id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
153,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Blister pitch mixed with oil rubbed on the hair and scalp because it smelled nice.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
154,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Blister pitch mixed with oil rubbed on the scalp to prevent the hair from falling out.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
155,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Boughs used by wolf dancers as decorative clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
156,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fragrant boughs placed under bedding as an incense.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
488,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,White wood used to make rattles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
814,38,Achillea millefolium L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Leaves chewed and the juice swallowed for any kind of internal pain.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
815,38,Achillea millefolium L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Leaves chewed and the juice swallowed for prolonged cough.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
816,38,Achillea millefolium L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Leaves chewed and the juice swallowed for the stomach.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
817,38,Achillea millefolium L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,2,Drug,110,Internal Medicine,Leaves chewed and the juice swallowed for internal organs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
1562,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Green fronds chewed for shortness of breath.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
1563,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,"Infusion of dried fronds burned to ashes, mixed with unknown and taken for shortness of breath.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
1564,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Green fronds chewed by dancers in winter for strength and endurance.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
1565,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of dried fronds burned to ashes, mixed with unknown and taken for strength and endurance. This infusion used especially by dancers in winter.  Hesquiat dancers would take nothing but this medicine on day when they were dancing; it made them 'light on their feet' and helped them continue dancing for a long time without tiring.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
1944,114,Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
1945,114,Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones.  Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use.  The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs.  If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
1962,123,Alectoria sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
2506,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Decoction of bark used to make a medicine for internal ailments.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2507,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Decoction of bark used to make a medicine for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2508,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,5,Dye,136,Red,"Boiled, steeped bark used as a red dye for cedar bark and other items.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2509,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2510,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2511,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,37,Fuel,Wood considered a good fuel for smoking fish.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2864,200,Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children played with stems that exuded a blood-colored juice; looked like they had been injured.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2966,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
2967,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
3674,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Cattle used this plant for forage.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
4585,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,64,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
4778,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,1,Food,,,Boiled or steamed roots eaten with oil or 'stink salmon-eggs.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
6572,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,"Young, unfurling fronds eaten for internal ailments, such as cancer of the womb.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
7368,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Leaflets chewed for internal cancer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
7369,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Fronds used as a good medicine for skin sores. This medicine was first learned about from watching the deer, who rub their antler stubs on this plant when their antlers break off.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
7370,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,"Young, tender stalks peeled and center portion eaten when hungry and there is nothing to eat.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
7396,601,Boschniakia hookeri Walp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,70,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Roots used for coughs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70"
7397,601,Boschniakia hookeri Walp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,70,1,Food,,,Peeled roots eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70"
7578,634,Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Long, sharp-awned fruit were said to be very dangerous if swallowed.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
7839,699,Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats.,216,Salish,41,te82,55,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
7859,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Steamed or boiled bulbs dipped in dogfish oil or whale oil before being eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
7885,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,216,Salish,41,te82,54,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Bulbs used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
8054,734,Carex aquatilis var. dives (Holm) Kkenth.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make strong handles for baskets and shopping baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
8080,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,50,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, split leaves used to make the finest baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
8081,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Leaves used to make fine, closely woven baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
8082,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves used to make fine, closely woven hats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
8083,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,50,3,Other,17,Tools,Sharp edged leaves used by men for shaving.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
9086,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used for making wedge-shaped block for the back of a canoe, used to keep the feet dry.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9087,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving capes and other clothing of head chiefs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9088,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Wood used for making ornamental dishes and headdresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9089,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9090,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used for making ornamental dishes and headdresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9920,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,1,Food,,,Flower heads chewed to get the nectar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
10039,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,1,Food,,,Flower heads chewed to get the nectar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
10174,1008,Claytonia sibirica var. sibirica,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of chewed leaves used on cuts and sores.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
10175,1008,Claytonia sibirica var. sibirica,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Stem juice squeezed into the eye for sore, red eyes.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
10838,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,47,Special Food,Raw berries eaten with dogfish oil by the elders of the village at a big feast.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
11049,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,64,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Berries, sugar & water whipped with salal branches until foamy & eaten as a confectionery dessert.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
11325,1118,Costaria costata (Turner) Saunders,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
11326,1118,Costaria costata (Turner) Saunders,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones.  Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use.  The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs.  If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
12691,1335,Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Young shoots used cancer of the womb.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
12954,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,23,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Considered a good fertilizer for potatoes.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
13113,1399,Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,23,1,Food,5,Forage,Plants float upright during high tide and the brant geese like to pick at them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
13301,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,28,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Tender, young, vegetative shoots peeled and eaten raw. These shoots are green but have not yet branched out, and the segments are still very close together.  The leaf sheaths were peeled off two at a time and the succulent stems eaten raw.  They were 'nothing but juice.'  The Hesquiat people travelled up towards Esteven Point especially to get these shoots, and sometimes they would collect 20 or more kilograms of them at a time.  When they returned home, the harvesters would call together all their relatives and friends and have a feast of horsetail shoots.  The white, fertile shoots were apparently not eaten, although they are in other areas of the Northwest Coast.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28"
14835,1632,Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
14887,1636,Fragaria vesca L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
14986,1640,Fragaria virginiana Duchesne,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
15090,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,16,Anthelmintic,"Decoction of bark, infusion of bark or chewed bark used by children for worms.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
15091,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,"Decoction of bark, infusion of bark or chewed bark used for general stomach upset.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
15092,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,36,Laxative,"Decoction of bark, infusion of bark or chewed bark used as a laxative. It was believed that the bigger the tree, the stronger the medicine.  Thick bark from the larger trees was used if a very strong dose was required; thin bark from young trees was used for a mild dose.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
15093,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,3,Other,17,Tools,"Wood used to make implement handles, especially D-adze handles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
15362,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Bulbs dried for winter use.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
15363,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,5,Forage,The first horse seen in the Hesquiat area was said to have eaten mission bells.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
15364,1668,Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Boiled bulbs eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
15394,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Seaweed used to fertilize potatoes.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
15628,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Dried, caked berries rehydrated and eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15629,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,1,Food,86,Spice,"Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish for flavoring.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15630,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish to prevent sticking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15631,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Branches, with leaves attached, used as beaters for whipping soapberries.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15632,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Leaves, folded around like a cone, made a good drinking cup.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
15897,1735,Geum macrophyllum Willd.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,"Entire plant, including the roots, eaten as a medicine for stomach pains or excess acid.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
15898,1735,Geum macrophyllum Willd.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,"Young, small leaves chewed after childbirth to heal the womb.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
16405,1798,Halosaccion glandiforme (Gmelin) Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,2,Drug,,,Seaweed used as a medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
16830,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,1,Food,5,Forage,Young shoots eaten by cattle.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
16831,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,60,1,Food,,,Raw stalks of young leaves and flower buds eaten with sugar or honey.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
17313,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,72,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make needles for sewing tule and basket sedge.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
17337,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,167,Nootka,41,te82,72,3,Other,17,Tools,Plant used to make needles and harpoons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
18358,2042,Juncus effusus L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Tough, round stems dried, twisted or braided and used for tying and binding.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
19283,2073,Kalmia polifolia Wangenh.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,2,Drug,13,Poison,Leaves could be poisonous and should never be used to make tea.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
19745,2120,Leathesia difformis (L.) Areschoug,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,2,Drug,,,Used for some kind of medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
19801,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Toasted, dried leaves brewed or steeped to make tea.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
19982,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
19983,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones.  Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use.  The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs.  If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
20109,2162,Leymus mollis ssp. mollis,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Tough, coarse leaves used to make handles for bags, but not the bags themselves.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
21167,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,5,Dye,161,Purple,Mashed berries boiled to make a purple paint.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
21168,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by crows and other birds.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
21493,2321,Lycopodium clavatum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,29,3,Other,38,Decorations,Used by children to make Christmas decorations.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29"
21608,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of cool leaves used for bad burns.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
21609,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,2,Drug,,,Roots used as a medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
21610,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,1,Food,5,Forage,Roots eaten by deer and bear.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
21611,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,32,Containers,Leaves used as sheets to dry berries.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
21753,2357,Macrocystis integrifolia Bory,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Children threw dried, little floats from blade base onto fire to make them explode; firecrackers.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
22047,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of whole or mashed leaves used for boils and cuts.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
22048,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Fruit used as a good medicine for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
22049,2379,Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw fruit eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
22223,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sour fruit dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
22224,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,17,Tools,Wood used to make axe handles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
22947,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,1,Food,5,Forage,"Deer put their heads under the surface of the water to get at the long, green rhizomes.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
22957,2463,Menziesia ferruginea Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Nectar sucked from flowers to sweeten the mouth.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
23697,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,25,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Long stipes used to make fishing lines and anchor ropes. Long stipes were dried, then soaked in dogfish or whale oil so they would not lose their flexibility.  Kelp ropes were very strong and could be plaited or spliced together to make them longer.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
23698,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,25,3,Other,32,Containers,"Hollow floats and upper stipes used as molds for cottonwood resin and deer fat skin 'cream.' This ointment was poured in hot and melted.  After it had solidified, the kelp mold was cut open and the ball of ointment removed.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
23699,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,25,3,Other,32,Containers,Hollow floats and upper stipes used to store oil and other liquids.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
23976,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Chewed leaves used as a poultice or rubbed on bruises and cuts.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
23977,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
23978,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,203,Snuff,Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick and chewed.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
24097,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,70,2,Drug,,,Pond lily was a good medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70"
24113,2596,Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal,166,Nitinaht,41,te82,70,2,Drug,,,Rhizomes used as a medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70"
24239,2611,Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,1,Food,,,Stems formerly eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
24480,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,5,Dye,,,Bark shavings and berries made into paint and used to color basket materials and other objects.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
24481,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Spiny stems used as spears for catching octopus and carved into fishing lures. Because the wood is light, it spins around when pulled through the water and helps to attract fish.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
26646,2908,Phyllospadix scouleri Hook.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,1,Food,,,Leaves occasionally cooked and eaten when it had herring eggs on it.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
26652,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bleached leaves used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
26653,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Leaves, with herring eggs on it, dried for later use.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
26654,2911,Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Dried, curly leaves used by children to make wigs.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
26763,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,122,Antidote,"Decoction of bark taken as an antidote for poisoning, caused vomiting.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26764,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Decoction of bark used as a wash or soaking solution for rheumatic pain.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26765,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),Decoction of bark taken for rheumatic fever.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26766,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark chewed and juice swallowed to induce vomiting.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26767,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,40,Emetic,"Decoction of bark taken as an antidote for poisoning, caused vomiting.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26768,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Decoction of bark taken in small doses as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26769,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark soaked with cedar bark to darken the cedar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26770,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Wood used for making children's bows.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
27188,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Boughs used to scrub skin, until it bled, for aches and pains.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27189,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Rendered pitch and deer oil used as salve for sores and sunburn.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27190,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood sometimes used as lumber.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27191,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,1,Food,85,Candy,"Cooled, rendered pitch chewed like gum.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27192,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Boughs used at girl's puberty potlatch to brush with sweeping motions and scare away bad influences.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27193,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Rendered pitch used as a glue for arrows and harpoons before they were tied.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27194,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,37,Fuel,Knots used as fuel to keep the fire burning all night.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27195,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,3,Other,98,Weapon,Sharpened knots used to make a weapon.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27424,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,1,Food,85,Candy,Pitch chewed like gum.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
27425,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Pitch used on joints of implements, arrows and harpoons, before bound with twine.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
27426,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,180,Preservative,Chewed pitch sprayed onto mats to preserve them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
28423,3001,Plantago major L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,70,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of leaves used for drawing out the pus from sores, cuts and infections.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70"
28986,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,2,Drug,119,Carminative,Rhizomes growing on the wild crabapple used for gas.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
28987,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,"Long, slender rhizomes eaten as a medicine for coughs.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
28988,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Long, slender rhizomes eaten raw to sweeten the mouth.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
28989,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,"Long, slender rhizomes eaten as a medicine for sore throats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
28990,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Long, slender rhizomes eaten raw as a food and to sweeten the mouth.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
29018,3079,Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,30,1,Food,85,Candy,Children chewed the thick rhizomes.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 30"
29102,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Young shoots or fiddleheads chewed for cancer of the womb.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
29103,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Long, straight fronds worn as head decoration when visiting another place and bringing gifts.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
29104,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Long, straight fronds used as bedding before mats or mattresses were used.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
29105,3085,Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,3,Other,32,Containers,"Long, straight fronds used on the ground under fish and other foods to keep them clean.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
29290,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,75,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of buds mixed with deer fat and used to make a fragrant salve.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
29716,3111,Porphyra perforata J. Agardh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,25,1,Food,,,Boiled with herring spawn and eaten with dogfish oil or eulachon oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25"
29798,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,26,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Whalers rubbed four or eight pieces of plant on their arms to make them as strong as the plant.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 26"
29799,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
29800,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones.  Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use.  The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs.  If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
29811,3119,Postelsia sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Dried stems used as 'pucks' and sticks for 'beach hockey.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
29817,3122,Potamogeton sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,1,Food,5,Forage,Deer wade into the water and put their heads under the surface to eat this plant.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
29818,3122,Potamogeton sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
30344,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used in basket decoration and in weaving the large part of the berry-picking baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
30345,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,3,Other,57,Fasteners,"Bark used to wrap the joints of implements such as harpoons, where the head is fixed to the shaft. First some pitch was smeared over the joint, then the cherry bark was wrapped around and bound tightly with twine or sinew.  Finally more pitch was plastered over to make the joint completely watertight.  Cherry bark is both strong and flexible and is decorative as well.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
31159,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Pitch laden bark and limbs used as an excellent fuel. In Hesquiat mythology, Black Bear used to break off Douglas fir bark with one swipe of his paw and pile it on end in the fire.  Raven wanted to have a meal with Bear and he tried to imitate Bear in collecting fuel, but he could not break off the bark; he only hurt himself.  When the fire was going, Bear put his paws up to the fire and oil dripped out of them into a dish.  Raven watched him doing this, and when Bear went over to eat at Raven's house, Raven tried to produce oil in a similar manner.  But no oil came out of his feet, and his claws burned and shrivelled up into their present state.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
31452,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,"Young shoots eaten as medicine for 'troubles with one's insides,' such as cancer of the womb.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
31453,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,32,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Long, mashed rhizomes eaten boiled or steamed.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 32"
32714,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of chewed leaves used for muscular aches and rheumatic pains.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
32715,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of chewed leaves used for muscular aches and rheumatic pains.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
32716,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of chewed leaves used for sores.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
32717,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Three or four leaves eaten to help heal the insides after childbirth.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
32718,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,2,Drug,18,Other,Chewed leaves swallowed for general sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
32719,3316,Ranunculus repens L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by cows and deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
33379,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,68,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten with oil and could cause stomachache, if too many were eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 68"
33380,3361,Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,68,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made excellent jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 68"
33480,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Raw, fresh berries eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
33590,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw or cooked berries eaten with oil or sugar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
33591,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Stems used to make pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
34044,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34045,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Outside of the fruit, or hip, eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34602,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34793,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Berries dried for future use.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34794,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34795,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34796,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,86,Spice,Fish boiled with leaves as flavoring and kept the fish from sticking to the pot.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34970,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,1,Food,,,"Young, fresh shoots eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34971,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Leaves spread at bottom of wooden cooking containers to prevent the hot rocks from burning the wood.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34972,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Sticks used to make salmon spreaders and for stringing clams for cooking and smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
34973,3470,Rubus spectabilis Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,74,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,Roots used to make pipe bowls.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
35063,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,75,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of the entire vine taken for stomach troubles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
35064,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,75,2,Drug,18,Other,Decoction of the entire vine taken for a general sick feeling.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
35065,3472,Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,75,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten and well liked.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75"
35171,3480,Rumex acetosella L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,1,Food,163,Sour,"Tart, tangy leaves chewed by children.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
36787,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Roots rubbed on the skin for aching, tired muscles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36788,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Roots rubbed on the skin for aching, tired muscles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36789,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Raw roots chewed as an emetic.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36790,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Raw roots chewed to clean out the stomach.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36791,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Raw roots chewed as a laxative.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36792,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,13,Poison,"Berries should always be eaten cooked, as they are potentially poisonous when raw.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36793,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries should always be eaten cooked, as they are potentially poisonous when raw.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36794,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked with sugar and eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
36795,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,1,Preserves,Cooked fruit made excellent jelly and jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
37369,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Round, pithy stems used to make baskets, shopping basket handles and basket lids.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
37370,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried stems used to make mats; excellent mattresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
37371,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,53,1,Food,5,Forage,Cows were said to eat it.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
37431,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Rushes used in weaving handles for baskets and shopping bags.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
37432,3604,Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,54,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Rushes used in weaving hats.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
38814,3814,Stachys mexicana Benth.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,69,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Plants laid under fish to keep them clean.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 69"
38960,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,1,Food,5,Forage,Eaten by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
38961,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,55,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Children play with the berries.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
39054,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Berry juice rubbed on warts or sores.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
39346,3894,Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Hollow stems made into whistles.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
39471,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as paddles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39472,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,"Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength, such as needles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39473,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; wedges & mat pressers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39474,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,17,Tools,Extremely strong and resilient wood used to make sticks for prying open mussels and chitons.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39475,3902,Taxus brevifolia Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,48,3,Other,98,Weapon,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; spear handles & war clubs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
40008,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40009,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Very long, straight branches or withes used to make baskets. Cedar withes were also split and used to make a wide variety of strong open-work baskets for berry-picking and other purposes.  These were strengthened at the corners with twisted cedar ropes.  The withes were divided with two vertical cuts.  The two outer rounds were often used for finer construction and possibly the active weft; the inner piece, flattened on two sides, was usually used for the 'framework' (warp and passive weft) of the baskets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40010,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood prized as a material for house construction: shakes, shingles and poles.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40011,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood prized as a material for carving, especially canoes.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40012,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave capes, skirts and aprons.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40013,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Shredded inner bark used for diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40014,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Very long, straight branches or withes used to make ropes. For large ropes, such as those used in whaling, the entire branch would be used.  For smaller ropes, the withes were split off into three parts:  the heartwood would be removed and the outer part twisted into rope.  Branches used for such ropes would be five to eight cm. in diameter.  Hesquiat cedar ropes were quite famous and were often traded to other tribes.  The large ropes were used long ago as whale-hunting lines, anchor lines, and binding lines for tying on house planks or tying together one's effects when moving.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40015,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave mats.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40016,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Finely beaten bark used as a sponge. Young boys, when they were starting to walk, were rubbed with this bark dipped in cold octopus broth to make them tough.  Girls were told to rub the same liquid on their hands to make them strong.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40017,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Branches used to make fish traps became 'fish flavored' and the sticks were boiled for broth.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40018,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Wood used to make serving dippers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40019,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,37,Fuel,"Shredded inner bark twisted tightly, tied with cedar bark strips and used as tinder to start a fire. A story involving cedar -- called 'nuhtume' by Hesquiat -- tells of the time Deer stole fire.  This version has Deer taking fire from the Wolves; another says that Deer stole it from Chief Red-winged Blackbird.  In both versions Deer attached the soft, shredded cedar bark to his elbows, knees and horns.  He allowed this dry cedar bark to catch fire when he visited the fire's owner.  Deer escaped by jumping out through the roof.  Since, however, he had to jump into water while fleeing, the only fire that continued to burn was that in the cedar bark on his horns.  Thus, Deer did bring back fire but suffered burnt knees and elbows.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40020,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Inner bark used to make a scabbard for a sword or spear.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40021,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Young branches used to make fish traps.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40022,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,35,3,Other,17,Tools,"Long, dried kindling tied with cedar bark & used as torch to burn out excess wood in making a canoe. There is a story about Deer and the Chickadees in which Deer was using such a bundle of cedar pieces while making a canoe.  He became so absorbed in watching the dancing of the Chickadees that he burned right through the bottom of the canoe.  Turner's informant Alice Paul pointed out that a deer is still like that--when he sees anything moving, he stares at it.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35"
40664,4016,Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,68,1,Food,,,"Steamed or boiled rhizomes eaten with oil or stink salmon eggs. Stink salmon eggs made by placing salmon roe in a cod-fish stomach, plugging it with a cedarwood cork, and allowing the eggs to ferment.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 68"
40688,4017,Triglochin maritima L.,216,Salish,41,te82,54,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Grass-like plant eaten as a vegetable.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54"
40984,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),"Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for rheumatic fever.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40985,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Gum & deer grease used on fur seal hunters faces to prevent skin from cracking & peeling in the sun.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40986,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Gum and deer grease used for healing sores on the face.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40987,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pitch and deer fat used as salve to prevent and soothe sunburn.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40988,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Pitch and deer fat used on faces to heal abrasions cause by rubbing on hunting camouflage.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40989,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of chewed needles used for burns.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40990,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Boughs used by girls, at puberty ceremony, to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40991,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,18,Other,"Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for phlebitis.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40992,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,"Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for tuberculosis and rheumatic fever.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40993,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Bark, especially from the inside of a crevice, used as a reddish-brown dye. Bark was used to dye the rope used in halibut fishing to make it invisible to the fish.  Canoes were often painted with a solution of this bark in water.  This stain was made by steeping the bark in water for many days, until the liquid was bright red.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40994,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a mattress when camping.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40995,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,1,Food,85,Candy,"Pitch, from the outside of a crevice, chewed like gum.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40996,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Boughs used by girls at puberty for rubbing ceremony. Girls at puberty were brushed on the arms and face with boughs, which were bundled together with soft, fern fronds.  The bundle was fist-sized, with needled hemlock twigs sticking out from both ends.  Before the rubbing ceremony began, the girl would go down to the edge of the water at sunrise and, four separate times, would dip the branches in the water, suck the water from the branches, then blow it out in a fine spray.  At the same time, she would dip her face in the water with her eyes open, four times, each time lifting her head and spraying out the water.  This was said to prevent eye disease to herself and future children.  All bundles used for this purpose were subsequently deposited in a special place.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40997,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Entire trees anchored upside down under the water to collect herring spawn. At herring spawning time, in spring, entire hemlock trees were cut and anchored upside down under the water.  The spawn stuck on the branches.  The branches were then broken off and the spawn peeled away and eaten fresh, usually after steam-cooking.  If for later use, the branches were hung outside to be wind dried.  When one wanted to eat some, he would soak the branches and rub them to remove the spawn.  While being cooked, the eggs would swell and float to the surface and could be scooped off and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
40998,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Hemlock & fern bundles rubbed on hunters' face & arms to prevent sea mammals from noticing them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
41225,4049,Typha latifolia L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Dried leaves used in weaving the bottoms of baskets and in making bags.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
41226,4049,Typha latifolia L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,58,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Dried leaves used in making mattresses.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58"
41685,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Nettles rubbed on body for aches, pains and backaches.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41686,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of steamed leaves and roots used on swollen, sore, arthritic legs, ankles and joints.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41687,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Nettles rubbed on stomach when sore.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41688,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41689,4058,Urtica dioica L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Dried, peeled stems used to make twine, ropes and herring nets.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
41922,4064,Usnea sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,17,1,Food,5,Forage,Plant browsed by deer.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
42119,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Berries ordered and used to make pies.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42120,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries ordered and used to make preserves.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42160,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,5,Dye,161,Purple,Berries and devil's club inner bark boiled to make a purple stain.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
42161,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Berries eaten with oil of whale, dogfish, hair seal or sea lion.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
42162,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42163,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries preserved or made into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42215,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42216,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries cooked and made into jam or jelly.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42217,4083,Vaccinium ovatum Pursh,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries stored with water in jars.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42270,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,5,Forage,Berries eaten by geese.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42271,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Raw berries, without sugar, eaten with oil.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42272,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries made into jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42273,4084,Vaccinium oxycoccos L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries stored with water in jars.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42312,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,27,Beverage,Berries made excellent wine.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42313,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries eaten with oil.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
42314,4085,Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,67,1,Food,1,Preserves,Berries used for jam.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
43058,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Raw berries gathered to eat with oil 'on the spot.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
43713,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Purchased grass shaved and dyed to make baskets and edging for mats and baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
44682,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,5,Forage,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) eaten by Black Brants, Canada geese, Mallard ducks and cattle.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44683,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,,,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) cleaned, washed and eaten raw.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44684,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,,,Greenish 'root' (actually rhizomes) eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44685,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"