id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
44691,4260,Zostera marina L.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,77,1,Food,86,Spice,"Fleshy roots and leaf bases used to flavor seal, porpoise and deer meat.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
44690,4260,Zostera marina L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,82,1,Food,,,Leaves picked with attached herring spawn and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 82"
44688,4260,Zostera marina L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,89,1,Food,,,"Fleshy, whitish rhizomes formerly eaten raw.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
44687,4260,Zostera marina L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",53,t73,200,1,Food,,,Plants eaten raw with eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
44686,4260,Zostera marina L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,274,1,Food,47,Special Food,Stems and roots dipped in oil and eaten during feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 274"
44684,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,,,Greenish 'root' (actually rhizomes) eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44683,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,,,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) cleaned, washed and eaten raw.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44682,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,5,Forage,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) eaten by Black Brants, Canada geese, Mallard ducks and cattle.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44681,4260,Zostera marina L.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,77,1,Food,86,Spice,"Fleshy roots and leaf bases used to flavor seal, porpoise and deer meat.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
44680,4260,Zostera marina L.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,200,1,Food,,,Plants eaten raw with eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
44679,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,75,Staple,Leached nutlet of the drupe ground into a flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
44678,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,44,Porridge,Drupes dried and ground into flour for mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
44677,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,52,Fruit,Drupes eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
44676,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw and boiled.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
44675,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries boiled and used to make a syrup.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44674,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Ripe, black berries eaten raw.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44673,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,50,Fodder,Seeds squeezed out from boiled berries and fed to chickens.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44668,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,148,Mohave and Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits mashed into a concoction and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44667,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,147,Mohave,125,cb51,204,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, to be soaked in hot water and used later.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44666,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits mashed into a concoction and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44665,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, to be soaked in hot water and used later.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44662,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Mashed berries added to water and use as a drink.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
44661,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,193,Pima,104,r08,76,1,Food,52,Fruit,Black berries beaten with sticks and eaten raw.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
44659,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,19,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruits boiled to a syrup and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 19"
44658,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,26,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits formerly fermented and used for a beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 26"
44655,4255,Zizania palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice valuable for cooking with wild fowl or game and maple sugar used to season the mixture.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44654,4255,Zizania palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Wild rice sweetened with maple sugar and used to make pudding.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44653,4255,Zizania palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Rice gathered and dried for a winter supply of food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44652,4255,Zizania palustris L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,403,1,Food,75,Staple,"Formed an important staple in the diet, cooked with deer broth and maple sugar and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 403"
44651,4255,Zizania palustris L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,318,1,Food,,,Cooked alone or with meat and used as the principle cereal food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 318"
44650,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44648,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,1,Food,,,Rice cooked with meat.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
44647,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44646,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44645,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,328,1,Food,75,Staple,Grains used as a staple food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 328"
44643,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds boiled with rabbit excrements, eaten and esteemed as a luxury.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44642,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,230,Breakfast Food,Seeds steamed into puffed rice and eaten for breakfast with sugar and cream.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44641,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds used to make gem cakes, duck stuffing and fowl stuffing.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44640,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,,,Rice used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
44639,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Rice cooked with deer broth, pork or butter and seasoned with maple sugar.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 67"
44638,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44637,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,1,Food,75,Staple,Grain used as an important and prized food item.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
44582,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,105,Karok,70,b81,64,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
44561,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,17,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants used as greens.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17"
44560,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,17,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked with meat and corn and used for food.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17"
44532,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,75,Staple,Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread eaten as a staple on journeys.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44531,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Corn used to make popcorn.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44530,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,44,Porridge,Corn used to make gruel.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44529,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44528,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Popped corn ground as fine as possible, mixed with cold water, strained and used as a beverage. Although this beverage could be consumed at any time, it was used especially by the rain priests and personators of anthropic gods during ceremonies.  Another native beverage was also made by the Zuni.  Water was poured over sprouted corn, allowed to stand for some days and then used as a beverage.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44521,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44520,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,5,Forage,"Husks, stalks and leaves used for stock winter forage.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44519,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Corn ground on a metate, formed into cakes, rolled and baked.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44518,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,27,Beverage,Corn meal mixed with cold water and drunk as a nourishing drink.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44517,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,27,Beverage,Corn ground and sifted into boiling water to make a gruel formerly drunk in the morning.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44511,4244,Zea mays L.,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,75,Staple,"Corn and wheat, the most important foods, used for food.","White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
44508,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44507,4244,Zea mays L.,207,Pueblo,27,cu35,34,1,Food,47,Special Food,Cornmeal used ceremonially.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44506,4244,Zea mays L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Elm bark bags, filled with corn or beans and peas, buried in the ground to keep for the winter.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44505,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44504,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44503,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44502,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44501,4244,Zea mays L.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Boiled with ashes, dried, hulls washed off, dried, parched with coals and made into gruel.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
44500,4244,Zea mays L.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground, baked in large cakes and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
44499,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44498,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44497,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44496,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44495,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,,,"Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed and cooked whole with meat.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44494,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,75,Staple,"Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed and ground into meal.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44493,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,47,Special Food,Cornmeal used ceremonially.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44492,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Grains parched, dried on mats on the roofs and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44490,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
44489,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
44488,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44487,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44486,4244,Zea mays L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Several sorts of corn were grown, modern and ancient. Ears were roasted and made into hominy.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
44485,4244,Zea mays L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Kernels dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
44480,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roasted, dried corn on the cob stored for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44479,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young corn and cob eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44478,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,47,Special Food,Corn meal used to make ceremonial cakes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44477,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,50,Fodder,Used as horse feed.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44469,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten like lettuce.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44468,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,,,"Immature corn pounded, mixed with pumpkin, wrapped in a corn husk and baked in ashes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44467,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,75,Staple,"Green corn roasted, shelled, ground, dried and wrapped in corn husks, like tamales, for journeys.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44466,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Cornmeal porridge, served in wedding baskets, used as a nuptial dish.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44465,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,44,Porridge,Cornmeal and juniper ash water used to make mush.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44464,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,44,Porridge,Corn and meat boiled all night into hominy.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44463,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,30,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Sweet corn meal and herb roots made into cakes and baked in a pit.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30"
44462,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Corn and juniper ash used to make bread and dumplings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44461,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,27,Beverage,Cornmeal and juniper ash water used to make a beverage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44455,4244,Zea mays L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,257,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Boiled or parched corn stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257"
44454,4244,Zea mays L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,257,1,Food,,,Boiled or parched corn eaten or made into corn hominy grits.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257"
44453,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Ears parboiled and the kernels sun dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44452,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Ears roasted and made into hominy.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44451,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Scorched or parched corn often used as a substitute for coffee.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44450,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,75,Staple,"Roasted popcorn pounded into a meal added to dried venison, maple sugar or wild rice or all three.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44449,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Parched, ground corn mixed with bear oil and used as trail ration.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44448,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,27,Beverage,Scorched or parched corn often used as a substitute for coffee.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44446,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,1,Food,,,Valued as a food.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
44445,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,1,Food,50,Fodder,Valued as a fodder for livestock.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
44442,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roasted corn ears dried and stored for winter use.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44441,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roasted corn ears eaten warm for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44440,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,75,Staple,Corn meal used as one of the main foods.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44438,4244,Zea mays L.,103,Kamia,180,g31,21,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 21"
44433,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Corn meal used to make mush, dried and stored for winter use.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44432,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,,,Corn husks used to wrap tamales.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44431,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Evaporated liquid from crushed, soaked stalks used to make sugar.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44430,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched corn eaten as a staple.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44429,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,44,Porridge,Corn meal used to make a mush.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44428,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,85,Candy,Parched corn eaten as a confection.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44427,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Corn meal used to make various breads.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44426,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,27,Beverage,Ground corn used to make a slightly intoxicating beverage.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44422,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Seeds eaten raw or cooked while traveling or hunting.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44421,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Corn on the cob roasted and eaten.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44420,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,47,Special Food,Seeds used to make wedding bread or bread placed in the coffin with the corpse.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44419,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds used for ceremonial occasions, such as False-Face Society functions.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44418,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,56,Soup,"Seeds used with beans, squash and meats to make soups and broths.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44417,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Seeds used to make popcorn.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44416,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Seeds used to make succotash.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44415,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds used to make hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44414,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Seeds, pumpkin mush and maple sugar used to make pudding.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44413,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with hot water, molded, dropped into boiling water and eaten as dumplings.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44412,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into a meal or flour and used to make boiled bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44411,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,27,Beverage,Stalks cut between the joints and chewed to quench the thirst.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
44410,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,27,Beverage,Seeds boiled into a liquor and used as a beverage or made into soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44409,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,145,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Dried, roasted seeds boiled in water to make coffee.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 145"
44408,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,101,Baby Food,Seeds used to make a meal gruel for babies.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44407,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,101,Baby Food,Seeds boiled into a liquor and used in the preparation of food for infants.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44402,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,1,Food,,,Pit baked and eaten immediately.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44401,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Ears pit-baked, husked, strung, sun dried and used as a sweetener in the winter.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44400,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground into meal.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44399,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Made into hominy and other dishes, plant constituted the main food supply.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44398,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Grains soaked in water with juniper ash, boiled and washed to make hominy.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44397,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Pit baked, husked, strung and sun dried.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44396,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into meal and used to make wafer bread.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44395,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds pit baked and stored for winter use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44394,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Seeds eaten fresh, baked on the cob, roasted or boiled.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44393,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
44392,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,56,Soup,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
44391,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make mush.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
44390,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,103,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make wafer bread.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 103"
44389,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44388,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, mixed with salt water into thin gruel & cooked in thin layer into piki.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44387,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44386,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, kneaded into a thick paste, rolled into little balls, boiled and eaten as marbles.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44385,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, added to boiling water, kneaded, rolled in corn husks, boiled and eaten as tamales.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44383,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,,,Ears roasted and used for food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44382,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,,,Dried corn boiled in alkaline liquid and hulls eaten with milk and sugar or fried with potatoes.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44381,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as the staple vegetable food to provide nourishment for the soul and the body.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44380,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,56,Soup,Dried corn boiled in alkaline liquid and hulls combined with fresh or dried meat for stew.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44379,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ears sun dried, grains pounded into hominy grits and used for food.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44378,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ears boiled, cooled, the grains dried and used for food.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44377,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dry, unparched corn made into flour and used to make bread.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44376,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44375,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44374,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44373,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44372,4244,Zea mays L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,9-Aug,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Seeds parched and mixed with water or boiled with or without meat.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 9-Aug"
44370,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Fresh ears roasted in the husks and used for food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44369,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,56,Soup,Kernels pounded into a meal and used to make 'parched corn soup.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44368,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,44,Porridge,Used to make a 'hominy.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44366,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Corn used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44361,4244,Zea mays L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,153,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ground into a meal, boiled and eaten.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 153"
44360,4244,Zea mays L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,1,Food,56,Soup,Seeds used to make soup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
44296,4240,Zamia pumila L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,489,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 489"
44294,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, peeled and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44293,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,,,"Apical meristems pit roasted and eaten. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44292,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Apical meristems pit roasted, mashed, dried and stored for future use. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44289,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,11,1,Food,,,Stalks used for food in late winter and early spring.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 11"
44288,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Stalks used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
44287,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44286,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Stalks pit roasted and used to make a syrup.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44283,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Roasted stalks used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44282,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Plant head roasted in an earth oven and formerly used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44281,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Blossoms cooked in water and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44280,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,1,Food,,,"Young stalk peeled, roasted and eaten in the spring.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44279,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,1,Food,,,"Blossoms picked before opening in the spring, boiled twice and eaten.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44276,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Sliced stalks parboiled and cooked like squash.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44275,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,,,Less mature flowers parboiled and very mature flowers boiled three times with salt and eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44274,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Flowers and stalks sun dried and preserved.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44273,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roasted stalks dried, ground and mixed with water to make cakes.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44272,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten occasionally.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44271,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44270,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44268,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44267,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44266,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44264,4236,Yucca sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,,,"Flower stalk picked before blooming, roasted in fire and used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
44263,4236,Yucca sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Boiled fruit used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
44262,4236,Yucca sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits dried and used as a staple food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
44245,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,1,Food,5,Forage,Buds eaten by sheep.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44229,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44228,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits cooked and eaten with white flour.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44226,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44225,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits cooked and eaten with white flour.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44224,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits cooked, skins peeled off and pulp used for food.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
44223,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
44222,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44221,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 22"
44220,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,18,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried fruit used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44219,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit cooked and made into a drink.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44217,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,147,Mohave,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit peeled and eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44214,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,196,1,Food,,,Pods roasted on coals and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 196"
44213,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Blossoms cooked in water and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44212,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits cooked and ground into a meal.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44211,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44210,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits baked, prepared and dried for winter use.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44206,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,,,Fruit pods eaten raw or roasted.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44201,4232,Yucca harrimaniae Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
44196,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,,,Seed pods boiled and used for food.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44189,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44181,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,,,Tender stalks boiled or baked.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44180,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten with the pods.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44179,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
44178,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Crowns roasted and used in times of food shortage.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44177,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Pods boiled in water and made into pickles.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44173,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44172,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44171,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44150,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,,,Flower buds roasted in ashes and leaves boiled with salt and used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44149,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit roasted in ashes and eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44139,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit sliced and dried for winter use.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44138,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or baked in ashes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44132,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,51,1,Food,,,Flowers and buds eaten fresh or cooked.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
44126,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44125,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44119,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cooked, dried fruit stored for winter use.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44118,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,,,Tender heart shoots eaten for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44117,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roasted hearts used for food in times of famine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44116,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Soaked, cooked fruit make into a syrup and used as hot chocolate.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44115,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Dried, fruit cakes made into a syrup.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44114,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44113,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Boiled, dried fruit made into cakes.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44112,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Dried, fruit cakes used to make a beverage.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44106,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,102,Jemez,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44103,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried fruit stored for winter use.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44102,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44101,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44100,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44084,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44070,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,,,Pods roasted and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44069,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pods dried for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44066,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44065,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44063,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44062,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
44061,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44060,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44048,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,19,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stems baked, dried, softened in water and eaten.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44043,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,58,bc41,64,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
44034,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,,,Stalk charred and eaten like sugar cane.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44033,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,193,1,Food,,,Blossoms used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 193"
44032,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,,,"Blossoms boiled with seeds, fat or bones.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44031,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Boiled blossoms dried and stored in a dry place.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44027,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,,,"Young stalks cooked, peeled and eaten hot.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44026,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,75,Staple,"Trunks pit cooked, pounded and made into flour.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44025,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,56,Soup,Flowers used as fresh vegetables in soups.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44024,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Trunks pit cooked, dried and stored for future food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44023,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Flowers boiled, dried and stored for future food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44022,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44021,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stems baked overnight, dried, broken into pieces, softened and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44019,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44018,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,10,Apache,58,bc41,64,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
44017,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,16,1,Food,,,Immature pods used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 16"
44015,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44009,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit pit roasted and eaten. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44008,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit pit roasted, mashed, dried and stored for future use. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44006,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,,,Blossoms used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
43990,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,72,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Fruit made into conserves and used as a sweetener before the introduction of coffee and sugar.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72"
43989,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Flesh cooked, made into pats, sun dried and mixed with water to form a syrup.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43988,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,72,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit made into conserves and used for food.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72"
43987,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Flesh cooked, made into pats, sun dried and eaten as a conserve.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43986,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits pared and eaten raw or boiled and skinned.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43985,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten fresh or boiled, cooled and the skin peeled off with a knife.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72"
43973,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,16,1,Food,,,"Flower stalks gathered before blossoming, roasted in fire and prepared for use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43972,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked in coals and used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43971,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sun dried fruit boiled and used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43970,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Sun dried fruit boiled and used as a beverage.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43969,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,16,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruit soaked in water until pulp dissolved and liquid drunk.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43967,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,17,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit dried, folded and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17"
43966,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,17,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits mixed with water and liquid drunk.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17"
43963,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits formerly eaten.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 50"
43956,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,,,Green pods gathered and allowed to mature in sun or dwellings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
43955,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,,,Greatly sought after and utilized as food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43954,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,12,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Fruit pared, pulp chewed, cooked, dried and conserve dissolved in water to sweeten beverages.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 12"
43953,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds dried, stored in baskets and ground into meal when needed.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
43952,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,12,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruit pared, pulp chewed, cooked, dried and eaten as a conserve.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 12"
43951,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
43950,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43949,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Rind dried and eaten without cooking.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43948,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Pulp cooked to a paste, dried and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43947,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pulp cooked to a paste and dried for winter use.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43946,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Partially ripened fruits gathered, cooked, the pulp dried and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43945,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits dried between beds of grass, split into halves, dried further in the sun and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
43944,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,12,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Preserved fruit soaked in water, cooked to a thick syrup and eaten as a sauce-like dessert.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 12"
43943,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp patted into cakes and dried thoroughly.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
43942,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp mixed with chokecherries and made into cake.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43941,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruit pulp boiled in water and drunk.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43939,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,234,Sia,159,w62,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 107"
43938,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43937,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe fruits eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43936,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,54,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Partly matured fruits cooked to form a semi-liquid substance, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43935,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43934,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43933,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw and pit roasted.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
43932,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant dried and used as sweets.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
43928,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,16,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Dried fruit made into cakes, ground and cooked with cornmeal to make gruel.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43927,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits boiled, dried, ground, boiled with flour and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
43926,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,16,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Dried fruit made into cakes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43925,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,16,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Dried fruit made into cakes, cooked in water and liquid drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43917,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
43916,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,,,"Pulp ground, cooked and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43915,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits used as an important staple crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43914,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,44,Porridge,Fresh fruits made into a gruel and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43913,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43912,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Seeds dried and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43903,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make preserves.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43902,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit molded into foot long rolls.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43888,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit cut in half, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43887,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes, roasted again and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43886,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,47,Special Food,Dried fruit eaten by warriors at war.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43885,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruit pulp made into cakes and mixed with water to make a syrup eaten with meat or bread.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43884,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruit cakes mixed with water to make a syrup and eaten with meat and bread.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43883,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43882,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ripe fruits dried, ground, kneaded into small cakes and boiled with cornmeal into a mush.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43881,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,44,Porridge,Dried fruit cakes boiled with cornmeal into a gruel.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43880,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into cakes, roasted again, mixed with cornmeal & made into gruel.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43879,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten ripe or cooked.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43878,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when picked or cooked.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43877,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43876,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or baked in hot coals.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43875,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit rolls soaked in hot water and eaten with corn mush.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
43874,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe fruit, with seeds removed, boiled down like jam, made into rolls and dried for winter use.","Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
43873,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43872,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43871,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit dried and carried, when at war, with grass seeds and jerked venison.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43870,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,41,Dessert,Fruit boiled in water with or without sugar and eaten as a dessert.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
43869,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ripe fruits dried, ground, kneaded into small cakes and slightly roasted.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43868,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pulp made into cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43867,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes and roasted again.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43864,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43863,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruits dissolved in water and used as a dip.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43862,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,1,Preserves,Dried fruits eaten as a paste.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43861,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43860,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43859,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43858,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a drink.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43857,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,564,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 564"
43852,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cooked, dried fruit stored for winter use.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43851,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Soaked, cooked fruit made into a syrup and used as hot chocolate.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43850,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43848,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,102,Jemez,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43845,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried fruit used for winter storage.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43844,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43843,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43842,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43837,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruit cooked and ground into a meal.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43836,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43835,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit baked, prepared and dried for winter use.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43834,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit used to make a fermented beverage.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43828,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,184,n43,18,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruits sun dried, boiled into jam and eaten with corn dumplings or boiled bread.","Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 18"
43827,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Large fruits oven baked.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43826,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,61,rhf16,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 51"
43825,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
43824,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,1,Food,52,Fruit,Baked fruits used for food.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43816,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,58,bc41,17,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sheet of fruit flesh dried and the bits eaten dry when needed.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17"
43815,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits split, sun dried and prepared for storage in the shape of a mat.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43814,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,27,Beverage,Plant used to make a drink.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
43812,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43810,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,,,Pods roasted and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43809,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pods dried for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43805,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruit pounded together to make gravy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43804,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,181,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit roasted, dried, wrapped and stored indefinitely.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 181"
43801,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruits made into a syrup and placed on fruits before drying.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43800,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe fruits cooked, split, cleaned of seeds, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43799,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits used to make a drink.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43796,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers eaten if obtained before the summer rain; otherwise they taste bitter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43795,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43794,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves cooked in soups.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43793,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43792,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43787,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers eaten as a vegetable only if obtained before the summer rains.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
43786,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food only if obtained at the proper time.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
43785,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,56,Soup,Young leaves cooked in soups or with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
43784,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43783,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43782,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43779,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43778,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruits dissolved in water and used as a dip.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43777,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,1,Preserves,Dried fruits eaten as a paste.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43776,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43775,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43774,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43773,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a drink.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43771,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43764,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,184,n43,18,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits pit baked with lambsquarter leaves and eaten with corn dumplings in salted water.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 18"
43763,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,64,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit sometimes used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
43740,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,488,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 488"
43699,4215,Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & Bouch‚,228,Seminole,88,s54,465,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 465"
43679,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal, made into pats and steamed.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43678,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground with corn meal, made into cakes or balls, steamed and used for food.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 71"
43651,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten in pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
43650,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
43639,4208,Xanthium sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,75,Staple,"Parched, ground seeds made into a meal and eaten dry or moistened and whole seeds stored.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43637,4207,Wyethia sp.,200,Pomo,109,m66,284,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 284"
43632,4205,Wyethia ovata Torr. & Gray ex Torr.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,242,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 242"
43628,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
43627,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,,,"Seeds roasted, ground, sometimes mixed with other seeds and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
43626,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,47,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds parched, winnowed, ground and used to make mush.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47"
43625,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,,,Stems and seeds eaten raw.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
43624,4204,Wyethia mollis Gray,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
43612,4203,Wyethia longicaulis Gray,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
43611,4203,Wyethia longicaulis Gray,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,396,1,Food,,,Leaves and young stems used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 396"
43610,4203,Wyethia longicaulis Gray,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,396,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used with parched wheat for pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 396"
43602,4202,Wyethia helianthoides Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,26,1,Food,,,"Plant heated, fermented and eaten.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43600,4200,Wyethia glabra Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,74,1,Food,,,Seeds used in pinole or eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 74"
43599,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,86,Spice,Seeds used to flavor pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
43597,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,111,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds dried for winter use.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 111"
43596,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,111,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground to mix with pinole.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 111"
43595,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,200,Pomo,96,b52,87,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinoles.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87"
43592,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,,,Raw stems used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
43591,4199,Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds eaten in pinole.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
43582,4198,Wyethia amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,26,1,Food,,,"Root heated, fermented and eaten.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43581,4198,Wyethia amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,384,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384"
43565,4192,Wislizenia refracta ssp. refracta,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,1,Food,,,Young plants boiled for food.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
43562,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Fruit eaten primarily by children as a snack food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
43561,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,101,Baby Food,Fruits eaten raw primarily by children.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
43559,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice squeezed out of fruits, added to water and used as a beverage.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
43552,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43551,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,1,Food,44,Porridge,Fruit and seed ground into a flour and used to make mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43550,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43549,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit sun dried for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43548,4190,Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) H. Wendl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,145,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit soaked in water to make a beverage.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 145"
43534,4187,Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,16,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted and used for food.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 16"
43533,4186,Vulpia octoflora var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,369,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 369"
43528,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43527,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43526,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,238,Sioux,73,b05,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43525,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,238,Sioux,73,b05,26,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit eaten dried.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43524,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43523,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43522,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43521,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43520,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh sap used as grape juice.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43519,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43518,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
43517,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43516,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
43515,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,411,1,Food,1,Preserves,Frosted grapes made into jelly for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 411"
43512,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,265,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Grapes, touched by frost, prized as a dessert fruit.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 265"
43508,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,72,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries eaten preserved or jellied.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72"
43507,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72"
43506,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,72,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72"
43503,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70"
43502,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,44,1,Food,47,Special Food,Vine pieces sucked or chewed for thirst during the Sun Dance.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
43501,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 61"
43500,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit considered an important food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43499,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,,,Fresh shoots eaten without peeling.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
43498,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43497,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43496,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43495,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43484,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43483,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43482,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,60,Crow,73,b05,26,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43481,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,60,Crow,73,b05,26,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit eaten dried.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43480,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
43477,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh and never dried.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
43476,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43465,4183,Vitis vinifera L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,296,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 296"
43462,4182,Vitis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw from the vine.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 23"
43461,4182,Vitis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,23,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit sun dried and stored for later use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 23"
43460,4182,Vitis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,23,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit used to make juice.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 23"
43459,4182,Vitis sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruits used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
43458,4182,Vitis sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried fruits stored for later use.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
43450,4179,Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana (Simpson ex Munson) M.O. Moore,228,Seminole,88,s54,479,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 479"
43445,4178,Vitis rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43444,4178,Vitis rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43443,4178,Vitis rotundifolia Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Fruit mixed with sour grape, pokeberry juice, sugar and cornmeal used as a juice.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43442,4177,Vitis riparia Michx.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
43441,4177,Vitis riparia Michx.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
43436,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43435,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43434,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43433,4176,Vitis labrusca L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Fruit mixed with sour grape, pokeberry juice, sugar and cornmeal used as a juice.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43421,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,128,Luiseno,24,s08,231,1,Food,52,Fruit,Cooked fruit used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 231"
43420,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,43,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 43"
43419,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,43,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried into raisins and cooked.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 43"
43417,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,144,1,Food,44,Porridge,Fruit used to make mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 144"
43416,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,144,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh and cooked in stews.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 144"
43415,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,144,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried into raisins.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 144"
43414,4175,Vitis girdiana Munson,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,144,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit used to make wine.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 144"
43413,4174,Vitis cinerea var. baileyana (Munson) Comeaux,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43412,4174,Vitis cinerea var. baileyana (Munson) Comeaux,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43411,4174,Vitis cinerea var. baileyana (Munson) Comeaux,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Fruit mixed with sour grape, pokeberry juice, sugar and cornmeal used as a juice.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43410,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43409,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,280,Winnebago,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43408,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43407,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,205,Ponca,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43406,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43405,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43404,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,190,Pawnee,17,g19,102,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh sap used as grape juice.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43403,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43402,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,177,Omaha,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43401,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,42,1,Food,1,Preserves,Grapes gathered in large quantities and made into jams and jellies.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42"
43400,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Grapes gathered in large quantities and eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42"
43399,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,42,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Grapes gathered in large quantities and dried for later use.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42"
43398,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43397,4173,Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millard,61,Dakota,17,g19,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102"
43396,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,289,Yurok,70,b81,62,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 62"
43395,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
43394,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
43393,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 51"
43389,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
43382,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,369,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruits used to make jelly.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 369"
43379,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43375,4172,Vitis californica Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
43372,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,102,Jemez,28,c30,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Grapes used for food.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
43371,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,101,Isleta,76,j31,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit considered an important part of the diet.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44"
43369,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,231,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231"
43368,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries eaten raw.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
43367,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries pounded, dried and stored in sacks.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
43366,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice boiled to make wine.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
43365,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 50"
43364,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
43363,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried and eaten like raisins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
43362,4170,Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
43350,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43349,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
43348,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit used to make juice and dumplings.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43347,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Fruit mixed with sour grape, pokeberry juice, sugar and cornmeal used as a juice.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43335,4168,Vitex trifolia L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,72,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten with dried coconut.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 72"
43314,4166,Viola sp.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,253,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves cooked with other potherbs and eaten.,"Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 253"
43313,4166,Viola sp.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves and stems mixed with other greens, parboiled, rinsed and fried with grease & salt until soft.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43291,4161,Viola pubescens var. pubescens,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves and stems mixed with other greens, parboiled, rinsed and fried with grease & salt until soft.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43278,4159,Viola pedunculata Torr. & Gray,128,Luiseno,24,s08,230,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used as greens.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 230"
43277,4159,Viola pedunculata Torr. & Gray,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,43,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young leaves, picked before the flowers appear in the spring, boiled once and eaten as greens.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 43"
43261,4153,Viola blanda Willd.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,60,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves and stems mixed with other greens, parboiled, rinsed and fried with grease & salt until soft.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 60"
43241,4148,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.,193,Pima,160,cb42,120,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 120"
43240,4148,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.,188,Papago,160,cb42,120,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 120"
43239,4148,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,129,1,Food,,,Unripe seeds cooked in salted water and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 129"
43238,4148,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,129,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe pods trampled, winnowed and dried thoroughly.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 129"
43237,4148,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.,103,Kamia,180,g31,21,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 21"
43236,4148,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.,46,"Cocopa, Maricopa, Mohave & Yuma",125,cb51,129,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ripe seeds parched, ground into flour and boiled with corn to make mush.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 129"
43235,4148,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,264,1,Food,,,"Whole pods boiled, strings removed and used for food; very hungry people ate strings.","Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 264"
43228,4145,Vicia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as common forage plants.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
43227,4145,Vicia sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,33,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Threshed, dried on the ground or roofs, stored and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 33"
43217,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,1,Food,52,Fruit,Pea-like fruits roasted and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
43214,4142,Vicia melilotoides,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Ripe pods cooked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
43213,4142,Vicia melilotoides,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe pods dried, stored and soaked and boiled when needed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
43212,4141,Vicia faba L.,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Cultivated beans used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
43198,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,515,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant used as fodder for horses and cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515"
43192,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,26,1,Food,,,Cooked and eaten for greens.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
43190,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,362,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Stems baked or boiled and eaten as greens.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 362"
43189,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,362,1,Food,50,Fodder,Used for fodder.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 362"
43188,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,124,Laguna,19,c35,32,1,Food,,,Whole pods used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
43187,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,124,Laguna,19,c35,32,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
43186,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Black peas used for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43183,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,2,Acoma,19,c35,32,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
43178,4136,Viburnum prunifolium L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked into a jam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
43177,4136,Viburnum prunifolium L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
43168,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits occasionally used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
43167,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits occasionally used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
43163,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,138,Menominee,51,s23,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63"
43162,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43161,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43160,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43159,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43142,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,141,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fresh and dried fruits used as an acid sauce.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 141"
43140,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into preserves.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
43139,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
43137,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jelly.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
43136,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
43131,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
43127,4134,Viburnum opulus L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used as a favorite autumn food.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
43117,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
43116,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,1,Abnaki,84,r47,173,1,Food,,,Grains used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 173"
43115,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
43114,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43113,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43112,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43111,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43110,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,398,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used in jam with wild grapes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
43109,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,398,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh from the bush.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
43106,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63"
43104,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43103,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43102,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43101,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
43096,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,115,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten from the hand, but not gathered in quantity.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115"
43087,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,,,"Small, acidic drupes eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
43086,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,201,1,Food,56,Soup,Fruit cooked in soups.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 201"
43085,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,201,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruit made into a sauce with the seeds strained and cornstarch added.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 201"
43084,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,201,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit made into jelly.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 201"
43083,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,201,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 201"
43082,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,201,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit eaten dried.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 201"
43081,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43080,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam and jelly.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43079,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make pies.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43078,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
43077,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with fat and used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 37"
43076,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43075,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43074,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43073,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
43068,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
43067,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
43066,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,91,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 91"
43065,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
43064,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Green berries steamed, covered with water and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
43063,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Fresh, ripe berries eaten at feasts only.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
43062,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Berries steamed, covered with oil, preserved and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
43061,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
43059,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,329,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 329"
43058,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries gathered to eat with oil 'on the spot.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
43057,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,232,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored with oolichan grease in barrels for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 232"
43056,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,232,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 232"
43051,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries used to make catsup, syrup, juice, jam or jelly.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43050,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam or jelly.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43049,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Berries, oil and water used to make ice cream.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43048,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43047,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen and stored for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43046,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries mixed with other berries and used to make traditional dessert.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43045,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make juice.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
43044,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
43042,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,65,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Fruit left to freeze on the bush and eaten as a nibble.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
43041,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,65,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Fruit eaten raw as a nibble.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
43040,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,65,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jam or jelly.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
43039,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,65,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Fruit collected in the fall and frozen or left to freeze on the bush and eaten as a nibble.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
43030,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,27,Carrier,134,c73,77,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jelly.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 77"
43028,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries mixed with grease and other berries and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
43025,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,111,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jelly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 111"
42942,4120,Vernonia missurica Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,62,1,Food,85,Candy,"Pressed blossoms made into small wads for a short, sweet chew.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62"
42900,4116,Verbesina encelioides ssp. exauriculata (Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman,157,Navajo,74,e44,90,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 90"
42891,4113,Verbena stricta Vent.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,329,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves used to make a hot, aqueous, tea like beverage.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329"
42881,4108,Verbena hastata L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,111,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves steeped to make a tea like beverage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 111"
42868,4108,Verbena hastata L.,49,Concow,89,c02,383,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 383"
42651,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,105,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves used to make soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 105"
42577,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,158,1,Food,,,"Roasted in hot ashes, peeled and eaten.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 158"
42572,4098,Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,59,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used as a potherb.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 59"
42571,4098,Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves cooked and eaten as greens.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
42559,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
42534,4094,Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,32,tbk80,142,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 142"
42533,4094,Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,183,Paiute,153,k32,103,1,Food,,,Roots cooked overnight and eaten.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103"
42532,4094,Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,183,Paiute,111,m90,16,1,Food,,,Boiled root used for food.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 16"
42531,4094,Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,142,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots stored in underground pits for about a year.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 142"
42530,4094,Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,26,1,Food,,,Large quantities of roots cooked in a kiln until black and very sticky.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
42523,4094,Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray,115,Klamath,66,c97,104,1,Food,,,"Steamed, cooked roots used for food.","Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 104"
42517,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,290,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 290"
42478,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42477,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42476,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,92,Hesquiat,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42475,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,84,Haida,14,c93,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42473,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,183,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183"
42472,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
42471,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten occasionally, but not considered an important food source.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
42469,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries stewed and served with fish or meat.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42468,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries eaten raw as a nibble.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42467,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eaten.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42466,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries stored during the winter by freezing outside.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42464,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jams and jellies.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
42463,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved in caches.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
42462,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42461,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam and jelly.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42460,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make pies.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42459,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
42458,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36"
42457,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42456,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42455,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42454,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42450,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
42449,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled, cooled, blackberries or blueberries added and stored for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42448,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Whole or mashed berries used cooked or raw, whipped with fat and made into a sauce.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42447,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a topping for hotcakes or bread.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42446,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour and eaten with meats.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42445,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with dried fruit & eaten with meat or used as topping for ice cream, yogurt or cake.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42444,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a pudding.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42443,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries cooked with fish eggs, fish (whitefish, sheefish or pike), blubber and eaten.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42442,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,41,Dessert,Raw berries mashed with canned milk and seal oil into a dessert.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42441,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries whipped with frozen fish eggs and eaten as a frozen dessert.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42440,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,22,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jams and jellies.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 22"
42439,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,22,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen and stored until the next spring.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 22"
42438,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,22,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice diluted and sweetened to make a refreshing beverage.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 22"
42437,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,27,Carrier,134,c73,76,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 76"
42436,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for future use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
42435,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked as a sauce.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
42434,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries mixed with rose hip pulp and sugar to make jam.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
42433,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries mixed with grease and preserved in caches.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
42432,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries gathered and preserved in quantity.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
42431,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",172,g74,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28"
42430,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36"
42429,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42428,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42427,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,99,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 99"
42425,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
42424,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,54,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 54"
42423,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42422,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42421,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,249,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 249"
42420,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled with water, mixed with blackberries and stored in a poke or barrel for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42419,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berry pudding used as a topping for hotcakes, bread or desserts.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42418,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Stored berries used to make traditional desserts and pies.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42417,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries and water boiled, flour paste, sugar or honey added and eaten hot or cold as a pudding.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42416,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Fresh or frozen berries used to make ice cream or yogurt.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42415,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with sourdock and fermented.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42414,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with raw, fresh fish eggs and eaten with seal oil and sugar.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42413,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries mixed with potatoes, cabbage or lettuce and pickled.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42412,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with blubber and blackberries and eaten with or without sugar.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42411,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42410,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42409,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,41,Dessert,Fresh or frozen berries mixed with sugar and seal oil and eaten as a dessert.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42408,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Berry juice made into a vinegar and used to pickle meats and greens.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
42407,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
42406,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
42405,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
42404,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
42403,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42402,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42401,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42400,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42399,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42398,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42396,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries collected in large quantities and cured.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
42395,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,52,Fruit,Bluish-black berries eaten in large quantities.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
42394,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42393,4087,Vaccinium sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
42392,4087,Vaccinium sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten sun dried.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
42391,4087,Vaccinium sp.,133,Makah,3,g83,310,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 310"
42390,4087,Vaccinium sp.,133,Makah,3,g83,310,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried into cakes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 310"
42388,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,56,Soup,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used in soups.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42387,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used as a sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42386,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and used as a winter sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42385,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and mixed with bread meal or hominy in winter.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42384,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used in pudding.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42383,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used in breads.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42379,4087,Vaccinium sp.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits of several different species eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
42378,4087,Vaccinium sp.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits of several different species dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
42377,4087,Vaccinium sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,73,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 73"
42375,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42373,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42372,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used in jams.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42371,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used in pies.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42370,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried loose like raisins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42369,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
42368,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,115,Klamath,66,c97,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103"
42367,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,115,Klamath,66,c97,103,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103"
42362,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42360,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42359,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,61,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
42356,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,221,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 221"
42355,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Bright red, acidic berries eaten in large quantities.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42354,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,221,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used in pancakes and muffins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 221"
42353,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42352,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42351,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42350,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
42348,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,241,Skagit,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42346,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42345,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42344,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42343,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42342,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42341,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42340,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42339,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42338,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,61,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 61"
42337,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used extensively for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
42335,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 103"
42334,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,103,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 103"
42333,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,101,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101"
42332,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruits eaten at impromptu village feasts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
42331,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,109,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
42330,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,109,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
42329,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,109,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries mashed, poured into frames, dried into cakes, soaked, boiled and eaten with oil or syrup.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
42328,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,308,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for winter use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 308"
42327,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,308,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 308"
42326,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,133,Makah,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42325,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,308,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Fruit frozen for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 308"
42324,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,129,Lummi,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42322,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berries boiled, mixed with red salmon spawn and oil and eaten at feasts in winter ceremonies.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
42321,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,114,Klallam,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42320,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,337,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 337"
42319,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
42317,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42316,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42315,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42314,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used for jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42313,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42312,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries made excellent wine.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42311,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,248,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Fruit eaten, sometimes at feasts.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 248"
42310,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,248,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten, sometimes at feasts.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 248"
42309,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
42308,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42307,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42306,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42305,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,105,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make a very superior jelly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 105"
42304,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,221,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food. This fruit was not dried because it remained fresh for a long time and could be picked any time until winter.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 221"
42303,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birchbark basket in an underground cache.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42302,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam and jelly.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42301,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make pies.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42300,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42299,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw, plain or mixed raw with sugar, grease or the combination of the two.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42298,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42297,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42296,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42295,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42294,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and brown and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
42293,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries sweetened with maple sugar and always used as an article of food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99"
42292,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 100"
42290,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,401,1,Food,52,Fruit,This was an important wild food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 401"
42289,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42287,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,109,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly eaten in fall.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109"
42285,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,65,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries sweetened with maple sugar and eaten.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65"
42284,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,3,g83,307,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 307"
42283,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,3,g83,307,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jam and jellies.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 307"
42282,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,3,g83,307,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Fruit used to make pies.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 307"
42281,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,3,g83,307,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 307"
42280,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,133,Makah,25,g73,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and brown and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
42279,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and brown and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45"
42278,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,336,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 336"
42277,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42276,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42275,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42274,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
42273,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries stored with water in jars.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42272,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42271,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Raw berries, without sugar, eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42270,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by geese.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42269,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,247,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries boiled and stored in barrels of oolichan grease for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 247"
42268,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled, cooled, blackberries or blueberries added and stored for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42267,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Whole or mashed berries used cooked or raw, whipped with fat and made into a sauce.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42266,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a topping for hotcakes or bread.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42265,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour and eaten with meats.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42264,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with dried fruit & eaten with meat or used as topping for ice cream, yogurt or cake.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42263,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a pudding.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42262,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries cooked with fish eggs, fish (whitefish, sheefish or pike), blubber and eaten.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42261,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,41,Dessert,Raw berries mashed with canned milk and seal oil into a dessert.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42260,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries whipped with frozen fish eggs and eaten as a frozen dessert.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42259,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten occasionally, but not considered an important food source.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
42258,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored outside during winter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42257,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored outside during winter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42256,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries picked in the fall and stored outside in birch bark containers for winter use.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42255,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42254,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42253,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stewed and eaten with smoked fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42252,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries stewed and eaten with smoked fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47"
42251,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
42250,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits stored for winter use.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
42249,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 134"
42248,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 105"
42247,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 103"
42246,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked and used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 103"
42245,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
42244,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,60,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
42243,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,220,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 220"
42242,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,216,Salish,23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42241,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42240,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42239,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42238,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42237,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,60,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries used for dumplings, pies, puddings and toppings.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 60"
42236,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 60"
42235,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,60,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 60"
42233,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,200,Pomo,89,c02,377,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries made into pies and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 377"
42232,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw or stone boiled berries used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"
42231,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,200,Pomo,89,c02,377,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 377"
42230,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,200,Pomo,80,g67,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Dried berries stored in large coiled baskets, boiled and eaten.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"
42229,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used extensively for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
42228,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,108,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used in pies.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
42227,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
42226,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,306,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 306"
42225,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,306,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit dried into cakes and stored for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 306"
42222,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored in baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
42221,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,60,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
42220,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42219,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42218,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42217,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries stored with water in jars.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42216,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked and made into jam or jelly.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42215,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42214,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
42211,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sweet berries eaten as a favorite food.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42210,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42209,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries soaked, mashed and dried for winter use. The berries were soaked, mashed and then placed on drying racks with a small fire lit beneath them to keep away the flies.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42208,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,220,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries scattered thinly on a mat and dried over a fire or mashed up and dried into a thin cake.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 220"
42207,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,255,"Tanana, Upper",185,mckenn59,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36"
42206,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
42205,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42204,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42203,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42202,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42201,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42200,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42199,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42198,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42197,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42196,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries canned or refrigerated for future use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42195,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42194,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42193,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,99,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 99"
42192,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,97,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 97"
42191,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 97"
42189,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruits eaten at impromptu village feasts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
42188,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruits eaten at impromptu village feasts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
42187,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
42186,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
42185,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,107,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits mashed, poured into rectangular frames to dry, soaked, boiled and eaten in winter.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
42184,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,108,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits formerly mashed, poured into rectangular frames to dry, soaked, boiled and eaten in winter.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
42183,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,305,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for winter use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 305"
42182,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,304,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit canned for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 304"
42181,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,305,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 305"
42180,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,304,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 304"
42179,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42178,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42177,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,304,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit formed into cakes, dried and stored for future use.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 304"
42176,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,3,g83,305,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit dried into cakes and stored for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 305"
42174,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
42173,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,283,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 283"
42172,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,114,Klallam,25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42171,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,114,Klallam,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42170,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42169,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,334,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 334"
42168,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42167,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,334,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 334"
42166,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42165,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42164,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42163,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries preserved or made into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42162,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42161,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten with oil of whale, dogfish, hair seal or sea lion.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
42159,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,243,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 243"
42158,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,243,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 243"
42157,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,245,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 245"
42156,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
42155,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
42154,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42153,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42152,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42151,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42150,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42149,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42148,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42147,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42146,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42145,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42144,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42143,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42142,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42141,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42140,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42139,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42138,4081,Vaccinium myrtillus var. oreophilum (Rydb.) Dorn,259,Thompson,33,steed28,486,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Small, black berries eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486"
42137,4080,Vaccinium myrtillus L.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
42136,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,218,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries made into pies.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218"
42135,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42134,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42133,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42132,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries and low sweet blueberry were important items of food and used fresh or canned.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99"
42131,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,99,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries and low sweet blueberry were important items of food and used dried.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99"
42128,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42127,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42126,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries sun dried for winter use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42125,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,96,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten fresh.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 96"
42124,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,96,1,Food,1,Preserves,Flowers used to make preserves.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 96"
42123,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42122,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42121,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42120,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries ordered and used to make preserves.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42119,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries ordered and used to make pies.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42118,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,63,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jam and eaten with fish and bannock.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63"
42117,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sun dried berries boiled or pounded into pemmican and eaten.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63"
42116,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63"
42101,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,133,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 133"
42099,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit gathered to eat and sell. Blueberries were probably the most highly regarded wild plant food in the study area.  They were locally abundant and individuals and families from bands not in the vicinity of good blueberry fields travelled considerable distances in order to pick berries for themselves and to sell.  During the course of field studies members of the River Desert band travelled northwest of their area ninety miles and more.  Members of the Weymontaching Cree band were met near Clova in the Obedjiwan band area.  They had travelled to this location by train in order to pick blueberries and meet with relatives.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 103"
42098,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,171,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 171"
42097,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
42096,4078,Vaccinium myrsinites Lam.,228,Seminole,88,s54,494,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 494"
42084,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,218,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218"
42083,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sweet berries eaten as a favorite food.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
42082,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,218,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218"
42081,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,218,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218"
42080,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,218,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried or canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218"
42079,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
42078,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
42077,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries pulped, dried and stored for winter use.","Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
42076,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
42075,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries canned or refrigerated for future use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42074,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42073,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42072,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,99,1,Food,47,Special Food,Berries picked for feasts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 99"
42071,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
42070,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,103,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
42069,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
42068,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,103,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, boiled and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
42067,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit dried for winter.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
42066,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used for making jelly.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
42065,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,63,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jams and jellies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 63"