id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
29542,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,1,Food,85,Candy,"'Berries' chewed as gum, particularly with chili.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29473,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,1,Food,85,Candy,'Berries' eaten or chewed like gum.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
14199,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,1,Food,,,'Female' stems used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
1728,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,145,1,Food,27,Beverage,"'Hearts' and roots pit baked, crushed and fermented into an intoxicating beverage.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145"
27229,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,3,g83,234,1,Food,,,'Little cones' and buds used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
6197,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
14190,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,131,1,Food,,,"'Mouse nuts' found in mice caches, cooked and eaten with seal oil.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 131"
9761,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,105,Karok,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,'Nuts' roasted in coals and eaten.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
9771,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,266,Tolowa,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,"'Nuts' shaken out of the dried fruits, rolled over hot coals and eaten.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
9772,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,289,Yurok,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,'Nuts' used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
35577,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"'Potatoes' at the end of the roots dried, boiled and used for food.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
37159,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,141,h56,155,1,Food,52,Fruit,'Seeds' (actually fruits) used for food.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 155"
26364,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,104,1,Food,31,Vegetable,A great number of varieties of beans were used.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 104"
35177,3480,Rumex acetosella L.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,85,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Acid-tasting leaves eaten like lettuce.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 85"
25234,2715,Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Acid-tasting leaves used as a salad.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
20509,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorn flour stored in large storage baskets. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
31987,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorn flour used to make bread.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
31989,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorn flour used to make mush.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
20504,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorn flour used to make paste and gruel and flavored with venison and herbs. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
31838,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31933,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31995,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32183,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
20503,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorn paste made into patties and baked in hot coals. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32453,3289,Quercus sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,,,Acorns baked and used for food.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
32057,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32064,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32080,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32098,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32102,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32104,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32110,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32112,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32116,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32021,3258,Quercus dunnii Kellogg,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns boiled into mush.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
32219,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns boiled into mush.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
32460,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled like beans and roasted over coals.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32416,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,,,"Acorns boiled, pounded and mixed with mescal.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32449,3289,Quercus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns boiled, roasted, pounded, mixed with meal or meat and eaten as soup.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
31899,3253,Quercus alba L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted and made into mush with bear oil seasoning.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
31898,3253,Quercus alba L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted and made into pie.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
31900,3253,Quercus alba L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted, cooked in soup stock to flavor and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
32281,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Acorns boiled, split open and eaten like a vegetable.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
32125,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns buried in the mud for leaching and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32026,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,47,1,Food,85,Candy,Acorns chewed as a confection.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 47"
32287,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns chopped and cooked in soups and meats.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
32288,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,1,Food,,,"Acorns chopped, cooked over fire and eaten.","Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
20527,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,5,Forage,Acorns collected by woodpeckers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
31982,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32213,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32259,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32592,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
20537,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered the main staple.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20544,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered the main staple.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20507,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns considered the main staple. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
31963,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,265,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns dried and preserved for future use.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 265"
31988,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns dried for winter use.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
31947,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31971,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32009,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32150,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32196,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32249,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32603,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31848,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns eaten as a staple food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32201,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns eaten as a staple food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32027,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,19,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten fresh from the shell.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 19"
32451,3289,Quercus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw by children.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
32090,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns eaten raw, boiled, roasted in ashes or dried, ground and cooked like corn meal.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32417,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32611,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32025,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
32060,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
32608,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
20515,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,168,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns form one of the principal foods.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 168"
20546,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,290,"Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)",109,m66,168,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns form one of the principal foods.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 168"
31850,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly gathered for storage in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32203,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly gathered for storage in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31954,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32017,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32036,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32587,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32076,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns formerly used as a staple food.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
32096,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns formerly used extensively for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32114,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,207,Pueblo,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns formerly used extensively for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32273,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,26,1,Food,,,Acorns formerly used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 26"
32388,3285,Quercus rubra L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,327,1,Food,,,Acorns freed from tannic acid by boiling with wood ashes and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 327"
31849,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31952,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32202,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32067,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,1,Food,86,Spice,Acorns ground and added to flavor beef or deer soups.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32068,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,74,1,Food,86,Spice,Acorns ground and added to flavor beef or deer soups.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 74"
31835,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31930,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31992,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32180,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32570,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,1,Food,,,"Acorns ground into a fine meal, sun dried, made into porridge and eaten with deer meat.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32569,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Acorns ground into a fine meal, sun dried, made into porridge, cooked and eaten as a dessert.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
31981,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32212,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32257,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32455,3289,Quercus sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32591,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
31983,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32214,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32258,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32456,3289,Quercus sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32593,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32610,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into flour and used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32221,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,52,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns ground into flour, leached and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
32094,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns ground into flour, soaked in water and baked to make a bread.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32095,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns ground into flour, soaked in water and cooked to make mush.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32109,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into flour.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32056,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32063,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32079,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32097,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32101,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32103,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32111,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32115,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
31964,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,265,1,Food,,,"Acorns leached all winter in cold, wet, swampy ground, boiled or roasted and eaten in the spring.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 265"
20545,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns leached and ground into flour.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20511,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,,,Acorns leached and used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
32282,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32295,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32297,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32299,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32301,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32368,3285,Quercus rubra L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32389,3285,Quercus rubra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32390,3285,Quercus rubra L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32391,3285,Quercus rubra L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32384,3285,Quercus rubra L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns leached with lye and used as of the most important starchy foods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
31847,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31951,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32014,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32033,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32200,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32584,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32193,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,Acorns made into 'houm' and eaten.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
31946,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31970,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32008,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32149,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32195,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32248,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32602,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32432,3289,Quercus sp.,49,Concow,89,c02,333,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns made into bread and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
32433,3289,Quercus sp.,49,Concow,89,c02,333,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns made into mush and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
32018,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,82,1,Food,5,Forage,"Acorns not used by people but eaten as a favorite food by deer, squirrels, chipmunks, quail & jays.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 82"
32218,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,,,Acorns occasionally used for food.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32595,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,,,Acorns occasionally used for food.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32069,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,1,Food,,,Acorns parched on a tray or eaten raw.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32065,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns parched, ground and used to make mush.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
32066,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns parched, ground and used to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
32325,3280,Quercus peninsularis Trel.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,216,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns pounded, sun dried, ground and leached.","Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216"
20532,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31958,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32143,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32232,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20533,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31959,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32144,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32233,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20534,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31960,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32145,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32234,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20502,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted and eaten.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
32122,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32073,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,12,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted and used for food.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 12"
32280,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,,,"Acorns roasted in ashes or boiled, mashed and eaten with grease or duck broth.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
32525,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,97,Hualapai,127,w82,11,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted like pinons.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11"
32147,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted on hot rocks and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32059,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns roasted slightly, pounded, mixed with dried meat and stored away in hide containers.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32113,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,,,Acorns seldom used for food.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
20505,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, dried, pounded into a meal, leached and used to make gruel.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
20506,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, dried, pounded into a meal, leached and used to make gruel.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
32407,3288,Quercus sadleriana R. Br.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,"Acorns shelled, parched and eaten.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
31857,3252,Quercus agrifolia var. agrifolia,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
31942,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32006,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32032,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32191,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32597,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
31916,3253,Quercus alba L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,401,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns soaked in lye water to remove bitter tannin taste, dried for storage and used to make soup. Lye for leaching acorns was obtained by soaking wood ashes in water.  Acorns were put in a net bag and then soaked in the lye, then rinsed several times in warm water.  The acorns were then dried for storage, and when wanted, pounded into a coarse flour which was used to thicken soups or form a sort of mush.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 401"
32099,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Acorns sometimes added as thickening to venison stews.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
32142,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,,,"Acorns steamed, roasted or boiled and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
32022,3258,Quercus dunnii Kellogg,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
32220,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
31948,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31972,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32010,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32151,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32197,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32250,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32604,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
20510,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for winter use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
20526,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
31854,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,80,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 80"
32140,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,81,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81"
32230,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,79,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 79"
32294,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,,,Acorns treated with lye to remove bitterness and eaten.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
31953,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used as a substitution during a scarcity of common live oak or black oak.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
20528,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
31855,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,80,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 80"
32141,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,81,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81"
32231,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,79,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 79"
32579,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,228,Seminole,88,s54,493,1,Food,50,Fodder,Acorns used as hog food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 493"
20535,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31961,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32146,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32235,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32217,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the principal vegetable food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
31962,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
31986,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,14,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 14"
32019,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
32237,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
32267,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
32596,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
20495,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
31846,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
31853,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
31896,3253,Quercus alba L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
31929,3254,Quercus bicolor Willd.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
31944,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
31991,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
32028,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
32061,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
32117,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,44,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44"
32130,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
32133,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,165,Nisqually,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32138,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
32157,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32210,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,333,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 333"
32227,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
32238,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
32269,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
32312,3276,Quercus nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,21,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
32315,3277,Quercus oblongifolia Torr.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
32338,3282,Quercus prinus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
32373,3285,Quercus rubra L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
32431,3289,Quercus sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
32436,3289,Quercus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
32619,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32613,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],79,Gosiute,38,c11,378,1,Food,,,Acorns used only in season for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 378"
32016,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used only when more preferred species could not be obtained.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32035,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used only when more preferred species could not be obtained.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32586,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used only when more preferred species could not be obtained.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32609,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,27,Beverage,Acorns used to make 'coffee.',"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32311,3276,Quercus nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,21,1,Food,27,Beverage,Acorns used to make a beverage.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
32515,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,22,1,Food,27,Beverage,Acorns used to make a drink similar to coffee.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22"
20498,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make a meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20516,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make black bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20499,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns used to make bread, biscuits, pancakes and cake.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20496,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20512,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,172,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 172"
20517,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
31956,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32131,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,343,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32136,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32205,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
32208,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,327,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 327"
32222,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32261,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32523,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,97,Hualapai,127,w82,11,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11"
20542,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make dough.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32552,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,125,Lakota,108,r80,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make flour.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 49"
20508,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns used to make flour. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32224,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make gruel and mush.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32263,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make gruel and mush.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20501,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20518,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush and gruel.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32266,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,84,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush or soup rather than bread.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 84"
20497,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20500,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20513,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
20514,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,172,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 172"
20519,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
20539,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
31957,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32137,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32209,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,327,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 327"
32225,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32264,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32526,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
20538,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make pancakes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
20522,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20540,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
20543,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32072,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,12,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 12"
32132,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,343,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32206,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
32265,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32226,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soups.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32524,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,97,Hualapai,127,w82,11,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make stew.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11"
32262,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make white and black bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32223,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make white bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32557,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,,,"Acorns, with tannic acid extracted, equally as good as other acorns.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
32428,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,1,Food,,,"Acorns, with the tannin removed by using wood ash lye and leached out with water, used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
39001,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,104,r08,78,1,Food,86,Spice,Added as flavoring to greens or cactus fruits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 78"
39031,3848,Suaeda suffrutescens S. Wats.,193,Pima,104,r08,78,1,Food,86,Spice,Added as flavoring to greens or cactus fruits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 78"
7992,725,Capsicum annuum var. annuum,188,Papago,27,cu35,47,1,Food,47,Special Food,Added to meat and eaten as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 47"
13100,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,174,h08,265,1,Food,85,Candy,Amber colored gum used for chewing gum.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265"
4140,319,Aralia racemosa L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,,,"An aboriginal Menomini dish was spikenard root, wild onion, wild gooseberry and sugar.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
44293,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,,,"Apical meristems pit roasted and eaten. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44292,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Apical meristems pit roasted, mashed, dried and stored for future use. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
23383,2514,Monardella sheltonii (Torr.) T.J. Howell,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,384,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,"Aromatic, sweet-scented leaves used dried or fresh as a substitute for tea.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 384"
19077,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,86,Spice,Ashes mixed with corn mush for color and flavor.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
6650,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,54,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Ashes stirred into dough to give it a greenish-blue color.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54"
6618,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,160,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Ashes used instead of baking soda.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160"
6619,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,160,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Ashes used instead of baking soda.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160"
32134,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,65,1,Food,,,Autumn acorns buried in mud to ripen and eaten.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 65"
37465,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,,,Autumn tubers used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
31813,3244,Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,61,1,Food,,,"Autumn, sweet roots used for food.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61"
31814,3244,Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,61,1,Food,,,"Autumn, sweet roots used for food.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61"
31815,3244,Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,61,1,Food,,,"Autumn, sweet roots used for food.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61"
7732,675,Calochortus luteus Dougl. ex Lindl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,64,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 64"
7779,683,Calochortus vestae Purdy,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,63,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 63"
28317,2982,Piperia elegans (Lindl.) Rydb.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,62,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 62"
28321,2984,Piperia unalascensis (Spreng.) Rydb.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,62,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 62"
43782,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44266,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43784,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44268,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43824,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,1,Food,52,Fruit,Baked fruits used for food.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
1760,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Baked leaves dried and stored for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1763,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Baked leaves eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1662,81,Agaricus campestris,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,130,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked on hot rocks or in the oven or fried.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 130"
7952,722,Cantharellus cibarius,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,128,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked on hot stones or fried with onions.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 128"
12330,1265,Dentinum repandum,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,130,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Baked on hot stones, in the oven or fried.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 130"
16966,1854,Hericium coralloides,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,129,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Baked on hot stones, in the oven or fried.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 129"
7701,668,Calochortus amabilis Purdy,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,32,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled bulbs eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 32"
7774,681,Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,31,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled bulbs eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 31"
7570,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled corms eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
12480,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,26,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled corms eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 26"
40808,4035,Triteleia laxa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,25,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled corms eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 25"
43880,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into cakes, roasted again, mixed with cornmeal & made into gruel.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43867,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes and roasted again.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43887,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes, roasted again and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
29363,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark and twigs formerly used to feed horses in winter.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
30935,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,84,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark and twigs made into a tea and taken with meals.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84"
30810,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark boiled into regular tea and drunk with meals.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
28071,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29569,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
41558,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Bark cooked with rendering fat and prized by children as special tidbits.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
41559,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,86,Spice,Bark cooked with rendering fat as a flavoring.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
41556,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,83,Preservative,Bark cooked with rendering fat as a preservative.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
620,32,Acer rubrum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
652,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
687,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
29678,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by beavers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
32906,3347,Rhus glabra L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,47,Special Food,Bark eaten by children as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
29382,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,125,Lakota,108,r80,57,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 57"
35860,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,288,Yuma,125,cb51,201,1,Food,,,Bark eaten raw or cooked in hot ashes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
27992,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,1,Food,,,Bark eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
29575,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark fed to horses during the winter.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29512,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark fed to horses during war parties.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
32031,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,85,Candy,"Bark gum pounded, washed and chewed like chewing gum.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
29576,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,89,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark made an excellent winter food for horses.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 89"
30816,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,263,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark made into a beverage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263"
33821,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,46,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark steeped into tea.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 46"
29578,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,47,Special Food,Bark sucked by anyone observing a liquid taboo.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
93,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
593,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
697,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
26981,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
27114,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
28239,2977,Pinus strobus L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
30687,3178,Prunus sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
40907,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7335,585,Betula sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make tea.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
34203,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,48,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make tea.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
20456,2210,Liquidambar styraciflua L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Bark, hearts-a-bustin-with-love (Euonymus americana), and summer grapes used to make tea.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
29535,3105,Populus sp.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,1,Food,50,Fodder,"Bark, similar to oats, used for horse feed.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
2950,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,1,Food,83,Preservative,"Barked split sticks, four inches long, boiled in sturgeon oil to keep the oil fresh during storage.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
10184,1010,Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,117,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Basal leaves added to other greens and eaten raw or cooked.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117"
29111,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,265,1,Food,,,"Basal leaves and rhizomes steamed, peeled and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
37405,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,72,1,Food,,,Basal lengths of stalks eaten fresh.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 72"
29938,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bean flour made into pancakes and bread. Beans were gathered, boiled, pounded on a hide or ground on a metate, placed in a pan and worked with the hands until a thick consistency was attained.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
29986,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,131,Mahuna,5,r54,57,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Bean pods ground into flour and used to make cakes and tarts.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 57"
29988,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,131,Mahuna,5,r54,57,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Bean pods ground into flour, mixed with hot or cold water and eaten as porridge.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 57"
30072,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,147,Mohave,196,s65,46,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Bean pods rotted in a pit for a month, dried, ground into a flour and used to make a drink.","Stewart, Kenneth M., 1965, Mohave Indian Gathering of Wild Plants, Kiva 31(1):46-53, page 46"
30073,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,147,Mohave,196,s65,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bean pods used for food.,"Stewart, Kenneth M., 1965, Mohave Indian Gathering of Wild Plants, Kiva 31(1):46-53, page 46"
30112,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,25,1,Food,,,"Beans and pods pounded into a pulpy mass, boiled and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 25"
30151,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,104,r08,74,1,Food,,,"Beans and pods pounded, ground and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 74"
33808,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans and pods used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
26367,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,69,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Beans boiled & fried or crushed, boiled beans mixed with mush, baked in corn husks & used for food.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 69"
26354,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,56,Soup,Beans boiled and used in stews.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
26300,2870,Phaseolus coccineus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,1,Food,56,Soup,"Beans boiled with green sweet corn, meat and seasoned with salt, pepper and butter or fat.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26317,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,1,Food,56,Soup,"Beans boiled with green sweet corn, meat and seasoned with salt, pepper and butter or fat.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
26343,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,103,1,Food,56,Soup,"Beans boiled with green sweet corn, meat and seasoned with salt, pepper and butter or fat.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 103"
30142,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Beans boiled, cooled, pressed out into dumplings and eaten.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
29936,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,45,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Beans boiled, pounded or ground, hand kneaded and made into a jam.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
29946,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,37,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Beans boiled, strained and used as a drink.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 37"
26285,2867,Phaseolus acutifolius Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Beans cooked with fresh corn, cooked in hot ashes under a fire or boiled.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26313,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Beans cooked with fresh corn, cooked in hot ashes under a fire or boiled.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26339,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Beans cooked with fresh corn, cooked in hot ashes under a fire or boiled.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
29942,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,,,Beans cooked with meat and seed coats spit out when eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
3218,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,405,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Beans cooked, unusual flavor imparted and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405"
26357,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,33,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans cultivated and stored for use during the winter.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33"
30095,3157,Prosopis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Beans dried and stored for winter use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 44"
29991,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,147,Mohave,196,s65,46,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Beans dried and stored in giant basket granaries for winter use.,"Stewart, Kenneth M., 1965, Mohave Indian Gathering of Wild Plants, Kiva 31(1):46-53, page 46"
30048,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,288,Yuma,125,cb51,181,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans dried thoroughly and pounded into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 181"
29958,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans eaten raw for the sweet taste or cooked like string beans.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
29934,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,43,1,Food,,,Beans eaten raw or cooked as string beans.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
29962,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,43,1,Food,,,Beans eaten raw or cooked as string beans.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
29992,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,147,Mohave,196,s65,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans eaten raw or roasted.,"Stewart, Kenneth M., 1965, Mohave Indian Gathering of Wild Plants, Kiva 31(1):46-53, page 46"
24356,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,25,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Beans flailed, winnowed, parched and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 25"
25485,2745,Parkinsonia aculeata L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,25,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Beans flailed, winnowed, parched and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 25"
25499,2747,Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,25,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Beans flailed, winnowed, parched and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 25"
26355,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans formed a large part of the vegetable diet.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
30098,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,136,Maricopa,19,c35,44,1,Food,,,Beans formerly eaten as an important food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 44"
25492,2746,Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Gray) S. Wats.,193,Pima,104,r08,75,1,Food,,,Beans formerly eaten fresh.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 75"
25503,2747,Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,75,1,Food,,,Beans formerly eaten fresh.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 75"
29933,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,43,1,Food,44,Porridge,Beans formerly ground into flour and prepared as mush.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
29961,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,43,1,Food,44,Porridge,Beans formerly ground into flour and prepared as mush.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
24366,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans formerly pit roasted, ground, mixed with water and eaten as pinole.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
24363,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Beans formerly pit roasted, parched and eaten whole.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
390,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,104,r08,76,1,Food,,,Beans formerly used for food.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
29952,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans ground into a flour and used to make bread.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
29957,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Beans ground into a flour, made into a mush and used for food.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
30035,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans ground into a meal and used to make cakes.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32"
395,15,Acacia greggii Gray,229,Seri,29,d44,136,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Beans ground into a meal, mixed with water or sea lion oil and eaten.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
24372,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,229,Seri,29,d44,136,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Beans ground into a meal, mixed with water or sea lion oil and eaten.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
29999,3154,Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa,229,Seri,29,d44,136,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Beans ground into a meal, mixed with water or sea lion oil and eaten.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
30110,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,25,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans ground into flour and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 25"
29947,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,37,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans ground into flour, mixed with other plant foods and eaten.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 37"
30080,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,11,c49,96,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Beans ground, mixed with water and made into a nourishing and sweet beverage.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 96"
26363,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,99,1,Food,,,Beans grown for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 99"
26284,2867,Phaseolus acutifolius Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,56,Soup,"Beans parched, ground and added to hot water to make a soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26312,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,56,Soup,"Beans parched, ground and added to hot water to make a soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26338,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,56,Soup,"Beans parched, ground and added to hot water to make a soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
30147,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,104,r08,74,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans parched, ground and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 74"
24358,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans parched, sun dried, stored, ground into flour and used as a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
25501,2747,Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans parched, sun dried, stored, ground into flour and used as a staple food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
30084,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,104,r08,75,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans pit cooked, dried, pounded and eaten as pinole.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 75"
30085,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,19,c35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,"Beans pit roasted for several days, dried and ground into a pinole.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 45"
30111,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans pounded in mortars and used as a staple food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
30141,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Beans pounded, added to cold water, strained and used as a sweet drink.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
26286,2867,Phaseolus acutifolius Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26314,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26340,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,227,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227"
26292,2868,Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius Freeman,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,264,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beans stored in pots for later use.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 264"
30042,3155,Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,174,h08,261,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Beans sun dried, pounded into meal, mixed with cold water and used as a drink.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 261"
30081,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,193,Pima,174,h08,261,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Beans sun dried, pounded into meal, mixed with cold water and used as a drink.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 261"
26294,2868,Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius Freeman,188,Papago,27,cu35,32,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Beans threshed, dried on the ground or roofs, stored and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 32"
26362,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,32,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Beans threshed, dried on the ground or roofs, stored and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 32"
29953,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,101,Isleta,19,c35,43,1,Food,85,Candy,Beans toasted and eaten as a confection by sucking out the juice.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 43"
3686,289,Apios americana Medik.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
26311,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
26332,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,169,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 169"
26333,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,159,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159"
26336,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
3212,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,61,Dakota,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3219,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,177,Omaha,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3222,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3223,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,205,Ponca,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3224,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
26309,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans used to make bean bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
26334,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Beans used to make bean bread.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
30089,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans used to make flour.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
30165,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,75,Staple,Beans used to make flour.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
26310,2871,Phaseolus lunatus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,56,Soup,Beans used to make hickory nut soup.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
26335,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,56,Soup,Beans used to make hickory nut soup.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
30146,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,1,Food,44,Porridge,Beans used to make mush.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
14687,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Beechnuts stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
14693,1603,Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,100,1,Food,,,"Beechnuts used for food. The hidden stores of the small deer mouse was what the Indians relied upon.  The deer mouse is outdone by no other animal in laying up winter stores.  Its favorite food is the beechnut.  It will lay up, in some safe log or hollow tree, from four to eight quarts, shelled in the most careful manner.  The Indians easily find the stores, when the snow is on the ground, by the refuse on the snow.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 100"
34393,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,73,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries added to fluffy fat and eaten as ice cream.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 73"
13093,1394,Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) B”cher,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries added to ice cream.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
33648,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries added to soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
34332,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,189,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries added to stored salmonberries.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189"
34517,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,177,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries always eaten fresh.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 177"
2908,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries and buffalo fat used to make a soup eaten as a dessert at feasts.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2911,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries and fat stuffed into an intestine, boiled and eaten like a sausage.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
42131,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,99,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries and low sweet blueberry were important items of food and used dried.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99"
42132,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries and low sweet blueberry were important items of food and used fresh or canned.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 99"
4573,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,99,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries and oil eaten with dry meat.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 99"
23487,2532,Morus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries and poke berries crushed, strained, mixed with sugar and corn meal and made into dumplings.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 48"
2915,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries and red osier dogwood berries used as a favorite snack reserved for men.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
18813,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries and roasted, mashed deer liver combination used for food.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
38967,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries and roots eaten by snakes.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
4479,344,Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,109,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries and salmonberries stored in barrels for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 109"
10971,1100,Cornus sericea L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries and saskatoon berries smashed together, dried, rehydrated and eaten in the winter. The berries were also pounded with choke cherries, seeds and all and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11003,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries and saskatoon berries used as a favorite snack reserved for men.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
12866,1353,Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
14727,1607,Ferocactus cylindraceus var. cylindraceus,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24567,2643,Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24590,2647,Opuntia bigelovii Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24592,2648,Opuntia californica var. parkeri (Coult.) Pinkava,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24633,2654,Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24649,2658,Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) P. Mill.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
24791,2669,Opuntia ramosissima Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49"
32954,3347,Rhus glabra L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,255,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries and sugar used to make a cooling drink in the summer time and stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 255"
42417,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries and water boiled, flour paste, sugar or honey added and eaten hot or cold as a pudding.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
37818,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,27,Carrier,134,c73,76,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries beaten by hand in a birch basket into Indian ice cream.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 76"
38577,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,273,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten alone.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 273"
38578,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,273,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries boiled and eaten in soups such as salmon head soup.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 273"
3138,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
18616,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
18768,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
18846,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,158,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158"
22023,2377,Mahonia sp.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
26501,2894,Phoradendron californicum Nutt.,193,Pima,19,c35,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
26502,2894,Phoradendron californicum Nutt.,193,Pima,104,r08,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71"
31014,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47"
42050,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
18572,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries boiled and made into jelly or preserves.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
42269,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,247,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries boiled and stored in barrels of oolichan grease for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 247"
4602,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,40,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries boiled and used to make a broth.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
44675,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries boiled and used to make a syrup.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
18570,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,10,Apache,19,c35,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
18573,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,101,Isleta,19,c35,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
18577,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 32"
18420,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled fresh and eaten cold.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
33160,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries boiled into a 'tea.',"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33161,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries boiled into a 'tea.',"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33249,3354,Rhus trilobata var. trilobata,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries boiled into a 'tea.',"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
33250,3354,Rhus trilobata var. trilobata,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,39,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries boiled into a 'tea.',"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39"
21856,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,225,Sanpoil,32,tbk80,85,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries boiled into a jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 85"
26496,2894,Phoradendron californicum Nutt.,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,44,Porridge,Berries boiled to produce liquid and combined with wheat mush.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
42264,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with dried fruit & eaten with meat or used as topping for ice cream, yogurt or cake.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42445,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with dried fruit & eaten with meat or used as topping for ice cream, yogurt or cake.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
33189,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with meat.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
13084,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34338,3440,Rubus arcticus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34400,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
34502,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12"
42298,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10"
42455,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9"
43074,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled with sugar and flour to thicken.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 11"
42265,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour and eaten with meats.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42446,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour and eaten with meats.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42263,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a pudding.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42444,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a pudding.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42266,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a topping for hotcakes or bread.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42447,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries boiled with sugar, water and flour into a topping for hotcakes or bread.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
42420,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled with water, mixed with blackberries and stored in a poke or barrel for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
33620,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berries boiled, cooled and eaten with oulachen oil at feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
42268,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled, cooled, blackberries or blueberries added and stored for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42449,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries boiled, cooled, blackberries or blueberries added and stored for winter use.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
11372,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,103,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries boiled, dried and stored.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103"
33392,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33494,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33518,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33569,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33625,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
33713,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
37771,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,24,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries boiled, flour and sugar added and eaten as a pudding.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 24"
26705,2916,Physalis longifolia Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,70,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries boiled, ground in a mortar with raw onions, chile and coriander seeds and used for food.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 70"
19069,2063,Juniperus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,43,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries boiled, ground or mashed and used with other foods.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 43"
21432,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,95,Hopi,37,w39,89,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Berries boiled, ground, mixed with 'potato clay' and eaten during past famines.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 89"
33387,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,113,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries boiled, mixed in molasses and eaten as dessert.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 113"
42322,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berries boiled, mixed with red salmon spawn and oil and eaten at feasts in winter ceremonies.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
15682,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries boiled, poured into frames, sun or fire dried into cakes and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
41962,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries boiled, seasoned, combined with moose fat and deer tallow and used for food.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
30751,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Berries boiled, sugar and flour added and eaten as a pudding.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
42023,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42026,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42123,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42135,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42166,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42201,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42220,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,94,Hoh,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42240,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,209,Quileute,77,r36,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
42317,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,94,Hoh,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42342,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,77,r36,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used as a winter food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68"
42030,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42373,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
3012,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
14898,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15013,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
23491,2532,Morus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,48,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 48"
33452,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,54,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 54"
33663,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33697,3392,Ribes rotundifolium Michx.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,54,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 54"
34500,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34921,3469,Rubus sp.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,57,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 57"
37849,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,331,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
37874,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,93,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 93"
41975,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
41994,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,102,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
42070,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,103,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
42128,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
42391,4087,Vaccinium sp.,133,Makah,3,g83,310,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 310"
42075,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries canned or refrigerated for future use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42196,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries canned or refrigerated for future use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
37885,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,61,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries canned with sugar, mixed with equal amount of water and whipped into a foam; whipped cream.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61"
41956,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries canned, fruit pemmican and pate.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
42012,4074,Vaccinium corymbosum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries canned, fruit pemmican and pate.","Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 104"
34635,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,96,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96"
22141,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries chewed and juice swallowed.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
4477,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,284,Yavapai,48,g36,256,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries chewed and used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256"
29543,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,1,Food,85,Candy,Berries chewed as gum with chili.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
3149,214,Amelanchier sp.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries collected in large quantities and cured.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
30694,3178,Prunus sp.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries collected in large quantities and cured.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
37941,3660,Shepherdia sp.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries collected in large quantities and cured.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
42396,4087,Vaccinium sp.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries collected in large quantities and cured.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
3063,205,Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia,86,Haisla,14,c93,263,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries combined with other fruits and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263"
30721,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries considered a staple.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
19108,2063,Juniperus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,32,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries considered a starvation food because of their abundance.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 32"
43067,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
4569,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and eaten.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23"
42216,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked and made into jam or jelly.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
36588,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
42034,4076,Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and used for food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
42435,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,109,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked as a sauce.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 109"
35075,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,22,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked as pie filling.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 22"
35076,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,22,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked as sauce for dumplings.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 22"
18845,2060,Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little,2,Acoma,37,w39,63,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries cooked in a stew.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
41977,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42042,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42139,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42398,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries cooked in muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
41985,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42046,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42147,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
42402,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,107,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked in pies and puddings.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 107"
14998,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,263,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked into a jam for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263"
43178,4136,Viburnum prunifolium L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked into a jam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
36642,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked into a rich sauce.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
21424,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,2,Acoma,19,c35,33,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked into a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
21439,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,124,Laguna,19,c35,33,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries cooked into a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
34452,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
34591,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
21431,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,95,Hopi,184,n43,19,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked to make a jam-like food and served with fresh piki bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 19"
36603,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked to make jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
13072,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,92,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries cooked with blueberries and used to make pie and ice cream.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 92"
42262,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries cooked with fish eggs, fish (whitefish, sheefish or pike), blubber and eaten.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 104"
42443,4089,Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,86,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries cooked with fish eggs, fish (whitefish, sheefish or pike), blubber and eaten.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 86"
38579,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,273,1,Food,86,Spice,Berries cooked with marmot to flavor meat and added to blueberry jars as a flavor when canning. A cluster of berries was added to the top of a jar of blueberries as a flavor when canning.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 273"
4553,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,318,1,Food,86,Spice,Berries cooked with meat to season the broth.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 318"
13070,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,92,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries cooked with sourdock and eaten as a dessert.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 92"
33458,3367,Ribes cynosbati L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,264,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries cooked with sugar as a dessert.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 264"
34775,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Berries cooked with wild raspberries and other fruits into a thick jam, dried and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
36728,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked without sugar into a conserve.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
34630,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,200,Pomo,80,g67,13,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries cooked, bottled and stored for later use.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13"
34950,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, dried in cakes and used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
37792,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries cooked, dried, boiled, drained, crushed and used for food.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
30241,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
30594,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
33751,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
34424,3449,Rubus frondosus Bigelow,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
34522,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,38,Chippewa,4,d28,321,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321"
10552,1057,Condalia hookeri var. hookeri,193,Pima,174,h08,262,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries cooked, strained and juice boiled to make syrup.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
36883,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,94,Hoh,77,r36,69,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69"
36906,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,209,Quileute,77,r36,69,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage leaves and preserved for winter use.","Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69"
19166,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,30,1,Food,86,Spice,"Berries crushed and used to flavor soups, meats and stews.","Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
4210,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed for sweet, unfermented cider.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4406,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed for sweet, unfermented cider.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4501,346,Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed for sweet, unfermented cider.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4698,348,Arctostaphylos viscida Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed for sweet, unfermented cider.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
37860,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,153,Nanaimo,23,tb71,82,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries crushed in water, beaten to make a froth and eaten as a favorite dessert.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
37878,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,82,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries crushed in water, beaten to make a froth and eaten as a favorite dessert.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
2936,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,57,"Cree, Plains",206,m40,202,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries crushed, dried and stored for future use.","Mandelbaum, David G., 1940, The Plains Cree, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 37:202-203, page 202"
3169,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries crushed, dried and used for food.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
21988,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed, mixed with sugar and water and made into a refreshing beverage.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 18"
33114,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,229,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed, soaked in water, ground, more water added and used as a drink.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 229"
21402,2313,Lycium andersonii Gray,147,Mohave,125,cb51,205,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed, strained and used as a drink.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 205"
15678,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,209,Quileute,25,g73,43,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries dipped in whale oil and eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
36900,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries dried and boiled into a soup.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
21458,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and boiled with clay, sugar or wild potatoes.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21470,2318,Lycium torreyi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and boiled with clay, sugar or wild potatoes.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
3154,215,Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried and canned for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107"
34654,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,87,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and cooked as a winter food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87"
2982,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
33328,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,125,Lakota,156,k90,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
24210,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,37,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten in the winter.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
21414,2315,Lycium fremontii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,19,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten like raisins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 19"
3064,205,Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,263,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263"
4441,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
35083,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,35,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35093,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,209,Quileute,25,g73,35,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
35099,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,241,Skagit,25,g73,35,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35"
42153,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42171,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,114,Klallam,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42178,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,133,Makah,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42197,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,209,Quileute,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
42202,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,210,Quinault,25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
4513,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and later soaked with sugar.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4489,345,Arctostaphylos sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,46,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for future use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 46"
4652,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,32,tbk80,101,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101"
33348,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,106,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106"
14876,1635,Fragaria sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
30947,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
33343,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33477,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33555,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33652,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
33770,3399,Ribes velutinum Greene,79,Gosiute,38,c11,379,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379"
34625,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,132,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 132"
2970,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in big baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
4340,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4390,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4423,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
2909,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, some with backfat, for future use.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
44665,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, to be soaked in hot water and used later.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44667,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,147,Mohave,125,cb51,204,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, to be soaked in hot water and used later.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
42244,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,60,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
42359,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,61,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 61"
23472,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries dried and used as a spread on mescal.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
36620,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used as a winter food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
4556,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
14928,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,36,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
30879,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
34608,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
34805,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
34924,3469,Rubus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
37776,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,43,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 43"
39095,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,251,Squaxin,25,g73,47,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
42049,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
42204,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
42428,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
3071,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used in place of raisins or currants.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
2910,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
3007,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3124,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 38"
15645,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,299,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299"
15657,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,299,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299"
33188,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,121,l86,26,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 26"
33550,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,175,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 175"
34497,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34793,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
36639,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36868,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36898,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
37816,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,27,Carrier,134,c73,76,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 76"
37845,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,236,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
41991,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
42057,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42377,4087,Vaccinium sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,73,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 73"
33352,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,183,Paiute,98,m53,78,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for later use.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 78"
34593,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for later use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
34613,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,115,Klamath,66,c97,99,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for later use.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 99"
34782,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for later use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
35107,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,134,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for later use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 134"
36896,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,90,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for storage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 90"
36683,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,41,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use and boiled like raisins.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41"
2935,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
3058,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
3095,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3117,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3121,211,Amelanchier laevis Wieg.,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3133,213,Amelanchier sanguinea var. sanguinea,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3137,214,Amelanchier sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,75,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 75"
3152,215,Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,107,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107"
3165,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,157,Navajo,141,h56,148,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148"
10837,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,234,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 234"
11153,1105,Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,234,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 234"
30957,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67"
33288,3355,Rhus typhina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
33333,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33762,3397,Ribes triste Pallas,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
34315,3438,Rubus allegheniensis Porter,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
34964,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
37765,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,49,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
37795,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
42158,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,243,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 243"
4549,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried in bags, mixed with oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
15625,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,204,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in cakes and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204"
34813,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried in cakes and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
42002,4072,Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,244,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244"
42007,4073,Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,244,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244"
42056,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,244,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried in the form of cakes and reconstituted during the winter.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 244"
21404,2313,Lycium andersonii Gray,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried in the sand for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
33395,3362,Ribes californicum Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried in the shade for about a week and stored.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33683,3390,Ribes quercetorum Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried in the shade for about a week and stored.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33689,3391,Ribes roezlii Regel,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried in the shade for about a week and stored.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33772,3400,Ribes velutinum var. velutinum,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried in the shade for about a week and stored.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
42003,4072,Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42008,4073,Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola (Camp) Hult‚n,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42167,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,334,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 334"
42168,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
42422,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,335,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 335"
34850,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
3039,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
41972,4070,Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,401,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried like currants and cooked in winter with corn, rice and venison.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 401"
21403,2313,Lycium andersonii Gray,147,Mohave,125,cb51,205,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried like raisins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 205"
41998,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried loose like raisins or canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42001,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried loose like raisins or canned and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
3041,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried loose like raisins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
42027,4075,Vaccinium deliciosum Piper,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried loose like raisins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42370,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,259,Thompson,10,tta90,217,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried loose like raisins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 217"
42080,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,218,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried or canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 218"
33583,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,229,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried or sometimes buried fresh in the ground for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 229"
3081,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,101,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries dried whole or mashed, formed into cakes and dried.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101"
42068,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,103,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, boiled and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
3078,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,129,Lummi,25,g73,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, boiled with dog salmon and eaten at feasts.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
4558,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,56,Soup,"Berries dried, boiled with roots and eaten as soup.","Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
30882,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,56,Soup,"Berries dried, boiled with roots and eaten as soup.","Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
34927,3469,Rubus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,56,Soup,"Berries dried, boiled with roots and eaten as soup.","Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
42053,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,56,Soup,"Berries dried, boiled with roots and eaten as soup.","Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
30944,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, cooked and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
30946,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,49,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, ground and boiled into a mush.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26710,2918,Physalis pubescens L.,157,Navajo,121,l86,17,1,Food,75,Staple,"Berries dried, ground into a flour and stored for winter use.","Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 17"
33358,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, ground, mixed with seed flour and used to make mush.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
21406,2313,Lycium andersonii Gray,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, mashed and eaten like a mush.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
37796,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, mashed and eaten like a mush.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
18769,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, pounded into flour and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
4579,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,76,Flathead,30,h92,40,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries dried, powdered and used as a condiment with deer liver.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
15738,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and mixed with bread meal or hominy in winter.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
34710,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,95,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and mixed with bread meal or hominy in winter.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 95"
36717,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and mixed with bread meal or hominy in winter.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42385,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and mixed with bread meal or hominy in winter.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
15739,1707,Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and used as a winter sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
34711,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,95,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and used as a winter sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 95"
36718,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and used as a winter sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
42386,4087,Vaccinium sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and used as a winter sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
34864,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,34,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, stored in soft or hard baskets and used for food.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
33021,3350,Rhus ovata S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
14848,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,209,Quileute,25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten after fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
13092,1394,Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) B”cher,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten alone.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
35065,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,75,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten and well liked.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
15669,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,96,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten as fresh fruit.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96"
4448,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears and deer.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
2992,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears and grouse.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
11363,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,124,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears and other animals.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124"
2966,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
11046,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,233,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 233"
11155,1105,Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,93,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 93"
21196,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
33532,3371,Ribes hudsonianum Richards.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,514,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 514"
33661,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
37923,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
38545,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
21153,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,203,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by birds.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203"
11110,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by black bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
37769,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,48,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by buffalo.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48"
18737,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by children and young people.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 40"
33703,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,31,Chehalis,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33715,3394,Ribes sanguineum Pursh,251,Squaxin,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by children.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
39125,3851,Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,231,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 231"
21168,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and other birds.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
41992,4071,Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,102,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by domestic sheep.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
22056,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,78,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by frogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 78"
38970,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,79,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by frogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 79"
42270,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by geese.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
20187,2173,Licania michauxii Prance,228,Seminole,88,s54,434,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by gophers.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 434"
21214,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,197,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by grizzly bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 197"
24212,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by ground squirrels.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
33408,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by grouse and pheasant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
13076,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries eaten by hunters to quench their thirst in the waterless high country.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
34879,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by porcupines and groundhogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
39078,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,95,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by ruffed grouse and other birds.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95"
29920,3150,Prosartes smithii (Hook.) Utech,105,Karok,71,sg52,381,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by squirrels.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381"
10413,1033,Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
29919,3149,Prosartes hookeri var. oregana (S. Wats.) Kartesz,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 86"
38968,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,86,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by wolves.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 86"
23147,2494,Mitchella repens L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,96,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by women.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
33128,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten by young people.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
16982,1860,Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindl.) M. Roemer,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,77,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten cooked and raw.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 77"
26503,2894,Phoradendron californicum Nutt.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten cooked or raw.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
2964,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
3067,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
33356,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
34943,3469,Rubus sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
36614,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
42073,4077,Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42155,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
42194,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,102,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
42235,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,60,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 60"
42334,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,183,Paiute,98,m53,103,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 103"
43506,4184,Vitis vulpina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,72,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72"
33541,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,157,Navajo,141,h56,155,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten during the winter.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 155"
21405,2313,Lycium andersonii Gray,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh and crushed or mixed with water.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
33497,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh and never stored.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
10850,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh and raw.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
14944,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,354,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh by children.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 354"
43109,4132,Viburnum lentago L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,398,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh from the bush.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
21428,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,95,Hopi,72,f96,19,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh from the shrub.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
15674,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh from the vine.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 101"
26715,2919,Physalis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh from the vine.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 9"
14839,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,133,Makah,25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh immediately after picking.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
35029,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,88,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh in summer.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88"
15106,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,133,Makah,25,g73,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh in the summer.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
21443,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,157,Navajo,121,l86,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh off the bush.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 32"
2965,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or added to elk or deer meat to make pemmican.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
3043,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
26703,2916,Physalis longifolia Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40"
26704,2916,Physalis longifolia Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 40"
26726,2920,Physalis subulata var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterfall ex Kartesz & Gandhi,207,Pueblo,19,c35,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
34851,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
36574,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,98,m53,111,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
33503,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
33544,3374,Ribes inerme Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
33669,3386,Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott,259,Thompson,10,tta90,227,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 227"
42346,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
43048,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or cooked.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
34388,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,183,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or mixed with oil or fat.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183"
4218,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or roasted.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
34717,3461,Rubus occidentalis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten fresh, not important as a fresh fruit.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
34870,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,270,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten fresh, often with fish.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 270"
3009,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten fresh, with sugar or cooked.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
2971,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2980,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
3068,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
3083,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,241,Skagit,25,g73,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3085,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
3125,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 38"
3139,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
3166,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,157,Navajo,141,h56,148,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148"
3170,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
4354,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4386,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
4462,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4490,345,Arctostaphylos sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 46"
4514,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4550,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44"
4557,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
10846,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,133,Makah,25,g73,43,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43"
10979,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,103,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
10984,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
11396,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,123,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123"
11433,1131,Crataegus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
13069,1393,Empetrum nigrum L.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 21"
14834,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,41,Clallam,99,f80,202,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202"
14842,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
14843,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 108"
14845,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,109,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 109"
14856,1633,Fragaria chiloensis ssp. lucida (Vilm.) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14858,1634,Fragaria chiloensis ssp. pacifica Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14863,1635,Fragaria sp.,37,"Chinook, Lower",25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
14875,1635,Fragaria sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
14878,1635,Fragaria sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 80"
14885,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,41,Clallam,99,f80,202,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202"
14892,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
14897,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
14899,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 108"
14911,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,259,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 259"
14929,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
14930,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14936,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,253,Swinomish,25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
14938,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
14949,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,110,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 110"
14953,1639,Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Staudt,259,Thompson,33,steed28,488,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 488"
14983,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,41,Clallam,99,f80,202,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202"
14997,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
15000,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,117,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
15012,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,125,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125"
15017,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 108"
15030,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,259,Thompson,10,tta90,259,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 259"
15033,1641,Fragaria virginiana ssp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
15036,1641,Fragaria virginiana ssp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
15037,1631,Fragaria ?ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex T.J. Howell) Staudt (pro nm.),31,Chehalis,25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
15038,1631,Fragaria ?ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex T.J. Howell) Staudt (pro nm.),114,Klallam,25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
15041,1631,Fragaria ?ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex T.J. Howell) Staudt (pro nm.),251,Squaxin,25,g73,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36"
15646,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,299,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299"
15660,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
15683,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83"
18406,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,81,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 81"
21398,2313,Lycium andersonii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 87"
21412,2315,Lycium fremontii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 87"
21850,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,221,Samish,25,g73,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21855,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,225,Sanpoil,32,tbk80,85,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 85"
21857,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
21862,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21867,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21896,2373,Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde,10,Apache,19,c35,19,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19"
21900,2373,Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 49"
22019,2377,Mahonia sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
22050,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,321,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 321"
23471,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
24211,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
24218,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,129,Lummi,25,g73,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
24224,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,210,Quinault,25,g73,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
24226,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,221,Samish,25,g73,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
24228,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,241,Skagit,25,g73,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
24230,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,245,Snohomish,25,g73,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
24232,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,253,Swinomish,25,g73,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
30545,3174,Prunus pumila L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
30675,3178,Prunus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 48"
30679,3178,Prunus sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
30800,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
30846,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,127,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127"
30880,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
30900,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 54"
33022,3350,Rhus ovata S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
33093,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,131,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131"
33335,3358,Ribes americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,410,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410"
33349,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,106,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106"
33357,3359,Ribes aureum Pursh,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
33384,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,133,Makah,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33396,3362,Ribes californicum Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,59,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 59"
33409,3363,Ribes cereum Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 107"
33471,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,41,Clallam,99,f80,200,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200"
33501,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33551,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,175,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 175"
33576,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
33594,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33595,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,133,Makah,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33600,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 32"
33602,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
33607,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,101,Isleta,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33608,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23"
33609,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,102,Jemez,19,c35,49,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 49"
33629,3380,Ribes malvaceum var. viridifolium Abrams,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 133"
33643,3383,Ribes montigenum McClatchie,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,133,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 133"
33647,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
33651,3385,Ribes oxyacanthoides L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 55"