id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
496,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
497,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
498,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
1583,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to line baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
1584,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used to cover berry drying racks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
2135,141,Allium cernuum Roth,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
2525,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Poultice of bark, fresh sea wrack and black twinberry applied for aches and pains.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
2526,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2527,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2528,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark used to make an orange dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2529,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a red dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2530,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2531,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2532,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,279,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and large tubs for tribal feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2533,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
2534,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2978,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
4047,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,277,1,Food,,,"Roots roasted, broken into pieces, mixed with oulachen grease and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 277"
4594,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Dry, mealy berries formerly used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
4782,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,289,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Roots dried, steamed and eaten with oil at large feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289"
4783,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,289,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Roots dried, steamed and eaten with oil at large feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289"
6574,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,263,3,Other,32,Containers,Fronds used as covering for fungus placed on hot stones to make a red paint.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 263"
7835,699,Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit steamed and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
7866,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit steamed and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
8510,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,1,Food,,,Flower nectar formerly sucked by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
9111,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Branches placed on top of burning sea wrack as part of a steam treatment for rheumatism.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
9112,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Branches placed on top of burning sea wrack as part of a steam treatment for general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
9113,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9114,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
9115,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make chests.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9116,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
9117,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
9118,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
10845,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,52,Fruit,Pulpy berries extensively used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
11355,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
12692,1335,Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,1,Food,,,Rhizomes cooked in steaming pits and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
12693,1335,Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Thin, wiry roots used as the burning material in a 'slow match.'","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
13310,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Rough leaves and stems used for polishing canoes and other wooden articles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
13512,1430,Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Rough leaves and stems used for polishing canoes and other wooden articles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
14368,1566,Erythronium revolutum Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Bulbs sun dried, boiled, mixed with grease and eaten at large feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
14369,1566,Erythronium revolutum Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,"Bulbs eaten raw, baked or steamed.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
15366,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,273,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Bulbs sun dried, steamed, covered with oil and eaten at feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
15395,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice applied for aches and pains.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
15396,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Plants used to make a steambath for rheumatism and general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
15397,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Plants used to make a steambath for general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
15398,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Fresh plants rubbed on legs and feet for locomotor ataxia.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
15638,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries mashed, dried over fire and resulting cakes used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
15639,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,47,Special Food,Berries mashed with stink currant berries and eaten by chiefs and their wives.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
15640,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,1,Food,47,Special Food,Ripe berries dipped into oil and eaten fresh at feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
15983,1750,Glaux maritima L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,1,Food,,,"Fleshy roots boiled, dipped in oil and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
16849,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,276,1,Food,,,Young stems and petioles peeled and eaten raw like celery.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
17317,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrows.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
17318,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,288,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288"
19807,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,293,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Leaves used to make a hot, refreshing drink.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 293"
19808,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,283,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves used to make tea.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 283"
20110,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
20111,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
20112,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used with skunk cabbage leaves to line steaming boxes for cooking lupine roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
21180,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Poultice of bark and berries or leaves, fresh sea wrack and alder bark applied for aches and pains.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
21327,2293,Lupinus littoralis Dougl.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,,,"Fleshy taproots eaten raw, boiled or steamed in spring. If eaten raw, these roots caused dizziness.  Therefore, they were usually eaten raw only before bedtime in the evening.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
21628,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover baskets of freshly picked berries.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
21629,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover baskets of stink currants.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
21630,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used for drying salal berry cakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
21631,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used for steam cooking salmon.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
21632,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves used to wrap wild clover roots for baking, boiling and steaming.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
21633,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used with green grass leaves to line steaming boxes for cooking lupine roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
21756,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Blades weighted, placed underwater at river mouths and used to catch herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
21833,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,279,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sour berries occasionally used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
21908,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,279,1,Food,52,Fruit,Sour berries occasionally used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
22051,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,273,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries occasionally eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273"
22232,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,290,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruits boiled until soft and eaten with oil at large feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
22233,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,290,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Fruits used as a common article of trade.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
23701,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Leaves used for burns.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23702,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Leaves dried, pulverized and rubbed into children's heads to make hair grow long.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23703,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Leaves used for scabs and non-pigmented spots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23704,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Leaves used for swollen feet.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23705,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Leaves dried, pulverized and rubbed into children's heads to make hair grow long.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23706,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Tubes used in special pre-war rituals.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23707,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,32,Containers,"Long, hollow stipes used to store oulachen grease and other oils.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23708,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Tubes put into steaming pits so that water could be poured directly on hot rocks at the bottom.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23709,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Blades weighted, placed underwater at river mouths and used to catch herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
23948,2586,Nicotiana sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Poultice of dried plant and fresh sea wrack, alder and black twinberry applied for aches and pains.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
24216,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,289,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh with oil at family meals or large feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289"
24217,2610,Oemleria cerasiformis (Torr. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,289,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruits eaten fresh with oil at large feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289"
27211,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27212,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
27213,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make hats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27214,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Roots used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
27215,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make ropes.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27216,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make mats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27217,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used for 'sewing wood.'","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27218,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,293,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 293"
27219,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Roots burned, dried, split and used as strings to tie nets, hooks and harpoons together.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27220,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make fish nets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27221,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Branch tips used as sacred items.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
27431,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make fire tongs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
27432,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make cedar bark peelers, digging sticks and board bending tools.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
28996,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Roots kept in the mouth to prevent hunger and thirst.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
28997,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Roots dried, steamed and eaten during famines.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
28998,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,1,Food,,,"Roots scorched, pounded, cut in bite size pieces, dipped in oil and chewed and sucked by old people.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
29111,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,265,1,Food,,,"Basal leaves and rhizomes steamed, peeled and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
29112,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,265,3,Other,32,Containers,"Leaves used to line food storage boxes, berry picking baskets and berry drying racks.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
29113,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,265,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to line steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
29302,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten in early spring.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
29724,3112,Porphyra sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,262,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plants allowed to rot, shaped into cakes, sun dried and eaten with dried salmon at feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 262"
29725,3112,Porphyra sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,262,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Mixed with water, beaten until frothy and white and eaten as a dessert.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 262"
29726,3112,Porphyra sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,262,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Plants sun dried, boiled with clams or creamed corn and eaten with large amounts of oulachen grease.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 262"
29727,3112,Porphyra sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,262,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Plants sun dried and eaten as a snack.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 262"
29728,3112,Porphyra sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,262,1,Food,,,"Strips lightly browned, pulverized, cooked and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 262"
31467,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,265,1,Food,,,"Rhizomes roasted, beaten until soft, broken into pieces and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 265"
33382,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw with large quantities of oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33383,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruits boiled, mixed with powdered skunk cabbage leaves, dried and eaten with oil in winter.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33592,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33619,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,52,Fruit,Green berries occasionally eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
33620,3378,Ribes lobbii Gray,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berries boiled, cooled and eaten with oulachen oil at feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
34813,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried in cakes and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
34814,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
34815,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed above and below seaweed in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
34983,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits boiled, mashed, dried and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
34984,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
34985,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,291,1,Food,,,Young shoots eaten in spring.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291"
34986,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,264,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves placed above and below seaweed in steaming pits.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
36206,3551,Salix sp.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make fishing line and reef nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
36801,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,280,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Berries pit steamed, dried over fire into cakes and eaten at noon.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280"
36802,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,261,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems hollowed and used as blowguns by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261"
37436,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
37437,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
37438,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
37851,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries whipped until white and frothy and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
39058,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,280,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch tips ignited and used for cauterizing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280"
39497,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Wood used to make combs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39498,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39499,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Trees used to measure strength. Men who could twist a yew tree from crown to butt were considered very strong.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
39500,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make curved digging sticks for prying wild clover roots.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
39501,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,267,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as a barklifter to peel red cedar bark off the trees.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 267"
39502,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,271,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make fire tongs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271"
40052,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibrous bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40053,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Long, straight branches used for weaving baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40054,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots and bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40055,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Roots washed, scorched over a fire, skinned, split in two, scraped and used to make baskets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40056,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Shredded bark used for paint brushes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40057,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, straight branches used to make nets for tying wall boards onto house frames.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40058,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood steamed for flexibility and malleability and used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40059,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40060,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used to make clothing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40061,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Roots and bark used to make hats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40062,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Roots washed, scorched over a fire, skinned, split in two, scraped and used to make hats.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40063,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Shredded bark used for diapers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40064,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous bark used to make twine and ropes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40065,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous bark used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40066,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats and blankets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
40067,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,298,Other,"Shredded bark used for napkins, towels and bandages.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40068,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Long, straight branches used for 'sewing wood.'","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40069,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,293,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch used as chewing gum.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 293"
40070,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood steamed for flexibility and malleability and used to make boxes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40071,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in drying seaweed for eating.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40072,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fuel and making friction fires.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40073,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Boughs weighted, placed underwater at estuaries and used for catching herring spawn.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40074,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fibrous bark used to make fish nets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40075,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Long, straight branches used to make fishing line.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
40667,4016,Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Thin, wiry roots dried, steamed or boiled, dipped in oil and eaten as vegetables.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
41017,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41018,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41019,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41247,4049,Typha latifolia L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,275,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used to make mats.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275"
41697,4058,Urtica dioica L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,297,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Fiber used to cauterize headaches.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 297"
41698,4058,Urtica dioica L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,297,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Fiber used to cauterize swellings.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 297"
41786,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Plants split, dried, pounded and used to make twine and rope.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
41787,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Plants split, dried, pounded and used to make fishing nets.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
42173,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,283,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 283"
42174,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
42322,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Berries boiled, mixed with red salmon spawn and oil and eaten at feasts in winter ceremonies.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
42323,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,286,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Twigs used to fasten skunk cabbage leaves onto berry baskets.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286"
42425,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,284,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 284"
43062,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Berries steamed, covered with oil, preserved and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
43063,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Fresh, ripe berries eaten at feasts only.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
43064,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,281,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Green berries steamed, covered with water and used as a winter food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281"
43217,4143,Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (Hook.) Lassetter & Gunn.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,285,1,Food,52,Fruit,Pea-like fruits roasted and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 285"
44686,4260,Zostera marina L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,274,1,Food,47,Special Food,Stems and roots dipped in oil and eaten during feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 274"
44687,4260,Zostera marina L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",53,t73,200,1,Food,,,Plants eaten raw with eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"