id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
40931,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,146,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Inner bark roasted in a pit oven, sometimes mixed with dried berries and pressed into cakes.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 146"
40932,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,51,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of compound containing gum applied to the arms for rheumatism.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
40933,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Leaves chewed and used for burns.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40934,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,51,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Poultice of chewed leaves applied to burns.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
40935,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,51,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Warm gum applied to cuts.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
40936,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,51,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,Poultice of compound containing gum applied to the chest for heart trouble.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
40937,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,51,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Moxa of twigs applied to the skin for 'various internal ailments.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
40938,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Twigs burned and used to cauterize the skin for internal ailments.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40939,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40940,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Inner bark steamed overnight, pounded, formed into balls, sun dried and eaten in winter.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40941,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled and used on traps to remove rust and give them a clean smell.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40942,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,198,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40943,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of pounded bark taken for tuberculosis.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40944,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Decoction of pounded bark taken for syphilis.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40945,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,5,Dye,,,Inner bark made into a dye and used on fish nets to make them invisible to fish and attract them.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40946,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40947,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,"Bark boiled, added to licorice ferns and used for hemorrhages.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40948,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used to make a reddish-brown dye.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40949,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Limbs cut, placed around rocks in tidal areas and used to gather ling cod eggs.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40950,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used for fish trap stanchions.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40951,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,17,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,Infusion of bark taken for hemorrhage.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40952,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,17,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of plants used as wash for skin sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40953,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,17,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pitch used to prevent chapping.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40954,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,17,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Infusion of plants used as wash for sore eyes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40955,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,17,1,Food,86,Spice,Branch tips used to flavor cooking bear meat.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40956,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Cambium used as a 'cleanser.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40957,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,81,Liver Aid,Cambium used for the gall bladder.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40958,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,18,Other,Inner bark used for elimination of hard or sharp swallowed objects.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
40959,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,150,1,Food,75,Staple,"Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
40960,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,150,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
40961,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,150,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Inner bark used as a survival food in winter.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
40962,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,86,Haisla,14,c93,180,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Cambium cooked in skunk cabbage leaves, pounded, dried and stored for winter use.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40963,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,86,Haisla,166,g92,150,1,Food,75,Staple,"Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
40964,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,86,Haisla,166,g92,150,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
40965,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,86,Haisla,166,g92,150,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Inner bark used as a survival food in winter.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
40966,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used for making temporary shelters or huts by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40967,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cambium dried, pounded, served with oolichan grease and Pacific crabapples and used as winter food.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40968,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used among several botanical materials in ritual purification practices.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40969,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40970,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Boughs rubbed on the body for luck on hunting expeditions.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40971,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used as camouflage by hunters.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40972,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40973,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,58,Protection,Boughs made into hoops and used to combat witchcraft.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40974,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,98,Weapon,Timber used as the 'blade' of an executioner's device similar to the guillotine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40975,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Cambium formed into cakes, cooked, dried, powdered, mixed with water, grease and fruit and eaten.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40976,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used in processing salmon.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40977,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to wrap and cover foods in earth ovens.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40978,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Wood made into rings and used to fasten oolichan nets to the piles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40979,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to smoke hides into a dark brown color.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40980,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make piles for anchoring oolichan nets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40981,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Wood knots used to make labrets worn by women of high social rank.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40982,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make digging sticks.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40983,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make mallets.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
40984,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),"Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for rheumatic fever.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40985,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Gum & deer grease used on fur seal hunters faces to prevent skin from cracking & peeling in the sun.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40986,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Gum and deer grease used for healing sores on the face.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40987,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pitch and deer fat used as salve to prevent and soothe sunburn.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40988,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pitch and deer fat used on faces to heal abrasions cause by rubbing on hunting camouflage.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40989,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of chewed needles used for burns.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40990,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Boughs used by girls, at puberty ceremony, to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40991,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,18,Other,"Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for phlebitis.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40992,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,"Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for tuberculosis and rheumatic fever.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40993,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Bark, especially from the inside of a crevice, used as a reddish-brown dye. Bark was used to dye the rope used in halibut fishing to make it invisible to the fish.  Canoes were often painted with a solution of this bark in water.  This stain was made by steeping the bark in water for many days, until the liquid was bright red.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40994,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a mattress when camping.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40995,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,1,Food,85,Candy,"Pitch, from the outside of a crevice, chewed like gum.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40996,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boughs used by girls at puberty for rubbing ceremony. Girls at puberty were brushed on the arms and face with boughs, which were bundled together with soft, fern fronds.  The bundle was fist-sized, with needled hemlock twigs sticking out from both ends.  Before the rubbing ceremony began, the girl would go down to the edge of the water at sunrise and, four separate times, would dip the branches in the water, suck the water from the branches, then blow it out in a fine spray.  At the same time, she would dip her face in the water with her eyes open, four times, each time lifting her head and spraying out the water.  This was said to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.  All bundles used for this purpose were subsequently deposited in a special place.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40997,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Entire trees anchored upside down under the water to collect herring spawn. At herring spawning time, in spring, entire hemlock trees were cut and anchored upside down under the water.  The spawn stuck on the branches.  The branches were then broken off and the spawn peeled away and eaten fresh, usually after steam-cooking.  If for later use, the branches were hung outside to be wind dried.  When one wanted to eat some, he would soak the branches and rub them to remove the spawn.  While being cooked, the eggs would swell and float to the surface and could be scooped off and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40998,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hemlock & fern bundles rubbed on hunters' face & arms to prevent sea mammals from noticing them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40999,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41000,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,94,Hoh,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41001,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,318,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Inner bark boiled and dried for storage.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
41002,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,318,1,Food,,,"Inner bark soaked in oolichan grease, drained, cooked and eaten with sugar.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
41003,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,318,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs submerged in herring spawning areas to collect the roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318"
41004,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,Compound infusion of bark taken for hemorrhage.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41005,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,2,Drug,232,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant tips taken to stimulate appetite.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41006,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Infusion of plant tips taken for tuberculosis.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41007,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a red-brown dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41008,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Saplings used as stanchions of fish traps strung across a stream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41009,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,114,g27,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Twigs laid in rivers and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 202"
41010,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,264,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Compound decoction of plants or bark taken for diarrhea.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264"
41011,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,270,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,"Cold infusion of scraped, pounded bark applied to burns.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270"
41012,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,270,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Cold infusion of scraped, pounded bark applied to sores.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270"
41013,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,270,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Moxa of twigs used to cauterize warts and moles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270"
41014,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,270,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Infusion of boughs used as a wash for upper lids of inflamed eyes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270"
41015,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,270,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Hemlock used as wash & tree tips prayed to by pregnant women to aid delivery.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270"
41016,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,270,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,Branches rubbed on hunters and fishermen to purify them.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270"
41017,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41018,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41019,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41020,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41021,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs made into huts and used to house girls following their first menstruation.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41022,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41023,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,71,3,Other,58,Protection,Four rings of boughs used to negate the effects of evil spirits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41024,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,129,Lummi,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as poles for large dip nets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41025,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,101,ttco83,74,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pitch used as a sunburn preventative and rubbed on hair to remove lice.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41026,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pitch used to prevent sunburn.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41027,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of bark applied to obstinate sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41028,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Poultice of plant applied to bleeding wounds.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41029,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Decoction of plant taken for internal injury.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41030,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Inner bark pounded, boiled and used as a red-brown dye.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41031,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,3,g83,238,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
41032,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs immersed in the water and used to collect herring eggs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41033,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Compound of powdered bark and oil or pitch used on the hair to remove vermin.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41034,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Cambium made into a coarse bread.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41035,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,25,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25"
41036,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for bruises.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41037,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,"Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for internal injuries.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41038,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,"Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for broken bones.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41039,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,108,Black,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41040,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41041,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
41042,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Light, green branch tips eaten to relieve hunger when lost in the woods.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41043,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Old leaves eaten sparingly to keep alive when hungry in the woods.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
41044,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,1,Food,,,Young growth used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
41045,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41046,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,37,Fuel,Slow burning wood used to bank up fires overnight.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41047,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Boughs used to catch herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41048,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Hard, dense knots used to make molded halibut hooks.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41049,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,53,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood knots used to make halibut hooks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
41050,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41051,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41052,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Inner bark dried for future use.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41053,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41054,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs made into headdresses and worn by dancers in the Ghost dance.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41055,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Inner bark and grease made into realistic eyeballs and used in the corpse for the hamatsa ceremony.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41056,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Boughs used to roast fern roots.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41057,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Fresh boughs used to gather herring roe.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41058,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make octopus spears.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41059,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,58,Protection,Four rings of boughs and ritual bathing used to negate the effects of evil spirits.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41060,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,71,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Boughs used to make play houses.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71"
41061,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of chewed plants applied to swellings.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41062,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark used as an emetic.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41063,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,77,r36,58,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used for tanning hides.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58"
41064,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41065,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Poultice of pitch and ground bark applied to child's chest for a cold.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41066,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Infusion of plants taken as a laxative.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41067,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Poultice of pitch and ground bark applied to child's chest for a cold.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41068,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used as shelters for hunters.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41069,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Young trees used for poling canoes upstream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41070,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used extensively for firewood.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41071,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used as walkways on top of fish weirs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41072,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,26,Paint,Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41073,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Cambium dried in sheets and used as a winter food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
41074,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,72,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark used to cure hides.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
41075,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,53,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 53"
41076,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of plants used as wash for skin sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41077,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Infusion of plants used as wash for sore eyes.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41078,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Infusion of bark taken for sore throats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41079,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Young trees used for poling canoes upstream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41080,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,241,Skagit,25,g73,17,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young trees used in fish trap construction.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41081,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used as a dye for baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41082,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,17,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Young trees used for poling canoes upstream.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41083,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Infusion of bark used for colds.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41084,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Boughs considered an important disinfectant. One informant noted that those desiring to cleanse themselves would scrub their bodies with the branches.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41085,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Infusion of bark used for influenza.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41086,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41087,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,111,3,Other,17,Tools,Broken boughs used by the handful like a bath brush.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111"
41088,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,150,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
41089,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,150,1,Food,,,Cambium used for food.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"
41090,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,150,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Inner bark used as a survival food in winter.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150"