id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
16773,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,133,1,Food,,,Inner stem pulp eaten raw and often dipped in seal oil.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 133"
16774,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,427,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Leaves used to make a tonic for colds.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427"
16775,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,425,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of heated leaves applied to minor cuts.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 425"
16776,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,425,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of heated leaves applied to sore muscles.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 425"
16777,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,5,Aleut,130,bt53,427,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Leaves used to make a soothing drink for sore throats.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427"
16778,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Whole plant eaten by cows.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67"
16779,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,61,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of compound containing roots used for lung or hip pains.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16780,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,61,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Compound infusion of root used as poultice for pains like rheumatism.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16781,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of crushed and cooked roots applied to boils.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
16782,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of crushed, boiled root, baked root or raw root applied to boils.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16783,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,61,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of compound containing roots used for hip pains.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16784,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,61,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Poultice of compound containing roots used for lung pains.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16785,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,1,Food,,,Young stems peeled and eaten with grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
16786,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,67,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,"Infusion of fresh, young stems taken for diarrhea.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67"
16787,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,76,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of young stems applied in the removal of warts.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76"
16788,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,48,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of roots applied to bruises and chronic swellings.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48"
16789,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,103,1,Food,56,Soup,"Stem pieces dipped in blood, stored and used to make soup and broths.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
16790,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,,,Stalks roasted over hot coals and eaten.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
16791,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,103,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young plant stems peeled and eaten like celery.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
16792,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalk placed on altar of Sun Dance ceremonial.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
16793,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Stalks placed on the altar of the Sun Dance ceremonial.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
16794,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Hollow stems used by infirm people to suck soup and stew without raising up.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16795,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems used to make children's flutes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16796,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems used to make children's toy blowguns.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16797,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,25,California Indian,73,b05,13,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),Strong decoction of root used for rheumatism.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
16798,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,25,California Indian,73,b05,13,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, raw shoots eaten like celery.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
16799,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,27,Carrier,134,c73,82,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of ground roots applied for rheumatism.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 82"
16800,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,27,Carrier,134,c73,82,1,Food,,,Young growth used for food.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 82"
16801,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of root applied to swellings and bruises.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16802,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,61,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Infusion of blossoms rubbed on body to keep off flies and mosquitoes.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16803,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,40,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems made into whistles and used for romantic purposes at night.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 40"
16804,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,350,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of boiled or dried root and flowers applied to boils.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 350"
16805,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,342,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Decoction of root gargled or dried root chewed for ulcerated sore throat.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342"
16806,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,1,Food,,,Growing stalks used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
16807,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,1,Food,,,Boiled roots and foliage used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
16808,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,54,Cree,145,b41,492,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Powdered roots & lard used as an ointment or poultice of root paste applied to boils and swellings.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 492"
16809,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,54,Cree,145,b41,491,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered poisonous.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 491"
16810,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,54,Cree,145,b41,491,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Root held on the sore tooth for toothaches.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 491"
16811,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,54,Cree,145,b41,494,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Powdered roots & lard used as ointment or root paste poultice applied to venereal disease chancres.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 494"
16812,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,40,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Decoction of root, calamus and yellow pond lily used as a wash for severe headaches.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
16813,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,40,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Poultice of ground root, calamus and yellow pond lily applied to the head for severe headaches.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
16814,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,40,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Decoction of root, calamus and yellow pond lily used as a wash for painful limbs.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
16815,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,40,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of ground root, calamus and yellow pond lily applied to painful limbs.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
16816,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,40,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of root, calamus root and yellow pond lily root applied to mancos, worms in the flesh.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
16817,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,40,1,Food,,,Leaf petiole peeled and eaten fresh.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
16818,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,40,1,Food,,,"Pith scraped out of the roasted, main stem and eaten.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
16819,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,25,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of fresh roots used for rheumatism.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25"
16820,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,61,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of mashed root applied to rheumatic or other swellings.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16821,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of mashed root applied to boils and other swellings.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16822,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,25,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,"Roots, red elder bark and juniper boughs used as a smudge for evil witchcraft victims.","Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25"
16823,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,25,1,Food,,,Stalks eaten in spring.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25"
16824,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,1,Food,,,Stems used for food in spring.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
16825,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,86,Haisla,14,c93,214,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of roots, Indian hellebore and Sitka spruce pitch applied to wounds.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16826,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,86,Haisla,166,g92,154,1,Food,,,Stems used for food in spring.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
16827,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,1,Food,,,Petioles considered 'the main food in spring.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16828,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Plant used to play a game by throwing the plant into a pot.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16829,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,214,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Stems used to make whistles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214"
16830,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,1,Food,5,Forage,Young shoots eaten by cattle.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
16831,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,1,Food,,,Raw stalks of young leaves and flower buds eaten with sugar or honey.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
16832,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young shoots eaten raw as greens.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
16833,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,400,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Compound infusion of plant used as steam bath for headaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400"
16834,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,400,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Compound infusion of plant used as steam bath for rheumatism.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400"
16835,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,400,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Compound decoction used as wash or poultice applied to chancres or lumps on penis.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400"
16836,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,400,2,Drug,77,Diaphoretic,Infusion of plant used as steambath to sweat out rheumatism and headaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400"
16837,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,400,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Compound decoction of roots taken for bruises on the back of the stomach.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400"
16838,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,400,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,"Decoction of roots used as wash for rifles, a 'hunting medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400"
16839,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,56,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Plant used for influenza.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 56"
16840,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,13,Poison,Roots poisonous to cattle.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
16841,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
16842,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,1,Food,,,Fresh shoot used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
16843,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,326,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young stems and petioles eaten as a spring vegetable.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 326"
16844,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,2,Drug,,,Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
16845,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,102,1,Food,,,Young shoots used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
16846,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,276,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Dried, pounded roots and oil used as a hair ointment.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
16847,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,276,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,"Dried, pounded roots and oil rubbed on face and waist of girl at puberty.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
16848,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,276,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Dried, pounded roots and oil rubbed on face and waist of girl at puberty.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
16849,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,276,1,Food,,,Young stems and petioles peeled and eaten raw like celery.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
16850,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,3,g83,293,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Heated poultice of leaves applied for eye problems.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293"
16851,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,3,g83,293,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Used as a spring tonic.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293"
16852,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,3,g83,293,2,Drug,,,Central stalk considered strong medicine.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293"
16853,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Large blossom stems twined with sea weed, made into baskets and used by girls for playing.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16854,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,3,g83,293,1,Food,,,"Fresh petioles peeled, mixed with oil and used for food.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293"
16855,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,3,g83,293,1,Food,,,Plant eaten after peeling.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293"
16856,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,3,g83,293,1,Food,,,Stems considered a favored food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293"
16857,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,1,Food,,,Stems used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16858,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,133,Makah,25,g73,42,1,Food,,,Young tops eaten raw in the spring.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16859,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,256,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Infusion of root shoots used for smallpox.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 256"
16860,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,256,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Infusion used for cholera.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 256"
16861,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,373,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Tender leaf and flower stalks eaten as green food in spring and early summer.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 373"
16862,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,138,Menominee,51,s23,81,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,Herb used in the hunting bundle and smudged for four days to remove the charm.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81"
16863,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,138,Menominee,51,s23,55,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,An evil medicine used by sorcerers.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55"
16864,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,138,Menominee,51,s23,81,3,Other,58,Protection,"Plant smudged to drive away the evil spirit, whose special mission was to steal one's hunting luck.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81"
16865,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,249,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Seeds used for severe headache and root used for stomach cramps.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249"
16866,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,249,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of stems applied to wounds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249"
16867,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,249,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Root used for colic or any kind of stomach cramps.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249"
16868,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,249,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Infusion of root used for erysipelas.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249"
16869,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,265,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Potatoes cooked like the rutabaga.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 265"
16870,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
16871,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Used for mumps.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
16872,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,1,Food,,,Young stems peeled and eaten raw.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
16873,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,57,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Root used for smallpox and cholera.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57"
16874,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,13,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Young, raw shoots eaten like celery.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13"
16875,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,1,Food,,,Hollow and solid leafstalks peeled and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
16876,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Swollen leaf sheaths and small, unexpanded leaves used in children's games.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
16877,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,390,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of pounded, fresh root applied to sores.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 390"
16878,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,432,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,"Root used to smudge a fire and drive away a bad spirit from the camp of the hunter. There is a bad spirit who is always present trying to steal away one's luck in hunting game.  He must be driven away from the camp of the hunter by smudging a fire with the roots.  This gets into the spirit's eyes and he cannot see the hunter leave the camp, so naturally does not follow and bother him.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432"
16879,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,432,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,"Seeds used to smudge a fire and drive away a bad spirit from the camp of the hunter. There is a bad spirit who is always present trying to steal away one's luck in hunting game.  He must be driven away from the camp of the hunter by smudging a fire with the seeds.  This gets into the spirit's eyes and he cannot see the hunter leave the camp, so naturally does not follow and bother him.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432"
16880,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves used as greens.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
16881,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,432,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Roots boiled and sprinkled on the fishing nets to lure fish.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432"
16882,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,62,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of branches used as a hair tonic to prevent grey hair and dandruff.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
16883,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,62,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Decoction of roots, red willow and chokecherry branches used as a cleansing medicine for the scalp.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
16884,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,62,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,"Heated poultice of sliced, pounded roots applied to sore backs.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
16885,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,62,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flower stalks and leaf stems peeled and eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
16886,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken as a purgative.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
16887,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
16888,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,239,1,Food,75,Staple,Growing stalks used as a principle food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239"
16889,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,,,Young flower stalks peeled and eaten raw.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
16890,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Decoction of root taken for intestinal pains.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16891,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16892,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of root taken for intestinal pains.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16893,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,177,Omaha,17,g19,107,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Pounded, dried roots mixed with beaver dung and planted in the same hole as the sacred pole.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16894,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,84,1,Food,,,Stems and petioles peeled and used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 84"
16895,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of mashed root applied for rheumatism.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16896,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,183,Paiute,153,k32,197,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Decoction of roots taken for colds.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 197"
16897,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,183,Paiute,153,k32,196,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Roots used as a salve for sores.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 196"
16898,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Salve made from root applied to wounds.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16899,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,130,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of roasted, split plants applied to aching joints for rheumatism.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 130"
16900,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,107,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of scraped, boiled root applied to boils.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16901,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Decoction of plant used as a wash for rheumatism.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
16902,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of pounded, raw or heated roots applied to rheumatism.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
16903,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of plant used as a wash for swellings.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
16904,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of pounded, raw or heated roots applied to swellings.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
16905,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of baked, pounded root used for rheumatism, arthritis and other muscular pains.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
16906,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,1,Food,,,New shoots peeled and eaten raw.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
16907,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow stems used to carry water.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
16908,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,87,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, hollow stems used as toy blowguns to shoot berries or small pebbles.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87"
16909,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,42,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Large blossom stems twined with sea weed, made into baskets and used by girls for playing.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16910,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,209,Quileute,25,g73,42,1,Food,,,Stems dipped in seal oil and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16911,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young shoots eaten raw as greens.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
16912,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,42,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of warmed leaves applied to sore limbs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16913,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,42,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of warmed leaves applied to sore limbs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16914,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,210,Quinault,25,g73,42,1,Food,,,Stems dipped in seal oil and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
16915,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,89,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Roots pounded, roasted, mixed with dogfish oil and used as a hair lotion to make hair grow long.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
16916,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,89,1,Food,,,Young stems and leaf stalks eaten raw or boiled.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
16917,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,220,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Poultice of roots applied overnight to 'painful parts, sore eyes, etc.'","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 220"
16918,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,220,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pounded root mixed with water and used as a hair wash for dandruff.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 220"
16919,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,220,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Poultice of roots applied overnight to 'painful parts, sore eyes, etc.'","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 220"
16920,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Decoction of root in whiskey taken and smoke of root compound inhaled for colds.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16921,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Decoction of root in whiskey taken for colds and coughs.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16922,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Infusion of mashed root gargled and poultice applied for sore throat.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16923,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Raw root placed in cavities for toothaches.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16924,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of root taken for tuberculosis.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16925,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of roots taken for sores.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
16926,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Infusion of roots taken to kill all the internal germs.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
16927,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,2,Drug,80,Urinary Aid,Infusion of roots taken for the bladder.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
16928,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,1,Food,,,Young stems eaten raw.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
16929,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used to cover a basket of berries.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
16930,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,236,Sikani,9,s29,61,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings of neuralgia or rheumatism.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16931,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,236,Sikani,9,s29,61,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings of rheumatism.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16932,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,236,Sikani,9,s29,61,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings of neuralgia.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
16933,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,344,1,Food,,,Stalks used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344"
16934,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,254,Tanaina,94,s73,329,2,Drug,,,Root used as a medicine.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 329"
16935,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of root used as a purgative and tonic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
16936,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken as a purgative.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
16937,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of roots taken by warriors and hunters as a purgative.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
16938,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Decoction of root used ceremonially as a wash for purification.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
16939,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of root used ceremonially as a wash for purification.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
16940,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,504,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Decoction of roots taken by warriors and hunters as a purifier.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504"
16941,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of root used as a tonic and purgative.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
16942,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Decoction of roots taken as a tonic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
16943,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,152,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 152"
16944,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,457,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Strong decoction of root used for syphilis.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457"
16945,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,152,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Plant formerly dried for storage.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 152"
16946,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,5,Forage,Stalks used as a common food for cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
16947,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,152,1,Food,66,Frozen Food,Plant frozen for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 152"
16948,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,,,Young flower stalks peeled and eaten raw.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
16949,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,,,Young stalks peeled and eaten raw.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
16950,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,152,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Peeled shoots eaten as vegetables with meat or fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 152"
16951,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,152,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Peeled, raw or cooked leaf stalks and flower stalks used for food. The stalks were ready to use around May and June, but after a while, they became tough, dry or sticky and were no longer good to eat.  The raw stalks would cause a burning like pepper if eaten in too great a quantity;  it was better to eat cooked stalks.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 152"
16952,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,152,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Plant canned for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 152"
16953,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,32,1,Food,,,Stem inner layers eaten raw.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
16954,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,326,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Petioles rubbed on fishing gear to insure success in fishing.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 326"
16955,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,276,Washo,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Decoction of root taken for diarrhea.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16956,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,276,Washo,12,tha41,"85, 86",2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Raw root placed in cavities for toothaches.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86"
16957,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,1,Food,,,Stems used for food in spring.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
16958,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,107,2,Drug,97,Anticonvulsive,Plant tops used in smoke treatment for convulsions.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16959,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,107,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Plant tops used in smoke treatment for fainting.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
16960,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,87,1,Food,,,"Tender, young stems peeled and eaten raw.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87"
16961,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,289,Yurok,70,b81,32,1,Food,,,Stem inner layers eaten raw.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 32"