id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
602,32,Acer rubrum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,170,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170"
603,32,Acer rubrum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Used as a sweetener.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
1172,55,Acorus calamus L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
3134,214,Amelanchier sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
3135,214,Amelanchier sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,168,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 168"
7784,685,Caltha palustris L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,166,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with lard and eaten.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 166"
7785,685,Caltha palustris L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Seeds used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
8010,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Used as a condiment.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
8011,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,1,Abnaki,84,r47,167,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 167"
10109,989,Cladonia rangiferina,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by caribou.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
10823,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,170,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170"
11424,1131,Crataegus sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,168,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten by children.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 168"
14957,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,1,Abnaki,84,r47,169,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 169"
15569,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,171,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 171"
15570,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make tea.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
25077,2700,Osmunda cinnamomea L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Used as a nibble.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
25078,2700,Osmunda cinnamomea L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,162,1,Food,,,White base of plant eaten raw.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 162"
26332,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,169,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 169"
26562,2900,Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) Robertson & Phipps,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
26563,2900,Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) Robertson & Phipps,1,Abnaki,84,r47,168,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 168"
30703,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,168,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 168"
34442,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,169,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 169"
34905,3469,Rubus sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,169,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruits used to make jelly.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 169"
38347,3729,Solanum tuberosum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,171,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tubers eaten.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 171"
38714,3790,Spiraea alba var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel,1,Abnaki,84,r47,168,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 168"
38715,3790,Spiraea alba var. latifolia (Ait.) Dippel,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make tea.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
41950,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
41951,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,171,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 171"
42097,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
42098,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,171,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 171"
43115,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
43116,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,1,Abnaki,84,r47,173,1,Food,,,Grains used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 173"
44360,4244,Zea mays L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,1,Food,56,Soup,Seeds used to make soup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
348,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,2,Acoma,19,c35,39,1,Food,,,"Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
1696,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,2,Acoma,19,c35,34,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used for flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34"
2169,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2705,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2706,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,22,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
2707,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2752,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,16,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2753,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2795,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2796,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
6196,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky latex allowed to harden and used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
6507,481,Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones,2,Acoma,19,c35,17,1,Food,,,Fleshy roots eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17"
6593,501,Atriplex argentea Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,18,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 18"
7052,570,Berlandiera lyrata Benth.,2,Acoma,19,c35,19,1,Food,86,Spice,Flowers mixed with sausage as seasoning.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19"
8638,809,Ceanothus fendleri Gray,2,Acoma,19,c35,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries sweetened with sugar and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 21"
8775,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,2,Acoma,19,c35,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries extensively used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 21"
8776,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,2,Acoma,19,c35,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries extensively used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 21"
10294,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,2,Acoma,19,c35,22,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds cooked well, dried and made into mush before use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
11820,1182,Cymopterus bulbosus A. Nels.,2,Acoma,19,c35,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Eaten like celery.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
11901,1204,Cyperus squarrosus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,25,1,Food,,,"Small, tuberous roots eaten as food.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 25"
11984,1217,Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners,2,Acoma,19,c35,33,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots dried and ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
18608,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits mixed with chopped meat, put into a clean deer stomach and roasted.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
18609,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,86,Spice,Fruits used to season meats.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
18610,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Fruits eaten when other foods became scarce.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
18845,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,2,Acoma,37,w39,63,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries cooked in a stew.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
19389,2086,Lactuca sativa L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,32,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender plants eaten as greens.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
19722,2114,Lathyrus polymorphus ssp. polymorphus var. polymorphus,2,Acoma,19,c35,32,1,Food,,,Whole pods used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
21424,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,2,Acoma,19,c35,33,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked into a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
23259,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,2,Acoma,19,c35,34,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for seasoning.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34"
23289,2507,Monarda pectinata Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,34,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for seasoning.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34"
24595,2651,Opuntia clavata Engelm.,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Joints roasted and eaten during famines.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24596,2651,Opuntia clavata Engelm.,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Stems and fruits roasted and eaten in times of food shortage.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24609,2653,Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe tunas eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24610,2653,Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Tunas split, dried, ground and the meal mixed with corn meal to make a mush for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24688,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Young joints split lengthwise, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
24689,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,2,Acoma,19,c35,35,1,Food,,,Joints roasted and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35"
25607,2766,Pectis angustifolia Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,38,1,Food,86,Spice,Used as seasoning to counteract the taste of tainted meat.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 38"
26505,2895,Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray,2,Acoma,19,c35,39,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten when other foods became scarce.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
28390,3001,Plantago major L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,42,1,Food,,,Young leaves used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 42"
29436,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,2,Acoma,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Cotton from the pistillate catkins used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
29761,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,43,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants cooked with meat and eaten like spinach.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
29933,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,43,1,Food,44,Porridge,Beans formerly ground into flour and prepared as mush.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
29934,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,43,1,Food,,,Beans eaten raw or cooked as string beans.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
30973,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,2,Acoma,19,c35,46,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 46"
30974,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,2,Acoma,19,c35,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 46"
32056,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32057,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32101,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32102,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32685,3309,Ranunculus inamoenus Greene,2,Acoma,19,c35,48,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33075,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,48,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Fruits eaten fresh as appetizers.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33076,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,48,1,Food,86,Spice,Fruits mixed with various foods as seasoning.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33421,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33422,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,49,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruits preserved and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
38334,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,52,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 52"
38520,3756,Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner,2,Acoma,19,c35,33,1,Food,47,Special Food,Sweet roots chewed as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
40498,3979,Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth,2,Acoma,19,c35,53,1,Food,,,Tender shoots eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 53"
41166,4049,Typha latifolia L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,53,1,Food,,,Roots and tender shoots salted and eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 53"
43183,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,2,Acoma,19,c35,32,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
43773,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a drink.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43774,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43775,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43776,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43777,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,1,Preserves,Dried fruits eaten as a paste.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43778,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruits dissolved in water and used as a dip.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43779,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44060,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44061,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
2223,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,113,1,Food,,,Bulbs used sparingly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 113"
3070,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used to make muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3071,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used in place of raisins or currants.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3072,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3073,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make puddings and pies.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3346,251,Anemone narcissiflora L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,151,1,Food,,,Upper root ends used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 151"
3517,265,Angelica lucida L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,11,1,Food,,,Young stems and tender stalks of young leaves peeled and the juicy inside eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 11"
3518,265,Angelica lucida L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,11,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves cooked as a green vegetable or boiled with fish.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 11"
3979,311,Arabis lyrata L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,13,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Rosettes of lobed leaves added to tossed salads or cooked and served as a green vegetable.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 13"
4328,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,77,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food. Berry was juicy but rather insipid in flavor.  Not usually available in large quantities.  Picked in poor berry years and mixed with blueberries.  Flavor was much improved with cooking.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 77"
4775,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,127,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Roots eaten raw, boiled or roasted like potatoes.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 127"
7013,557,Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,17,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Rosettes of dark green shiny leaves cooked as a green vegetable or eaten raw in a mixed salad.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 17"
7787,685,Caltha palustris L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,19,1,Food,,,Leaves and thick fleshy smooth slippery stems cooked and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 19"
7788,685,Caltha palustris L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,19,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 19"
8053,735,Carex aquatilis Wahlenb.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,129,1,Food,,,Stem bases eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 129"
9254,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,31,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,"Young, tender greens, properly prepared, used as a good source of vitamin C and pro-vitamin A.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 31"
9255,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,31,1,Food,,,Young stems peeled and eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 31"
9256,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,31,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young shoots mixed with other greens and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 31"
9335,884,Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,33,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender greens, properly prepared, used as a good source of vitamin C and pro-vitamin A.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 33"
9368,894,Chenopodium album L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,21,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,"Fresh leaves, properly cooked, furnished significant amounts of vitamins C and A.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 21"
9369,894,Chenopodium album L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,21,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,"Young, tender leaves and stems used as a substitute for spinach or other greens.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 21"
9370,894,Chenopodium album L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,21,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender leaves and stems cooked in a small amount of boiling water and eaten.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 21"
9476,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,23,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Leaves properly cooked and used as a good source of vitamins C and A.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 23"
9477,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,23,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender leaves used in raw salad mixture or cooked like garden spinach.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 23"
10120,997,Claytonia acutifolia Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,115,1,Food,,,Fresh roots eaten raw or cooked with seal oil.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 115"
10160,1007,Claytonia sibirica L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,25,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Leaves properly prepared and used as a good source of vitamin C and pro-vitamin A.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 25"
10161,1007,Claytonia sibirica L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,25,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves added raw to mixed salads or cooked as a green vegetable.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 25"
10182,1010,Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,117,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,"Green, fresh leaves eaten raw as a source of vitamin C and vitamin A.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117"
10183,1010,Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,117,1,Food,56,Soup,Corms cooked and added to stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117"
10184,1010,Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,117,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Basal leaves added to other greens and eaten raw or cooked.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117"
10185,1010,Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,117,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Corms roasted and used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117"
10424,1038,Cochlearia officinalis L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,27,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten raw in mixed salads or cooked as greens.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 27"
12696,1336,Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,29,1,Food,,,"Old leaf stalks on the underground stem roasted, peeled and the inner portion eaten.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 29"
12697,1336,Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,29,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, curled fronds boiled or steamed & eaten like asparagus with butter, margarine or cream sauce.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 29"
12961,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,144,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries fried in moose fat and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 144"
13061,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,79,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries mixed with other berries and used to make pie.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 79"
13062,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,79,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries mixed with other berries and used to make jelly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 79"
14190,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,131,1,Food,,,"'Mouse nuts' found in mice caches, cooked and eaten with seal oil.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 131"
14191,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,131,1,Food,,,Stem bases eaten raw with seal oil.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 131"
14831,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,81,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a rich source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 81"
14832,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,81,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 81"
14833,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,81,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into a jam.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 81"
15355,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,119,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Bulbs dried and used in fish and meat stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 119"
15356,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,119,1,Food,56,Soup,Bulbs dried and used in fish and meat stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 119"
15357,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,119,1,Food,75,Staple,Bulbs pounded into a flour.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 119"
15623,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berry-like fruits used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 83"
15792,1721,Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,144,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 144"
16499,1809,Hedysarum alpinum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,121,1,Food,,,"Roots eaten raw, boiled or roasted.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 121"
16773,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,133,1,Food,,,Inner stem pulp eaten raw and often dipped in seal oil.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 133"
17278,1898,Hippuris vulgaris L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,135,1,Food,56,Soup,Whole plant used to make soup.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 135"
17279,1898,Hippuris vulgaris L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,135,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves piled on high ground and stored for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 135"
17384,1906,Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,15,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Fresh and raw leaves eaten as a good source of vitamins A and C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 15"
17385,1906,Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,15,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Leaves chopped, cooked in water, soured & mixed with reindeer fat & berries into Eskimo ice cream.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 15"
17386,1906,Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,15,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten with dried fish.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 15"
17387,1906,Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten raw or mixed with other greens.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 15"
17388,1906,Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves mixed with other greens and made into a kraut.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 15"
19760,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,35,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Strongly, aromatic leaves used to make tea.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 35"
20243,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,37,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Fresh leaves used as a good source for vitamins C and A.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 37"
20244,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,37,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Leaves and stalks used as a substitute for celery.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 37"
20245,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,37,1,Food,,,Leaves and stalks eaten raw with seal oil.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 37"
20246,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,37,1,Food,,,Leaves and stalks used in cooking fish.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 37"
20247,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,37,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves and stalks used as a cooked vegetable.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 37"
20248,2182,Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,37,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves and stalks stored in seal oil for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 37"
21336,2297,Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,157,1,Food,,,Roots peeled and inner portion eaten raw or boiled.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 157"
22201,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,85,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Used as a source of pectin for jelly making.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 85"
22939,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,145,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Rootstocks dried, ground, leached, dried, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 145"
22940,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,145,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Rootstocks dried, ground, leached, dried and used for food.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 145"
22941,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,145,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Rootstocks used in the past as an emergency food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 145"
24082,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,145,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Rootstocks boiled or roasted and eaten as a vegetable.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 145"
25224,2715,Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,39,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Leaves used as a good source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 39"
25225,2715,Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,39,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten fresh and raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 39"
25251,2721,Oxytropis nigrescens (Pallas) Fisch. ex DC.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,159,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 159"
25515,2752,Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Boiss.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,123,1,Food,56,Soup,Roots cooked and added to fish and meat stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 123"
25516,2752,Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Boiss.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,123,1,Food,,,"New, young leaves used for food.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 123"
25517,2752,Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Boiss.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,123,1,Food,,,Roots cooked and used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 123"
25518,2752,Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Boiss.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,123,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves stored raw in seal oil for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 123"
25671,2775,Pedicularis kanei ssp. kanei,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,125,1,Food,,,Flowers with water added allowed to ferment.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 125"
25672,2775,Pedicularis kanei ssp. kanei,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,125,1,Food,,,Roots boiled or roasted.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 125"
26170,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,41,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves mixed with other greens.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 41"
28386,3000,Plantago macrocarpa Cham. & Schlecht.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,43,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender leaves used raw in salads or cooked as spinach.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 43"
28481,3002,Plantago maritima L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,45,1,Food,,,Plant eaten fresh or cooked.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 45"
28482,3002,Plantago maritima L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 45"
28843,3051,Polygonum alpinum All.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,47,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Chopped leaves and stems added to a thick pudding of flour and sugar and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 47"
28844,3051,Polygonum alpinum All.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young stems cut into small pieces and used in the same manner as domesticated rhubarb.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 47"
28845,3051,Polygonum alpinum All.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender leaves mixed with other greens and cooked in boiling water.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 47"
28908,3059,Polygonum bistorta var. plumosum (Small) Boivin,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,49,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Leaves rich in vitamin C and pro-vitamin A.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 49"
28909,3059,Polygonum bistorta var. plumosum (Small) Boivin,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,49,1,Food,56,Soup,Roots boiled and added to stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 49"
28910,3059,Polygonum bistorta var. plumosum (Small) Boivin,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,49,1,Food,,,"Roots boiled, mixed with seal oil and eaten.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 49"
28911,3059,Polygonum bistorta var. plumosum (Small) Boivin,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,49,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves mixed with other greens, cooked and eaten.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 49"
29709,3109,Porphyra laciniata (Lightfoot) Agardh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,141,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Leaves sun dried, chopped, dried and stored in closed containers.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 141"
29710,3109,Porphyra laciniata (Lightfoot) Agardh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,141,1,Food,10,Snack Food,"Leaves sun dried, chopped, dried and eaten raw like popcorn.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 141"
29711,3109,Porphyra laciniata (Lightfoot) Agardh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,141,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves used in fish stews and soups.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 141"
31436,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,51,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,"Young fiddlenecks peeled, boiled or steamed and eaten as a substitute for asparagus.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 51"
31437,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,51,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Young fiddlenecks canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 51"
32696,3313,Ranunculus pallasii Schlecht.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,53,1,Food,,,"Young, tender shoots cooked and eaten.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 53"
32827,3336,Rhodiola rosea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,67,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 67"
32828,3336,Rhodiola rosea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,67,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves and succulent, fleshy stems used raw in mixed salads or cooked as a green vegetable.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 67"
32870,3343,Rhodymenia palmata (L) Greville,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,143,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Leaves air dried and stored for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 143"
32871,3343,Rhodymenia palmata (L) Greville,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,143,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves air dried and added to soups and fish head stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 143"
32872,3343,Rhodymenia palmata (L) Greville,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,143,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten fresh or singed on a hot stove or griddle.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 143"
33747,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used raw .,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 87"
33748,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,87,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jams and jellies.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 87"
33862,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,89,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 89"
33863,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,89,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Rose hips cooked, juice extracted, pasteurized and mixed with other fruit juices.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 89"
33864,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,89,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Rose hips used as one of the richest known food sources of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 89"
33865,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,89,1,Food,1,Preserves,Rose hip juice used to make jellies.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 89"
33866,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,89,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Rose hip pulp, with seeds and skins removed, used to make jams and marmalades.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 89"
33867,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,89,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Rose hip juice used to make syrups.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 89"
33868,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,89,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Rose hip pulp, with seeds and skins removed, used to make ketchups.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 89"
34330,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,91,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make a superior jelly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 91"
34373,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a very rich source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34374,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,"Fruit stored in seal pokes, kegs or barrels and buried in the frozen tundra for future use.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34375,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw with sugar, seal oil or both.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34376,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make berry shortcakes and pies.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34377,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit stored in large quantities for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34443,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34444,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,93,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jams and jellies.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 93"
34774,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 97"
34878,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,99,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make an excellent jelly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 99"
34947,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 101"
34948,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,101,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit made into jams and jellies.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 101"
35210,3483,Rumex arcticus Trautv.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,55,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,"Fresh, green leaves used as a source for vitamins A and C.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 55"
35211,3483,Rumex arcticus Trautv.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,55,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used as salad greens and cooked as vegetables.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 55"
35212,3483,Rumex arcticus Trautv.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Leaves cooked, chopped, mixed with other greens and stored in kegs or barrels for winter use.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 55"
35616,3516,Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,59,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,"Young, tender leaves and shoots used as sources for vitamin C.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 59"
35617,3516,Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,59,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Inner bark eaten raw with seal oil and sugar as a winter tidbit.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 59"
35618,3516,Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,59,1,Food,,,Leaves used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 59"
35619,3516,Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,59,1,Food,,,"Young, new shoots eaten raw or dipped in seal oil.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 59"
36021,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,61,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Leaves used as one of the richest sources of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 61"
36022,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,61,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Shoots probably the first spring source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 61"
36023,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,61,1,Food,,,Shoots peeled and eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 61"
36024,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,61,1,Food,,,"Young, tender leaves mixed with seal oil and eaten raw.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 61"
36025,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,61,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Leaves mixed with seal oil and stored in barrels, kegs or seal pokes for winter use.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 61"
37174,3587,Sarcocornia pacifica (Standl.) A.J. Scott,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,57,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants used in salads or for pickles.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 57"
37330,3594,Saxifraga nelsoniana ssp. nelsoniana,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,63,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Leaves prepared and eaten soon after picking as a good source of vitamin C and pro-vitamin A.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 63"
37331,3594,Saxifraga nelsoniana ssp. nelsoniana,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,63,1,Food,,,Leaves mixed with seal or walrus oil and eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 63"
37346,3596,Saxifraga spicata D. Don,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,65,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Leaves used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 65"
37347,3596,Saxifraga spicata D. Don,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,65,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender leaves used as a salad green.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 65"
37806,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,146,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries mixed with sugar & water, beaten with hands into foam & used on desserts like whipped cream.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 146"
38957,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 69"
38958,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,69,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender shoots used in salads.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 69"
39400,3896,Taraxacum sp.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,71,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,"Raw, fresh leaves used as an excellent source for vitamin C and pro-vitamin A.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 71"
39401,3896,Taraxacum sp.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,71,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender leaves used raw or cooked as a green vegetable.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 71"
40931,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,146,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Inner bark roasted in a pit oven, sometimes mixed with dried berries and pressed into cakes.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 146"
41167,4049,Typha latifolia L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,137,1,Food,,,Green flower spikes boiled in salted water and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 137"
41168,4049,Typha latifolia L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,137,1,Food,,,Shoots eaten boiled or roasted.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 137"
41746,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,73,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,"Fresh, green leaves used as a good source of pro-vitamin A, vitamin C and some of the minerals.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 73"
41747,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,73,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Leaves used as a good substitute for spinach.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 73"
41748,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,73,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 73"
41977,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41978,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41979,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41980,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41981,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41982,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41983,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41984,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raws.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41985,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41986,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41987,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41988,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42042,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42043,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42044,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42045,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42046,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42047,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42139,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42140,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42141,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42142,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42143,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42144,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42145,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42146,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42147,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42148,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings and muffins.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42149,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42150,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42246,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked and used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 103"
42247,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 103"
42305,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,105,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make a very superior jelly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 105"
42398,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42399,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42400,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42401,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42402,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42403,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for winter use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42434,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries mixed with rose hip pulp and sugar to make jam.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
42435,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked as a sauce.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
42436,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for future use.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
43025,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,111,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jelly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 111"
1095,44,Achillea sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
3543,267,Angelica sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
10177,1009,Claytonia sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
10425,1039,Cochlearia sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
10574,1061,Conioselinum sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
16962,1852,Heracleum sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
37683,3646,Senecio sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
604,32,Acer rubrum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,99,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 99"
605,32,Acer rubrum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,99,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 99"
668,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,98,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 98"
669,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,98,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 98"
3136,214,Amelanchier sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 90"
4007,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,115,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make wine.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 115"
7074,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,80,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Sap mixed with maple sap if the latter is not available in sufficient quantities.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 80"
7146,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,80,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 80"
8015,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Ground root put into vinegar for use as a relish.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 86"
10188,1012,Claytonia virginica L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,84,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Corm cooked and eaten like potatoes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 84"
10825,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,102,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries used as a nibble food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 102"
11238,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,79,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 79"
11425,1131,Crataegus sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,91,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 91"
14629,1595,Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,108,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used for greens.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 108"
14661,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,80,1,Food,,,"Nuts used, mainly by men working in the bush, for food.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 80"
14958,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,91,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit gathered, cultivated and eaten fresh.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 91"
14959,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,91,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruit gathered, cultivated and preserved.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 91"
15558,1699,Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigelow,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 102"
15575,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,116,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make tea and medicinal tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 116"
15576,1702,Gaultheria procumbens L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,102,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries used as a nibble food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 102"
17425,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,83,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Hops used to make bread.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 83"
18170,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,78,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 78"
19765,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,116,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea and medicinal tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 116"
26888,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,73,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin chewed like chewing gum.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 73"
30451,3171,Prunus nigra Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,95,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 95"
30452,3171,Prunus nigra Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,95,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit made into preserves.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 95"
30467,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,95,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 95"
30468,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,95,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit made into jelly.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 95"
30705,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,96,1,Food,27,Beverage,Cherries used to make wine.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 96"
30706,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,113,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits used to make a wine.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 113"
30707,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,96,1,Food,52,Fruit,Cherries eaten fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 96"
30708,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,96,1,Food,1,Preserves,Cherries made into preserves.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 96"
33259,3355,Rhus typhina L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,114,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries steeped in water, sweetened with sugar and drunk like lemonade.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 114"
33450,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 87"
33451,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,87,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit preserved.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 87"
33505,3369,Ribes glandulosum Grauer,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 88"
33832,3412,Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,86,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Used as a salad plant.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 86"
34447,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,92,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 92"
34448,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,92,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit preserved.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 92"
34738,3462,Rubus odoratus L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,92,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 92"
34906,3469,Rubus sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,94,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make preserves.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 94"
35481,3495,Rumex sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,84,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Used as substitute for rhubarb in pies or added to water and the solution used as a salt substitute.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 84"
35608,3511,Sagittaria sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,73,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 73"
38128,3703,Sium suave Walt.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,101,1,Food,,,Root used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 101"
38531,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 90"
39402,3896,Taraxacum sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,109,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used for greens.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 109"
41956,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries canned, fruit pemmican and pate.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
41957,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
41958,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries used to make pies, cobblers and upside down cakes.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
41959,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into preserves and butter.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42012,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries canned, fruit pemmican and pate.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42013,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42014,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries used to make pies, cobblers and upside down cakes.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42015,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into preserves and butter.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42031,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 105"
42099,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit gathered to eat and sell. Blueberries were probably the most highly regarded wild plant food in the study area.  They were locally abundant and individuals and families from bands not in the vicinity of good blueberry fields travelled considerable distances in order to pick berries for themselves and to sell.  During the course of field studies members of the River Desert band travelled northwest of their area ninety miles and more.  Members of the Weymontaching Cree band were met near Clova in the Obedjiwan band area.  They had travelled to this location by train in order to pick blueberries and meet with relatives.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 103"
42248,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,105,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 105"
43117,4133,Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
43139,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
43140,4135,Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,107,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into preserves.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 107"
2211,157,Allium sativum L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,118,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs mixed with food and eaten.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118"
14960,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 128"
24130,2597,Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata (Dur.) E.O. Beal,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,129,1,Food,27,Beverage,Petiole sucked to relieve thirst.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129"
24131,2597,Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata (Dur.) E.O. Beal,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,129,1,Food,,,Grains used for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129"
34450,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,130,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 130"
42032,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 134"
42101,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,133,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 133"
42249,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 134"
2234,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,9,Anticosti,150,r46,69,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves salted and added to soup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 69"
3237,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flowers used to scent alcohol.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
7071,573,Beta vulgaris L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,65,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bulbs used to make wine.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65"
16778,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Whole plant eaten by cows.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
18428,2054,Juniperus communis L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,64,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Fruits, branches, potatoes, yeast and water boiled into a drink.","Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 64"
19488,2099,Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch,9,Anticosti,150,r46,63,1,Food,27,Beverage,Branches and needles used to make tea.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 63"
19767,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make tea.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
20238,2181,Ligusticum scoticum L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,86,Spice,Used to season fish or salads.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
27052,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,63,1,Food,27,Beverage,Branches used to make beer.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 63"
33721,3396,Ribes sp.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
34378,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruits used to make jelly.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
34379,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits stored for winter use.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
35163,3480,Rumex acetosella L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,65,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten fresh by children.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65"
40638,4013,Trifolium sp.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flowers used to make wine.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
42033,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits stored for winter use.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
42250,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits stored for winter use.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
42464,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jams and jellies.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
1697,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1726,89,Agave americana L.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1727,89,Agave americana L.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1799,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1800,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1801,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1802,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,13,1,Food,,,Roots baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 13"
2187,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,10,Apache,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
9371,894,Chenopodium album L.,10,Apache,19,c35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants cooked as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
9516,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,10,Apache,19,c35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants cooked as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
14924,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,10,Apache,19,c35,29,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruits eaten as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 29"
15159,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,10,Apache,139,n66,49,1,Food,,,Root used for food.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
15160,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,10,Apache,19,c35,29,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 29"
17287,1900,Hoffmannseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert,10,Apache,19,c35,52,1,Food,,,Potatoes roasted and eaten much more commonly in the past than currently.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 52"
18570,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,10,Apache,19,c35,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
21896,2373,Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde,10,Apache,19,c35,19,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19"
24254,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,10,Apache,19,c35,17,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17"
29935,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,45,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into flour and used in pancakes.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
29936,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,45,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Beans boiled, pounded or ground, hand kneaded and made into a jam.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
30975,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,10,Apache,61,rhf16,47,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries ground and meal made into sweet, blackish cakes.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47"
33017,3349,Rhus microphylla Engelm. ex Gray,10,Apache,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33077,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,10,Apache,19,c35,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33078,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,10,Apache,19,c35,48,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33539,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,10,Apache,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
36857,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,10,Apache,19,c35,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 50"
41172,4049,Typha latifolia L.,10,Apache,19,c35,53,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 53"
43782,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43783,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43784,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43785,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,56,Soup,Young leaves cooked in soups or with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
43786,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food only if obtained at the proper time.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
43787,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers eaten as a vegetable only if obtained before the summer rains.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44018,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,10,Apache,58,bc41,64,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
44019,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44062,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
44063,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44266,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44267,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44268,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
474,25,Acer glabrum var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap collected and boiled to obtain syrup and sugar.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
539,27,Acer negundo L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Inner bark scrapings dried and kept for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
540,27,Acer negundo L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Inner bark boiled until sugar crystallizes out of it.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
1803,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,1,Food,,,"Bulbous crowns baked in pits, pulpy centers released, pounded into thin sheets and eaten. The Mescalero Apache were named for the food they made from mescal.  In the pits where the crowns were baked, the largest rock was placed in the center and a cross made on it from black ashes.  While the mescal baked, the women were supposed to stay away from their husbands, and if the crown was not completely roasted when removed from the pit, they were believed to have disobeyed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
1804,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
1805,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
2100,141,Allium cernuum Roth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Onions used to flavor soups and gravies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2101,141,Allium cernuum Roth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Onions occasionally eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2188,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Onions used to flavor soups and gravies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2189,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Onions occasionally eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2696,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2697,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
2797,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2798,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
5107,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
5328,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Sage used to flavor meats.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
6197,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
7828,694,Calylophus lavandulifolius (Torr. & Gray) Raven,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Pods cooked and eaten by children.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
7914,703,Camelina microcarpa DC.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
7915,703,Camelina microcarpa DC.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
7953,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
7954,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted without grinding and combined with other foods.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
7955,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tops cooked alone or with meat and used as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
8137,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
8138,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,50,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Syrup used in the absence of sugar to sweeten an intoxicating drink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 50"
8777,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit ground, caked and dried for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
8778,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
8779,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
9349,888,Cheilanthes fendleri Hook.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
9372,894,Chenopodium album L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
9985,965,Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
9986,965,Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
11405,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
11406,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
11407,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
11813,1181,Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used with other green plant parts to flavor soups and meats.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
11814,1181,Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,,,Raw roots eaten for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
11815,1181,Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
11879,1198,Cyperus fendlerianus Boeckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,50,Fodder,Flowers salted and fed to horses.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
11880,1198,Cyperus fendlerianus Boeckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,50,Fodder,Seeds salted and fed to horses.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
11881,1198,Cyperus fendlerianus Boeckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Tubers eaten raw or peeled and cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
12058,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,52,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns pit-baked, removed, peeled, crushed, mixed with water, fermented and used as a beverage.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 52"
12059,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Crowns baked in pits, stripped, pounded to a pulp, spread out to dry and eaten like cake.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
12060,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
12061,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
12336,1269,Descurainia incana ssp. incisa (Engelm.) Kartesz & Gandhi,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
12337,1269,Descurainia incana ssp. incisa (Engelm.) Kartesz & Gandhi,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
12667,1330,Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
12729,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
12730,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted without grinding and combined with other foods.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
12731,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tops cooked alone or with meat and used as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
12877,1356,Echinocereus coccineus Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12886,1358,Echinocereus engelmannii var. chrysocentrus (Engelm. & Bigelow) Rumpl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12887,1359,Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) F. Seitz,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12890,1360,Echinocereus polyacanthus Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12891,1361,Echinocereus rigidissimus (Engelm.) Haage f.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
13281,1420,Epixiphium wislizeni (Engelm. ex Gray) Munz,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Pods eaten fresh or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
14800,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits occasionally eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
14925,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits occasionally eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
16456,1805,Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
16457,1805,Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
16557,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, sifted, made into dough and baked on hot stones.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
16558,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Seeds ground into flour and used to make a thick gravy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
17288,1900,Hoffmannseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,,,Roots eaten either raw or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
17467,1922,Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Flower used to flavor drinks and make them stronger.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
17468,1922,Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Hops boiled and used to flavor wheat flour and potatoes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
18158,2026,Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Seeds occasionally eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18231,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,,,Nut meats eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
18232,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nut meats mixed with mesquite gravy or ground with roasted mescal and stored.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
18571,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18572,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries boiled and made into jelly or preserves.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18611,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fruit roasted, water added and the mixture made into a gravy.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18936,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with mescal and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
19709,2110,Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (Rydb.) Dorn,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe pods dried, stored and soaked and boiled when needed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
19710,2110,Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (Rydb.) Dorn,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Ripe pods cooked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
20233,2180,Ligusticum porteri Coult. & Rose,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
21897,2373,Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruit cooked with a sweet substance, strained and eaten as jelly.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
22353,2403,Mammillaria grahamii Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried fruit cooked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22354,2403,Mammillaria grahamii Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22355,2403,Mammillaria grahamii Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22360,2405,Mammillaria mainiae K. Brandeg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22465,2422,Matelea producta (Torr.) Woods.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten fresh or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
22594,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
23260,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
23261,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
23468,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
23469,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
23470,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
23544,2544,Muhlenbergia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
24001,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
24002,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
24255,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Seeds ground and made into a gravy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
24256,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,56,Soup,Seeds boiled in soups.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
24257,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruit chewed as a delicacy without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
25187,2712,Oxalis violacea L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
25188,2712,Oxalis violacea L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Mixed with other leaves and cooked or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
25449,2737,Panicum bulbosum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
25450,2737,Panicum bulbosum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Seeds ground, made into gravy and mixed with meat.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
25463,2740,Panicum obtusum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Seeds ground, made into gravy and mixed with meat.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
25534,2755,Parthenium incanum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh leaves boiled and used similarly to coffee.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
26723,2920,Physalis subulata var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterfall ex Kartesz & Gandhi,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fresh fruit eaten by children as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
27527,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Seeds mixed with yucca fruit pulp to make a pudding.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
27528,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten as a delicacy.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
27529,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Secretion from the trunk chewed.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
27712,2961,Pinus flexilis James,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,"Seeds roasted and hulled or sometimes the seeds ground, shell and all and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28069,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Inner bark scraped off and baked in the form of cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28070,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten raw only in times of food scarcity.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28071,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29437,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
29568,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Inner bark scraped off and baked in the form of cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29569,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29762,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
29900,3145,Proboscidea louisianica ssp. louisianica,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten by prisoners of war in Oklahoma.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
29937,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Cooked pods and seeds ground, water added, mixture allowed to ferment and used as a beverage.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
29938,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bean flour made into pancakes and bread. Beans were gathered, boiled, pounded on a hide or ground on a metate, placed in a pan and worked with the hands until a thick consistency was attained.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
29939,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Pods boiled in water, taken out, mashed, boiled again and eaten as pudding.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
29940,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Root used to flavor drinks and make them stronger.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
29941,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,50,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Flour used in the absence of sugar to sweeten an intoxicating drink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 50"
29942,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,,,Beans cooked with meat and seed coats spit out when eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30050,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit ground and sugar added to make a thick drink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
30051,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pods dried, washed, ground into flour and made into bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30052,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits gathered, dried and stored in sacks.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30053,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,47,Special Food,Raw pods chewed and eaten as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30976,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
30977,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit cooked to make a preserve.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
30978,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruits ground, pressed and saved for winter.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
32058,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32059,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns roasted slightly, pounded, mixed with dried meat and stored away in hide containers.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32154,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32155,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Shaved root chips used to flavor drinks.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
32156,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Ripe acorns roasted slightly, pounded and mixed with dried meat and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32906,3347,Rhus glabra L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,47,Special Food,Bark eaten by children as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33018,3349,Rhus microphylla Engelm. ex Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Dried fruits ground, pulp mixed with water and sugar and cooked to make jam.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
33079,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits ground with mescal, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
33080,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Dried fruits ground, pulp mixed with water and sugar and cooked to make jam.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
33081,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruits formerly used to make jam.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
33605,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit made into cakes for use during winter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33606,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33630,3381,Ribes mescalerium Coville,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33677,3389,Ribes pinetorum Greene,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit ground and compressed into cakes for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33776,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit ground, dried and pressed into cakes for storage.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33777,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33778,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33803,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Raw pods eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
33804,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pods cooked and stored.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
34265,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Rose hips eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
34266,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,Rose pulps squeezed into water and boiled to make jelly.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
34358,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
34359,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
34360,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
35185,3482,Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
36858,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruit cooked with a sweet substance, strained and eaten as jelly.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
38283,3721,Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plant dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
38291,3722,Solanum jamesii Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Unpeeled potatoes boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
38778,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
38779,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds boiled and eaten as porridge.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
38864,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
39334,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Flower used to flavor drinks and make them stronger.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
39777,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh or stored portions boiled in water and liquid consumed with or without sugar.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
39778,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
41173,4049,Typha latifolia L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Rootstocks cooked with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
43213,4142,Vicia melilotoides,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe pods dried, stored and soaked and boiled when needed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
43214,4142,Vicia melilotoides,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Ripe pods cooked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
43363,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried and eaten like raisins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
43364,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
43792,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43793,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43794,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves cooked in soups.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43795,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43796,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers eaten if obtained before the summer rain; otherwise they taste bitter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44021,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stems baked overnight, dried, broken into pieces, softened and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44022,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44065,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44066,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44270,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44271,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
1806,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,30,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Leaf bases pit cooked, made into cakes, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 30"
12063,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,27,Beverage,Pounded and used as a drink.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12064,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plants pit cooked, formed into cakes, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12065,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",58,bc41,58,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Crowns baked, pounded and dried for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 58"
12066,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,56,Soup,Head hearts cooked with bones to make soup.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12067,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,,,"Fresh, young stalks used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12892,1362,Echinocereus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 45"
18234,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,1,Food,,,"Nut meats mixed with mescal, datil, sotol or mesquite and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
19069,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries boiled, ground or mashed and used with other foods.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
21900,2373,Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 49"
23471,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
23472,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries dried and used as a spread on mescal.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
24796,2670,Opuntia sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Unpeeled fruits split, covered with juice, sun dried and stored for future food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 38"
24797,2670,Opuntia sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Tunas eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 38"
27532,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,35,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Nuts parched, ground, mixed with datil fruit, mescal, mesquite beans or sotol and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35"
27533,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,35,1,Food,47,Special Food,Nuts used as an essential food during girls' puberty ceremonies.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35"
29570,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,50,1,Food,86,Spice,Sap used as flavoring for wild strawberries.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 50"
29946,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,37,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Beans boiled, strained and used as a drink.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 37"
29947,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,37,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans ground into flour, mixed with other plant foods and eaten.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 37"
30222,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,50,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and stored for future food use.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 50"
30674,3178,Prunus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries ground, formed into cakes and dried.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48"
30675,3178,Prunus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48"
32416,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,,,"Acorns boiled, pounded and mixed with mescal.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32417,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
33805,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Flowers boiled, dried and stored for winter food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
33806,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,1,Food,,,Fresh flowers cooked with meat or bones and used for food.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
41177,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
41178,4049,Typha latifolia L.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,46,1,Food,,,Stem bases eaten raw or cooked with other foods in early spring.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 46"
43365,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 50"
43799,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits used to make a drink.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43800,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe fruits cooked, split, cleaned of seeds, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43801,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruits made into a syrup and placed on fruits before drying.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
44023,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Flowers boiled, dried and stored for future food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44024,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Trunks pit cooked, dried and stored for future food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44025,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,56,Soup,Flowers used as fresh vegetables in soups.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44026,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,75,Staple,"Trunks pit cooked, pounded and made into flour.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44027,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,,,"Young stalks cooked, peeled and eaten hot.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
1841,96,Agave sp.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
7950,721,Canotia holacantha Torr.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
8139,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits sun dried, made into large cakes and used for food.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
8140,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
12463,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,,,Blue flowers eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
12464,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or cooked in spring.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
14738,1610,Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice used for extreme thirst.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
14739,1610,Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Small, black seeds parched, ground, boiled and eaten as mush.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
22356,2403,Mammillaria grahamii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
24798,2670,Opuntia sp.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds parched, ground, boiled and eaten as mush.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
24799,2670,Opuntia sp.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds parched, ground and flour eaten with drafts of water.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
25795,2794,Peniocereus greggii var. greggii,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,,,"Red, doughnut-like fruits and flowers used for food.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
44223,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
44224,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits cooked, skins peeled off and pulp used for food.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
1112,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and water and made into a mush.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
1786,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1787,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1788,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice fermented into a drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1789,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice strained and mixed with 'tiswin water,' a liquor of fermented maize.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1790,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1791,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant eaten dried.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1792,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Used in absence of other foods.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1793,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1809,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1810,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1811,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1812,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1813,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice fermented into a drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1814,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice fermented into a drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1815,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice strained and mixed with 'tiswin water,' a liquor of fermented maize.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1816,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice strained and mixed with 'tiswin water,' a liquor of fermented maize.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1817,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1818,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1819,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant eaten dried.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1820,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant eaten dried.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1821,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Used in absence of other foods.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1822,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Used in absence of other foods.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1823,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1824,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
7429,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and water and made into a mush.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
7951,721,Canotia holacantha Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,191,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 191"
8141,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice used as a drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8142,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Squeezed pulp dried and made into cakes.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8143,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Seeds washed and dried.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8144,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8145,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Seeds ground with corn into a pudding.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
8146,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds roasted, ground and mixed with water to make a mush.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
9508,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,192,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 192"
9517,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,192,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 192"
10295,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,192,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves and whole, young plants used as greens.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 192"
16674,1833,Helianthus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,184,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal, put into hot water and eaten as a pasty bread.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184"
16675,1833,Helianthus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,184,1,Food,85,Candy,Seeds parched and ground with mescal to taste like candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184"
16676,1833,Helianthus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,184,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds made into meal, mixed with corn meal and boiled with salt into a cereal.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184"
16677,1833,Helianthus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,184,1,Food,47,Special Food,Seeds ground and used by army scouts as rations.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184"
18323,2036,Juglans sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Walnuts pulverized, mixed with mescal juice and used as dip for corn bread.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
18324,2036,Juglans sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,,,"Nuts parched with corn, ground and eaten by the pinch.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
19074,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries soaked, pounded with yucca fruit, mixed with water and drained to make a drink.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
19075,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Unseasoned berries dried and boiled.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
19076,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries pounded with yucca fruit to make a gravy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
19077,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,86,Spice,Ashes mixed with corn mush for color and flavor.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
22446,2419,Martynia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,27,Beverage,Seeds cracked and chewed for the juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
22447,2419,Martynia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Seeds stored in pottery, gourd or water-basket receptacles.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
23525,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and water and made into a mush.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
24007,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,1,Food,,,"Young stalks placed in fire, peeled and eaten.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
24804,2670,Opuntia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,180,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds roasted, mixed with corn and meal moistened with water and salt before eating.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 180"
24805,2670,Opuntia sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,180,1,Food,56,Soup,"Fruit pit baked, dried and boiled with fat or in soups.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 180"
27537,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27538,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,44,Porridge,Pinon and corn flour mixed and cooked into a mush.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27539,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,"Nuts eaten raw, roasted or ground into flour.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27540,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27541,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored in baskets or pottery jars.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27785,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27786,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,44,Porridge,Pinon and corn flour mixed and cooked into a mush.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27787,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,"Nuts eaten raw, roasted or ground into flour.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27788,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27789,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored in baskets or pottery jars.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
28160,2976,Pinus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,192,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 192"
29965,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,27,Beverage,Pounded bean pulp squeezed for the juice and drunk just like milk.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29966,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dried seeds pounded into flour, moistened, allowed to harden into cakes and stored.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29967,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,85,Candy,Dried beans pounded into flour and eaten as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29968,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pods dried and stored.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29969,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,44,Porridge,Dried beans pounded into flour and mixed into a mush.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29970,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,75,Staple,Fresh pods pounded into a flour.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
29971,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,176,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Pitch chewed as a substitute for gum.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 176"
30709,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
32025,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
32060,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
32608,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
33083,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries stirred in warm water to make a nonintoxicating drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
33084,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries ground or chewed raw for the juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
38771,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and water and made into a mush.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
43366,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice boiled to make wine.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
43367,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries pounded, dried and stored in sacks.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
43368,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,190,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries eaten raw.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 190"
43804,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,181,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit roasted, dried, wrapped and stored indefinitely.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 181"
43805,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruit pounded together to make gravy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44031,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Boiled blossoms dried and stored in a dry place.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44032,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,,,"Blossoms boiled with seeds, fat or bones.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44033,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,193,1,Food,,,Blossoms used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 193"
44034,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,,,Stalk charred and eaten like sugar cane.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
1113,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
1114,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant used for hay.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
1115,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with meal and water and eaten as mush.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
1116,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
1728,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,145,1,Food,27,Beverage,"'Hearts' and roots pit baked, crushed and fermented into an intoxicating beverage.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145"
1729,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1730,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,145,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Tubers pit baked and stored for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145"
1752,90,Agave decipiens Baker,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,27,Beverage,Heart and tubers used to make a fermented drink.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1753,90,Agave decipiens Baker,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2037,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw and cooked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2698,184,Amaranthus albus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2708,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
5035,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
5604,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make tea.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
5605,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,86,Spice,Used as a seasoning.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
6264,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,First buds eaten by children.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
6508,481,Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,52,Fruit,Pea fruit eaten raw and cooked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
7058,571,Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Leaves and blossoms used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
7431,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
7432,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with meal and water and eaten as mush.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
8150,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8151,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make a kind of butter.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
8987,845,Cereus sp.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8988,845,Cereus sp.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make a kind of butter.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9232,880,Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,151,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Roots used to make a fermented, intoxicating drink.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151"
9233,880,Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Roots chewed and used as a yeast preparation for the wedding cake.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
9234,880,Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Roots dried for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
9509,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Seeds ground and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9510,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Young sprouts boiled with meat and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9518,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Seeds ground and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9519,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Young sprouts boiled with meat and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11694,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Blossoms baked as parts of certain kinds of cakes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11695,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Blossoms used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11696,1164,Cucurbita pepo L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Flesh used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11798,1178,Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make flour.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
12125,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,151,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice or powdered roots used to make a fermented, intoxicating drink.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151"
13046,1389,Elymus repens (L.) Gould,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant used for hay.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
13047,1389,Elymus repens (L.) Gould,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
13129,1403,Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,27,Beverage,Stems used to make tea.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
13601,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Seeds ground and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
16560,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used to make flour.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
18616,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
18768,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
18846,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
19396,2088,Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,85,Candy,Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
22361,2406,Mammillaria sp.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,,,Flesh used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
23526,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
23527,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant used for hay.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
23528,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with meal and water and eaten as mush.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
23529,2543,Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
24690,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
24691,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or stewed.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
24873,2674,Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
24874,2674,Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or stewed.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26333,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26663,2913,Physalis hederifolia var. fendleri (Gray) Cronq.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw and cooked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
27544,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29168,3094,Populus angustifolia James,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29169,3094,Populus angustifolia James,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,,,Buds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29438,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
29439,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,,,Buds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
31145,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
31245,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as gum.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
32061,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
32609,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,27,Beverage,Acorns used to make 'coffee.',"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32610,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into flour and used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32611,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
33086,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
33423,3364,Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw and cooked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
33808,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans and pods used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
36771,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
38772,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
38773,3805,Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with meal and water and eaten as mush.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
40814,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
41928,4065,Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,1,Food,,,Smut boiled and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
43650,4211,Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,161,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161"
43809,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pods dried for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43810,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,,,Pods roasted and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44069,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pods dried for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44070,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,,,Pods roasted and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
10055,978,Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai,16,Apalachee,197,hann86,98,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 98"
15162,1654,Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.,17,Arapaho,111,m90,17,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Nectar used for honey.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 17"
17859,1990,Ipomoea leptophylla Torr.,17,Arapaho,73,b05,13,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Root roasted for food when pressed by hunger.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
34203,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,48,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make tea.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
37764,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jelly.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
37765,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
2899,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Dried, stored berries soaked in water and eaten.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
2900,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ripe, mashed fruit added to water to form a paste and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
3226,229,Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
4438,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries made into cakes and eaten plain or put into water and drunk. Cider was made by adding water to pounded berries and was conveyed to the mouth with a deertail sop.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
4439,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
4440,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
6831,545,Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
6836,546,Balsamorhiza hookeri (Hook.) Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
6850,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
7565,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,,,Roots boiled in water or cooked in earth oven and used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
9547,908,Chenopodium pumilio R. Br.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
9936,956,Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,,,"Young, raw stalks used for food.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
12372,1273,Descurainia pinnata ssp. pinnata,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, winnowed, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
12484,1294,Dichelostemma multiflorum (Benth.) Heller,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,,,Cooked in earth oven and used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
15145,1649,Frangula rubra ssp. rubra,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
18769,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, pounded into flour and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
18770,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
20229,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,"Tender leaves soaked in water, cooked and used as a meat substitute when acorns were eaten.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
20230,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Tender leaves soaked in water, cooked and used for food.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
20231,2179,Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Tender leaves soaked in water, cooked and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
20290,2186,Lilium pardalinum Kellogg,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked in earth oven and used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
20983,2246,Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,,,Raw leaves and tender stems used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
21056,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,,,Roots cooked in earth oven and used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
21074,2255,Lomatium utriculatum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,,,Raw leaves used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
25981,2830,Perideridia bolanderi (Gray) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Stored, dried roots pounded and made into bread.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
25982,2830,Perideridia bolanderi (Gray) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried roots stored for winter use.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
25983,2830,Perideridia bolanderi (Gray) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stored, dried roots pounded and made into bread or dried and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
25984,2830,Perideridia bolanderi (Gray) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,56,Soup,"Stored, dried roots pounded and made into soup.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
25985,2830,Perideridia bolanderi (Gray) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,,,"Fresh, ground roots used for food.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
30695,3179,Prunus subcordata Benth.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds removed, pulp pounded and stored for winter in small cakes.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
30870,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ripe, mashed fruit added to water to form a paste and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
31438,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,,,Raw leaves and tender stems used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
33087,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries pounded into flour, mixed with manzanita flour and water and used as a beverage.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
33088,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries washed, dried and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
33089,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries mixed with sugar and made into jam.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
33687,3391,Ribes roezlii Regel,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
36496,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Mashed berries mixed with manzanita flour and stored in dried cakes.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
40794,4032,Triteleia hyacinthina (Lindl.) Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,,,Cooked in earth oven and used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
23321,2509,Monarda sp.,20,Bannock,111,m90,38,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Infusion of seed heads used as an appetizer.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 38"
2102,141,Allium cernuum Roth,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
2901,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,208,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208"
3523,265,Angelica lucida L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,1,Food,,,Formerly used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
4012,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,1,Food,27,Beverage,Roots boiled and used as a beverage.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
4506,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,204,1,Food,47,Special Food,Berries formerly mixed with melted mountain goat fat and served to chiefs at feasts.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204"
4776,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
9260,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,207,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young shoots eaten as greens in spring.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 207"
10413,1033,Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
11151,1105,Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries eaten with sugar and grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204"
11350,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,208,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208"
12708,1339,Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Rhizomes eaten raw for losing weight.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
12709,1339,Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,1,Food,,,Rhizomes eaten raw or steamed.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
12950,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Whole plants with attached herring spawn dried and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
12951,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,1,Food,,,Whole plants with attached herring spawn eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
14884,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,208,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208"
14961,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,208,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208"
15358,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly boiled and eaten with sugar and grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
15625,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,204,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in cakes and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204"
16785,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,1,Food,,,Young stems peeled and eaten with grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
19770,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves boiled and used as a beverage.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
21153,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by birds.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
22045,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries occasionally eaten by hunters and berry pickers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
22141,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries chewed and juice swallowed.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
22203,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
29269,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Inner cambium 'slime' sun dried and eaten with grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
29270,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,210,1,Food,,,Inner cambium 'slime' eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210"
29723,3112,Porphyra sp.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,195,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sun dried and eaten alone or cooked with other food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195"
31439,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,197,1,Food,,,Rhizomes toasted and eaten in summer.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197"
33374,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33468,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Ripe, black berries used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33469,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Green berries boiled into a thick sauce and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33548,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
33588,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
34033,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits used for food in late fall.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34451,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34452,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34589,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34590,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34591,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34775,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Berries cooked with wild raspberries and other fruits into a thick jam, dried and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34776,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,,,Young sprouts peeled and eaten in spring.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34950,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, dried in cakes and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34951,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34952,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,,,Sprouts peeled and eaten in spring.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
35164,3480,Rumex acetosella L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,207,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 207"
35191,3482,Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,207,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young leaves mashed, cooked, mixed with grease and eaten like spinach.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 207"
36776,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make wine.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
36777,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries formerly boiled into a thick sauce, dried and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
36778,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jelly.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
37809,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,204,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Berries mixed with water, whipped and eaten as 'Indian ice-cream.'","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204"
38129,3703,Sium suave Walt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,200,1,Food,,,Tubers eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
40662,4016,Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,,,"White, brittle roots formerly pit steamed or boiled and eaten with eulachon grease and stink salmon.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
40940,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Inner bark steamed overnight, pounded, formed into balls, sun dried and eaten in winter.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
41989,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42048,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42151,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42152,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42306,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries formerly dried in cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42307,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
42308,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,205,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 205"
43028,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries mixed with grease and other berries and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
44680,4260,Zostera marina L.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,200,1,Food,,,Plants eaten raw with eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
236,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
237,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
238,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
239,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
440,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,86,Spice,"Dried, crushed leaves used to spice stored meat.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
752,38,Achillea millefolium L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and flowers used to make a pleasant tea.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2103,141,Allium cernuum Roth,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs and leaves used as flavoring.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2104,141,Allium cernuum Roth,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs and leaves eaten raw.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2170,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used for flavoring.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
2171,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs eaten raw.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
2255,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used to spice soup made of wheat and marrow.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2256,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs boiled with meat.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2257,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs preserved for later use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2908,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries and buffalo fat used to make a soup eaten as a dessert at feasts.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2909,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, some with backfat, for future use.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2910,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2911,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries and fat stuffed into an intestine, boiled and eaten like a sausage.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2912,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Crushed berries, animal fat and dried meat used to make pemmican.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2913,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried berries used to make sausages.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2914,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make preserves.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2915,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries and red osier dogwood berries used as a favorite snack reserved for men.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2916,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries used to make tasty snacks.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2917,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,56,Soup,"Crushed leaves mixed with blood, dried and used to make a rich broth in winter.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2918,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,56,Soup,Dried berries used to make soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2919,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,47,Special Food,Berries used in ritual meals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2920,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berry soup used for most ceremonial events. These ceremonial events included the transfer of a tipi design or the opening of a Medicine Pipe bundle or a Beaver bundle.  The woman prepared the soup from berries, assorted roots, fat and water.  At an appointed time during the ceremony this soup was served to all participants.  The soup was blessed, and an offering of one of the berries was put back into the ground, before eating began.  A few mouthfuls were taken; then the remainder of the soup was given to one or another of the women, who would take it home to her children.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2921,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a staple food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2922,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Crushed berries mixed with flour for winter storage.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
3095,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3096,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries used with stews and soups.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3097,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,,,Berries used with meats.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3619,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves chewed by children for the flavor.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
4512,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,27,Beverage,Crushed leaves used to make tea.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4513,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and later soaked with sugar.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4514,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4515,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw or mashed in fat and fried.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
4516,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
4517,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,49,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries preserved for later use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
5026,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as fall and winter forage for horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
5237,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,86,Spice,Crushed leaves mixed with stored meat to maintain a good odor.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
5337,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves chewed as a confection.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6378,449,Asclepias viridiflora Raf.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,56,Soup,Root pieces stored for winter soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6379,449,Asclepias viridiflora Raf.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,86,Spice,Plant used to spice soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6380,449,Asclepias viridiflora Raf.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,,,Fresh roots used for food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6462,466,Astragalus canadensis L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,75,Staple,Root considered a staple.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6463,466,Astragalus canadensis L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,,,Roots eaten fresh or boiled in blood or broth.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6464,466,Astragalus canadensis L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or boiled.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
6472,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or boiled.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
7611,648,Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,20,1,Food,5,Forage,Used as an excellent fall and winter pasture for horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20"
7847,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Roots pit roasted and made into loaves.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 24"
7848,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,47,Special Food,Bulbs boiled and given in soup on special events.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
7849,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,14,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and eaten.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7850,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,24,1,Food,,,Roots pit roasted and boiled with meat.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 24"
7851,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,24,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots kept dry and preserved for future use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 24"
7895,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,,,Roots baked and eaten.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
8074,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,5,Forage,Favorite grass of the buffalo.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
8075,745,Carex nebrascensis Dewey,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,22,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves thought to be a favorite food of the buffalo.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22"
9264,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,,,Fresh roots used for food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
10000,971,Cirsium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,,,Flower head pedicels eaten fresh.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
10126,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tubers boiled and eaten.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
11002,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten ripe.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
11003,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries and saskatoon berries used as a favorite snack reserved for men.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
11335,1122,Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries used for food. Certain conditions had to be met before the berries were eaten.  Otherwise, they would cause stomach cramps.  The procedure was to offer the tree a gift, for boys a little bow and arrow made from the thorns, for girls a pair of miniature moccasins fashioned from the leaves.  In return, the tree would not allow its berries to 'bite' the stomach.  The gifts were placed on the tree and the berries collected.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
12046,1234,Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves mixed with dried meat as a deodorant and spice.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
12967,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,85,Candy,"Peeled berries mixed with grease, stored in a cool place and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
12968,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Peeled berries used for food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
12969,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,56,Soup,Peeled berries used to make soups and broths.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
13342,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,1,Food,27,Beverage,Blades boiled to make a drink.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
13637,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as a fall and winter forage for horses.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
14017,1508,Eriogonum flavum Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
14184,1535,Eriogonum umbellatum var. majus Hook.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves boiled to make tea.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
14338,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,56,Soup,Bulbs eaten with soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
14339,1561,Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten fresh.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
14398,1571,Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,103,1,Food,85,Candy,Fruit eaten as a confection.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
14399,1571,Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 45"
14963,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,38,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 38"