id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
7,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,151,1,Food,,,Cambium used for food.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151"
14,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,316,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 316"
17,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,1,Food,85,Candy,Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
93,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
168,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,1,Food,85,Candy,Hardened pitch chewed for pleasure.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
192,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Gum from inside the bark, next to the trunk, made into a drink.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
193,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,1,Food,85,Candy,"Gum from inside the bark, next to the trunk, chewed.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
211,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,1,Food,27,Beverage,Branch tips sometimes steeped to make a tea like beverage.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
236,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
237,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
238,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
239,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,1,Food,85,Candy,Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
297,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
312,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
345,8,Abies sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,484,1,Food,,,Gum chewed and swallowed.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 484"
348,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,2,Acoma,19,c35,39,1,Food,,,"Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
352,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,124,Laguna,19,c35,39,1,Food,,,"Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
365,11,Abronia latifolia Eschsch.,41,Clallam,99,f80,201,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201"
366,11,Abronia latifolia Eschsch.,114,Klallam,25,g73,29,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
367,11,Abronia latifolia Eschsch.,133,Makah,25,g73,29,1,Food,,,Roots eaten in the fall.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
374,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,1,Food,44,Porridge,Dried pods ground into flour and used to make mush or cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
375,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Pods eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
377,15,Acacia greggii Gray,65,Diegueno,122,h75,218,1,Food,50,Fodder,Used to feed domesticated animals.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 218"
380,15,Acacia greggii Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,225,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds stored, roasted, ground and made into bread.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 225"
390,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,104,r08,76,1,Food,,,Beans formerly used for food.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
394,15,Acacia greggii Gray,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds used as 'starvation food.',"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
395,15,Acacia greggii Gray,229,Seri,29,d44,136,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Beans ground into a meal, mixed with water or sea lion oil and eaten.","Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136"
412,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sap eaten dried.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
413,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,1,Food,,,Sap eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
440,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,86,Spice,"Dried, crushed leaves used to spice stored meat.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
474,25,Acer glabrum var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap collected and boiled to obtain syrup and sugar.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
479,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sap eaten dried.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
480,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,1,Food,,,Sap eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
483,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
484,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,77,1,Food,86,Spice,"Leaves used in steaming pits to flavor deer, seal or porpoise meat.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
512,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,215,Saanich,23,tb71,77,1,Food,86,Spice,"Leaves used in steaming pits to flavor deer, seal or porpoise meat.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
513,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten in small quantities with oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
527,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap boiled to make a type of maple syrup.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
528,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,1,Food,,,Raw shoots used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
529,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Sprouted seeds boiled and eaten as green vegetables. The sprouted seeds were generally bitter, but the young shoots were considered to be quite sweet and juicy.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
539,27,Acer negundo L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Inner bark scrapings dried and kept for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
540,27,Acer negundo L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Inner bark boiled until sugar crystallizes out of it.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
542,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,13,1,Food,85,Candy,"Sap boiled, added to animal hide shavings and eaten as a relished candy.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13"
543,27,Acer negundo L.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,4,1,Food,85,Candy,Sap mixed with shavings from inner sides of animal hides and eaten as candy.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
548,27,Acer negundo L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,366,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 366"
554,27,Acer negundo L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,4,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap boiled or frozen and used as a sweet syrup.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
560,27,Acer negundo L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,394,1,Food,27,Beverage,Sap mixed with the sap of the sugar maple and used as a beverage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394"
561,27,Acer negundo L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,329,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap boiled to make sugar and syrup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329"
562,27,Acer negundo L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,101,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
565,27,Acer negundo L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,101,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
566,27,Acer negundo L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,101,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
568,27,Acer negundo L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,101,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101"
569,28,Acer negundo var. interius (Britt.) Sarg.,54,Cree,146,j87,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 44"
573,29,Acer negundo var. negundo,238,Sioux,73,b05,16,1,Food,75,Staple,Sap boiled down in the spring and made into sugar.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
574,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
593,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
602,32,Acer rubrum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,170,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170"
603,32,Acer rubrum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Used as a sweetener.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
604,32,Acer rubrum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,99,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 99"
605,32,Acer rubrum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,99,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 99"
620,32,Acer rubrum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
646,34,Acer saccharinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
648,34,Acer saccharinum L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,100,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
650,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,146,1,Food,27,Beverage,Sap fermented and used as an intoxicant.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 146"
651,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Sap, thimbleberries and water used to make a drink for home consumption and longhouse ceremonies.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
652,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
653,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
656,34,Acer saccharinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
663,34,Acer saccharinum L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,328,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap boiled to make sugar and syrup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 328"
664,34,Acer saccharinum L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,100,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
665,34,Acer saccharinum L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,100,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
667,34,Acer saccharinum L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,100,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
668,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,98,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 98"
669,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,98,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 98"
672,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Juice used to make sugar.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
673,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,32,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 32"
677,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,100,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap formerly used to make sugar.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
684,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,146,1,Food,27,Beverage,Sap fermented and used as an intoxicant.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 146"
685,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,52,1,Food,27,Beverage,Sap made into sugar and used to make beer.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 52"
686,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Sap, thimbleberries and water used to make a drink for home consumption and longhouse ceremonies.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
687,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
688,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,52,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 52"
689,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used to make sugar.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
691,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Used to make maple syrup.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
692,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Used to make maple syrup and sugar.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
694,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,138,Menominee,51,s23,61,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Boiled sap made into maple sugar and used in almost every combination of cookery.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 61"
695,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,255,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Maple sugar used instead of salt as seasoning in cooking.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 255"
697,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
698,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap used to make maple syrup and maple sugar.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
701,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,69,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap used as a sweetening agent and to make maple syrup.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69"
702,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,394,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Sap saved to drink as it comes from the tree, alone or mixed with box elder or birch sap.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394"
703,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,394,1,Food,163,Sour,Sap allowed to sour to make vinegar and mixed with maple sugar to cook sweet and sour meat.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394"
704,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,394,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Maple sugar used to season all kinds of meats, replaced now with salt. Smith describes in detail the process by which the Ojibwe make maple syrup.  Although now (1932) they use iron kettles, originally the sap and storage vessels were 'made of birch bark, sewed with boiled basswood fiber or the core of the jack pine root.'  The vessels are rendered waterproof by the application of pitch secured by boiling jack pine cones.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394"
708,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,92,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Maple sap, as it came from the tree, drunk by children.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92"
709,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,92,1,Food,85,Candy,Children made taffy by cooling the maple sap in the snow.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92"
710,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,92,1,Food,163,Sour,Maple sap not only furnished the sugar for seasoning material but also furnished the vinegar. Sap that was allowed to become sour made a vinegar to be used in cooking venison which was afterwards sweetened with maple sugar.  This corresponds somewhat to the German 'sweet and sour' style of cooking.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92"
711,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,92,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Maple sugar used, instead of salt, to season all cooking. The sugar maple and the black sugar maple are found all over Wisconsin and were considered to be the most valuable trees in the forest because they furnished them their seasoning material.  While they do use salt today, it is an acquired ingredient and most of the old people would prefer to have sugar for their seasoning.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92"
752,38,Achillea millefolium L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and flowers used to make a pleasant tea.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
813,38,Achillea millefolium L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,220,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 220"
847,38,Achillea millefolium L.,115,Klamath,66,c97,105,1,Food,83,Preservative,"Stem, leaf and flower placed inside fish cavity as a preservative.","Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105"
1095,44,Achillea sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
1112,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and water and made into a mush.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
1113,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
1114,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant used for hay.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
1115,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, mixed with meal and water and eaten as mush.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
1116,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
1118,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,79,Gosiute,38,c11,375,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375"
1119,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
1120,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,73,1,Food,56,Soup,Seeds and Indian millet seeds ground and used to make soup or mush.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 73"
1121,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
1122,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,184,n43,20,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground with corn into fine meal and used to make tortilla bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 20"
1123,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used to make meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
1124,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used to make meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
1125,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,126,vest40,158,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used to make meal.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158"
1126,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1127,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1128,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1129,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1130,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,191,j38,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Plants formerly used for food during famines.,"Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43"
1131,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,82,c74,338,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds eaten, especially in time of famine.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 338"
1132,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,95,Hopi,37,w39,65,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds used during famines.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 65"
1133,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1134,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
1135,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,74,e44,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Ground seeds made into cakes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26"
1136,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,119,steg41,223,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground and made into bread and dumplings.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"
1137,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant used as a fodder for both wild and domesticated animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
1138,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as a forage for both wild and domesticated animals.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
1139,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,119,steg41,223,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds ground and made into gruel.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223"
1140,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,141,h56,154,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used for food.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154"
1141,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,19,c35,27,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 27"
1142,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,1,Food,50,Fodder,Young plants used as horse feed.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
1143,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds finely ground and cooked into a mush with milk or water.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
1144,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,183,Paiute,111,m90,26-27,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds ground into a meal for mush.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 26-27"
1145,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,183,Paiute,111,m90,32,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Ground seeds used for sauce.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 32"
1146,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,183,Paiute,111,m90,32,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground seeds used for flour.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 32"
1147,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,1,Food,75,Staple,Roasted and ground into flour.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
1148,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,46,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds dried, winnowed, ground into a flour and used to make mush.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1149,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,46,1,Food,56,Soup,"Seeds dried, winnowed, ground into a flour and used to make soup.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1150,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,46,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds considered a good food to eat when suffering from stomachaches, colic or aching bones. When a person was suffering from any of these sicknesses, Indian ricegrass seeds should have been the only food eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1151,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds used as a staple food.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1152,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1153,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,291,Zuni,6,s15,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ground seeds used as a staple before the availability of corn. After the introduction of corn, the ground seeds were mixed with corn meal and made into steamed balls or pats.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67"
1154,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,291,Zuni,19,c35,27,1,Food,,,Used especially in earlier times as an important source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 27"
1155,47,Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) Barkworth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,17,1,Food,50,Fodder,Used for sheep and horse feed.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17"
1156,48,Achnatherum speciosum (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,1,Food,,,"Seeds used for food. When ripe in June, the grass was cut off in bunches, tied together with stems of the grass and thrown over the shoulder into the carrying basket suspended on one's back.  Two procedures were used in preparing the seeds for food.  First, the grass was spread out on a flat rock, where it was allowed to dry a half day and then threshed by burning.  If the fire burned too quickly, green spear grass was added to slow it down.  The burned stalks were stirred and lifted with a green stick so that the seeds would fall out.  The seeds were gathered and winnowed by being poured from one basket to another.  Boiled, the seeds swelled 'like rice.'  A cupful would fill a pot.  Second, the grass was dried for a day or two and the seeds beaten out.  They would be boiled whole or first pounded to a meal and then cooked.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
1157,48,Achnatherum speciosum (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth,183,Paiute,65,stew33,243,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds used to make mush.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243"
1172,55,Acorus calamus L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
1275,55,Acorus calamus L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,1,Food,,,Dried root chewed for the agreeable taste.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
1308,55,Acorus calamus L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,26,1,Food,,,Leaves and stalks used for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 26"
1330,55,Acorus calamus L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
1513,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1523,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1604,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
1607,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds pounded, leached, boiled into a mush, made into a cake and eaten with meat.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
1612,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by squirrels as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
1613,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits roasted and eaten cold without salt.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
1615,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,148,1,Food,56,Soup,"Roasted, peeled nuts ground into a meal and used to make soup.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 148"
1616,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,148,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nuts stored for long periods and resorted to only when the acorn crop failed.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 148"
1617,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Nuts eaten in times of need.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
1619,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,1,Food,,,"Boiled nuts eaten with baked kelp, meat and seafood. Nuts were put into boiling water to loosen the husk.  After the husk was removed, the nut meat was returned to boiling water and cooked until it was soft like cooked potatoes.  The nut meat was then mashed with a mortar stone.  The grounds could be strained at this stage or strained after soaking.  The grounds would be soaked and leached a long time to remove the poisonous tannin.  An older method was to peel the nuts and roast them in ashes until they were soft.  They were then crushed and the meal was put in a sandy leaching basin beside a stream.  For about five hours, the meal was leached with water from the stream.  When the bitterness disappeared it was ready to eat without further cooking.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1623,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
1624,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,75,Staple,Nuts ground into a fine meal and eaten.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
1625,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,,,Nut meats mashed and used for food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
1661,81,Agaricus campestris,62,Delaware,97,t72,60,1,Food,,,"Salted, boiled or fried in fat and used for food.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 60"
1662,81,Agaricus campestris,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,130,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked on hot rocks or in the oven or fried.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 130"
1663,82,Agaricus silvicola,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,129,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plant top cooked on a flat hot rock and eaten.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 129"
1664,83,Agaricus sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,483,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Plant strung, dried, cut, peeled and eaten raw or roasted.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 483"
1676,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,186,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 186"
1683,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,26,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves added to store bought tea to improve the flavor.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
1684,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,61,Dakota,17,g19,113,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage taken with meals.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1685,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,61,Dakota,17,g19,113,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1686,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,125,Lakota,108,r80,49,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make tea.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 49"
1687,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,177,Omaha,17,g19,113,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage taken with meals.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1688,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,177,Omaha,17,g19,113,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1689,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,190,Pawnee,17,g19,113,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage taken with meals.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1690,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,190,Pawnee,17,g19,113,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1691,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,205,Ponca,17,g19,113,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage taken with meals.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1692,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,205,Ponca,17,g19,113,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1693,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,280,Winnebago,17,g19,113,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage taken with meals.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1694,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,280,Winnebago,17,g19,113,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113"
1696,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,2,Acoma,19,c35,34,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used for flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34"
1697,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1698,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,48,Comanche,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1699,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves mixed with meat for seasoning.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
1700,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,124,Laguna,19,c35,34,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used for flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34"
1701,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,147,Mohave,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1708,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,183,Paiute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1709,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,188,Papago,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1711,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,272,Ute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1712,86,Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders,288,Yuma,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1715,88,Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze,79,Gosiute,38,c11,374,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374"
1726,89,Agave americana L.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1727,89,Agave americana L.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1728,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,145,1,Food,27,Beverage,"'Hearts' and roots pit baked, crushed and fermented into an intoxicating beverage.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145"
1729,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1730,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,145,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Tubers pit baked and stored for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145"
1731,89,Agave americana L.,48,Comanche,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1732,89,Agave americana L.,147,Mohave,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1733,89,Agave americana L.,183,Paiute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1736,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1737,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,16,1,Food,,,Pit baked and extensively used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
1738,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1739,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,14,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Central flowering stalks eaten as greens in spring before they emerged.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14"
1740,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,14,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Crowns with leaves removed eaten as greens in winter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14"
1741,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flower stalks eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
1742,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flower stalks roasted in ashes and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46"
1743,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Pit baked and used as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46"
1746,89,Agave americana L.,193,Pima,104,r08,70,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit heads roasted, centers sun dried and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 70"
1747,89,Agave americana L.,193,Pima,104,r08,70,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Juice boiled and used as a syrup.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 70"
1748,89,Agave americana L.,193,Pima,104,r08,70,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used for food in times of famine.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 70"
1750,89,Agave americana L.,272,Ute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1751,89,Agave americana L.,288,Yuma,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1752,90,Agave decipiens Baker,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,27,Beverage,Heart and tubers used to make a fermented drink.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1753,90,Agave decipiens Baker,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1760,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Baked leaves dried and stored for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1761,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Flowers parboiled to release the bitterness and dried for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1762,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Roasted, pounded stalks and leaves made into cakes and sun dried.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1763,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Baked leaves eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1764,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Flowers parboiled to release the bitterness and eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1765,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Roasted stalks used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1772,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,202,1,Food,,,Crowns gathered and pit-baked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202"
1774,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,13,1,Food,,,Roots and stalks baked overnight in a pit oven and used for food.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 13"
1775,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1777,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,1,Food,85,Candy,"Heads baked, sliced, dried and eaten like candy.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1778,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,1,Food,,,Heads pit baked and eaten with pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1779,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant dried and used as sweets.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
1780,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,4,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Hearts dried and stored indefinitely.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 4"
1781,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,75,Staple,Hearts pit roasted and used as a staple food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
1786,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1787,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1788,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice fermented into a drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1789,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice strained and mixed with 'tiswin water,' a liquor of fermented maize.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1790,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1791,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant eaten dried.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1792,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Used in absence of other foods.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1793,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1798,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1799,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1800,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Heads and young leaves roasted, sun dried and used immediately or stored.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1801,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1802,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,13,1,Food,,,Roots baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 13"
1803,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,1,Food,,,"Bulbous crowns baked in pits, pulpy centers released, pounded into thin sheets and eaten. The Mescalero Apache were named for the food they made from mescal.  In the pits where the crowns were baked, the largest rock was placed in the center and a cross made on it from black ashes.  While the mescal baked, the women were supposed to stay away from their husbands, and if the crown was not completely roasted when removed from the pit, they were believed to have disobeyed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
1804,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
1805,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
1806,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,30,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Leaf bases pit cooked, made into cakes, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 30"
1809,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1810,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns cooked, fermented in a vessel, ground, boiled and the liquor again fermented.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1811,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1812,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1813,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice fermented into a drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1814,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice fermented into a drink.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1815,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice strained and mixed with 'tiswin water,' a liquor of fermented maize.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1816,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Juice strained and mixed with 'tiswin water,' a liquor of fermented maize.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1817,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1818,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,85,Candy,Heart of the crown eaten by children as candy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1819,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant eaten dried.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1820,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant eaten dried.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1821,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Used in absence of other foods.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1822,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Used in absence of other foods.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1823,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1824,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1833,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,48,Comanche,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1834,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,147,Mohave,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1835,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,183,Paiute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1836,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,188,Papago,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1838,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,272,Ute,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1839,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,288,Yuma,19,c35,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as one of the most important foods.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
1840,95,Agave schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1841,96,Agave sp.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
1842,96,Agave sp.,89,Havasupai,37,w39,71,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves and young buds baked, soaked in water and used as a drink.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
1849,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,1,Food,75,Staple,Plant considered a main staple.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1850,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Stems, before blooming, eaten like sugar cane.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1851,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant stored for winter use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1854,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,27,Beverage,Juice squeezed from baked fibers and drunk.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1855,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Heads baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried and stored for future use.","Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1856,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Dried, baked heads boiled and made into a 'paste.'","Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1857,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,56,Soup,"Dried, baked heads boiled and made into soup.","Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1858,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,,,Heads baked and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1859,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1860,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,,,Young and tender flowering stalks and shoots roasted and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1864,96,Agave sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaf stubs and heads pounded to express juice and used as a drink.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
1865,96,Agave sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,260,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Pounded, cooked, dried meaty centers of leaves stored in houses for later use.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 260"
1866,96,Agave sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,1,Food,,,"Flower stalk baked and soft, inner part used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
1868,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,27,Beverage,Plant used to make a drink.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
1896,102,Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,1,Food,85,Candy,Root juice used for chewing gum.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
1904,103,Agoseris aurantiaca var. aurantiaca,79,Gosiute,38,c11,383,1,Food,,,Leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 383"
1906,105,Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,493,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky juice chewed as gum.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493"
1910,106,Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala (Torr. & Gray) Jepson,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,1,Food,85,Candy,Latex dried and used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
1912,106,Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala (Torr. & Gray) Jepson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,167,1,Food,85,Candy,Milky latex used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 167"
1913,107,Agoseris retrorsa (Benth.) Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Green leaves boiled and eaten.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
1914,107,Agoseris retrorsa (Benth.) Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Whole plant above the ground boiled, washed in cold water to remove bitterness and fried in grease.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
1915,108,Agoseris sp.,272,Ute,142,c09,36,1,Food,,,Leaves formerly used as food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
1942,112,Agropyron sp.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,243,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243"
1943,113,Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman,115,Klamath,66,c97,91,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 91"
1945,114,Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones.  Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use.  The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs.  If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
1947,116,Alectoria fremontii Tuckerm.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,5,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Long, black, hair-like lichen used as a famine food.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
1948,117,Alectoria jubata Acharius.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,,,Plant cooked and eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
1949,118,Alectoria jubata L.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,1,Food,,,Formerly used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
1950,118,Alectoria jubata L.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,344,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344"
1951,119,Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant given to fawns to try to get them to eat from their hands.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1953,120,Alectoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Vain,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant given to fawns to try to get them to eat from their hands.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1955,121,Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Massal.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,1,Food,50,Fodder,Plant given to fawns to try to get them to eat from their hands.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
1962,123,Alectoria sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
1965,125,Aletes anisatus (Gray) Theobald & Tseng,101,Isleta,19,c35,47,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Leaves eaten fresh as a relish.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
1966,125,Aletes anisatus (Gray) Theobald & Tseng,101,Isleta,76,j31,40,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Raw leaves eaten as a relish.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
1967,125,Aletes anisatus (Gray) Theobald & Tseng,101,Isleta,76,j31,40,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Cooked leaves eaten as greens.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
1968,125,Aletes anisatus (Gray) Theobald & Tseng,101,Isleta,19,c35,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves cooked and used as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
2009,128,Alisma plantago-aquatica L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,65,1,Food,27,Beverage,Plant made into a tea and used by forest runners.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 65"
2012,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,36,1,Food,27,Beverage,Ground seed flour and water made into a drink.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 36"
2013,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,36,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground seed flour dampened, shaped, dried and eaten as a cookie.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 36"
2014,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,36,1,Food,44,Porridge,Ground seed flour and water made into a mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 36"
2015,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
2016,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
2017,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,193,Pima,11,c49,69,1,Food,,,"Ripe seeds winnowed, roasted, ground, water added, cooked and used for food.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 69"
2018,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Seeds used as 'starvation food.',"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
2019,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
2020,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
2022,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,360,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten in spring and early summer.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 360"
2023,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2024,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,1,Food,,,Bulbs relished by only old men and old women.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
2025,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2026,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and used for food.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2027,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,"Seeded heads placed in hot ashes for a few minutes, seeds extracted and eaten.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2028,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,55,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Onions eaten raw, boiled or baked in a pit.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 55"
2029,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2030,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,1,Food,,,Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2032,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,117,1,Food,,,Bulbs dug in the spring and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117"
2033,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,,,"Thick coated, spherical bulbs eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
2034,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
2035,133,Allium anceps Kellogg,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bulbs cooked on hot rocks, squeezed into cakes and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2036,133,Allium anceps Kellogg,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted in the sand and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2037,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw and cooked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2038,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,360,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten in spring and early summer.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 360"
2040,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2041,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and used for food.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2042,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,"Seeded heads placed in hot ashes for a few minutes, seeds extracted and eaten.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2043,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
2044,135,Allium bisceptrum var. palmeri (S. Wats.) Cronq.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,211,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Bulbs eaten only when very hungry.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 211"
2045,136,Allium bolanderi S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,1,Food,,,Bulbs relished by only old men and old women.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
2046,136,Allium bolanderi S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,322,1,Food,,,Corms used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 322"
2059,138,Allium canadense L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Boiled bulbs fried with grease and greens.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 46"
2060,138,Allium canadense L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,118,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Bulb, consisting of the fleshy bases of the leaves, eaten raw.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118"
2061,138,Allium canadense L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,118,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118"
2065,138,Allium canadense L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,69,1,Food,,,"Small, wild onion used for food.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69"
2066,138,Allium canadense L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,262,1,Food,86,Spice,Dried bulb used for seasoning.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 262"
2067,138,Allium canadense L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,262,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried bulb used for winter cookery.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 262"
2068,138,Allium canadense L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,104,1,Food,56,Soup,"Very strong flavor of this plant, a valuable wild food, used in soup.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 104"
2069,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2070,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used as a flavor for meat and soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2071,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2072,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2073,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used as a flavor for meat and soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2074,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2075,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2076,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used as a flavor for meat and soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2077,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2078,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2079,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used as a flavor for meats and soups.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2080,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2081,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,280,Winnebago,17,g19,71,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2082,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,280,Winnebago,17,g19,71,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used as a flavor for meat and soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2083,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,280,Winnebago,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2084,140,Allium cepa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,194,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 194"
2085,140,Allium cepa L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
2089,140,Allium cepa L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,,,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2090,140,Allium cepa L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2091,140,Allium cepa L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
2092,140,Allium cepa L.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,,,"Eaten raw, roasted or boiled.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
2093,140,Allium cepa L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,77,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 77"
2094,140,Allium cepa L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,505,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505"
2100,141,Allium cernuum Roth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Onions used to flavor soups and gravies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2101,141,Allium cernuum Roth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Onions occasionally eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2102,141,Allium cernuum Roth,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
2103,141,Allium cernuum Roth,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs and leaves used as flavoring.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2104,141,Allium cernuum Roth,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs and leaves eaten raw.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2117,141,Allium cernuum Roth,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
2118,141,Allium cernuum Roth,41,Clallam,99,f80,196,1,Food,,,"Bulbs eaten raw, cooked in pits or fried with meat.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 196"
2119,141,Allium cernuum Roth,54,Cree,145,b41,485,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Species used for food.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
2120,141,Allium cernuum Roth,76,Flathead,30,h92,10,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Bulbs used as condiments.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2121,141,Allium cernuum Roth,76,Flathead,30,h92,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Bulbs used as a staple food.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2122,141,Allium cernuum Roth,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,193,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs cooked and eaten and the tops eaten fresh with meat.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 193"
2123,141,Allium cernuum Roth,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2124,141,Allium cernuum Roth,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,1,Food,86,Spice,Used for flavoring before the introduction of the cultivated onion.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
2125,141,Allium cernuum Roth,95,Hopi,184,n43,20,1,Food,,,Eaten raw with cornmeal dumplings or fresh piki bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 20"
2128,141,Allium cernuum Roth,101,Isleta,76,j31,20,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Bulbs eaten fresh, uncooked or boiled.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
2129,141,Allium cernuum Roth,101,Isleta,76,j31,20,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs stored for future use.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
2130,141,Allium cernuum Roth,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs used for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
2131,141,Allium cernuum Roth,114,Klallam,25,g73,24,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24"
2132,141,Allium cernuum Roth,120,Kutenai,30,h92,10,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Bulbs used as condiments.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2133,141,Allium cernuum Roth,120,Kutenai,30,h92,10,1,Food,75,Staple,Bulbs used as a staple food.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2135,141,Allium cernuum Roth,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
2138,141,Allium cernuum Roth,133,Makah,25,g73,24,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten sparingly.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24"
2139,141,Allium cernuum Roth,133,Makah,3,g83,338,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 338"
2140,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,121,l86,29,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Bulbs used to make gravies.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29"
2141,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,121,l86,29,1,Food,56,Soup,Bulbs used to make soup.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29"
2142,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,121,l86,29,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves finely chopped and used like chives in salads or sauces.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29"
2143,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,,,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2144,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,121,l86,29,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs cooked with other vegetables.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29"
2145,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,121,l86,29,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roasted bulbs eaten with salt and pepper.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29"
2146,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2147,141,Allium cernuum Roth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Bulbs, never the tops, dried for the winter.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
2148,141,Allium cernuum Roth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,"Bulbs, never the tops, eaten raw, with fried or boiled meat.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
2149,141,Allium cernuum Roth,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,338,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 338"
2150,141,Allium cernuum Roth,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,406,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Used in the spring as an article of food, the small wild onion was sweet.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 406"
2151,141,Allium cernuum Roth,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Bulbs dried and stored for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38"
2152,141,Allium cernuum Roth,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs pit cooked and eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38"
2153,141,Allium cernuum Roth,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
2154,141,Allium cernuum Roth,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
2155,141,Allium cernuum Roth,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,76,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76"
2156,141,Allium cernuum Roth,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2159,141,Allium cernuum Roth,210,Quinault,25,g73,24,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24"
2160,141,Allium cernuum Roth,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,1,Food,,,Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2162,141,Allium cernuum Roth,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,1,Food,5,Forage,Bulbs eaten by sheep and cattle.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
2163,141,Allium cernuum Roth,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used to flavor dried salmon heated with dried bread on an open fire.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
2164,141,Allium cernuum Roth,259,Thompson,10,tta90,117,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Bulbs dried for winter storage. The dried bulbs were sprinkled with water and became just like fresh bulbs or they were soaked overnight in water.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117"
2165,141,Allium cernuum Roth,259,Thompson,10,tta90,117,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Bulbs tied in bundles, partially dried, pit cooked and used for food. The bulbs were cleaned and twined together in mats before they were cooked.  They were tied together by their leaves in big bunches, about fifteen centimeters across.  They were dipped in water, but not soaked, then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beardtongue and alder leaves.  The bulbs were steam cooked overnight and after being cooked, they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy.  The cooked bulbs were eaten after they ate meat.  It was very important to them for refreshment.  Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117"
2166,141,Allium cernuum Roth,259,Thompson,10,tta90,117,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Cooked bulbs considered a delicacy. The bulbs were cleaned and twined together in mats before they were cooked.  They were tied together by their leaves in big bunches, about fifteen centimeters across.  They were dipped in water, but not soaked, then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beardtongue and alder leaves.  The bulbs were steam cooked overnight and after being cooked, they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy.  The cooked bulbs were eaten after they ate meat.  It was very important to them for refreshment.  Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117"
2167,141,Allium cernuum Roth,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
2168,141,Allium cernuum Roth,259,Thompson,33,steed28,481,1,Food,,,Thick bulbs cooked and eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 481"
2169,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2170,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used for flavoring.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
2171,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs eaten raw.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
2172,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,95,Hopi,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Bulbs washed and eaten raw with broken waferbread dipped in water.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2173,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,95,Hopi,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Dipped in water with broken wafer bread and eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2174,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,101,Isleta,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2175,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2176,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Bulbs washed and eaten raw with broken waferbread dipped in water.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2177,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,257,Tewa,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Dipped in water with broken wafer bread and eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2178,143,Allium dichlamydeum Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,86,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Greens and bulb eaten raw or cooked with potatoes or meats for flavoring.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 86"
2179,144,Allium douglasii Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38"
2180,144,Allium douglasii Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38"
2181,145,Allium drummondii Regel,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,1,Food,86,Spice,"Boiled with meat, when salt scarce, to flavor the food.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
2182,145,Allium drummondii Regel,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly boiled with meat and used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
2183,145,Allium drummondii Regel,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,45,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45"
2184,145,Allium drummondii Regel,125,Lakota,108,r80,27,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 27"
2185,145,Allium drummondii Regel,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,Bulbs boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
2186,146,Allium falcifolium Hook. & Arn.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,14,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used for seasoning.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 14"
2187,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,10,Apache,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2188,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Onions used to flavor soups and gravies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2189,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Onions occasionally eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2190,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,70,1,Food,86,Spice,Used for flavoring before the introduction of the cultivated onion.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70"
2191,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,95,Hopi,184,n43,20,1,Food,,,Eaten raw with cornmeal dumplings or fresh piki bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 20"
2192,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38"
2193,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Bulbs dried, pit cooked and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38"
2194,148,Allium geyeri var. tenerum M.E. Jones,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used largely for seasoning.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
2195,148,Allium geyeri var. tenerum M.E. Jones,207,Pueblo,19,c35,15,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used for seasoning.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2196,149,Allium hyalinum Curran,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,1,Food,,,"Leaves, stalks and heads used for food.","Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
2197,150,Allium lacunosum S. Wats.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,1,Food,,,"Leaves, stalks and heads used for food.","Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
2198,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,19,c35,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Bulbs rubbed in hot ashes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2199,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs rubbed in hot ashes and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2200,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,,,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2201,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Entire plant eaten raw or cooked with meat.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
2202,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2203,152,Allium nevadense S. Wats.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,,,Whole plant eaten raw.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2204,153,Allium parvum Kellogg,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Bulbs dried and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2205,153,Allium parvum Kellogg,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,56,Soup,"Bulbs dried, ground and cooked in soup.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2206,154,Allium peninsulare J.G. Lemmon ex Greene,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,1,Food,,,"Leaves, stalks and heads used for food.","Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
2207,155,Allium platycaule S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2208,155,Allium platycaule S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and used for food.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2209,155,Allium platycaule S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,"Seeded heads placed in hot ashes for a few minutes, seeds extracted and eaten.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2210,156,Allium pleianthum S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Green leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2211,157,Allium sativum L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,118,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs mixed with food and eaten.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118"
2223,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,113,1,Food,,,Bulbs used sparingly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 113"
2224,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,26,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves added to boiled fish for flavor.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2225,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,26,1,Food,,,Fresh leaves used for food.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2226,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,182,1,Food,86,Spice,Used as a soup condiment.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 182"
2227,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,28,1,Food,56,Soup,Bulbs and leaves used to make soup.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28"
2228,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,28,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves eaten cooked or raw with seal oil, meat and fish.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28"
2229,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,28,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves fried with meat, fat, other greens, vinegar, salt and pepper and eaten as a hot salad.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28"
2230,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,28,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used like raw green onions or garlic in a salad.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28"
2231,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,56,1,Food,,,"Plant eaten raw, alone or with fish.","Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56"
2232,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,15,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Stems and bulbs frozen for future use.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 15"
2233,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,15,1,Food,,,"Stems and bulbs eaten raw, fried or boiled.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 15"
2234,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,9,Anticosti,150,r46,69,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves salted and added to soup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 69"
2235,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,171,1,Food,86,Spice,"Boiled with meat, when salt scarce, to flavor the food.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
2236,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly boiled with meat and used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
2237,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,45,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45"
2239,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,46,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
2255,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used to spice soup made of wheat and marrow.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2256,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs boiled with meat.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2257,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,23,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs preserved for later use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23"
2260,160,Allium sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roots used as a principle vegetable food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
2261,160,Allium sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,1,Food,,,Roasted bulbs used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
2262,160,Allium sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs gathered in winter and used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
2263,160,Allium sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,19,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs eaten fresh.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 19"
2264,160,Allium sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,19,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Bulbs stored for winter use.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 19"
2267,160,Allium sp.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tops and roots eaten raw and fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
2268,160,Allium sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
2269,160,Allium sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Onions cooked and eaten.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2271,160,Allium sp.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,,,Bulbs and tops eaten both raw and cooked.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
2272,160,Allium sp.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,,,Stems rolled into a ball and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2273,160,Allium sp.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs eaten raw.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2275,160,Allium sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,100,1,Food,,,Bulbous roots cooked in pits and used for food.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 100"
2276,160,Allium sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
2280,162,Allium textile A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,1,Food,56,Soup,Bulbs cooked in stews.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
2281,162,Allium textile A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten fresh or stored for future use.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
2286,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
2287,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,251,1,Food,,,"Young plants boiled, fried and eaten.","Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 251"
2288,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Bulbs and leaves cooked like poke, with or without eggs.","Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 47"
2293,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,118,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Bulb, consisting of the fleshy bases of the leaves, eaten raw.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118"
2294,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,118,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118"
2295,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,138,Menominee,51,s23,69,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Large, wild onion dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69"
2296,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,406,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Large, bitter, wild leek gathered in spring and dried for future use.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 406"
2297,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,104,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Large, wild onion used for food.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 104"
2299,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,323,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaf bases fried and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 323"
2300,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,188,Papago,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2302,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs cooked with other bulbs as a seasoning.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
2303,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or baked.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
2304,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or fried.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
2305,165,Allium validum S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,37,1,Food,86,Spice,Bulbs used as a flavoring ingredient for other foods.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37"
2306,165,Allium validum S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,37,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs eaten raw.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37"
2318,166,Allium vineale L.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,159,1,Food,,,Bulb used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 159"
2458,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
2461,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,83,Preservative,"Wood used to smoke salmon, eels and deer meat.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2489,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap mixed with soapberry whip as a sweetener.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2503,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,1,Food,83,Preservative,Wood used to smoke fish and meat.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2573,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten fresh with oil in spring.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2576,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,1,Food,,,Sap used for food.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2584,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Sap taken from the inside of the bark only with the incoming tide and used as food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2638,174,Alnus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,1,Food,86,Spice,Wood used to smoke deer meat when a smoke flavor was not wanted.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
2639,174,Alnus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,1,Food,,,Cambium layer and sap used for food.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
2666,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,1,Food,83,Preservative,Wood used to smoke fish.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2688,180,Aloysia wrightii Heller ex Abrams,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,238,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves boiled into tea.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 238"
2689,180,Aloysia wrightii Heller ex Abrams,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,27,Beverage,Twigs boiled to make tea.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
2693,183,Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used numerous times to ward off famines.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
2694,183,Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer,95,Hopi,19,c35,10,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Cooked as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10"
2695,183,Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Cooked with meat and eaten as greens.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
2696,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2697,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
2698,184,Amaranthus albus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2699,184,Amaranthus albus L.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2701,184,Amaranthus albus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,75,Staple,Threshed seeds ground into flour.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
2702,185,Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
2703,185,Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
2704,185,Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten with meat.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
2705,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2706,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,22,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
2707,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2708,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2709,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,1,Food,44,Porridge,Ground seeds used to make mush.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
2710,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten for food.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
2711,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly prized as a food.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
2712,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,19,c35,22,1,Food,,,Seeds used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
2713,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Cooked and eaten as greens.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
2715,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,115,Klamath,66,c97,96,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 96"
2716,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,124,Laguna,19,c35,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2717,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,124,Laguna,19,c35,22,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
2718,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,124,Laguna,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2719,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used as articles of the diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2720,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Used as a potherb.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2721,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant used as sheep forage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45"
2722,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,45,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds ground into meal and made into stiff porridge or mixed with goat's milk and made into gruel.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45"
2723,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45"
2724,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,157,Navajo,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2725,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2726,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,249,Spanish American,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2727,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Boiled or fried and used for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2728,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,291,Zuni,6,s15,65,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds originally eaten raw, but later ground with black corn meal, made into balls and eaten.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 65"
2729,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2730,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants cooked and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2731,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2732,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2733,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants cooked and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2734,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored for future use.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2735,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2740,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Heads dried and used as a brilliant pink dye for wafer bread.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
2741,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Plant used as a red coloring for paper bread distributed at katcina exhibitions.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
2742,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,108,Keresan,90,w45,558,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten as greens.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558"
2744,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,75,Staple,Threshed seeds ground into flour.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
2745,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,234,Sia,159,w62,107,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 107"
2746,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,234,Sia,159,w62,107,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used as greens.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 107"
2747,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by them to the populace between the dances.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
2750,189,Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,37,1,Food,44,Porridge,Parched seeds ground into a flour and used to make mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37"
2751,189,Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,37,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Boiled leaves eaten as greens or used as potherbs.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37"
2752,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,16,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2753,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2757,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
2758,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make mush.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
2759,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,74,1,Food,56,Soup,"Leaves and squash flowers boiled, ground and fresh or dried corn and water added to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 74"
2760,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,56,Soup,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
2761,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,218,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 218"
2762,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,218,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves of young plants cooked like spinach.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 218"
2763,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, fresh, tender leaves boiled, drained, balled into individual portions and served.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
2765,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,,,Seeds collected and ground with meal for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2766,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender plants used for greens like spinach.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2767,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant used as winter food by boiling and drying for winter storage.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2768,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,124,Laguna,19,c35,16,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2769,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,124,Laguna,19,c35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2770,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2771,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants cooked and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2772,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2773,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2774,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants cooked and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2775,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2776,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2777,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Parched, ground seeds chewed to obtain sugar.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2778,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,24,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked, stored and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 24"
2779,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,19,c35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
2780,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,160,cb42,62,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 62"
2781,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Boiled and used for greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46"
2782,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Greens used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
2783,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,27,cu35,14,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten as greens in mid summer.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14"
2784,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,47,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten with pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 47"
2785,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 47"
2786,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Leaves dried and stored for year round use.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
2787,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
2788,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used as greens.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
2789,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,189,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds parched and ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 189"
2790,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2791,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,200,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants cooked and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2792,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,200,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored for future use.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2793,192,Amaranthus powellii S. Wats.,95,Hopi,82,c74,283,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 283"
2794,192,Amaranthus powellii S. Wats.,95,Hopi,82,c74,283,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used as greens.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 283"
2795,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2796,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2797,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2798,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
2802,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,16,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
2804,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,117,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 117"
2805,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,21,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Fresh, tender, young leaves eaten as greens.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
2806,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,1,Food,,,Young plant used for food many generations ago.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
2808,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,,,Seeds collected and ground with meal for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2809,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, tender plants used for greens like spinach.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2810,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant boiled and dried for winter storage.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2811,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,124,Laguna,19,c35,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Young plants boiled and dried for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2812,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,124,Laguna,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plants boiled and eaten as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2813,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,346,1,Food,75,Staple,"Small, shiny black seeds used to make pinole.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 346"
2815,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,83,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Combined with mustard, plantain, dock and nettle and used as mixed greens.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83"
2816,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, boiled, mixed with corn flour and made into dumplings.","Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
2817,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds ground, boiled and mixed with corn flour into a gruel.","Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
2818,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,,,Leaves and seeds mixed with grease and eaten.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2819,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2820,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2821,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves boiled and eaten like spinach.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2822,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Leaves boiled and canned.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2824,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,26,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground with maize, made into bread and used as a ceremonial food in Nightway.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26"
2825,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,26,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds winnowed, ground with maize, made into bread and used as a ceremonial food in Nightway.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26"
2826,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,26,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves used as spring greens, boiled with meat, boiled alone or boiled and fried with meat or fat.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26"
2827,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,26,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds stored for winter use.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26"
2828,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2829,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,249,Spanish American,19,c35,15,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2830,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Boiled or fried and used for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2831,194,Amaranthus sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly eaten and constituted and important source of food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2832,194,Amaranthus sp.,157,Navajo,19,c35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into meal and used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
2833,194,Amaranthus sp.,157,Navajo,19,c35,23,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Seeds ground into meal and chewed by the handful to obtain sugar.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23"
2834,194,Amaranthus sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,256,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves boiled for greens and sometimes mixed with dried mescal.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256"
2886,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,188,Papago,27,cu35,17,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Surplus of roots sun dried on roofs and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17"
2887,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,188,Papago,27,cu35,17,1,Food,75,Staple,Roots used as a staple crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17"
2888,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,188,Papago,160,cb42,60,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 60"
2889,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,188,Papago,27,cu35,14,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Stalks eaten as greens in the summer.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14"
2899,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Dried, stored berries soaked in water and eaten.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
2900,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ripe, mashed fruit added to water to form a paste and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
2901,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,208,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208"
2908,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,1,Food,41,Dessert,Berries and buffalo fat used to make a soup eaten as a dessert at feasts.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2909,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, some with backfat, for future use.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2910,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,37,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37"
2911,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries and fat stuffed into an intestine, boiled and eaten like a sausage.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2912,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Crushed berries, animal fat and dried meat used to make pemmican.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2913,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried berries used to make sausages.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2914,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make preserves.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2915,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries and red osier dogwood berries used as a favorite snack reserved for men.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2916,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Berries used to make tasty snacks.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2917,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,56,Soup,"Crushed leaves mixed with blood, dried and used to make a rich broth in winter.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2918,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,56,Soup,Dried berries used to make soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2919,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,47,Special Food,Berries used in ritual meals.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2920,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,26,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berry soup used for most ceremonial events. These ceremonial events included the transfer of a tipi design or the opening of a Medicine Pipe bundle or a Beaver bundle.  The woman prepared the soup from berries, assorted roots, fat and water.  At an appointed time during the ceremony this soup was served to all participants.  The soup was blessed, and an offering of one of the berries was put back into the ground, before eating began.  A few mouthfuls were taken; then the remainder of the soup was given to one or another of the women, who would take it home to her children.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2921,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a staple food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2922,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,100,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Crushed berries mixed with flour for winter storage.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2931,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,34,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make a red beverage tea.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34"
2932,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
2933,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,34,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Fruits boiled, sugar and flour added and eaten as a pudding.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34"
2934,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,1,Food,47,Special Food,Berries stewed for feasts.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
2935,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,176,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
2936,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,57,"Cree, Plains",206,m40,202,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries crushed, dried and stored for future use.","Mandelbaum, David G., 1940, The Plains Cree, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 37:202-203, page 202"
2946,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sun dried fruit eaten boiled or pounded into a pemmican.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2947,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sun dried fruit eaten cooked in water or raw as a sweet snack.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2948,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2949,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sun dried fruit eaten boiled or pounded into a pemmican.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2950,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,1,Food,83,Preservative,"Barked split sticks, four inches long, boiled in sturgeon oil to keep the oil fresh during storage.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2951,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Sun dried fruit eaten raw as a sweet snack.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2953,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,61,Dakota,17,g19,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Prized berries used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
2957,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,76,Flathead,30,h92,9,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Dried berries mixed with flour, sugar and water and eaten as a sweet pudding.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2961,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries mashed and dried in large quantities for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2962,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used in season.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2964,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
2965,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or added to elk or deer meat to make pemmican.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
2966,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
2967,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
2970,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in big baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2971,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2974,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,341,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 341"
2975,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
2976,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,,,Seeds chewed for pleasure.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
2977,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Dried berries stored for winter use.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
2978,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
2979,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Petals, leaves and small stems used to make a drink.","Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
2980,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
2981,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,108,r80,56,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56"
2982,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,125,Lakota,156,k90,36,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Berries dried and eaten during famines.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
2986,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,355,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Black, glaucous berries eaten fresh.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355"
2988,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
2989,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make wine.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2990,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits used to make wine.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2991,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits sun dried, pounded, formed into patties and stored for winter use.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2992,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears and grouse.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2993,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,5,Forage,"Young stems and leaves eaten by elk, deer, moose and mountain sheep.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2994,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries spiced and eaten.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2995,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make pies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2996,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Fruits made into pies and eaten.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2997,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2998,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruits made into jams and jellies.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
2999,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,9,1,Food,56,Soup,Fruits sun dried and eaten in meat stews.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
3000,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Large quantities of berries gathered and dried for winter use.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
3002,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
3007,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3008,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3009,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten fresh, with sugar or cooked.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3010,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make pies and puddings.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3011,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Dried berries used to sweeten 'Indian ice cream.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3012,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3015,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries pressed into cakes and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
3016,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
3019,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,177,Omaha,17,g19,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Prized berries used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3024,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,205,Ponca,17,g19,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Prized berries used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3027,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,215,Saanich,23,tb71,86,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten in late summer.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
3028,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten in late summer.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
3030,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,65,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 65"
3038,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,27,Beverage,Twigs used to make a tea like beverage.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3039,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries dried into cakes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3040,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries pressed into cakes and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
3041,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried loose like raisins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3042,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3043,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3044,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh in large quantities.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
3045,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Dried berries and many other ingredients used to make a special pudding. The dried berries with bitterroot, flour, butter, cream, sugar and sometimes tiger lily bulbs, avalanche lily corms, deer fat, black tree lichen and salmon eggs were used to make a special pudding.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3046,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries jammed.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3047,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,86,Spice,Berry juice used to marinate other foods.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3048,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Dried berry cakes used as a sweetener for other foods.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3049,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,,,Drupes eaten wherever found.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
3050,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,253,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries frozen or canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
3051,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,489,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits preserved for future use.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489"
3058,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
3059,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used in season.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
3060,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,280,Winnebago,17,g19,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Prized berries used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87"
3063,205,Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia,86,Haisla,14,c93,263,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries combined with other fruits and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263"
3064,205,Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,263,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263"
3065,205,Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 107"
3066,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,85,Candy,"Mashed berries formed into cakes, sun dried and eaten as candy.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
3067,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
3068,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
3069,206,Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitchc.,183,Paiute,98,m53,83,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Mashed berries formed into cakes, sun dried for winter use, boiled and eaten.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83"
3070,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Berries used to make muffins.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3071,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used in place of raisins or currants.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3072,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3073,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,75,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries used to make puddings and pies.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 75"
3075,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3076,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,38,1,Food,86,Spice,Fruits dried and used as seasoning in soup or with meats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3077,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,94,Hoh,77,r36,64,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 64"
3078,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,129,Lummi,25,g73,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried, boiled with dog salmon and eaten at feasts.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3079,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,209,Quileute,77,r36,64,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 64"
3081,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,101,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries dried whole or mashed, formed into cakes and dried.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101"
3082,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw or cooked with salmon.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101"
3083,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,241,Skagit,25,g73,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3084,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries mashed and dried for winter use.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
3085,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
3087,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and eaten during the winter.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3088,207,Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38"
3093,208,Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
3095,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3096,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries used with stews and soups.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3097,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,,,Berries used with meats.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3107,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,132,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 132"
3108,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,132,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 132"
3112,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
3113,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
3114,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
3115,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,128,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
3117,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3118,210,Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
3119,211,Amelanchier laevis Wieg.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 55"
3120,211,Amelanchier laevis Wieg.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
3121,211,Amelanchier laevis Wieg.,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3123,211,Amelanchier laevis Wieg.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,408,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries used for food and dried for winter use, the Indians preferred them to blueberries.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408"
3124,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 38"
3125,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,38,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 38"
3126,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
3128,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten sparingly while fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3133,213,Amelanchier sanguinea var. sanguinea,138,Menominee,51,s23,70,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70"
3134,214,Amelanchier sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,152,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
3135,214,Amelanchier sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,168,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 168"
3136,214,Amelanchier sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 90"
3137,214,Amelanchier sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,75,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 75"
3138,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries boiled and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
3139,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
3140,214,Amelanchier sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,89,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mashed and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89"
3142,214,Amelanchier sp.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,90,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 90"
3144,214,Amelanchier sp.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,238,1,Food,75,Staple,Berries used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238"
3148,214,Amelanchier sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
3149,214,Amelanchier sp.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries collected in large quantities and cured.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
3150,214,Amelanchier sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
3152,215,Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,107,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107"
3153,215,Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries relished as a fresh food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107"
3154,215,Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,107,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries dried and canned for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107"
3157,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit eaten by deer.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3163,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,101,Isleta,76,j31,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit formerly used for food.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
3165,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,157,Navajo,141,h56,148,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148"
3166,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,157,Navajo,141,h56,148,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148"
3167,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
3168,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruits dried and preserved for winter use.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
3169,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries crushed, dried and used for food.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
3170,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
3174,217,Amelanchier utahensis var. utahensis,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw or sometimes cooked.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
3179,219,Ammannia coccinea Rottb.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,,,Seeds gathered and prepared as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
3180,219,Ammannia coccinea Rottb.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,,,Seeds gathered and prepared as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
3182,220,Amoreuxia palmatifida Moc. & Sess‚ ex DC.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
3185,221,Amorpha canescens Pursh,172,Oglala,17,g19,93,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make a hot tea.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
3206,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,45,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Underground fruit used to make bean bread.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 45"
3207,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3208,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,45,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Underground fruit cooked like pinto beans or added to cornmeal and hot water.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 45"
3210,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,134,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 134"
3211,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and used for food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
3212,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,61,Dakota,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3216,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,,,"Nuts gathered and stored in heaps by the mice, taken by the Meskwaki and used.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
3217,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,405,1,Food,,,"Roots cooked, although really too small to be considered of much importance.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405"
3218,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,405,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Beans cooked, unusual flavor imparted and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405"
3219,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,177,Omaha,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3220,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,177,Omaha,124,ff11,341,1,Food,,,"Roots peeled, boiled and eaten.","Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 341"
3221,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,177,Omaha,124,ff11,341,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roots gathered from the storehouses of field mice and stored in skin bags during the winter.,"Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 341"
3222,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3223,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,205,Ponca,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3224,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3226,229,Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Parched, ground seeds made into cakes and eaten without cooking.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
3227,229,Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,382,1,Food,,,"Fresh, juicy shoots formerly used for food.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 382"
3228,230,Amsinckia sp.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,5,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Leaves boiled or boiled, strained, refried and eaten as greens. Star mallow, wild heliotrope, fiddlenecks and wild sorrel were dropped entirely from the Pima diet.  The author suspects they were spring starvation season foods.","Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5"
3229,231,Amsinckia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey.,193,Pima,174,h08,264,1,Food,,,Young leaves rolled into balls and eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 264"
3230,232,Amsinckia tessellata Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
3231,232,Amsinckia tessellata Gray,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves bruised by rubbing between the hands and eaten with salt.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
3232,232,Amsinckia tessellata Gray,193,Pima,174,h08,264,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 264"
3235,235,Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.,228,Seminole,88,s54,500,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 500"
3237,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,68,1,Food,27,Beverage,Flowers used to scent alcohol.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68"
3280,237,Andromeda polifolia L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,8,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
3281,238,Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (Link) DC.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,400,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh or dried leaves and tips boiled for a beverage tea.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 400"
3325,247,Androsace sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,22,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves steeped in water to make a beverage.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
3346,251,Anemone narcissiflora L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,151,1,Food,,,Upper root ends used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 151"
3347,251,Anemone narcissiflora L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Leaves, other salad greens and oil beaten to a creamy consistency and frozen into 'ice cream.'","Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
3348,251,Anemone narcissiflora L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,,,Leaves prepared in oil together with other salad greens and beaten to a creamy consistency.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
3382,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,103,Kamia,180,g31,24,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulverized seeds used for bread.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 24"
3383,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,103,Kamia,180,g31,24,1,Food,44,Porridge,Pulverized seeds cooked as mush.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 24"
3418,257,Angelica archangelica L.,70,"Eskimo, Greenland",171,p53,28,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Tender, young leaf stalks and peeled, young flowering stems eaten raw.","Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 28"
3419,258,Angelica arguta Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,1,Food,86,Spice,Young stems eaten and used to flavor salmon heated with dried bread over an open fire.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
3420,258,Angelica arguta Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young stems, with a celery flavor, eaten in May.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
3510,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,1,Food,,,Leaves and stems used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3514,263,Angelica hendersonii Coult. & Rose,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,1,Food,,,Young stems eaten raw.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
3517,265,Angelica lucida L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,11,1,Food,,,Young stems and tender stalks of young leaves peeled and the juicy inside eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 11"
3518,265,Angelica lucida L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,11,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves cooked as a green vegetable or boiled with fish.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 11"
3523,265,Angelica lucida L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,1,Food,,,Formerly used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3527,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,,,"Stalks, with the outer sheet peeled off, eaten raw by children and adults. Only young plants were considered good to eat because older plant became fibrous and strong tasting.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
3528,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,,,Young leaves eaten with seal oil.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
3529,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Used like celery.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
3533,265,Angelica lucida L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,1,Food,,,Young stems used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
3534,265,Angelica lucida L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,16,1,Food,,,Peeled stems and young leaves stored in seal oil for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 16"
3541,265,Angelica lucida L.,133,Makah,3,g83,292,1,Food,,,Peeled petioles used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 292"
3543,267,Angelica sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
3564,267,Angelica sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,1,Food,,,Fresh sprouts eaten raw.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
3566,267,Angelica sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten as greens.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
3580,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten raw as greens.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
3590,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,20,1,Food,,,"Young, green shoots eaten raw.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20"
3596,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,,,Peeled stems eaten raw.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
3599,271,Annona glabra L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,509,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 509"
3603,272,Annona reticulata L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
3610,277,Antennaria parvifolia Nutt.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,44,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Used for greens in foods.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 44"
3619,279,Antennaria rosea Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,56,1,Food,85,Candy,Leaves chewed by children for the flavor.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
3671,283,Anthemis sp.,157,Navajo,121,l86,20,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh or dried plant used to make tea.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 20"
3674,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Cattle used this plant for forage.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
3683,287,Apiaceae sp.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,,,Roots roasted and eaten.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
3684,288,Apiastrum angustifolium Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,39,1,Food,,,Hairlike plant provided a small seasonal food source in wet years.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39"
3685,289,Apios americana Medik.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,46,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Uncooked seeds substituted for pinto beans in bean bread.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 46"
3686,289,Apios americana Medik.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Beans used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
3687,289,Apios americana Medik.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,46,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roots cooked like potatoes.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 46"
3688,289,Apios americana Medik.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,133,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tubers eaten.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 133"
3689,289,Apios americana Medik.,61,Dakota,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3690,289,Apios americana Medik.,62,Delaware,97,t72,59,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roots dried, ground into flour and made into bread.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 59"
3691,289,Apios americana Medik.,62,Delaware,97,t72,59,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and eaten as the cultivated potato.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 59"
3692,289,Apios americana Medik.,62,Delaware,97,t72,59,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Tuberous roots used as winter food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 59"
3693,289,Apios americana Medik.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
3694,289,Apios americana Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,120,1,Food,,,Tubers eaten.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
3695,289,Apios americana Medik.,138,Menominee,51,s23,68,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roots cooked with maple sugar and superior to candied yams.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 68"
3696,289,Apios americana Medik.,138,Menominee,51,s23,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Peeled, parboiled, sliced roots dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 68"
3697,289,Apios americana Medik.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Root stocks eaten raw.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
3698,289,Apios americana Medik.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Root stocks peeled, parboiled, sliced and dried for winter use.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
3699,289,Apios americana Medik.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,83,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Dried roots ground into a flour and used for thickening stews.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83"
3700,289,Apios americana Medik.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,83,1,Food,,,Fresh or dried roots cooked and used for food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83"
3701,289,Apios americana Medik.,177,Omaha,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3702,289,Apios americana Medik.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,,,Thickened root boiled until the skin came off and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
3703,289,Apios americana Medik.,177,Omaha,124,ff11,341,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Nuts boiled, peeled and eaten as a vegetable.","Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 341"
3704,289,Apios americana Medik.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3705,289,Apios americana Medik.,205,Ponca,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3706,289,Apios americana Medik.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,103,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Wild potato was appreciated.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 103"
3707,289,Apios americana Medik.,228,Seminole,88,s54,492,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492"
3708,289,Apios americana Medik.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3709,290,Apios tuberosum,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,45,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45"
3710,290,Apios tuberosum,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,179,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roots used for food.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 179"
3711,291,Apium graveolens L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Used as a potherb.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39"
3713,291,Apium graveolens L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,230,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plant used for greens.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 230"
3715,292,Apium sp.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,29,1,Food,86,Spice,Steeped seeds added to dishes for flavoring.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 29"
3721,293,Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,1,Food,50,Fodder,Roots added to the slop to make hogs fat.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
3802,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,22,1,Food,85,Candy,Gum mixed with clean clay and used for chewing gum.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
3803,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,101,Isleta,19,c35,31,1,Food,85,Candy,Gummy latex mixed with clean clay and used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31"
3804,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten raw.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
3807,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,47,1,Food,85,Candy,"Milky latex used as chewing gum. After the latex was squeezed from the plant, it was allowed to stand over night, whereupon it hardened into a 'white gum.'  Two kinds of gum were recognized; that which was left overnight, and that which was chewed only a few hours after it had been extracted from the plant.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
3919,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,262,1,Food,85,Candy,Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262"
3920,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,159,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Early spring greens boiled and eaten.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159"
3945,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,516,1,Food,5,Forage,Flowers used as sources of nectar by humming birds.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516"
3949,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,289,Yurok,70,b81,17,1,Food,,,Sweet nectaries inside the sepal spurs bitten off and savored mostly by the younger people.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
3976,309,Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,174,1,Food,27,Beverage,Infusion of plant used as a beverage.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 174"
3979,311,Arabis lyrata L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,13,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Rosettes of lobed leaves added to tossed salads or cooked and served as a green vegetable.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 13"
3988,315,Arachis hypogaea L.,99,Huron,123,a54,63,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roots used with acorns during famine.,"Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63"
3989,315,Arachis hypogaea L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,483,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 483"
4007,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,115,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make wine.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 115"
4012,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,1,Food,27,Beverage,Roots boiled and used as a beverage.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
4044,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,96,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits used to make wine.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 96"
4047,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,277,1,Food,,,"Roots roasted, broken into pieces, mixed with oulachen grease and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 277"
4054,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make a beverage.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
4059,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dark berries fermented in cold water and used to make a wine.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
4060,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by rabbits.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
4140,319,Aralia racemosa L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,,,"An aboriginal Menomini dish was spikenard root, wild onion, wild gooseberry and sugar.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
4164,319,Aralia racemosa L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,96,1,Food,56,Soup,"Young tips were relished in soups. Soup was a favorite aboriginal dish and still is among the Indians.  Being expandable, it fits in well with the well-known Indian hospitality.  After a meal is started, several more guests may arrive and they are always welcome.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 96"
4184,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten in small quantities.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
4193,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries steamed, dried and stored for future use.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
4194,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,"Berries steamed, dried, stored and soaked in warm water before eating.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
4195,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4201,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by deer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4202,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,1,Food,5,Forage,Leaves eaten by cows when green grass scarce.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4203,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,1,Food,5,Forage,"White, globular flowers eaten by doves, wild pigeons and turkeys.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4210,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed for sweet, unfermented cider.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4211,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4213,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,200,Pomo,89,c02,374,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4218,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or roasted.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
4219,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries parched and stored for the winter.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67"
4235,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,374,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4240,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,87,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87"
4242,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,289,Yurok,70,b81,17,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries roasted over an open fire and eaten.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4257,327,Arctium lappa L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,120,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Roots dried by the fire and stored away for winter use.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
4258,327,Arctium lappa L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,120,1,Food,56,Soup,Dried roots soaked and boiled into a soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
4259,327,Arctium lappa L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,118,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young leaves cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118"
4328,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,77,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food. Berry was juicy but rather insipid in flavor.  Not usually available in large quantities.  Picked in poor berry years and mixed with blueberries.  Flavor was much improved with cooking.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 77"
4329,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
4330,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,23,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten greedily by bears and ptarmigan.,"Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23"
4331,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,108,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries, other berries and sugar cooked and eaten.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 108"
4332,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,55,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored in grease or oil and eaten with fish or meat.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55"
4339,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make a drink.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4340,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4341,333,Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Dried berries pounded, mixed with salmon eggs, cooked in a basket with a hot rock and eaten.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4352,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,27,Beverage,Mashed fruit mixed with water and strained into a drink.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4353,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries sun dried and stored for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4354,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4355,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,44,Porridge,Dried berries ground into flour and used to make mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4356,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries used to make a gelatinous substance and eaten like aspic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4357,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used to make mush or cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4366,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,68,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Dried, pounded berries stored for later use and made into pinole, cakes or mixed with water.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 68"
4371,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,27,Beverage,Mashed fruit mixed with water and strained into a drink.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4372,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries sun dried and stored for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4373,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,44,Porridge,Dried berries ground into flour and used to make mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4374,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries used to make a gelatinous substance and eaten like aspic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4375,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground into a meal and used to make mush or cakes.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4383,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,219,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219"
4385,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries used to make a beverage. Berries were covered with a thin layer of dirt and sifted in a yaduci so that the dirt fell through. Then they were sprinkled with water, kneaded with the hands, mashed and soaked 'in the sun' for about a half day.  The yaduci was used as a sieve to remove the berry pulp from the infusion which could be drunk thus or mixed with chia.  Water could be drained through the berry pulp a second time.  The liquid was said to be sweet and fattening.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
4386,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,11,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11"
4389,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make a drink.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4390,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4391,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Dried berries pounded, mixed with salmon eggs, cooked in a basket with a hot rock and eaten.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4396,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,27,Beverage,Ripe berries used to make cider.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4397,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruits eaten by bears as forage.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4398,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,52,Fruit,Green fruits eaten in small quantities to quench thirst.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4399,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe fruits eaten raw or cooked.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4400,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,,,"Globular, waxy flowers sucked or eaten by children.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4401,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Ripe berries stored as a winter use food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4406,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Berries crushed for sweet, unfermented cider.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4407,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161"
4408,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,170,Numlaki,89,c02,375,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruits made into bread and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4409,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,170,Numlaki,89,c02,375,1,Food,44,Porridge,Fruits made into mush and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4410,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,170,Numlaki,89,c02,375,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits eaten like pinole.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4416,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Ripe fruits crushed, strained and used to make cider.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
4417,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe berries eaten raw.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
4418,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe berries parched and used in pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
4421,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,70,b81,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries pulverized and made into a drink.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
4422,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make a drink.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4423,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4424,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,70,b81,18,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
4425,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Dried berries pounded, mixed with salmon eggs, cooked in a basket with a hot rock and eaten.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4430,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,183,Paiute,98,m53,101,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101"
4432,338,Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray,266,Tolowa,70,b81,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries mixed with salmon roe and sugar, formed into patties and baked in rocks.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
4433,339,Arctostaphylos parryana Lemmon,128,Luiseno,24,s08,230,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ground berry pulp used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 230"
4438,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries made into cakes and eaten plain or put into water and drunk. Cider was made by adding water to pounded berries and was conveyed to the mouth with a deertail sop.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
4439,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
4440,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
4441,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and eaten.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
4442,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4444,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,142,Midoo,109,m66,308,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food during an acorn crop failure.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 308"
4447,340,Arctostaphylos patula Greene,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,35,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35"