id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
36496,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Mashed berries mixed with manzanita flour and stored in dried cakes.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
36497,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,31,Chehalis,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36498,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,39,Choctaw,115,t40,59,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of beaten leaves applied to swollen hands.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 59"
36499,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,39,Choctaw,115,t40,59,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of root taken for dyspepsia.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 59"
36500,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,39,Choctaw,115,t40,59,2,Drug,80,Urinary Aid,Decoction of root taken for bladder troubles.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 59"
36501,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Infusion of bark used for diarrhea.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
36502,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,24,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of leaves used as a purgative.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 24"
36503,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,24,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Decoction of leaves used for new colds.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 24"
36504,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36505,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,37,Fuel,Hollow twigs used in fire making.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36506,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hollow twigs used for arrowshafts.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36507,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow twigs used for flutes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36508,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Hollow twigs used for pipes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36509,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,81,Green River Group,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36510,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Decoction of bark used as a wash for pain.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36511,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of bark used as a wash for swelling.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36512,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Wine made from berries taken as a tonic.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36513,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,96,Houma,49,speck41,60,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Stalks formerly used for blowguns.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 60"
36514,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36515,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36516,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Infusion of branches used as a wash for sick child in the Brush Dance.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36517,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,1,Food,52,Fruit,Mashed berries used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36518,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,105,Karok,71,sg52,389,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Lower branches used to make flutes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
36519,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath for headaches.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36520,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Decoction of leaves used as a wash on limb affected by blood poisoning.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36521,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath for colds.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36522,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,77,Diaphoretic,Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath to cause perspiration.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36523,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Infusion of flowers taken for fevers.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36524,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath for headaches and colds.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36525,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Infusion of leaves and flowers used as steambath to cause perspiration.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36526,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Infusion of flowers taken for measles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36527,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,1,Food,1,Preserves,Dried or fresh berries used to make jelly.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36528,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make a flute by pushing out the soft core and burning a single row of six holes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36529,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,62,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Wood section hollowed out and used as a tobacco container.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
36530,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,114,Klallam,25,g73,47,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Infusion of bark taken for diarrhea.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36531,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,114,Klallam,114,g27,197,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 197"
36532,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,114,Klallam,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36533,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,115,Klamath,66,c97,104,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 104"
36534,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Flowers used for female complaints.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
36535,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit eaten dried.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
36536,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
36537,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make bows.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
36538,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,129,Lummi,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36539,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of plant rubbed on bruises.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36540,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Decoction of plant rubbed on the body for fevers.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36541,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Decoction of plant rubbed on sprains.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36542,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Decoction of plant used as an antiseptic wash for itch and sores on animals.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36543,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries formerly dried for winter use.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36544,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries formerly eaten raw.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36545,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries made into pies and used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36546,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jelly and used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36547,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,37,Fuel,Pith formerly used as a combustible material for starting fires.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36548,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,37,Fuel,Soft wood used as a twirling stick to make fire by friction.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36549,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Pithless wood used for flutes and other dance instruments.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36550,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,388,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Pithless wood used to make 'squirt guns' and whistles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36551,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,2,Drug,,,Flowers and roots used for medicine.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
36552,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,144,Miwok,100,bg33,172,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Decoction of blossoms taken for ague.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 172"
36553,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Decoction of dried flowers applied externally for sprains and bruises.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36554,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of dried flowers used as an antiseptic wash for open sores and itch.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36555,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Inner bark used as a strong emetic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36556,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Decoction of dried flowers applied externally for fevers.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36557,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of dried flowers used internally for stomach troubles.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36558,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Decoction of dried flowers used internally for lung troubles.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36559,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit used to make.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36560,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or cooked.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36561,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Fruit used to make pies.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36562,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36563,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used as a twirling stick in fire making.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
36564,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,43,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Plant used for lightning infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 43"
36565,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,43,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Plant used for livestock with lightning infection.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 43"
36566,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Dead stalks used to make a steambath for arthritis or rheumatism.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
36567,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Berries frozen for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
36568,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
36569,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,94,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Stems used to make 'flageolets,' a musical instrument.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
36570,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,12,tha41,138,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Infusion of dried flowers taken for diarrhea.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 138"
36571,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,98,m53,111,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of heated stems applied to the body that ached from rheumatism and similar disorders.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
36572,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,98,m53,111,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of root scrapings taken for stomachaches.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
36573,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and eaten.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
36574,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,98,m53,111,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh or boiled.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
36575,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,153,k32,100,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100"
36576,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,183,Paiute,98,m53,111,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Stems used to make four holed flutes.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
36577,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Infusion of dried flowers taken to break a fever.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
36578,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Tart berries eaten fresh in small quantities, canned or cooked for pie filling.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
36579,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,42,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Branches used to make whistles and clappers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42"
36580,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,203,"Pomo, Little Lakes",89,c02,388,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,Decoction of plant taken for bleeding lungs from consumption.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36581,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,203,"Pomo, Little Lakes",89,c02,388,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of plant taken for bleeding lungs from consumption.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36582,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,204,"Pomo, Potter Valley",89,c02,388,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic wash.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36583,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,204,"Pomo, Potter Valley",89,c02,388,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Inner bark used as a strong emetic.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36584,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,204,"Pomo, Potter Valley",89,c02,388,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36585,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,210,Quinault,25,g73,47,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Infusion of bark taken as an emetic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36586,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,210,Quinault,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36587,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,210,Quinault,25,g73,47,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plugs inserted into pithless stems and used as whistles for calling elk.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36588,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,80,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries cooked and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80"
36589,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,102,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
36590,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,241,Skagit,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36591,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries steamed, pulped and dried for winter use.","Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
36592,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,37,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 37"
36593,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,243,Skokomish,25,g73,47,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36594,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,251,Squaxin,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36595,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,253,Swinomish,25,g73,47,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47"
36596,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),Decoction of finely chopped bark taken for arthritis. One informant cautioned that this decoction must be boiled in a non-metal pot or it would become poisonous.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36597,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,33,steed28,474,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Fresh bark used in hollow tooth for toothaches.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 474"
36598,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Decoction of dried flowers taken for syphilis.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36599,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried fruit used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36600,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried for future use.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
36601,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh fruit used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36602,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh in large quantities.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
36603,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked to make jam.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36604,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,259,Thompson,10,tta90,199,1,Food,86,Spice,"Berry juice used for marinating fish. The berries were mashed in birch bark baskets, and when the fish had been split open along the backbone in preparation for barbecuing, it was soaked for a while in elderberry juice to flavor it.  Then, the fish was taken out, the berry seeds scraped off and the fish barbecued and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199"
36605,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
36606,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
36607,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems used as music sticks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
36608,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,285,Yokia,89,c02,388,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic wash.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36609,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,285,Yokia,89,c02,388,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Inner bark used as a strong emetic.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36610,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,285,Yokia,89,c02,388,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36611,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Poultice of bruised leaves applied to burns.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36612,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of pith used as a purge.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36613,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Infusion of flowers used as an emetic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36614,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries eaten dried.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36615,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Berries stored for winter use and cooked.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36616,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow wood used for flutes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36617,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow wood used for pop guns.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36618,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,286,Yokut,109,m66,436,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Split branches used for making bows for small children.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
36619,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Infusion of flowers taken for fevers.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 46"
36620,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried and used as a winter food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
36621,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten raw.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
36622,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,56,Soup,Berries formerly made into soup.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
36623,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,94,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Branches used to make flutes, clappers and small whistles.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 94"
36624,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fresh berries used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"
36625,3565,Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli,289,Yurok,70,b81,53,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to pack sturgeon eggs while cooking.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53"