.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
10995,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,211,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,Bark shavings used to stop bleeding.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 211"
35958,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark smoked for asthma.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
11057,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,100,Iroquois,7,h77,404,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark smoked for every ailment.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 404"
44319,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,367,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark smoked for toothaches or neuralgia.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 367"
10959,1100,Cornus sericea L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark smoked for various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
11088,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark smoked for various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
44330,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,"Bark smoked, chewed or placed into the tooth for toothaches.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
15121,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark soaked in cold water and used as an excellent tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
11127,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark soaked in warm water and taken to induce vomiting for improved breathing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
11126,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark soaked in warm water and taken to induce vomiting to clean out the stomach.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
36815,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,318,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark soaked in water and taken as an emetic and purge.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
37834,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,53,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark solution used for sore eyes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 53"
37850,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,53,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark solution used for sore eyes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 53"
10951,1099,Cornus rugosa Lam.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,405,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark taken as a general cathartic or emetic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 405"
26246,2849,Peucedanum sandwicense Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Bark taken by expectant mother for the healthy effect on the growing life.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
31865,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32042,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32166,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32352,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32497,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32533,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
44317,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used alone and in compound as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
22235,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a 'blood purifier' and it 'puts something in your blood that cuts down the clots.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
24436,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used as a 'cleanser.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24455,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used as a 'cleanser.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24556,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used as a 'cleanser.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7390,597,Bobea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,5,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 5"
23572,2558,Myrica sp.,62,Delaware,97,t72,35,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35"
23574,2558,Myrica sp.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"29, 76",2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29, 76"
30376,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,133,Makah,3,g83,266,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
15058,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,368,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a cathartic.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368"
410,21,Acer alba L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used as a cough remedy.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"
26974,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used as a cough remedy.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
30599,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"27, 78",2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used as a diarrhea remedy.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 27, 78"
8263,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as a dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8310,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as a dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8379,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as a dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
24221,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,133,Makah,3,g83,264,2,Drug,,,Bark used as a healing agent.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 264"
15085,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15088,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,81,Green River Group,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15095,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,114,Klallam,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15102,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,129,Lummi,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15104,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,133,Makah,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15117,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,209,Quileute,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15120,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15126,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15130,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,251,Squaxin,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15131,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,253,Swinomish,25,g73,40,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15138,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,266,Tolowa,70,b81,50,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
30377,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,133,Makah,3,g83,266,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
27121,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,379,2,Drug,,,Bark used as a medicinal salt.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379"
35738,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,249,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,Bark used as a medicine to prevent adultery.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 249"
24219,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,133,Makah,3,g83,264,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a mild laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 264"
18225,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"60, 61",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a physic and infusion of inner bark taken as a tonic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 60, 61"
2626,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a physic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
35630,3517,Salix alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as a poultice.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
35872,3532,Salix humilis Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as a poultice.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
35997,3542,Salix nigra Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as a poultice.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
36342,3515,Salix ?pendulina Wenderoth [babylonica ? fragilis],32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as a poultice.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
2495,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a purgative.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
18222,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,57,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a purgative.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57"
29605,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a purgative.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
15108,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,2,Drug,,,Bark used as a source of medicine.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
35846,3528,Salix fragilis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,388,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark used as a styptic and poultice for sores.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 388"
2501,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
16379,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
30378,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,133,Makah,3,g83,266,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
31870,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32047,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32171,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32358,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32502,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32539,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
35636,3517,Salix alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
35877,3532,Salix humilis Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
36002,3542,Salix nigra Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
36347,3515,Salix ?pendulina Wenderoth [babylonica ? fragilis],32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
38566,3761,Sorbus scopulina Greene,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
35785,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,81,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark used as a universal remedy.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 81"
36816,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,318,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark used as a very strong laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
31862,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32040,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32164,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32350,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32495,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32531,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used as an antiseptic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
16373,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,173,Dietary Aid,Bark used as an appetizer.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
32291,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,369,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as an astringent medicine.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369"
16424,1799,Hamamelis virginiana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,347,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used as an astringent.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 347"
35717,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Bark used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
37285,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Bark used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
35721,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic to 'clean the insides.',"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
37291,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic to 'clean the insides.',"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
31645,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,37,w39,"34, 78",2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 78"
31863,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
31864,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
32041,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32165,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32351,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32496,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32532,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32804,3329,Rhamnus sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,380,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 380"
35722,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,288,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 288"
36783,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40999,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41062,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41094,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41100,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
7273,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Bark used as casts for broken limbs. A soft material such as a cloth was placed next to the skin on the broken limb over which birchbark was wrapped and tied.  The birchbark was then heated until it shrank to fit the limb.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
29621,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,101,Isleta,76,j31,38,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Bark used as casts in setting broken limbs.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
40900,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,"62, 63",2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used as cough medicine and for grippe.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 62, 63"
17737,1980,Ilex vomitoria Ait.,228,Seminole,88,s54,261,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,Bark used as medicine for old people's dance sickness: nightmarish dreams and waking up talking.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 261"
19509,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Bark used as medicine.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
39583,3903,Taxus canadensis Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Bark used as medicine.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40888,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Bark used as medicine.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
36817,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,318,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark used by athletes to 'draw out all the slime in the system,' for better wind and endurance.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
5562,404,Artemisia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,510,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used by young girls to wipe mouths after eating to prevent hair growth.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 510"
20469,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),"Bark used for 'dyspepsy, dysentery and rheumatism.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
20474,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,"Bark used for 'dyspepsy, dysentery and rheumatism.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
590,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for 'grippe.',"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"
32379,3285,Quercus rubra L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,369370,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,Bark used for 'heart troubles and bronchial affections.',"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369370"
32380,3285,Quercus rubra L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,369370,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark used for 'heart troubles and bronchial affections.',"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369370"
23576,2558,Myrica sp.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"29, 76",2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Bark used for 'kidney trouble.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29, 76"
38537,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark used for 'mother pains.',"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
38541,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Bark used for 'mother pains.',"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
19516,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for 'suppurating wounds' and colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
14667,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,302,2,Drug,84,Abortifacient,"Bark used for abortions, only when mother was suffering.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302"
22244,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,20,Panacea,"Bark used for any illness and considered a complete medicine, all in itself.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
22240,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Bark used for any internal ailment.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
35952,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark used for asthma.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
41541,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,63,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bark used for bleeding lungs.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 63"
40912,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,380,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark used for bleeding wounds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380"
2629,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark used for bleeding.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
35951,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark used for bleeding.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
35756,3524,Salix cordata Michx.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for blisters.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
10833,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark used for body pains.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
38538,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for boils.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
39589,3903,Taxus canadensis Marsh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,62,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for bowel and internal troubles.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 62"
21218,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Bark used for burns.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
35814,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark used for certain fevers.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35993,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark used for certain fevers.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
8874,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,356,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark used for chills and fever.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
20468,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,"Bark used for choloera infantum, 'dyspepsy, dysentery and rheumatism.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
31859,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for chronic dysentery.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32037,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for chronic dysentery.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32161,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for chronic dysentery.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32347,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for chronic dysentery.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32491,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for chronic dysentery.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32528,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for chronic dysentery.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
35755,3524,Salix cordata Michx.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark used for colds and to stimulate the appetite.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
587,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"
7477,617,Brassica napus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
19515,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
29626,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
30635,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
31910,3253,Quercus alba L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,132,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark used for colds.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 132"
19518,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark used for consumption.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
30639,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark used for consumption.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
41489,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,30,Catawba,115,t40,19,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark used for consumption.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
7302,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,2,Drug,126,Contraceptive,"Bark used for contraception. One informant recalled a case in which a woman in childbirth did not want any more children.  An old woman told her to take the afterbirth, stick it with an old bone awl, wrap it in fishnet and then in a piece of birch bark and place it high up on a particular kind of tree.  The patient was then given an infusion of bitter cherry or saskatoon wood and after that had no more children","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
588,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used for coughs.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"
7478,617,Brassica napus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used for coughs.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
30514,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used for coughs.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
30636,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used for coughs.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
41542,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,132,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used for coughs.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 132"
37271,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,188,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Bark used for cow sickness: lower chest pain, digestive disturbances and diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 188"
37274,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,188,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,"Bark used for cow sickness: lower chest pain, digestive disturbances and diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 188"
37295,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,188,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,"Bark used for cow sickness: lower chest pain, digestive disturbances and diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 188"
2623,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark used for cramps.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
41484,4051,Ulmus americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,86,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark used for cramps.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 86"
40911,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,380,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark used for cuts, wounds and bleeding wounds.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380"
17729,1979,Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,355,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for diarrhea.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 355"
30596,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for diarrhea.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
30782,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,359,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for diarrhea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 359"
30818,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for diarrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
32270,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,287,Yuki,89,c02,343,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for diarrhea.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
37889,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,238,Sioux,73,b05,24,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for diarrhea.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24"
41485,4051,Ulmus americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,86,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used for diarrhea.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 86"
40545,3989,Trema micranthum (L.) Blume,228,Seminole,88,s54,323,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Bark used for difficult deliveries.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 323"
2630,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for diphtheria.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2631,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Bark used for dislocations and fractures.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2644,175,Alnus viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Bark used for dropsy.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
30503,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for erysipelas.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
11144,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark used for fevers.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
35683,3521,Salix bonplandiana Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,21,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark used for fevers.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 21"
35729,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,288,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark used for fevers.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 288"
38565,3761,Sorbus scopulina Greene,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark used for fevers.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
38567,3761,Sorbus scopulina Greene,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark used for general sickness.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
91,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Bark used for gonorrhea and buds used as a laxative.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"
19519,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Bark used for gonorrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
40904,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,"62, 63",2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for grippe and inner bark used for scurvy.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 62, 63"
7479,617,Brassica napus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for grippe and smallpox.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
15060,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,368,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for grippe.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368"
28594,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark used for hemorrhages and lung troubles.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235"
2632,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bark used for hemorrhaging of the lungs.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
31894,3253,Quercus alba L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,303,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Bark used for horses with distemper.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 303"
31866,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for indigestion and 'any debility of the system.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32043,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for indigestion and 'any debility of the system.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32167,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for indigestion and 'any debility of the system.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32353,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for indigestion and 'any debility of the system.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32498,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for indigestion and 'any debility of the system.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32534,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for indigestion and 'any debility of the system.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
21220,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Bark used for infections.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
22241,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Bark used for internal organs.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
15059,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,368,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Bark used for kidney troubles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368"
23573,2558,Myrica sp.,62,Delaware,97,t72,35,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Bark used for kidney troubles.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35"
28596,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bark used for lung troubles and hemorrhages.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235"
10960,1100,Cornus sericea L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
35705,3522,Salix candida Fluegg‚ ex Willd.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,243,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 243"
35783,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,243,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 243"
36046,3546,Salix pyrifolia Anderss.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,243,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 243"
2547,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicine.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
30491,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicine.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
32561,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicine.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
36842,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicine.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
27421,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicines.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
19517,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Bark used for physical weakness.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
11145,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,Bark used for postpartum hemorrhaging.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7099,576,Betula lenta L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bark used for pulmonary troubles and decoction of bark taken for pneumonia.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
14665,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bark used for pulmonary troubles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
2624,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,103,Antiemetic,Bark used for retching.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2625,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),Bark used for rheumatism.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
7391,597,Bobea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,5,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for skin ulcers.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 5"
30637,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for smallpox.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
719,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark used for sore eyes.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"
36018,3543,Salix pedicellaris Pursh,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,388389,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for stomach troubles.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 388389"
40372,3959,Tilia americana L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,62,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for suppurating wounds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 62"
41540,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,63,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for suppurating wounds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 63"
43129,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,63,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark used for swollen glands and mumps.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 63"
2643,175,Alnus viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for the astringent qualities.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
29529,3105,Populus sp.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for the astringent qualities.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
22239,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,Bark used for the heart.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
27915,2966,Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,51,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark used for tuberculosis.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 51"
39094,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,241,Skagit,25,g73,47,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark used for tuberculosis.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
2364,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark used for ulcerated mouth.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
22237,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used for ulcers.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
38741,3794,Spiraea salicifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"79, 80",2,Drug,,,Bark used for unspecified ailments.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 79, 80"
21090,2258,Lonicera canadensis Bartr. ex Marsh.,138,Menominee,51,s23,27,2,Drug,80,Urinary Aid,Bark used for urinary diseases.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 27"
28233,2977,Pinus strobus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for wounds and sap used for hemorrhaging.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
21219,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used for wounds.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24485,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,278,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark used in a steambath for body pains.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
24489,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,278,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Bark used in a steambath for body pains.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
37238,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used in a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
30852,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"77, 78",2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark used in an eyewash and berries used to make tonic drink.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 77, 78"
20470,2211,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used in cough syrup.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
31887,3253,Quercus alba L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"25, 78",2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark used in many medicinal compounds.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 78"
7326,585,Betula sp.,59,Creek,128,swan28,659,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark used in medicine taken for pulmonary tuberculosis.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 659"
28579,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,59,Creek,128,swan28,659,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark used in medicine taken for pulmonary tuberculosis.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 659"
41096,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,271,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark used in ritual to make children as light-skinned as the inner bark.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
41097,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,271,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used in ritual to make children as light-skinned as the inner bark.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
41098,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,271,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark used in ritual to make children as light-skinned as the inner bark.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
21838,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,254,2,Drug,,,Bark used medicinally.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 254"
21913,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,254,2,Drug,,,Bark used medicinally.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 254"
35956,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,388,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark used on bleeding cuts.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 388"
32292,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,369,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Bark used to bandage a broken foot or leg.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369"
22962,2463,Menziesia ferruginea Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,Bark used to counteract evil spells and doctor remedies.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
30353,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,382,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used to cover poultice on swellings.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 382"
26792,2929,Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.,138,Menominee,51,s23,49,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,"Bark used to make a drink for female maladies, to cleanse system and enhance fertility.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 49"
32513,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,59,Creek,128,swan28,659,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark used to make a drink taken for dysentery.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 659"
10786,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"32, 33",2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,Bark used to make a liquid and injected rectally for piles.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33"
11143,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used to make a skin wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2500,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used to make a wound dressing and wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
39112,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark used to make an eye medicine.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
30223,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used to make cough syrup.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
22250,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,,,Bark used to make the most popular and healing medicine.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
17657,1964,Hypericum hypericoides ssp. hypericoides,96,Houma,49,speck41,55,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark used to pack aching tooth.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 55"
26975,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used to prepare a salve for cuts and wounds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
15228,1658,Fraxinus latifolia Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,2,Drug,137,Preventive Medicine,Bark used to prevent bad effect on medicine by ceremonially impure person.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
29627,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,306,Dietary Aid,Bark used to stimulate the appetite.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
35757,3524,Salix cordata Michx.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,270,Dietary Aid,Bark used to stimulate the appetite.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
30350,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bark used to wrap lint after treating tumors.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
30411,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,263,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Bark used to wrap splints for broken limbs.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263"
36891,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,Bark used with black twinberry bark for nervous breakdowns.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
36785,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,24,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,"Bark, juniper roots and cow parsnip roots used for evil witchcraft victims.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 24"
28231,2977,Pinus strobus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,"Bark, leaves and stems used for colds.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
28232,2977,Pinus strobus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,"Bark, leaves and stems used for coughs.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
28237,2977,Pinus strobus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,"Bark, leaves and stems used for grippe.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
26978,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,"Bark, leaves and stems used for scurvy.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
37965,3671,Sideroxylon sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,12,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,"Bark, leaves and wood mixed with other herbs to produce strong remedies.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 12"
37967,3671,Sideroxylon sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,12,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark, leaves, other ingredients and water used as a wash and taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 12"
37966,3671,Sideroxylon sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,12,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark, leaves, other ingredients and water used as a wash and taken for strong fevers.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 12"
28242,2977,Pinus strobus L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,130,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,"Bark, sap or gum used for coughs, colds and boils.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 130"
7627,656,Caesalpinia kavaiensis Mann,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,38,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,"Bark, young leaves & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting liquid taken to purify the blood.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 38"
33783,3403,Ricinus communis L.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,37,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bean nuts mashed to make an ointment, similar to cold cream, and used for acne and pimples.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 37"
30055,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Bean placed in ear for earache.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
7623,653,Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,47,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"Beans & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting liquid taken to clear the chest of tough phlegm.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 47"
7620,653,Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,47,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,"Beans and other plants pounded, squeezed and the resulting liquid taken to purify the blood.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 47"
33792,3403,Ricinus communis L.,193,Pima,11,c49,100,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Beans dried, ground and sprinkled on sores.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 100"
33791,3403,Ricinus communis L.,193,Pima,11,c49,100,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Beans eaten as a purge.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 100"
33793,3403,Ricinus communis L.,193,Pima,11,c49,100,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Beans eaten for constipation.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 100"
33790,3403,Ricinus communis L.,193,Pima,11,c49,100,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Beans eaten for headaches.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 100"
7621,653,Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,47,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Beans ground and taken as a laxative by infants, children and adults.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 47"
7622,653,Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,47,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Beans ground and taken as a laxative by infants, children and adults.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 47"
33795,3403,Ricinus communis L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Beans used as a cathartic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
25519,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,339,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Beans used for toothaches.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 339"
25520,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,95,Hopi,37,w39,"33, 80",2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Beans used for toothaches.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 80"
25528,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,257,Tewa,82,c74,339,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Beans used for toothaches.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 339"
16476,1806,Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,48,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Beaten leaves held in mouth for toothache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
5867,414,Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Beaten root applied to bee stings on the eye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
5866,414,Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Beaten root applied to bee stings on the face.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
33798,3404,Robinia hispida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Beaten root held on tooth for toothache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
33818,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Beaten root held on tooth for toothache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
44053,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Beaten root used as salve for sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
35238,3485,Rumex crispus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Beaten roots fed to horses for 'sick stomach.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
35444,3491,Rumex patientia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Beaten roots fed to horses for 'sick stomach.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
26552,2898,Phoradendron sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,65,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bed of heated branches used by women for menstrual cramps.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 65"
18800,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bed of hot coals and branches used for malaria and other diseases.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18803,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bed of hot coals and branches used for pneumonia.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
33371,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,2,Drug,,,Berries and 'cane' used for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
4539,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,40,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Berries and other plants used for colds.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
4540,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,40,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Berries and other plants used for coughs.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
4109,319,Aralia racemosa L.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,287,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Berries and root used as a stimulant.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
4104,319,Aralia racemosa L.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,287,2,Drug,139,Expectorant,Berries and root used as an expectorant.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
4107,319,Aralia racemosa L.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,287,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Berries and root used for many children's complaints.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
33290,3355,Rhus typhina L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,214,Dietary Aid,Berries and roots used for loss of appetite.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
19009,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries believed to be poisonous.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
17711,1977,Ilex opaca Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries chewed for 'colics' and 'dyspepsia.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
19161,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries chewed for canker sores in the mouth.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
39108,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,259,Thompson,33,steed28,511,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered 'deadly poisonous' if more than two or three eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 511"
15729,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Berries considered 'good' for the blood.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
43125,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Berries considered 'good' for the blood.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
15731,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,81,Liver Aid,Berries considered 'good' for the liver.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
43126,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,81,Liver Aid,Berries considered 'good' for the liver.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
33580,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,229,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Berries considered good medicine for women.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 229"
21211,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous if more than two or three eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
39109,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Berries considered poisonous, even fatal.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
1444,61,Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,149,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 149"
8757,820,Celastrus scandens L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,376,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 376"
15068,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
21195,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
21199,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
24523,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,85,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 85"
38319,3724,Solanum nigrum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,387,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 387"
39076,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered poisonous.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
39110,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,259,Thompson,10,tta90,200,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries considered very poisonous. An antidote for poisoning from the berries was to eat a large quantity of lard.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 200"
13078,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Berries cooked and eaten for diarrhea.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
36865,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries cooked and eaten for stomach problems.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
23153,2494,Mitchella repens L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Berries cooked into a jelly and used for fevers.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
11443,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,220,Dietary Aid,Berries eaten 'for appetite.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
30383,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries eaten as a laxative for 'sour stomach.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
33722,3396,Ribes sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berries eaten as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
37767,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berries eaten as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
26851,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,167,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Berries eaten as an analgesic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167"
39091,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,241,Skagit,25,g73,47,2,Drug,122,Antidote,Berries eaten as an antidote for poisoning.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
43069,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Berries eaten for colds.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
33416,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,226,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Berries eaten for diarrhea.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 226"
34928,3469,Rubus sp.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,15,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Berries eaten for diarrhea.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 15"
33159,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Berries eaten for grippe.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
37910,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Berries eaten for high blood pressure.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
18503,2054,Juniperus communis L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,42,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Berries eaten for kidney disorders.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
18531,2054,Juniperus communis L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,42,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Berries eaten for kidney disorders.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
26852,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,285,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Berries eaten for pains.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 285"
26853,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,285,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),Berries eaten for rheumatism.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 285"
43071,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Berries eaten for sore throats.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
37904,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries eaten for stomach cancer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
33158,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries eaten for stomach troubles.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
37766,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries eaten for stomach troubles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
34762,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,117,Diuretic,Berries eaten in late summer or dried in winter and used as a diuretic.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
33386,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,113,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berries eaten in quantity as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 113"
18730,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"39, 40",2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Berries eaten or decoction of berries used 'for every kind of internal chill.',"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39, 40"
19023,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,221,2,Drug,,,Berries eaten or decoction taken for general illnesses.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 221"
19022,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,221,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Berries eaten or decoction taken for tuberculosis.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 221"
42451,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Berries eaten raw or juice used for colds.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42452,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Berries eaten raw or juice used for coughs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
34777,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,74,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Berries given by diviners to patients to eat for chest disorders.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 74"
37844,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,236,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Berries given to women in labor to ease the birth.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
39070,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries mashed and rubbed in the armpits as an anti-perspirant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
38581,3763,Sorbus sitchensis var. grayi (Wenzig) C.L. Hitchc.,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,116,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries mashed and rubbed on the head for lice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"
24521,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,85,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries mashed into a foam and rubbed into the scalp for head lice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 85"
39073,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Berries mashed, mixed with small amount of warm water and put into the eyes for sore, running eyes.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
21949,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,88,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Berries mixed with water and given to horses with coughs.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 88"
35073,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,22,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,"Berries not to be eaten by pregnant women or fathers to be, if eaten, the baby would be dark.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 22"
35539,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,242,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Berries or seeds used for grass sickness: low fever, headache and weight loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 242"
35540,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,242,2,Drug,279,Dietary Aid,"Berries or seeds used for grass sickness: low fever, headache and weight loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 242"
35541,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,242,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Berries or seeds used for grass sickness: low fever, headache and weight loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 242"
37832,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,111,2,Drug,13,Poison,Berries poisonous in great quantities.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 111"
11095,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries rubbed into the scalp to prevent graying hair.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
38690,3783,Sphagnum sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,87,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries rubbed on children's sores.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 87"
38691,3783,Sphagnum sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,87,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Berries rubbed on children's sores.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 87"
39040,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,80,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Berries rubbed on skin for burns.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
39082,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,215,Saanich,23,tb71,80,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Berries rubbed on skin for burns.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
39041,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,80,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries rubbed on skin for rashes and sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
39083,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,215,Saanich,23,tb71,80,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries rubbed on skin for rashes and sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
36792,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Berries should always be eaten cooked, as they are potentially poisonous when raw.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
26706,2917,Physalis philadelphica Lam.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,28,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Berries squeezed and the juice used as an eyewash.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 28"
37785,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,156,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Berries taken for fevers.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 156"
34542,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,386,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Berries used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 386"
18725,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"39, 40",2,Drug,117,Diuretic,Berries used as an 'active diuretic.',"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39, 40"
15096,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,115,Klamath,66,c97,100,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Berries used as an emetic.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 100"
4545,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,2,Drug,,,Berries used as an ingredient in medicinal mixtures.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
15026,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,259,Thompson,10,tta90,259,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries used as deodorant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 259"
15730,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Berries used ceremonially by those desiring health and prosperity for the coming season.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
41963,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Berries used ceremonially by those desiring health and prosperity for the coming season.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
33149,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,66,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries used for a mouth wash.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 66"
33035,3351,Rhus sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,373,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Berries used for colds.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 373"
17712,1977,Ilex opaca Ait.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries used for colics.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
36710,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,,,Berries used for convalescents.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
30672,3178,Prunus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,48,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Berries used for diarrhea.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48"
36697,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Berries used for fevers.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
33571,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Berries used for health and strength.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
16261,1783,Guajacum coulteri,229,Seri,29,d44,136,2,Drug,,,Berries used for medicine.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
26804,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,51,2,Drug,,,Berries used for medicine.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 51"
7042,568,Berberis vulgaris L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,128,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Berries used for sore throat and fever.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 128"
8765,820,Celastrus scandens L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,362,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries used for stomach trouble.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362"
38343,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,60,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries used for stomachaches.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 60"
39035,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,31,Chehalis,25,g73,47,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berries used for the hair.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
33065,3351,Rhus sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,373,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Berries used for whooping cough.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 373"
23627,2571,Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,355,2,Drug,,,Berries used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 355"
33294,3355,Rhus typhina L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Berries used to make a gargle for sore throat.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
29929,3151,Prosartes trachycarpa S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,44,2,Drug,,,Berries used to make medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
32892,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries used to make mouthwash.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
32896,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"26, 78",2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Berries used to make mouthwash.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 78"
19891,2128,Leiophyllum buxifolium (Berg.) Ell.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,"58, 84",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Berries used to make spring tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 58, 84"
30853,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"77, 78",2,Drug,69,Tonic,Berries used to make tonic drink and bark used in an eyewash.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 77, 78"
23125,2494,Mitchella repens L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Berries used to prevent severe labor pains and to facilitate delivery.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
23107,2494,Mitchella repens L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Berries used to prevent severe labor pains.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
36731,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,"Berries, bark and flower used as a purgative and bark used as a physic.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
36732,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,40,Emetic,"Berries, bark and flower used as a purgative and bark used as an emetic.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
36733,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,15,Sedative,"Berries, bark and flower used as a soporific and purgative.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
10536,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,56,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,"Berries, bark and leaves used as an 'exhilarant' and beverage.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56"
23445,2525,Morella cerifera (L.) Small,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,"Berries, bark and leaves used as an exhilarant and beverage.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
37811,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,27,Carrier,34,h49,12,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Berries, froth or jelly eaten to reduce injury from mosquito bites. The berries were ripe in June and were eaten at this time to reduce injury from mosquito bites:  they seem apparently to feel that the occurrence of berries and mosquitoes simultaneously was a divine indication that one was an antidote for the other.","Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
34364,3444,Rubus canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,2,Drug,,,"Berries, maple sap and water used to make a medicine.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
10848,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,56,2,Drug,97,Anticonvulsive,"Berries, roots and leaves used for fits.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56"
37916,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Berry jam taken as a tonic.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37909,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,Berry juice and whip taken in a one teaspoon dose for heart attacks.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37905,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berry juice and whip taken in a one teaspoon dose for indigestion.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
39054,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berry juice rubbed on warts or sores.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
20441,2206,Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller,291,Zuni,6,s15,56,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Berry juice squeezed into eye for inflammation.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 56"
2906,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,65,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Berry juice taken as a mild laxative.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
2905,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,65,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berry juice taken for an upset stomach.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
20436,2206,Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Berry juice used as an eye medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
38252,3718,Solanum douglasii Dunal,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,140,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Berry juice used as an eyewash to improve vision in older people.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 140"
37902,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berry juice used for acne and boils.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
30710,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Berry juice used for diarrhea.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
37906,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berry juice used for digestive problems.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37913,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,81,Liver Aid,Berry juice used for gallstones.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
38256,3718,Solanum douglasii Dunal,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Berry juice used for inflamed eyes.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
38253,3718,Solanum douglasii Dunal,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,140,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Berry juice used for sore or infected eyes, pink eye and eye strain.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 140"
30713,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,68,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Berry juice used for sore throats.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
37914,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Berry whip said to make one sleepy.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
1208,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,13,g05,42,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bit of root tied to child's clothing to keep the night spirits away.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42"
1210,55,Acorus calamus L.,33,Cheyenne,13,g05,42,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,Bit of root tied to clothes to keep night spirits away from children.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42"
37054,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,311,2,Drug,137,Preventive Medicine,Bits of dried root worn as a necklace to prevent bleeding.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311"
42507,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bitter infusion of roots used for colds.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
42547,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bitter infusion of roots used for colds.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
14520,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,149,Mohegan,62,cw45,118,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bitter infusion taken for colds.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118"
14538,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,118,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bitter infusion taken for colds.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118"
14523,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,149,Mohegan,62,cw45,118,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bitter infusion taken for fever.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118"
14540,1580,Eupatorium perfoliatum L.,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,118,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bitter infusion taken for fever.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118"
44514,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Black corn with red streaks good for menstruating woman.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
1267,55,Acorus calamus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1352,55,Acorus calamus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1364,55,Acorus calamus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1372,55,Acorus calamus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1391,55,Acorus calamus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,"69, 70",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70"
1589,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,47,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,"Blades, stem and root used for 'female maladies.'","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 47"
153,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Blister pitch mixed with oil rubbed on the hair and scalp because it smelled nice.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
154,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Blister pitch mixed with oil rubbed on the scalp to prevent the hair from falling out.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
8663,814,Ceanothus leucodermis Greene,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,15,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Blossom, leaf or berry sap used by rubbing area affected by itch, sores or impetigo.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 15"
1090,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,291,Zuni,6,s15,42,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Blossoms and root chewed and juice applied before fire-eating or -walking.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 42"
25614,2766,Pectis angustifolia Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,58,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Blossoms and salt eaten for stomach trouble.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
7928,712,Campanula parryi Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Blossoms chewed and saliva applied to skin as a depilatory.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44"
42906,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,291,Zuni,6,s15,63,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Blossoms chewed and swallowed with water as an emetic for stomach cramps.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 63"
42907,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,291,Zuni,6,s15,63,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Blossoms chewed and swallowed with water as an emetic for stomach cramps.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 63"
42908,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,291,Zuni,6,s15,63,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Blossoms chewed and swallowed with water as an emetic for stomach cramps.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 63"
32919,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Blossoms chewed for sore mouth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
5748,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,128,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Blossoms dipped in water and the blossomed branch used to comb the hair for fainting spells.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128"
39178,3871,Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,212,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,Blossoms smudged 'to cure a crazy person who has lost his mind.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 212"
17319,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,129,Lummi,25,g73,33,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Blossoms used for diarrhea.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33"
36886,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,131,Mahuna,5,r54,10,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Blossoms used for measles.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 10"
17437,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Blossoms used for nervousness.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
17447,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,130,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Blossoms used for pain.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 130"
17441,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"26, 76",2,Drug,15,Sedative,Blossoms used in medicine for 'nervousness.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 76"
18464,2054,Juniperus communis L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,41,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Blue berries smoked in a pipe for asthma.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 41"
44515,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,"Blue cornmeal and water used for 'heart-sickness,' 'palpitations or pains.'","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
44512,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Blue cornmeal and water used for 'palpitations or pains.',"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
32411,3289,Quercus sp.,3,Alabama,128,swan28,665,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Boiled bark used for sore throat.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665"
24643,2658,Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) P. Mill.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,96,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Boiled fruit used as a purgative.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 96"
30321,3164,Prunus cerasus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Boiled fruit used for 'blood discharged from bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30477,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Boiled fruit used for 'blood discharged from bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30572,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Boiled fruit used for 'blood discharged from bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30732,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Boiled fruit used for 'blood discharged from bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
24645,2658,Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) P. Mill.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,96,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Boiled fruit used for constipation.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 96"
28048,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,33,steed28,466,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Boiled gum mixed with grease and used as an ointment for inflamed eyes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466"
28043,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,33,steed28,466,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled gum mixed with grease and used as an ointment for sores.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466"
28248,2977,Pinus strobus L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Boiled gum taken for colds.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
28250,2977,Pinus strobus L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Boiled gum taken for consumption.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
28249,2977,Pinus strobus L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Boiled gum taken for sore throats.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
28234,2977,Pinus strobus L.,141,Micmac,103,s17,317,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled inner bark used for sores and swellings.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
43749,4223,Yucca aloifolia L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,24,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled mashed root with grease or tallow used as salve for various purposes.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24"
25299,2728,Packera multilobata (Torr. & Gray ex Gray) W.A. Weber & A. L”ve,284,Yavapai,48,g36,261,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled or dried and powdered leaves used for sores.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 261"
13778,1480,Erigeron philadelphicus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled plant mixed with tallow and used on sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
13804,1481,Erigeron pulchellus Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled plant mixed with tallow and used on sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
4939,382,Artemisia absinthium L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,362,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Boiled plant top used as warm compress for sprain or strained muscles.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362"
31580,3220,Pterospora andromedea Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Boiled plant used as an emetic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
20144,2167,Liatris punctata var. punctata,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled root applied to swellings.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
8611,807,Ceanothus americanus L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,240241,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Boiled root chewed as main remedy for flux.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 240241"
28676,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Boiled root eaten as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
35448,3494,Rumex salicifolius Weinm.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Boiled root used for many complaints, generally for swellings.","McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
35204,3482,Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,287,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Boiled roots eaten and applied as poultice for stomachaches.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 287"
15982,1750,Glaux maritima L.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,288,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Boiled roots eaten to make one very sleepy.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
26234,2847,Petrophyton caespitosum var. caespitosum,79,Gosiute,38,c11,382,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Boiled roots used as a salve for burns.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 382"
8734,820,Celastrus scandens L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled roots used as an ointment for any obstinate sore.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
8732,820,Celastrus scandens L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Boiled roots used as an ointment for cancer.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
24802,2670,Opuntia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,180,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Boiled roots used as laxative for babies and small children.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 180"
24803,2670,Opuntia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,180,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Boiled roots used as laxative for babies and small children.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 180"
10640,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,126,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Boiled roots used for respiratory troubles.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 126"
10639,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,126,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Boiled roots used for serious colds.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 126"
35315,3485,Rumex crispus L.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,131132,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Boiled seeds eaten alone or in a compound for diarrhea.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 131132"
35308,3485,Rumex crispus L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2289,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Boiled seeds used for diarrhea.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2289"
4274,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled to make 'ooze' for leg ulcers and used to bathe swollen legs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
19528,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Boiled, crushed leaves and bark used as herbal steam for headache and backache.","Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
19530,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,"Boiled, crushed leaves and bark used as herbal steam for headache and backache.","Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
28258,2977,Pinus strobus L.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Boiled, crushed leaves used as herbal steam for headache and backache.","Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
28260,2977,Pinus strobus L.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,"Boiled, crushed leaves used as herbal steam for headache and backache.","Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
7321,583,Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Boiled, powdered wood applied to chafed skin.","Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
19780,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Boiled, powdered wood applied to chafed skin.","Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
9858,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,259,Thompson,10,tta90,150,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,"Boiled, roots used by bedridden patients or poultice of roots used for broken hips. The bedridden patient's back was splashed with water and the boiled, mashed roots placed on the back to help the patient recover.  The informant warned that the poultice should not be left on for more than half of an hour and that because of its toxicity, it should never be taken internally.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 150"
22921,2456,Mentzelia nuda var. nuda,61,Dakota,17,g19,103,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Boiled, strained sap applied externally for fever.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103"
41084,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs considered an important disinfectant. One informant noted that those desiring to cleanse themselves would scrub their bodies with the branches.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
18809,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Boughs placed in a pan of coals and fumes inhaled by horses that have eaten poison camas.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
16,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,2,Drug,137,Preventive Medicine,Boughs placed in fire and smoke inhaled to prevent sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
167,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,2,Drug,,,Boughs placed in fire and smoke inhaled to prevent sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
29109,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,265,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Boughs placed under bed of young girl to have as many children as plants.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
41103,4044,Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
31270,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs used as an antiseptic.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
40990,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Boughs used by girls, at puberty ceremony, to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
27275,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,317,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,"Boughs used by shamans, hunters and fishers during preparatory and purification rituals.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317"
41624,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs used in fire to fumigate the house for colds and other sicknesses.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
27947,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,76,Flathead,30,h92,50,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Boughs used in sweat lodges for muscular pain.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"
10908,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Boughs used in the fire of the sweathouse.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
27148,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Boughs used ritually for protection from death and illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
27188,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Boughs used to scrub skin, until it bled, for aches and pains.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
18546,2055,Juniperus communis var. montana Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,25,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,"Boughs, red elder bark and cow parsnip roots used for evil witchcraft victims.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25"
5511,404,Artemisia sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Bracts and flower heads used in horse medicine bundles.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
42714,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,273,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Braided leaves with the root suspended worn around the neck by sick people.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
31829,3248,Pyrus sp.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Branch bark used for inflammatory diseases.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
31828,3248,Pyrus sp.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Branch bark used for its astringent qualities.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
31830,3248,Pyrus sp.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Branch bark used for pleurisy .,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
13993,1504,Eriogonum elatum Dougl. ex Benth.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,20,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Branch chewed or infusion of plant taken as a physic.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 20"
24961,2694,Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke,138,Menominee,51,s23,72,2,Drug,326,Dietary Aid,"Branch or piece of root eaten cautiously for losing flesh, a fattener.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72"
15193,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,60,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Branch sap used for earaches.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 60"
445,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,Branch tied in a knot and placed over the bear's tracks while hunting to stop the wounded bear.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
178,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,18,Other,Branch tips chewed for allergies caused by water hemlock.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
289,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,18,Other,Branch tips chewed for allergies caused by water hemlock.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
27210,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,269,2,Drug,18,Other,Branch tips rubbed to cleanse person contaminated with menstrual blood.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
41900,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,144,Miwok,100,bg33,174,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Branch used to strike affected parts for certain pains.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 174"
13850,1488,Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,140,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Branches and leaves used in a steambath for rheumatism.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 140"
13854,1488,Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,140,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Branches and leaves used in a steambath for rheumatism.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 140"
158,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,268,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Branches and pollen used in purification rites and ceremonies.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 268"
7687,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Branches and twigs used in administering a sweatbath.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
28271,2979,Pinus virginiana P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Branches burned and ashes thrown on hearth fire after a death in the home.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
18792,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18830,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18844,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,276,Washo,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18886,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,183,Paiute,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18909,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18926,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,276,Washo,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as a fumigant after illness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
5814,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,276,Washo,12,tha41,44-47,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches burned as fumigant for sickroom or for utensils used for childbirth.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47"
18518,2054,Juniperus communis L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Branches burned on top of the wood stove to keep sickness away.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
27208,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,269,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches in house of sick person to prevent anything unclean from entering.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
9112,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Branches placed on top of burning sea wrack as part of a steam treatment for general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
9111,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Branches placed on top of burning sea wrack as part of a steam treatment for rheumatism.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
12055,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Branches placed under the mattress to lessen first menstruation & number of years of menstruation.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
5078,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,125,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Branches put over a bed of ashes and slept on for colds.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 125"
5739,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,125,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Branches put over a bed of ashes and slept on for colds.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 125"
5079,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,125,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Branches put over a bed of ashes and slept on for fevers.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 125"
5743,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,125,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Branches put over a bed of ashes and slept on for fevers.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 125"
41016,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,270,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,Branches rubbed on hunters and fishermen to purify them.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270"
200,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,509,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Branches thought to be of help to young girl under 'magical spell.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 509"
205,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,509,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,Branches thought to be of help to young girl under 'magical spell.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 509"
5457,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Branches used as a bed in a sweatbath to steam out infection of influenza.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
5463,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Branches used as a bed in a sweatbath to steam out infection of influenza.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
5464,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Branches used as a bed in a sweatbath to steam out infection of influenza.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
5465,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Branches used as a bed in a sweatbath to steam out infection of influenza.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
9811,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"57, 58",2,Drug,77,Diaphoretic,Branches used as a bed in the sweatbath for rheumatism.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 57, 58"
19570,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Branches used as a medicine for any type of illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
19655,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,64,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Branches used as bed for women with menstrual cramps or after childbirth.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 64"
19664,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,64,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Branches used as bed for women with menstrual cramps or after childbirth.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 64"
36313,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Branches used as splints for broken limbs and rubbed on compound fractures.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
414,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,Branches used by women as a love medicine.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
19568,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Branches used for broken bones.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
19562,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Branches used for dry coughs.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
30229,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Branches used for the Sun Dance ceremony.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
18536,2054,Juniperus communis L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,"Branches used for tuberculosis. It was said that for the medicine to be really effective, the boughs should be taken from a plant growing all by itself.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
5453,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,183,Paiute,12,tha41,40-42,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Branches used in a sweatbath for rheumatism.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
39585,3903,Taxus canadensis Marsh.,138,Menominee,51,s23,54,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,"Branches used in herbal steam for rheumatism, numbness and paralysis.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 54"
39841,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,130,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Branches used in the steambath for colds.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 130"
39843,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,130,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Branches used in the steambath for fevers.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 130"
39845,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,130,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Branches used in the steambath for women after childbirth.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 130"
18784,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Branches used in the sweatbath for 'heavy colds.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18879,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,183,Paiute,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Branches used in the sweatbath for heavy colds.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
18780,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,92-96,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Branches used in the sweatbath for rheumatism.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 92-96"
18875,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,183,Paiute,12,tha41,93-96,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Branches used in the sweatbath for rheumatism.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 93-96"
17475,1924,Huperzia selago var. selago,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,60,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Branches used to 'clean...out' the insides.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
21194,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Branches used to make a medicine for mothers after childbirth.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
22439,2417,Marrubium vulgare L.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,103,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Branches used to whip aching body parts to stimulate circulation.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 103"
10244,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"59, 60",2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Branches used to whip sore or painful areas as a counter-irritant.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 59, 60"
2663,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Branches with leaves used for steambath switches and as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
29186,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,54,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Branches with leaves used in a sweat bath for pains similar to rheumatism.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 54"
29190,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,54,2,Drug,77,Diaphoretic,Branches with leaves used in a sweat bath for pains similar to rheumatism.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 54"
39874,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,35,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,"Branches, without fruit, used in the vapor baths by hunters.","Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 35"
8442,775,Castanea pumila (L.) P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Brittle leaves heated and blown on patient for headaches.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8516,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,284,2,Drug,,,Broken plant parts used in the house for decoration or for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 284"
8539,797,Castilleja sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,284,2,Drug,,,Broken plant parts used in the house for decoration or for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 284"
1605,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,Broken seeds used as suppositories for piles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
11701,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,2,Drug,80,Urinary Aid,Browned seeds eaten for bedwetting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
3637,282,Anthemis cotula L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bruised herb applied externally to 'draw blister.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
19179,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bruised leaves and berries used internally for headache.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
2863,199,Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Descourtils,180,Oto,17,g19,132,2,Drug,103,Antiemetic,Bruised leaves laid on scarified abdomen for nausea.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132"
31087,3192,Pseudognaphalium canescens ssp. canescens,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bruised leaves made into a paste and used as a liniment.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
8813,828,Centaurea sp.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,33,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bruised leaves used as a salve for sores.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 33"
5801,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,459,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Bruised leaves used as an inhalant to revive a patient.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 459"
19967,2148,Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) S. Wats.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,52,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bruised plant mixed with salt and used as a rub for swellings.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 52"
38150,3704,Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bruised root used as a salve for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
38149,3704,Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Bruised root used on burns.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
16397,1796,Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnston,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bruised root with bear oil used as ointment for cancer.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
38364,3729,Solanum tuberosum L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,27,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bruised tuber rubbed on warts.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 27"
29211,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,247,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bud balm and burdock roots used for sores.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 247"
27206,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,269,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bud extract or pitch and grease taken for coughs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27205,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,269,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bud extract taken for coughs and colds.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
23550,2547,Musa ?paradisiaca L. (pro sp.)  [acuminata ? balbisiana],90,Hawaiian,68,a22,65,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bud or young flower juice rubbed on tongue & mouth interior for body weakness from stomach disorder.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 65"
31313,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bud tips chewed for mouth sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31314,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Bud tips chewed for sore throats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
6399,452,Asplenium horridum Kaulfuss,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,14,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Buds and burnt potato peel chewed for sore mouths.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 14"
38533,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,131,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds and inner bark fibers boiled and used for general weakness.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 131"
38532,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,131,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,Buds and inner bark fibers boiled and used for moral depression.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 131"
43541,4189,Waltheria indica L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,12,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,"Buds and leaves pounded, mixed with water and taken for asthma.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 12"
9202,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds and leaves used for general debility of the body.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
29300,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,292,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds and oil used as a hair tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
29213,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Buds and other parts of plant used as salve for chancre.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
29212,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds and other parts of plant used as salve for sores.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
31323,3202,Psidium guajava L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds and other plants pounded and resulting liquid applied to deep cuts.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
31324,3202,Psidium guajava L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Buds and other plants pounded and resulting liquid applied to sprains.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
25964,2827,Peperomia sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,57,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,"Buds and other plants pounded, the resulting liquid heated and taken for asthma.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 57"
27492,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,70,2,Drug,,,Buds and pitch used medicinally.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 70"
4265,327,Arctium lappa L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Buds and roots used for chancre.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
4264,327,Arctium lappa L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds and roots used for sores.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
29321,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,116,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Buds boiled with grease, strained, combined with an unknown ingredient and used as hair dressing.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 116"
28304,2980,Piper methysticum G. Forst.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,17,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by children for general debility.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 17"
28310,2980,Piper methysticum G. Forst.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,17,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Buds chewed by children for general debility.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 17"
9543,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by children with general weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
9545,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds chewed by children with general weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
17153,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds chewed by mothers and given to children as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
17156,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by mothers and given to children as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
17157,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by mothers and given to children for general debility and run down conditions.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
17160,1884,Hibiscus sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,54,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Buds chewed by mothers and given to children for general debility and run down conditions.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 54"
31320,3202,Psidium guajava L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Buds chewed by mothers and given to infants for diarrhea.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
31325,3202,Psidium guajava L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by mothers and given to infants for diarrhea.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
9199,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by the mother and given to babies till the age of six months.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9204,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,,,Buds chewed by the mother and given to babies till the age of six months.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
43538,4189,Waltheria indica L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,37,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds chewed by the mother and given to infants as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 37"
43539,4189,Waltheria indica L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,37,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by the mother and given to infants as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 37"
25960,2827,Peperomia sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,13,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds chewed by the mother and given to the newborn infant as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 13"
25962,2827,Peperomia sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,13,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds chewed by the mother and given to the newborn infant as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 13"
31321,3202,Psidium guajava L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,55,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Buds chewed for diarrhea.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 55"
27450,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Buds chewed for sore throats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
39956,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Buds chewed for toothaches.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
11254,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,190,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Buds chewed to become a good singer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 190"
29224,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,387,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Buds cooked in grease and rubbed in nostrils for catarrh or bronchitis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387"
29221,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,387,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Buds cooked in grease and rubbed in nostrils for cold.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387"
29222,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,387,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Buds cooked in grease and used as salve for cuts, wounds or bruises.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387"
29285,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the body to soften the skin.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
29284,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the face for sunburn.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
21189,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,99,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,Buds eaten in spring or bark rubbed on body as a tonic for nervous breakdowns.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
40460,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,266,Tolowa,70,b81,58,2,Drug,122,Antidote,Buds eaten in the spring to obtain immunity from the plant poisons.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58"
6301,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,176,d32,130,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Buds eaten or decoction of root used for chest discomfort.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130"
29233,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Buds heated on top of a wood stove and the aroma inhaled for colds.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
29227,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"80, 81",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds melted with tallow and used as ointment for sores or eczema.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 80, 81"
29268,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Buds mixed with balsam sap and used for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
29262,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds mixed with chewed and warmed mountain goat kidney fat and used as a face cream.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
9198,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Buds or leaves chewed by nursing mothers as a laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9196,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,235,Dietary Aid,"Buds or leaves chewed by nursing mothers to stimulate the appetite, helpful in milk production.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9197,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,191,Dietary Aid,Buds or leaves chewed by the mother for the benefit of the nursing baby.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9200,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Buds or leaves chewed by the mother for the benefit of the nursing baby.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
29301,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,292,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds rubbed on the skin to prevent sunburn.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"