id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
7141,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
7142,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
7143,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to wrap and store wood for a year.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
7144,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 152"
7145,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,152,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 152"
7146,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,80,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 80"
7147,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and containers.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7148,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant used to make houses, tents and shelters.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7149,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7150,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make canoes, baskets and containers.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7151,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,167,Designs,"Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7152,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,65,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65"
7153,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark occasionally used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7154,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark occasionally used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7155,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33"
7156,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7157,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7158,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots used with spruce roots to sew things together.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7159,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7160,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Inner bark made into dishes and used for processing fish, picking berries and to eat with.","Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7161,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of inner bark used as an enema.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
7162,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,370,5,Dye,136,Red,"Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370"
7163,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as coverings for dwellings.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7164,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Used for utensils.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7165,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,167,Designs,Used as patterns for work in decorative art.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7166,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Poultice of outer bark used to bandage a burn.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7167,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of inner bark used as a wash for skin rashes and other skin sores.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7168,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Dried inner bark ground, added to pitch & grease & used as ointment for persistent scabs & rashes.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7169,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Dried, finely powdered rotten wood used as baby powder to prevent rashes.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7170,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,77,Diaphoretic,Decoction of wood taken to cause sweating.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7171,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Decoction of wood and inner bark used for 'women's troubles.',"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7172,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Decoction of wood taken to ensure an adequate supply of milk for breast feeding.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7173,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Decoction of wood taken for back pain.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7174,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Decoction of stems or branches taken for teething sickness.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7175,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Dried, finely powdered rotten wood used as baby powder to prevent rashes.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7176,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Decoction of stems or branches taken for teething sickness.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7177,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Wood mixed with other materials and used for gonorrhea.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7178,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7179,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7180,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make bath tubs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7181,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as poles to frame a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7182,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7183,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7184,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans and snowshoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7185,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,1,Food,83,Preservative,"Soft, rotten wood burned to make a slow, smoky fire to smoke cure meat and fish.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7186,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Sap collected, made into syrup and eaten on bannock.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7187,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Root bark used as a tea substitute.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7188,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten fresh from the tree trunk.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7189,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7190,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make dishes to collect birch sap and fresh cambium.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7191,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make dippers for water, funnels and cups.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7192,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for upright supports and cross bars of the smoke curing rack.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7193,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make wooden spoons, stoppers for sturgeon skin jars and hammers to pound fish eggs.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7194,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7195,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Dried rotten wood with other rotten woods used to smoke tan hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7196,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark used to make moose calls.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7197,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,32,Containers,"Fine, shredded bark used as vessels to catch sap from trees in sugar making-time.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7198,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Fine, shredded bark used as household utensils.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7199,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Fine, shredded bark bound into bundles and used for torches.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
7200,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,61,Dakota,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7201,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,76,Flathead,73,b05,8,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line sacks and stiffen them into baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7202,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7203,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7204,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7205,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,300,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Burned bark ashes used to 'shrivel the womb.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300"
7206,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,2,Drug,,,Plant spirit used by the shaman to heal sick people.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7207,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7208,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe ribs.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7209,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make sleds and snowshoe frames.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7210,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7211,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark used to start campfires or light the stove at home.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7212,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7213,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make fish traps.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7214,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7215,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used for boxes and other containers.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7216,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,138,Menominee,176,d32,131,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Decoction of inner bark used for dysentery.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131"
7217,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,138,Menominee,176,d32,131,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of branch tips used as a tonic.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131"
7218,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark strips used as the waterproof, top coverings of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
7219,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Paper birch used to make canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
7220,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7221,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make house coverings.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7222,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,188,r48,56,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1948, Ethnobotanique Et Ethnozoologie Gaspesiennes, Archives de Folklore 3:51-64, page 56"
7223,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make boxes, coffins and other containers.","Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7224,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes and cooking utensils.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7225,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,1,Food,19,Dietary Aid,Inner bark grated and eaten to benefit the diet.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
7226,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7227,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,358,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358"
7228,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,358,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Root bark cooked with maple sugar as syrup for stomach cramps.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358"
7229,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,231,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
7230,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,358,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Compound decoction of root bark taken to alleviate stomach cramps.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358"
7231,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,136,Red,Innermost bark boiled to extract a reddish dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
7232,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7233,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for buckets and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7234,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Baskets made for gathering and storing berries, maple sugar, dried fish, meat or any food.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7235,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for wigwam coverings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7236,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7237,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Sheets of bark sewn together, made into rolls and used as waterproof roofing for wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7238,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7239,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7240,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Heavy pieces of bark used to make very durable canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7241,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,1,Food,83,Preservative,Birch bark keeps the food stored in it from spoiling.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7242,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7243,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make small vessels, pails and trays.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7244,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7245,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make all sorts of drying trays.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7246,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make dishes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7247,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make funnels for pouring hot lard.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7248,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark used to make shallow trays for winnowing wild rice.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7249,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Nearly any kitchen utensil common to the white man, could be duplicated in birch bark by the Ojibwe.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7250,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,"After stripping a felled tree of its bark, it was salvaged for firewood.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7251,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,Scraps of bark used by women to kindle or light fires.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7252,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark rolled into a handy, burn all night torch. The Ojibwe often used a torch of rolled birch bark in lieu of candles.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7253,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,143,Paper,Patterns for decorative art made upon the bark.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7254,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,143,Paper,Records of medicine lodge rituals kept on its virgin surface.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7255,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,143,Paper,There were many layers of bark ranging from the thinnest paper to quite heavy pieces.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7256,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,328,Preservative,Wood had the property of protecting articles stored in it from decay.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7257,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,58,Protection,"Ojibwe claim that birch was never struck by lightning, hence offered a safe harbor in thunderstorms.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7258,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"No birch was gathered by the Ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to Winabojo & Grandmother Earth. Families made a pilgrimage to birch groves during the latter part of June and in July to gather their supply of birch bark, because it peels most easily at that time.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7259,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Paper birch and cedar form the two most sacred trees of the Ojibwe, both of which were very useful.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7260,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,The Ojibwe regard the bark as a distinct 'contribution from Winabojo.',"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7261,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,5,Dye,150,Brown,Inner bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7262,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7263,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7264,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7265,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,177,Omaha,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7266,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7267,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,205,Ponca,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"
7268,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark furnished a waterproof cover for the top of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7269,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark furnished the outside cover of the birch bark canoe.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7270,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make many of the household utensils, storage vessels and containers.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7271,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,60,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Plant used for pain.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 60"
7272,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Gray colored bark used to make baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 60"
7273,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Bark used as casts for broken limbs. A soft material such as a cloth was placed next to the skin on the broken limb over which birchbark was wrapped and tied.  The birchbark was then heated until it shrank to fit the limb.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7274,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7275,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Bark used to make containers for cooking. To cook in a birchbark basket, clean rocks were made very hot and then placed in water in the basket.  This process was repeated until the cooking was completed.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7276,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7277,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of some buildings.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7278,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7279,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7280,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make baby cradles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7281,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,"Wood used to make bowls, spoons, wedges, tool handles, drums, toboggans and snowshoes.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7282,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,"Wood used to make snowshoes, toboggans, drums, bowls, spoons and wedges.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7283,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,1,Food,,,"Raw sap, sometimes mixed with fish grease, used for food.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7284,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,1,Food,,,Sap used for food.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7285,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in food storage pits.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7286,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used as lining in storage pits.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7287,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers for storing food and picking berries.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7288,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark used to make containers for storing food, picking berries and cooking.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7289,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and spoons.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7290,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and spoons.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7291,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black colored stem growth used as tinder for kindling fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7292,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Black stem growth used as tinder for starting fires with a fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7293,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7294,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make spears for hunting bears and bows for hunting both large and small game.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7295,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drums.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7296,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drumss.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7297,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark made into broad rimmed hats used by young, menstruating girls to restrict their vision. The broad rimmed hats prevented them from looking where they were not supposed to.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7298,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make the bow of the fire drill.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7299,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges and tool handles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7300,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make wedges.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7301,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Sap tapped from trees in early spring and taken for colds.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7302,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,2,Drug,126,Contraceptive,"Bark used for contraception. One informant recalled a case in which a woman in childbirth did not want any more children.  An old woman told her to take the afterbirth, stick it with an old bone awl, wrap it in fishnet and then in a piece of birch bark and place it high up on a particular kind of tree.  The patient was then given an infusion of bitter cherry or saskatoon wood and after that had no more children","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7303,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Sap tapped from trees in early spring and taken for coughs.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7304,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for baskets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7305,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for walls and roofing.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7306,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7307,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for cradles.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7308,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,32,Containers,"Tough, waterproof bark used as a material for lining storage caches. The bark was particularly important in the storage of food.  It could be stripped off in fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin sheets.  These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting stained.  The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in storage and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7309,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Tough, waterproof bark used as a material for wrapping food. The bark was particularly important in the storage of food.  It could be stripped off in fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin sheets.  These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting stained.  The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in storage and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7310,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,38,Decorations,Bark used for decorations.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7311,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,3,Other,143,Paper,Bark used for paper and cards.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7312,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to make containers and waterproof wrappings.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7313,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,145,Lighting,Used to make torches.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7314,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,116,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116"