id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
2481,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,55,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2482,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a red dye for cedar bark.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
2483,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
2484,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,55,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Infusion of ground inner bark injected for biliousness.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2485,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Sap applied to cuts and decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2486,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Staminate aments chewed and used for sores.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2487,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Pistillate aments chewed and used for the stomach.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2488,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Pistillate aments chewed and used for the lungs.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2489,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sap mixed with soapberry whip as a sweetener.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2490,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for dishes and utensils.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2491,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,198,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198"
2492,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Rotten wood rubbed on the body to ease 'aching bones.',"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2493,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Rotten wood rubbed on the body to ease 'aching bones.',"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2494,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2495,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a purgative.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2496,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2497,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Decoction of bark and root taken in the morning for a cough.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2498,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2499,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,,,"Infusion of stem bark, not from root, taken for many maladies.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2500,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark used to make a wound dressing and wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2501,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2502,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,86,Haisla,14,c93,224,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood burned for boiling oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2503,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,1,Food,83,Preservative,Wood used to smoke fish and meat.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2504,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2505,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes to serve oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
2506,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Decoction of bark used to make a medicine for internal ailments.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2507,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of bark used to make a medicine for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2508,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,5,Dye,136,Red,"Boiled, steeped bark used as a red dye for cedar bark and other items.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2509,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2510,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2511,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood considered a good fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2512,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,94,Hoh,77,r36,61,2,Drug,,,Infusion of bark used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
2513,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2514,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2515,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,3,Other,17,Tools,Water soaked stems used for lashing in the sweat house.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2516,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,328,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328"
2517,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,328,3,Other,169,Preservative,Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328"
2518,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,114,Klallam,25,g73,27,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Catkins chewed for diarrhea.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2519,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of bark applied to sores and aches.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2520,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,Bark held in women's mouth for blood spitting.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2521,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of bark applied or infusion of bark rubbed on sores, aches and eczema.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2522,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis and asthma.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2523,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2524,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Infusion of bark taken or bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2525,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,260,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Poultice of bark, fresh sea wrack and black twinberry applied for aches and pains.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260"
2526,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2527,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2528,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark used to make an orange dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2529,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a red dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2530,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to carve masks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2531,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to carve dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2532,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,279,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and large tubs for tribal feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2533,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,282,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282"
2534,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2535,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,129,Lummi,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2536,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make baby cradles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2537,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,32,Containers,Cones used to store elderberries in the creeks.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2538,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves used to cook halibut heads and salmonberry sprouts.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2539,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls and dishes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2540,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,266,Preservative,Wood used for smoking and drying fish.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2541,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves formerly smoked.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2542,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for bruises.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2543,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,"Infusion of bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for undiagnosed internal injuries.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2544,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,"Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for broken bones and ribs.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2545,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for lung ailments.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2546,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,"Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for tuberculosis.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2547,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicine.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2548,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2549,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,79,5,Dye,136,Red,Formerly used to make red basket dyes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
2550,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,5,Dye,136,Red,Infusion of crushed bark used to make different shades of red dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2551,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2552,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Wood used for making masks, ceremonial rattles and model canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2553,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves and branches placed over and beneath food in steaming pits and kettles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2554,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make bowls.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2555,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel for drying and smoking fish and meats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2556,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,303,Preservative,Wood used for smoking and drying fish.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2557,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,"'If you see a creek without alder along its banks, the water isn't good to drink.'","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2558,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a red dye.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2559,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used to make tool handles, canoe bailers, masks and rattles.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2560,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Wood used to make masks and rattles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2561,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking fish.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2562,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make rattles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2563,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make tool handles and canoe bailers.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2564,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,19,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Decoction of bark used as wash for skin diseases: sores, diaper rash, peeling or itching skin.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 19"
2565,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Raw cones eaten for dysentery.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2566,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,77,r36,61,2,Drug,,,Infusion of bark used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
2567,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2568,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Green wood seasoned and used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2569,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2570,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line pots for storing elderberries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2571,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,79,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Sap used as a tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2572,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Bark boiled to make a reddish brown dye and used to color fish nets, baskets, canoes and head rings.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2573,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten fresh with oil in spring.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2574,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make dishes and spoons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2575,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Wood used to make arrow points.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2576,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,1,Food,,,Sap used for food.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2577,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Wood used to make canned food dishes, spoons and platters.","Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2578,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as fuel for smoking salmon.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2579,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2580,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Decoction of bark taken for colds.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2581,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of bark taken for scrofula sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2582,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of bark taken for stomach troubles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2583,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of bark taken for scrofula sores.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2584,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Sap taken from the inside of the bark only with the incoming tide and used as food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2585,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark used to line pots for storing elderberries.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2586,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Infusion of bark used as a wash for scabby skin, eczema and skin sores. One informant used a concentrated decoction of the bark as a wash for her uncle who had a severe allergic reaction to hops.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2587,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Poultice of immature catkins applied to the tooth for toothache.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2588,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark boiled in water to make a brown dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2589,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark boiled in water to make a red dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items. The dye was used to color mountain goat wool and other cloth and to deepen the color of basket materials such as bitter cherry bark.  Skins were tanned and dyed simultaneously by soaking them in a cooled solution of the bark.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2590,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,501,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used as a red dye.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501"
2591,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood used as a fuel for smoking meat.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2592,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,16,5,Dye,,,Bark used to dye fibers.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2593,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2594,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,5,Dye,136,Red,Inner bark chewed and used as a dull red dye.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
2595,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,289,Yurok,70,b81,16,5,Dye,,,Bark used to dye fibers.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2596,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,289,Yurok,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"