id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
9,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,173,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Boughs used as a 'bush sleigh' to pull cargo across deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
468,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
469,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make frontispieces for chief's masks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
470,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
471,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make axe handles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
812,38,Achillea millefolium L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,220,2,Drug,,,Plants placed on heated rocks and rising vapors used for unspecified illness.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 220"
813,38,Achillea millefolium L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,220,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 220"
2084,140,Allium cepa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,194,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 194"
2122,141,Allium cernuum Roth,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,193,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs cooked and eaten and the tops eaten fresh with meat.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 193"
2503,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,1,Food,83,Preservative,Wood used to smoke fish and meat.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2504,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2505,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes to serve oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2678,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,225,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make spoons.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 225"
3507,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stems used to collect liquid Sitka spruce pitch.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3508,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Leaves chewed and juice rubbed on the body to mask the human smell.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3509,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves used with devil's club to wash the human smell from one's body.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
4777,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,270,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 270"
6766,529,Avena sativa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,1,Food,,,Grains used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
7315,581,Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,226,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used for carving.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 226"
7366,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,153,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by mountain goats and deer.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 153"
7367,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,153,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plants transplanted to pots and used as house plants.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 153"
7458,612,Bovista pila Berk. & Curt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,134,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Spores dangerous, especially harmful to the eyes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 134"
7459,613,Bovista plumbea Pers.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,134,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Spores dangerous, especially harmful to the eyes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 134"
7460,614,Bovistella sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,134,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Spores dangerous, especially harmful to the eyes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 134"
7513,619,Brassica oleracea L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,227,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Species used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 227"
7520,620,Brassica rapa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,227,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 227"
7606,644,Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7607,645,Bryoria glabra (Mot.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7608,646,Bryoria trichodes (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7809,688,Calvatia sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,134,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Spores dangerous, especially harmful to the eyes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 134"
7916,704,Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
7945,717,Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make paint for wooden items.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
7946,718,Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Muell. Arg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,141,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make paint for wooden items.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141"
9078,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make boat ribs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9079,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make regular and racing paddles for canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9080,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark woven into capes and loincloths.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9081,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark woven into blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9082,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used to make carved items and masks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9083,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wooden pegs used to hold together bent boxes of red cedar.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9084,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Rods struck with Pacific crabapple sticks or yew wood to make noise to herd animals while hunting.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9085,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,159,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159"
9328,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,257,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Plant used to make twine, cordage and binding.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"
9329,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,257,1,Food,,,Young shoots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"
9330,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,257,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make oolichan nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"
9836,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,212,2,Drug,13,Poison,Roots considered poisonous.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 212"
9897,946,Cicuta virosa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,212,2,Drug,13,Poison,Roots considered poisonous.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 212"
10094,983,Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
10100,986,Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
10416,1033,Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,194,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of plant applied to wounds and decoction of plant used to wash the body.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 194"
10417,1033,Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,194,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Poultice of plant applied to the eyes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 194"
10558,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,213,1,Food,,,Roots steamed and eaten with oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 213"
10581,1064,Conocephalum conicum,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,145,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,"Plant pulverized, mixed with mountain goat fat and used for sunburns.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145"
10582,1064,Conocephalum conicum,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,145,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make a green paint for wood.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145"
10836,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,234,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries mashed, mixed with oolichan grease and eaten as a dessert.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 234"
10837,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,234,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 234"
11046,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,233,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 233"
11047,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,233,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Leaves used to wipe fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 233"
11152,1105,Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,234,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries mashed, mixed with oolichan grease and eaten as a dessert.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 234"
11153,1105,Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,234,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 234"
11391,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,263,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263"
12249,1245,Daucus carota L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
12715,1342,Dryopteris sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,149,1,Food,5,Forage,Rootstocks eaten by mountain goats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 149"
12716,1342,Dryopteris sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,149,3,Other,32,Containers,Fronds used to pack freshly caught salmon to prevent them from drying out.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 149"
12953,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,125,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Plant used to collect herring roe, dried and eaten with the roe.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125"
13300,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,156,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by geese.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 156"
13474,1427,Equisetum scirpoides Michx.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,156,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by grizzly bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 156"
14658,1601,Exobasidium sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,1,Food,,,Galls used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14784,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14785,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14786,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14787,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14788,1621,Fomes sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14792,1622,Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill ex Fries) Bond. & Sing.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,138,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of ground plant taken for tuberculosis.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 138"
14794,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14795,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14796,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14797,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14798,1624,Fomitopsis sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14856,1633,Fragaria chiloensis ssp. lucida (Vilm.) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14857,1633,Fragaria chiloensis ssp. lucida (Vilm.) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14858,1634,Fragaria chiloensis ssp. pacifica Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14859,1634,Fragaria chiloensis ssp. pacifica Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14930,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
14931,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
15033,1641,Fragaria virginiana ssp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
15034,1641,Fragaria virginiana ssp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,264,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used to make jam.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264"
15089,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,262,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of bark used as a laxative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262"
15359,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,196,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten with western dock.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 196"
15392,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,125,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Plant used to collect herring roe, dried and eaten with the roe.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125"
15393,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,125,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used with an open fire to steam heat kerfed boards to bend into red cedar bentwood boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125"
15543,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15544,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15545,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15546,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15547,1695,Ganoderma sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15627,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,240,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 240"
16827,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,1,Food,,,Petioles considered 'the main food in spring.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16828,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a game by throwing the plant into a pot.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16829,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
17182,1894,Hierochloe alpina ssp. alpina,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
17237,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
19797,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,241,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Infusion of leaves taken for colds.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 241"
19798,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,241,2,Drug,345,Dietary Aid,Decoction of leaves and small branches taken to increase the appetite.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 241"
19799,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,241,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Infusion of leaves taken for tuberculosis.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 241"
19800,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,241,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 241"
20107,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,3,Other,32,Containers,Blades used to line oolichan ripening pits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
20108,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Blades used to tie Pacific silverweed roots together before steaming.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
21324,2293,Lupinus littoralis Dougl.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,249,1,Food,,,Roots peeled and eaten raw.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 249"
21337,2298,Lupinus nootkatensis var. fruticosus Sims,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,249,1,Food,,,Roots peeled and eaten raw.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 249"
21339,2299,Lupinus nootkatensis var. nootkatensis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,249,1,Food,,,Roots peeled and eaten raw.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 249"
21483,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,134,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Spores dangerous, especially harmful to the eyes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 134"
21602,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Poultice of pounded root paste applied to burns.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21603,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,2,Drug,80,Urinary Aid,Roots used experimentally for bloody urine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21604,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,1,Food,5,Forage,"Roots eaten by black and grizzly bears after hibernation, to cleanse and strengthen their stomachs.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21605,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used as a mat when drying berries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21606,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used to wrap western hemlock cambium, bear meat and porcupine meat while cooking.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 189"
21751,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,127,1,Food,,,"Plant used to collect herring roe, dried and eaten with the roe.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 127"
22046,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,198,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 198"
22214,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),"Fruit eaten after a long day of hunting, 'kills poison in muscles.'","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22215,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Afterbirth of a child tied to a young tree to ensure the child would grow up strong.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22216,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22217,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit boiled and stored in the cooking water or oil for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22218,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Sticks used to strike rods of cedar to make noise while driving animals to be killed.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22219,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22220,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make root digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22221,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make sledgehammer handles and mallet heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
22302,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,270,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 270"
23394,2518,Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,261,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Plant chewed for sore throats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 261"
23395,2518,Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,261,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Plant chewed for sore throats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 261"
23696,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,128,3,Other,167,Designs,Plant heads used as the design for the horizontal timber ends of the Killer Whale house.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 128"
23971,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,291,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Juice rubbed on the hands and feet for rheumatism.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 291"
23972,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,291,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves used for chewing and smoking.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 291"
24095,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,256,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of rhizomes taken for tuberculosis.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 256"
24096,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,256,2,Drug,,,Decoction of rhizomes taken as medicine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 256"
24238,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,216,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered highly toxic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 216"
24463,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Infusion of pounded leaves applied to arthritic joints.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24464,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Inner bark placed in wounds followed by an application of Sitka spruce pitch.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24465,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Juice used for sores.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24466,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Decoction or infusion of plant and sea water taken as an emetic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24467,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Decoction of plant used as an eyewash for cataracts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24468,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Decoction of stem bark, stems or winter roots used as an eyewash for cataracts.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24469,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Juice taken for stomach sickness.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24470,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction or infusion taken as a laxative.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24471,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for ritual purification.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24472,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Bark used for the acquisition of luck by hunters, fishers and shamanistic initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24473,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used by bathing black bear and brought observer good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24474,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used to bring good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24475,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark charred, mixed with pounded salmon eggs and used as black face paint for dancing.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24476,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,58,Protection,Bark made into face paint and used by shamans to repel enemy spirits from the shaman's patient.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24477,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used to cleanse areas where people had died.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24478,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,106,Soap,Decoction or infusion of bark used to wipe one's body after bathing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24928,2691,Oryza sativa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,207,1,Food,75,Staple,Grains used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 207"
27171,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of pitch, Indian hellebore roots and rhizomes applied to sore areas.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27172,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Inner bark chewed for colds.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27173,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Inner bark chewed for coughs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27174,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of boiled pitch applied to cuts, sores, boils and wounds.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27175,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Pitch chewed as a breath freshener.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27176,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Pitch chewed everyday for tuberculosis.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27177,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots mixed with red cedar bark and used to make baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27178,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed like chewing gum.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27179,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,32,Containers,Roots and red cedar bark used to make bag like implement for the oolichan grease rendering process.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27180,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Branches and roots made into pegs, dipped in pitch and used as nails to hold together bent boxes.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27181,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into rake like implements and used to catch herring and oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27182,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27183,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make oolichan spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27184,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make a bark peeling tool.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27185,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,175,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175"
27489,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Smoldering twigs applied to arthritic or injured joints for the pain and swelling.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27490,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,3,Other,26,Paint,Twigs burned and used as a pigment material for tattoos.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
27491,2954,Pinus contorta var. contorta,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,178,3,Other,17,Tools,Smoldering twigs used to singe and trim hair.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 178"
28316,2981,Piper nigrum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,259,1,Food,86,Spice,Used for seasoning.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 259"
28983,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,158,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Rhizomes used for colds.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 158"
28984,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,158,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Rhizomes used for coughs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 158"
28985,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,158,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Rhizomes chewed or sucked for sore throats.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 158"
29058,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for some aspects of the secret society rituals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29059,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29060,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,58,Protection,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29061,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant thrown into the stream and used as a target by young boys for spear practice.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29062,3083,Polyporus sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,135,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used as a ball in a women's and children's game.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
29284,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the face for sunburn.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
29285,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds cooked with mountain goat fat and rubbed on the body to soften the skin.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
29286,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Buds used to make a hair dressing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
29287,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
29288,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,284,3,Other,100,Preservative,Wood dried and used for smoking salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284"
29609,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,286,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Leaves used for mouth abscesses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 286"
29698,3108,Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,131,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant gathered and dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 131"
29699,3108,Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,131,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Plant dried, crushed and sprinkled on various foods as a condiment.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 131"
30342,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,272,3,Other,38,Decorations,Wood used for carving.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 272"
30891,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Poultice of mashed leaves applied to oral abscesses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
30892,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit eaten by bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
30893,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
31073,3188,Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,143,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used to make black paint for wood.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 143"
31153,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,179,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Pitch used for bindings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 179"
32805,3330,Rheum rhabarbarum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,259,1,Food,,,Petioles used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 259"
33479,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,254,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 254"
33557,3375,Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,254,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 254"
33589,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,255,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 255"
34107,3429,Rosa nutkana var. nutkana,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves dried and mixed with American red raspberry leaves to make tea.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
34108,3429,Rosa nutkana var. nutkana,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,1,Food,,,Hips mixed with oolichan grease and sugar and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
34109,3429,Rosa nutkana var. nutkana,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,273,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flowers used in 'flower dance' costume.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 273"
34407,3447,Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
34529,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,274,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves mixed with young Nootka rose leaves to make tea.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 274"
34530,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,274,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 274"
34657,3458,Rubus leucodermis var. leucodermis,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,275,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 275"
34879,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by porcupines and groundhogs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
34880,3465,Rubus pedatus Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,278,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten in small quantities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 278"
34963,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make homemade wine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34964,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34965,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34966,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,1,Food,47,Special Food,Young sprouts peeled and served as a featured item at salmonberry sprout feasts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34967,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Flower used in 'flower dance' costume and in shamanistic performances.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34968,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
34969,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,279,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Plant used as an indicator for picking edible seaweed.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 279"
35085,3473,Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,282,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 282"
35193,3482,Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,260,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves and stems eaten with oolichan grease and sugar.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 260"
35966,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,287,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used to hang drying oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 287"
35967,3539,Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,287,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mallet heads.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 287"
36052,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Leaves used to wipe slime from fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36053,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,32,Containers,Sticks used to string discoidal basaltic seaweed cooking stones when not being used.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36054,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36055,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves layered with salmon and western hemlock boughs to allow the fish to drain.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36056,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Withes used as fish stringers to transport fish downstream.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36057,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,120,Walking Sticks,Wood used to make walking sticks or canes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36085,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Leaves used to wipe slime from fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36086,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,32,Containers,Sticks used to string discoidal basaltic seaweed cooking stones when not being used.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36087,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Branches used as barbecue racks for salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36088,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves layered with salmon and western hemlock boughs to allow the fish to drain.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36089,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Withes used as fish stringers to transport fish downstream.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36090,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,288,3,Other,120,Walking Sticks,Wood used to make walking sticks or canes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 288"
36864,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,2,Drug,84,Abortifacient,Leaves boiled and used to shorten pregnancy.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36865,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Berries cooked and eaten for stomach problems.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36866,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Leaves boiled and used in aiding childbirth.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36867,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries used to make wine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36868,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36869,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries formerly an important winter food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36870,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
36871,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,229,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make points for oolichan and squirrel spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229"
37844,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,236,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Berries given to women in labor to ease the birth.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37845,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,236,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37846,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,236,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries whipped into a froth and eaten as 'Indian ice cream.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37847,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,236,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berries served at large gatherings, special occasions and feasts.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
38304,3723,Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,291,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 291"
38351,3729,Solanum tuberosum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,293,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tubers eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 293"
38699,3783,Sphagnum sp.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,148,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant eaten by grizzly bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 148"
38813,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,256,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 256"
39125,3851,Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,231,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and bears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 231"
39465,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,187,3,Other,98,Weapon,Wood used to make war paddles and war clubs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39813,3942,Theobroma cacao L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,1,Food,27,Beverage,Used to make a beverage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
39972,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for basketry.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39973,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Branches used in basketry.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39974,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used as the main structural elements in baskets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39975,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for roofing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39976,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to partition long houses and make temporary shelters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39977,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for house posts and planks in traditional house construction.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39978,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make dancing platforms.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39979,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to cover canoes to keep the rain out.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39980,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to carve canoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39981,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats of various types.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39982,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark woven into hip length leggings to wear through deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39983,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make rain capes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39984,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Branches twisted together to make a type of rope used to tie covers to storage boxes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39985,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make baby cradles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39986,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark used to make mats to sit on.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39987,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make blankets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39988,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39989,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark rings worn around the neck and on the legs by shamans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39990,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make a special type of 'rattle' for ceremonial activities.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39991,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make ceremonial whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39992,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make coffins.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39993,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Wood used as toilet sticks prior to the introduction of toilet paper.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39994,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood used to make boxes to store many types of food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39995,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Inner bark used to whip soapberries.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39996,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood boards used to separate oval leaved blueberries from the leaves.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39997,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood made into tongs and used to transfer boiling stones from the fire to cooking vessels.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39998,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,167,Designs,Wood used to make totem poles and other carvings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
39999,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Withes used with pitch to fasten arrow heads to the shafts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40000,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and branches used as kindling to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40001,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make fishing line.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40002,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into noisemakers and used to round up animals to be hunted.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40003,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood made into small sticks to prop open conical nets used to catch oolichans.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40004,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the hook used to lift oolichan nets to empty their contents into a canoe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40005,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make the shafts of oolichan spears and arrows.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40546,3990,Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Martius,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,132,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 132"
40663,4016,Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,251,1,Food,,,Rhizomes used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 251"
40817,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,208,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Grains used to make bread.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 208"
40818,4037,Triticum aestivum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,208,1,Food,75,Staple,Grains used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 208"
40966,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for making temporary shelters or huts by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40967,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cambium dried, pounded, served with oolichan grease and Pacific crabapples and used as winter food.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40968,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used among several botanical materials in ritual purification practices.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40969,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40970,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Boughs rubbed on the body for luck on hunting expeditions.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40971,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used as camouflage by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40972,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40973,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs made into hoops and used to combat witchcraft.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40974,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,98,Weapon,Timber used as the 'blade' of an executioner's device similar to the guillotine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41774,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of roots applied to aches and swollen joints.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41775,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41776,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,1,Food,1,Preserves,Plant boiled with sugar to make jam.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41777,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,1,Food,,,Young shoots steamed and eaten with bear meat.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41778,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Plant used for trade.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41779,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Fiber used to make cordage, bindings and nets.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
41780,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,294,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fiber used to make nets and bow strings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294"
42157,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,245,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 245"
42269,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,247,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries boiled and stored in barrels of oolichan grease for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 247"
42310,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,248,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten, sometimes at feasts.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 248"
42311,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,248,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Fruit eaten, sometimes at feasts.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 248"
42421,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,249,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 249"
42680,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Roots put on the ends of arrows by the shaman to shoot towards 'disease spirits.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
42681,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered highly toxic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
43056,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,232,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 232"
43057,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,232,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored with oolichan grease in barrels for winter use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 232"
43465,4183,Vitis vinifera L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,296,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 296"
43697,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used as pigment for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
44581,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,203,2,Drug,13,Poison,Roots considered highly toxic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 203"