id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
474,25,Acer glabrum var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap collected and boiled to obtain syrup and sugar.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
539,27,Acer negundo L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Inner bark scrapings dried and kept for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
540,27,Acer negundo L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Inner bark boiled until sugar crystallizes out of it.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
1803,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,1,Food,,,"Bulbous crowns baked in pits, pulpy centers released, pounded into thin sheets and eaten. The Mescalero Apache were named for the food they made from mescal.  In the pits where the crowns were baked, the largest rock was placed in the center and a cross made on it from black ashes.  While the mescal baked, the women were supposed to stay away from their husbands, and if the crown was not completely roasted when removed from the pit, they were believed to have disobeyed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
1804,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
1805,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
2100,141,Allium cernuum Roth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Onions used to flavor soups and gravies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2101,141,Allium cernuum Roth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Onions occasionally eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2188,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Onions used to flavor soups and gravies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2189,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Onions occasionally eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
2684,179,Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
2696,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2697,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
2797,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
2798,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
3292,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Grass used under fruit when drying.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
3293,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
3294,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,3,Other,32,Containers,Used to cover fruit and allow ripening.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
5107,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
5328,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Sage used to flavor meats.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
5510,404,Artemisia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
6197,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
7419,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
7454,611,Bouteloua sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
7604,643,Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'H‚r. ex Vent.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,54,2,Drug,54,Narcotic,Plant used as a narcotic.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 54"
7605,643,Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'H‚r. ex Vent.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,54,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Seeds worn around the neck in a string during ceremonies.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 54"
7828,694,Calylophus lavandulifolius (Torr. & Gray) Raven,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Pods cooked and eaten by children.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
7914,703,Camelina microcarpa DC.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
7915,703,Camelina microcarpa DC.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
7953,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
7954,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted without grinding and combined with other foods.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
7955,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tops cooked alone or with meat and used as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
8137,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
8138,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,50,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Syrup used in the absence of sugar to sweeten an intoxicating drink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 50"
8777,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit ground, caked and dried for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
8778,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
8779,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
9349,888,Cheilanthes fendleri Hook.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
9372,894,Chenopodium album L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
9985,965,Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
9986,965,Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
11405,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
11406,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
11407,1125,Crataegus erythropoda Ashe,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
11813,1181,Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used with other green plant parts to flavor soups and meats.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
11814,1181,Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,,,Raw roots eaten for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
11815,1181,Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
11879,1198,Cyperus fendlerianus Boeckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,50,Fodder,Flowers salted and fed to horses.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
11880,1198,Cyperus fendlerianus Boeckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,50,Fodder,Seeds salted and fed to horses.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
11881,1198,Cyperus fendlerianus Boeckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Tubers eaten raw or peeled and cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
12058,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,52,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Crowns pit-baked, removed, peeled, crushed, mixed with water, fermented and used as a beverage.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 52"
12059,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Crowns baked in pits, stripped, pounded to a pulp, spread out to dry and eaten like cake.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
12060,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
12061,1237,Dasylirion wheeleri S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
12336,1269,Descurainia incana ssp. incisa (Engelm.) Kartesz & Gandhi,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
12337,1269,Descurainia incana ssp. incisa (Engelm.) Kartesz & Gandhi,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
12667,1330,Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
12729,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds winnowed, dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
12730,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted without grinding and combined with other foods.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
12731,1346,Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tops cooked alone or with meat and used as greens.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
12877,1356,Echinocereus coccineus Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12886,1358,Echinocereus engelmannii var. chrysocentrus (Engelm. & Bigelow) Rumpl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12887,1359,Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) F. Seitz,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12890,1360,Echinocereus polyacanthus Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
12891,1361,Echinocereus rigidissimus (Engelm.) Haage f.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
13281,1420,Epixiphium wislizeni (Engelm. ex Gray) Munz,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Pods eaten fresh or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
14800,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits occasionally eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
14925,1638,Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruits occasionally eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
16358,1787,Gutierrezia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,24,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used in ceremonial contexts.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24"
16456,1805,Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
16457,1805,Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
16557,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, sifted, made into dough and baked on hot stones.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
16558,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Seeds ground into flour and used to make a thick gravy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
17288,1900,Hoffmannseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,,,Roots eaten either raw or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
17467,1922,Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Flower used to flavor drinks and make them stronger.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
17468,1922,Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Hops boiled and used to flavor wheat flour and potatoes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
18158,2026,Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Seeds occasionally eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18231,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,,,Nut meats eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
18232,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Nut meats mixed with mesquite gravy or ground with roasted mescal and stored.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
18571,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18572,2056,Juniperus deppeana Steud.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries boiled and made into jelly or preserves.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18611,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Fruit roasted, water added and the mixture made into a gravy.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
18936,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries mixed with mescal and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
19067,2063,Juniperus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used to heat cooking stones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
19709,2110,Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (Rydb.) Dorn,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe pods dried, stored and soaked and boiled when needed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
19710,2110,Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (Rydb.) Dorn,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Ripe pods cooked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
20233,2180,Ligusticum porteri Coult. & Rose,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
21897,2373,Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruit cooked with a sweet substance, strained and eaten as jelly.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
22353,2403,Mammillaria grahamii Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried fruit cooked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22354,2403,Mammillaria grahamii Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22355,2403,Mammillaria grahamii Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22360,2405,Mammillaria mainiae K. Brandeg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
22465,2422,Matelea producta (Torr.) Woods.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten fresh or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
22594,2443,Mentha arvensis L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
23260,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
23261,2505,Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,86,Spice,Leaves used as flavoring.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
23468,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
23469,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
23470,2530,Morus microphylla Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
23518,2540,Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
23544,2544,Muhlenbergia sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
23546,2545,Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey ex Coult.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
24001,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
24002,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
24003,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
24255,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Seeds ground and made into a gravy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
24256,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,56,Soup,Seeds boiled in soups.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
24257,2613,Oenothera albicaulis Pursh,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fruit chewed as a delicacy without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
24709,2663,Opuntia leptocaulis DC.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,55,2,Drug,54,Narcotic,Fruits crushed and mixed with a beverage to produce narcotic effects.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 55"
25187,2712,Oxalis violacea L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
25188,2712,Oxalis violacea L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Mixed with other leaves and cooked or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
25449,2737,Panicum bulbosum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
25450,2737,Panicum bulbosum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Seeds ground, made into gravy and mixed with meat.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
25463,2740,Panicum obtusum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Seeds ground, made into gravy and mixed with meat.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
25534,2755,Parthenium incanum Kunth,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh leaves boiled and used similarly to coffee.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
26723,2920,Physalis subulata var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterfall ex Kartesz & Gandhi,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,47,Special Food,Fresh fruit eaten by children as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
27527,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Seeds mixed with yucca fruit pulp to make a pudding.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
27528,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten as a delicacy.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
27529,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Secretion from the trunk chewed.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
27712,2961,Pinus flexilis James,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,"Seeds roasted and hulled or sometimes the seeds ground, shell and all and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28069,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Inner bark scraped off and baked in the form of cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28070,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten raw only in times of food scarcity.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
28071,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29437,3101,Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,Buds used as chewing gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
29568,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Inner bark scraped off and baked in the form of cakes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29569,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29762,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
29900,3145,Proboscidea louisianica ssp. louisianica,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten by prisoners of war in Oklahoma.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
29937,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Cooked pods and seeds ground, water added, mixture allowed to ferment and used as a beverage.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
29938,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bean flour made into pancakes and bread. Beans were gathered, boiled, pounded on a hide or ground on a metate, placed in a pan and worked with the hands until a thick consistency was attained.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
29939,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Pods boiled in water, taken out, mashed, boiled again and eaten as pudding.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
29940,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Root used to flavor drinks and make them stronger.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
29941,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,50,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Flour used in the absence of sugar to sweeten an intoxicating drink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 50"
29942,3153,Prosopis glandulosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,,,Beans cooked with meat and seed coats spit out when eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30050,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit ground and sugar added to make a thick drink.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
30051,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pods dried, washed, ground into flour and made into bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30052,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits gathered, dried and stored in sacks.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30053,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,41,1,Food,47,Special Food,Raw pods chewed and eaten as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41"
30976,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
30977,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit cooked to make a preserve.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
30978,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruits ground, pressed and saved for winter.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
32058,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32059,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns roasted slightly, pounded, mixed with dried meat and stored away in hide containers.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32154,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32155,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Shaved root chips used to flavor drinks.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
32156,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Ripe acorns roasted slightly, pounded and mixed with dried meat and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32412,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used on fire to heat cooking stones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
32413,3289,Quercus sp.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,3,Other,17,Tools,Branches used to dig out crowns of the mescal plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
32906,3347,Rhus glabra L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,47,Special Food,Bark eaten by children as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33018,3349,Rhus microphylla Engelm. ex Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Dried fruits ground, pulp mixed with water and sugar and cooked to make jam.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
33079,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits ground with mescal, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
33080,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Dried fruits ground, pulp mixed with water and sugar and cooked to make jam.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
33081,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruits formerly used to make jam.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
33605,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit made into cakes for use during winter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33606,3377,Ribes leptanthum Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33630,3381,Ribes mescalerium Coville,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33677,3389,Ribes pinetorum Greene,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit ground and compressed into cakes for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33776,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit ground, dried and pressed into cakes for storage.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33777,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33778,3402,Ribes wolfii Rothrock,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
33803,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Raw pods eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
33804,3405,Robinia neomexicana Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Pods cooked and stored.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
34265,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,52,Fruit,Rose hips eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
34266,3436,Rosa woodsii var. woodsii,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,Rose pulps squeezed into water and boiled to make jelly.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
34358,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
34359,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
34360,3443,Rubus arizonensis Focke,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
35185,3482,Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
36858,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruit cooked with a sweet substance, strained and eaten as jelly.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
37352,3599,Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
38283,3721,Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Plant dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
38291,3722,Solanum jamesii Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Unpeeled potatoes boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
38769,3804,Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,32,Containers,Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
38778,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
38779,3806,Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds boiled and eaten as porridge.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
38800,3810,Sporobolus wrightii Munro ex Scribn.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stiff stems made into a brush and used to clean spines of cacti.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
38864,3823,Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxbaum,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40"
39334,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,51,1,Food,86,Spice,Flower used to flavor drinks and make them stronger.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 51"
39777,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fresh or stored portions boiled in water and liquid consumed with or without sugar.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
39778,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,53,1,Food,27,Beverage,Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53"
41173,4049,Typha latifolia L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,47,1,Food,,,Rootstocks cooked with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47"
41174,4049,Typha latifolia L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,36,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen sprinkled as a cross onto largest mescal crown.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36"
43213,4142,Vicia melilotoides,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe pods dried, stored and soaked and boiled when needed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
43214,4142,Vicia melilotoides,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Ripe pods cooked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
43363,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried and eaten like raisins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
43364,4171,Vitis arizonica Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
43792,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43793,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43794,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves cooked in soups.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43795,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43796,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers eaten if obtained before the summer rain; otherwise they taste bitter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44020,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven into shallow or tray baskets to carry prepared mescal home.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
44021,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stems baked overnight, dried, broken into pieces, softened and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44022,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44065,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44066,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44270,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44271,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"