id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
1472,62,Actaea rubra ssp. arguta (Nutt.) Hult‚n,176,Okanagon,55,p52,41,2,Drug,389,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken for emaciation.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
16119,1765,Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,388,Dietary Aid,Cold infusion of leaf taken with whiskey to improve the appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
34802,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,2,Drug,387,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots taken by thin people as an appetizer or tonic.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
12366,1272,Descurainia pinnata ssp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detling,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,386,Preservative,Leaves stored with corn to prevent spoiling.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
31531,3216,Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Underwood,183,Paiute,98,m53,36,3,Other,385,Preservative,Plant used to cover berry baskets to keep the berries fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 36"
42364,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,2,Drug,384,Dietary Aid,"Dried, pulverized berries given to children with poor appetites.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
20153,2169,Liatris scariosa var. scariosa,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,383,Dietary Aid,Roots used as an appetizer.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
43537,4189,Waltheria indica L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,37,2,Drug,382,Dietary Aid,"Root bark, buds, leaves and other plants pounded and resulting liquid taken for losing weight.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 37"
40856,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,381,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
28593,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235,2,Drug,380,Dietary Aid,Bark eaten to become fat.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235"
9654,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,26,2,Drug,379,Dietary Aid,Infusion of dried roots in brandy taken or chewed for the appetite.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26"
37290,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,220,2,Drug,378,Dietary Aid,Infusion of bark taken by babies for opossum sickness: appetite loss and drooling.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 220"
25366,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,395,2,Drug,377,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots taken for a bad appetite.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 395"
24637,2654,Opuntia engelmannii var. engelmannii,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,27,3,Other,376,Lubricant,Pad juice used to lubricate oxcart wheels.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 27"
1477,62,Actaea rubra ssp. arguta (Nutt.) Hult‚n,259,Thompson,55,p52,41,2,Drug,375,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken for emaciation.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
1936,110,Agrimonia parviflora Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,22,2,Drug,374,Dietary Aid,Infusion of root given to satisfy children's hunger.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22"
4666,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,2,Drug,373,Dietary Aid,Raw leaves chewed to alleviate thirst.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
13055,1391,Elymus sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,4,Fiber,372,Other,Used for weaving.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
19727,2115,Lathyrus sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,4,Fiber,371,Other,Used for weaving.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
26101,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,257,2,Drug,370,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of leaves taken for dead people's sickness. The symptoms of this disease are numb and painful legs, neck, shoulders and perhaps the backbone.  The sufferer is sleepy during the day, has 'short breath,' and loses appetite.  Fever and headaches also accompany this illness.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 257"
2039,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,62,2,Drug,369,Dietary Aid,Plant juice used as an appetite restorer.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 62"
18328,2038,Juncus balticus Willd.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,368,Other,Used in weaving.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
6390,451,Asparagus officinalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,367,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant taken for rickets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
26103,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,220,2,Drug,366,Dietary Aid,Infusion of leaves taken by babies for opossum sickness: appetite loss and drooling.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 220"
38544,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,2,Drug,365,Dietary Aid,Decoction of bark taken to stimulate the appetite and to purify the blood.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
16425,1799,Hamamelis virginiana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,346,2,Drug,364,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of bark taken 'when one can't eat,' to stimulate the appetite.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 346"
12637,1319,Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene,286,Yokut,109,m66,423,2,Drug,363,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of salt cooked into a gum, placed in the mouth and allowed to melt for loss of appetite. The salt grass, when dry, was placed on a dry hide or a large piece of canvas or cloth and beaten for a long time until the tiny black salty specks on the stem and narrow blades fell off and collected on the cloth.  This material was kept in bottles or jars (formerly in baskets).  When needed for medicine, it was put in hot water and boiled until it formed a dark reddish brown gum.  The informant remarked that it should be 'cooked like gravy until the gum comes.'","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 423"
25149,2709,Oxalis oregana Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,2,Drug,362,Dietary Aid,Plant used by anyone who does not feel like eating.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
3479,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,65,2,Drug,361,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots given to children with malnutrition.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
35754,3524,Salix cordata Michx.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,253,2,Drug,360,Dietary Aid,Infusion of bark used for stimulating the appetite.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 253"
19830,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,301,2,Drug,359,Dietary Aid,Infusion of leaves used as an appetite stimulant.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 301"
19829,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,106,2,Drug,358,Dietary Aid,Infusion of fresh or dried plant taken as a tonic for increased appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106"
39317,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,357,Dietary Aid,"Cold, compound infusion taken as an appetizer.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
29242,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,4,3,Other,356,Preservative,Wood used to smoke fish.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4"
9540,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,355,Dietary Aid,Juice mixed with other plants and given to children to fatten or add weight.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
22255,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,121,2,Drug,354,Dietary Aid,Infusion of bark taken for losing weight.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121"
25455,2738,Panicum capillare L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,66,2,Drug,353,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant taken as a reducing aid.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 66"
23056,2489,Mirabilis multiflora var. multiflora,291,Zuni,6,s15,"58, 59",2,Drug,352,Dietary Aid,Infusion of root taken and rubbed on abdomen of hungry adults and children.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 58, 59"
37218,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,351,Dietary Aid,Infusion of bark taken for 'overfatness.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
12489,1296,Dicranum bonjeanii De Not,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,350,Other,Used as an absorbent.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
11618,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,349,Dietary Aid,Plant used as an appetizer.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
12252,1245,Daucus carota L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,402,2,Drug,348,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken by men with no appetite.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 402"
38456,3742,Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. nana (Gray) Ringius,259,Thompson,33,steed28,468,2,Drug,347,Dietary Aid,Decoction of plant taken as a tonic to restore appetite.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 468"
24973,2696,Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,249,2,Drug,346,Dietary Aid,Compound infusion of leaves taken 'to regain flesh and strength.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249"
19798,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,241,2,Drug,345,Dietary Aid,Decoction of leaves and small branches taken to increase the appetite.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 241"
25573,2763,Passiflora incarnata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,2,Drug,344,Dietary Aid,Infusion of root given to babies to aid in weaning.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
6424,458,Aster foliaceus Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,461,2,Drug,343,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots used to stimulate appetite.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 461"
40200,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,342,Other,Twigs used for drying the body after a bath.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
9647,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,101,2,Drug,341,Dietary Aid,Decoction of whole plant taken as an appetizer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101"
2653,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,340,Preservative,Bark burned to smoke fish.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
4913,377,Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,339,Dietary Aid,Used to increase the appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
10917,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,3,Other,338,Preservative,Bark used to tan articles like cedar bark bailers.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
38951,3837,Stillingia sylvatica ssp. sylvatica,228,Seminole,88,s54,234,2,Drug,337,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of roots taken by babies & adults for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting & appetite loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 234"
7480,618,Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,336,Dietary Aid,Taken to increase appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
285,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,335,Dietary Aid,Pitch taken for a loss of appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
38976,3839,Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,130,2,Drug,334,Dietary Aid,Infusion of whole plant taken for loss of appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 130"
26470,2885,Phlox maculata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,333,Dietary Aid,Infusion of root used as a wash to make children grow and fatten.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
15151,1651,Frasera caroliniensis Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,332,Dietary Aid,Taken for dysentery and given for 'want of appetite.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
5030,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,2,Drug,331,Dietary Aid,Leaves chewed to allay thirst.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
3719,293,Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,2,Drug,330,Dietary Aid,Given to endow children with the gift of eloquence and to make them fat.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
4188,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,82,3,Other,329,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
7256,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,328,Preservative,Wood had the property of protecting articles stored in it from decay.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
14282,1552,Eryngium yuccifolium var. synchaetum Gray ex Coult. & Rose,228,Seminole,88,s54,257,2,Drug,327,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of plant taken for dead people's sickness. The symptoms of this disease are numb and painful legs, neck, shoulders and perhaps the backbone.  The sufferer is sleepy during the day, has 'short breath,' and loses appetite.  Fever and headaches also accompany this illness.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 257"
24961,2694,Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke,138,Menominee,51,s23,72,2,Drug,326,Dietary Aid,"Branch or piece of root eaten cautiously for losing flesh, a fattener.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72"
9824,938,Cibotium chamissoi Kaulfuss,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,43,2,Drug,325,Dietary Aid,Infusion of powdered bark and other plants taken for weight loss.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 43"
6257,443,Asclepias stenophylla Gray,125,Lakota,108,r80,34,2,Drug,324,Dietary Aid,Root given to children to increase the appetite.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 34"
24537,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,164,2,Drug,323,Dietary Aid,"Infusion of sticks, with the spines and outer bark removed, taken to cease weight loss. The infusion was taken in doses of about one half cup before meals, to replace milk and other beverages.  It was noted that if the infusion was taken for too great a period of time, one could gain too much weight.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 164"
18668,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,3,Other,322,Preservative,Twigs mixed with commercial dyes to prevent them from fading.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
6421,458,Aster foliaceus Lindl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,41,2,Drug,321,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken for loss of appetite.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
28027,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,183,Paiute,98,m53,40,3,Other,320,Preservative,Pitch used to protect pictures painted on rocks.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"
382,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,319,Other,Twigs used for curved structures in wrapped weaving.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
15938,1738,Geum triflorum Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,2,Drug,318,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots taken for the lack of appetite due to 'poor blood.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
26104,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,253,2,Drug,317,Dietary Aid,"Leaves used for baby sickness caused by adultery: appetite loss, fever, headache and diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 253"
7466,617,Brassica napus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,316,Dietary Aid,Taken to increase the appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
1919,109,Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,22,2,Drug,315,Dietary Aid,Infusion of root given to satisfy children's hunger.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22"
30666,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,26,2,Drug,314,Dietary Aid,Infusion of fresh or dried bark taken as an appetizer.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26"
38062,3689,Sinapis alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,313,Dietary Aid,Taken to increase appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
30746,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,35,2,Drug,312,Dietary Aid,"Dried, smashed, ripe berries given to children with loss of appetite.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35"
20130,2165,Liatris laxa Small,228,Seminole,88,s54,234,2,Drug,311,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of roots taken by babies & adults for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting & appetite loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 234"
36017,3542,Salix nigra Marsh.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,310,Other,Twigs used for curved structures in wrapped weaving.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
4246,323,Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,56,2,Drug,309,Dietary Aid,Decoction of plant taken for emaciation and tuberculosis.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 56"
24270,2614,Oenothera biennis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,308,Dietary Aid,Infusion taken for 'overfatness.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
4253,327,Arctium lappa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,307,Dietary Aid,Used for scurvy.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
29627,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,59,2,Drug,306,Dietary Aid,Bark used to stimulate the appetite.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59"
5993,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,309,2,Drug,305,Dietary Aid,Decoction taken to become fit to visit the sick and for the lack of appetite.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
31919,3253,Quercus alba L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,2,Drug,304,Dietary Aid,Acorns eaten to induce thirst and plenty of water thought to be beneficial.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
2556,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,303,Preservative,Wood used for smoking and drying fish.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
16120,1765,Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,302,Dietary Aid,Compound decoction taken to build the appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
26102,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,260,2,Drug,301,Dietary Aid,"Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for ghost sickness: grief, lung cough, appetite loss & vomiting.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 260"
33257,3355,Rhus typhina L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,192,2,Drug,300,Dietary Aid,Infusion of fruits used as tonic to improve the appetite.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 192"
2681,178,Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,17,2,Drug,299,Dietary Aid,"Plant, other plants & water taken as a laxative & an appetizer for acute pain in stomach or bowels.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 17"
40067,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,266,4,Fiber,298,Other,"Shredded bark used for napkins, towels and bandages.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
6035,421,Asarum canadense L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,357,2,Drug,297,Dietary Aid,Root chewed by sick person as an appetite stimulant.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 357"
17504,1928,Hydrastis canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,296,Dietary Aid,Used to improve the appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
16099,1764,Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,295,Dietary Aid,Cold infusion of leaf taken with whiskey to improve the appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
20255,2183,Lilium canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,2,Drug,294,Dietary Aid,Decoction of boiled tubers given 'to make child fleshy and fat.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
24962,2694,Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke,138,Menominee,51,s23,55,2,Drug,293,Dietary Aid,Root eaten 'to enable one to put on flesh.',"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55"
11114,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,3,Other,292,Preservative,Old branches used in smoking hides.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
4695,348,Arctostaphylos viscida Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161162,2,Drug,291,Dietary Aid,Cider employed as an appetizer to create appetite.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161162"
895,38,Achillea millefolium L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,290,Dietary Aid,"Cold, compound infusion taken as an appetizer.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
22313,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,5,Dye,289,Red-Yellow,Bark used to make a red yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
32556,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,289,Red-Yellow,Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set its own color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
9160,866,Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & Gray) Small,95,Hopi,37,w39,84,2,Drug,288,Dietary Aid,Young roots fed to sick baby whose mother's milk was failing.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 84"
26105,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,156,2,Drug,287,Dietary Aid,"Leaves used for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting and appetite loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 156"
30355,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,386,2,Drug,286,Dietary Aid,Roots applied to nipples of mother to induce the infant to nurse.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 386"
19917,2134,Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,66,2,Drug,285,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant taken as a reducing aid.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 66"
32690,3310,Ranunculus lapponicus L.,73,"Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut",187,o57,23,2,Drug,284,Dietary Aid,Plants soaked and eaten by starving persons before eating other food.,"Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 23"
33172,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,63,2,Drug,283,Dietary Aid,Plant used as appetite restorative for inactive stomach which refused food.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 63"
8673,816,Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,119,3,Other,282,Preservative,Wood used to smoke deer meat.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119"
10380,1029,Clinopodium douglasii (Benth.) Kuntze,200,Pomo,80,g67,15,2,Drug,281,Dietary Aid,Decoction of plant taken for becoming thin.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15"
20777,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,66,2,Drug,280,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots taken to increase the appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 66"
35540,3503,Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,242,2,Drug,279,Dietary Aid,"Berries or seeds used for grass sickness: low fever, headache and weight loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 242"
42365,4086,Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,183,2,Drug,278,Dietary Aid,"Infusion of dried, pulverized leaves and stems taken to increase appetite.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
22895,2453,Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Torr. & Gray,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,30,2,Drug,277,Dietary Aid,Roots chewed for thirst prevention.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 30"
31504,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,259,Thompson,10,tta90,90,2,Drug,276,Dietary Aid,Decoction of rhizomes taken for lack of appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 90"
16100,1764,Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,50,2,Drug,275,Dietary Aid,Compound decoction taken to build the appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
16595,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,141,h56,152,2,Drug,274,Dietary Aid,Seeds eaten to give appetite.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 152"
8001,729,Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,340,2,Drug,273,Dietary Aid,Used to stimulate appetite and regulate stomach.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 340"
23092,2494,Mitchella repens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,2,Drug,272,Dietary Aid,Given to baby before it 'takes the breast.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
30105,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,271,Other,Roots used for curved structures in wrapped weaving.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
35757,3524,Salix cordata Michx.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,270,Dietary Aid,Bark used to stimulate the appetite.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
40930,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,3,Other,269,Preservative,Bark used as a source for tannic acid.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
6251,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,470,2,Drug,268,Dietary Aid,Decoction of root taken for 'general out-of-sorts feeling and emaciation.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 470"
9359,892,Chelone glabra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,267,Dietary Aid,Taken to increase appetite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
2540,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,3,g83,243,3,Other,266,Preservative,Wood used for smoking and drying fish.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
10156,1006,Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata,131,Mahuna,5,r54,62,2,Drug,265,Dietary Aid,Plant juice used as an appetite restorer.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 62"
35267,3485,Rumex crispus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,311,2,Drug,264,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken 'when one can't eat.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 311"
13967,1497,Eriogonum annuum Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,54,5,Dye,263,White,"Blossoms, brains, liver or gall and spleen rubbed into hides to bleach them.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 54"
29360,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,5,Dye,263,White,"Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a white dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
32566,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,263,White,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a white dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
44284,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,5,Dye,263,White,Pods used for bleaching buckskin fiber a pure white.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
32396,3285,Quercus rubra L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,26,2,Drug,262,Dietary Aid,Infusion of north side bark taken as an appetizer.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26"
38624,3771,Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,71,3,Other,261,Preservative,"Leaves used while drying wild leafed yucca, to prevent spoiling.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 71"
24538,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,164,2,Drug,260,Dietary Aid,Infusion of whole plant taken to give one a good appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 164"
32952,3347,Rhus glabra L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,200,2,Drug,259,Dietary Aid,Decoction of root taken as an appetizer by invalids.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 200"
13029,1381,Elliottia pyroliflorus (Bong.) S.W. Brim & P.F. Stevens,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,332,2,Drug,258,Dietary Aid,Decoction of plant used as an appetite stimulant.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 332"
6054,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,241,Skagit,25,g73,28,2,Drug,257,Dietary Aid,Leaves eaten to increase appetite.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
37384,3603,Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,2,Drug,256,Dietary Aid,Roots chewed 'as a preventative to thirst.',"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
16495,1807,Hedeoma sp.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,363,2,Drug,255,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plants taken as a tonic appetizer in diet of sick.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363"
26742,2924,Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,2,Drug,254,Dietary Aid,Decoction of plant taken slowly to gradually expand the stomach until food was eaten without pain. This decoction was used by a person who had not eaten for a long time.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
8716,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,252,2,Drug,253,Dietary Aid,Decoction of branches taken for weight loss.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 252"
35147,3478,Rudbeckia laciniata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,252,Dietary Aid,Cooked spring salad eaten to 'keep well.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
30356,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,251,Dietary Aid,Roots applied to the nipples of a mother to induce her infant to nurse.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
40033,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,250,Other,Twigs used for drying the body after a bath.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
38696,3783,Sphagnum sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,378,4,Fiber,249,Other,Used as an absorbent.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378"
37289,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,228,Seminole,88,s54,225,2,Drug,248,Dietary Aid,Infusion of bark taken as an emetic by children & adults for dog sickness: appetite loss & drooling.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 225"
20814,2237,Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,247,Dietary Aid,Root used to make a drink taken as a tonic to help weakened people gain weight.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
22209,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,60,2,Drug,246,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of trunk, branches or inner bark taken as a 'fattening medicine.'","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 60"
38645,3772,Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,31,2,Drug,245,Dietary Aid,Plant used as a tonic to improve appetite.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31"
32454,3289,Quercus sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,26,2,Drug,244,Dietary Aid,Plant used for fattening.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 26"
16455,1804,Hedeoma hispida Pursh,61,Dakota,17,g19,112,2,Drug,243,Dietary Aid,Infusion of leaves used as a flavor and tonic appetizer in diet for the sick.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 112"
29498,3103,Populus grandidentata Michx.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,253,2,Drug,242,Dietary Aid,Infusion of bark used for stimulating the appetite.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 253"
8515,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,110,3,Other,241,Malicious Magic,Touching the plant would cause an unwanted storm.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 110"
21073,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,183,Paiute,98,m53,96,3,Other,241,Malicious Magic,"When broken, it brought the cold wind.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 96"
38239,3715,Smilax tamnoides L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,126,3,Other,241,Malicious Magic,"Vine boiled with pisabik stone powder and used as malicious magic. The mischief maker sprinkled the mixture upon the bed of a couple, thereby causing them to quarrel and separate.  It was thought that the prickly character of the stem was transferred to the bed and irritated the couple causing them to become ill-disposed toward each other.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 126"
28199,2977,Pinus strobus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,265,2,Drug,240,Dietary Aid,Decoction of knots taken to increase the appetite.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 265"
19751,2121,Lechea minor L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,234,2,Drug,239,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of plant taken by babies & adults for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting & appetite loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 234"
19565,2100,Larix occidentalis Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,99,2,Drug,238,Dietary Aid,Decoction of small pieces of branches and bark used to stimulate the appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99"
174,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,237,Dietary Aid,Pitch taken for a loss of appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
23053,2488,Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray,291,Zuni,157,cb80,377,2,Drug,236,Dietary Aid,"Powdered root mixed with flour, made into a bread and used to decrease appetite.","Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 377"
9196,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,235,Dietary Aid,"Buds or leaves chewed by nursing mothers to stimulate the appetite, helpful in milk production.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9825,938,Cibotium chamissoi Kaulfuss,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,43,2,Drug,234,Dietary Aid,Infusion of powdered bark and other plants taken to stimulate the appetite.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 43"
2447,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,87,2,Drug,233,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant tops given to children with poor appetites.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
41005,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,2,Drug,232,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant tips taken to stimulate appetite.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
4225,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,215,Saanich,23,tb71,82,3,Other,231,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
44642,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,230,Breakfast Food,Seeds steamed into puffed rice and eaten for breakfast with sugar and cream.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
349,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,24,2,Drug,229,Dietary Aid,"Roots ground, mixed with corn flour and eaten to give one a good appetite and to make one fat.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
18297,2034,Juglans nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,20,5,Dye,228,Blue-Black,"Roots boiled to make a bluish, black dye for buffalo hides.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 20"
15449,1679,Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt.,228,Seminole,88,s54,255,2,Drug,227,Dietary Aid,Roots and mother's milk or canned milk used for baby's sickness: refusal to suckle.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 255"
1451,61,Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,33,2,Drug,226,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken to improve the appetite.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 33"
21208,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,197,2,Drug,225,Dietary Aid,Decoction of stems and leaves taken as a tonic 'for vitamins.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 197"
20065,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,243,3,Other,224,Plant Indicator,Presence of plant indicated the growth of another plant type.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 243"
23431,2521,Monotropa uniflora L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,215,3,Other,224,Plant Indicator,Abundance of plant in woods indicated many mushrooms in the coming season.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 215"
42598,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,183,Paiute,98,m53,54,3,Other,223,Preservative,Leaves used to cover huckleberries and keep the berries fresh.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 54"
9374,894,Chenopodium album L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,222,Dietary Aid,Cooked salad greens eaten to 'keep healthy.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
6937,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,493,2,Drug,221,Dietary Aid,Root sucked and chewed for hunger.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493"
11443,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,2,Drug,220,Dietary Aid,Berries eaten 'for appetite.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
9539,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,219,Dietary Aid,Bark chewed by nursing mother to benefit the child.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
6285,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Plant eaten before a feast to increase the appetite.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
21979,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,120,Kutenai,30,h92,18,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Root tea taken as an appetizer.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 18"
23321,2509,Monarda sp.,20,Bannock,111,m90,38,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Infusion of seed heads used as an appetizer.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 38"
33075,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,48,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Fruits eaten fresh as appetizers.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
33166,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,48,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Fruits eaten fresh as appetizers.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 48"
40720,4022,Trillium petiolatum Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,50,1,Food,218,Appetizer,Roots used to make a tea and taken as an appetizer.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
32564,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,217,Gray,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a gray dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32992,3347,Rhus glabra L.,198,Plains Indian,30,h92,55,5,Dye,217,Gray,"Leaves, bark and roots used to make a gray dye.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"
15450,1679,Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt.,228,Seminole,88,s54,253,2,Drug,216,Dietary Aid,"Roots used for baby sickness caused by adultery: appetite loss, fever, headache and diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 253"
20728,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,215,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken by person who does not feel like eating.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
33290,3355,Rhus typhina L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,214,Dietary Aid,Berries and roots used for loss of appetite.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
20188,2174,Ligusticum apiifolium (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,2,Drug,213,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots taken by person who lacks an appetite.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
7534,623,Brickellia ambigens (Greene.) A. Nels.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,2,Drug,212,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant taken for flatulency and overeating.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
13117,1401,Ephedra californica S. Wats.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,19,2,Drug,211,Dietary Aid,Infusion of branches taken to improve the appetite.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 19"
4403,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161162,2,Drug,210,Dietary Aid,Cider employed as an appetizer to create appetite.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161162"
39606,3907,Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl.,241,Skagit,25,g73,31,2,Drug,209,Dietary Aid,Decoction of pounded plants taken to restore the appetite.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 31"
9407,894,Chenopodium album L.,157,Navajo,141,h56,149,2,Drug,208,Dietary Aid,Plant used as a nutrient.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 149"
7554,627,Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,2,Drug,207,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant taken for overeating.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
28497,3004,Plantago patagonica Jacq.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,45,2,Drug,206,Dietary Aid,Cold infusion of plant parts taken to reduce appetite and prevent obesity.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45"
25547,2757,Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,41,5,Dye,205,Pink,Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers worn in war dance.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41"
25548,2757,Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,41,5,Dye,205,Pink,Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers worn in war dance.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41"
25549,2757,Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,41,5,Dye,205,Pink,Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers worn in war dance.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41"
26100,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,234,2,Drug,204,Dietary Aid,"Decoction of leaves taken by babies & adults for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting & appetite loss.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 234"
5971,421,Asarum canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried leaves pounded and used for snuff.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
6070,423,Asarum sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,3,Other,203,Snuff,Dried and pounded leaves used for snuff.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
12536,1303,Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,41,3,Other,203,Snuff,Crushed seeds and leaves used for snuff.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
16543,1816,Helenium puberulum DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,26,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Dried, powdered plant used as a snuff to induce sneezing.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26"
23978,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,76,3,Other,203,Snuff,Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick and chewed.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
26177,2840,Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Dried, burned leaves added to snuff for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
26187,2841,Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Dried, burned leaves added to snuff for flavoring.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
35622,3516,Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Plant gathered in late summer, burned to ashes and added to snuff.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
36176,3551,Salix sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,3,Other,203,Snuff,Ground galls used for snuff.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
42628,4103,Veratrum californicum var. californicum,23,Blackfoot,111,m90,62,3,Other,203,Snuff,"Pounded, dry root used for snuff.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
95,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,313,2,Drug,202,Dietary Aid,Inner bark grated and eaten to benefit the diet.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313"
33040,3351,Rhus sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,372,2,Drug,201,Dietary Aid,Taken as an appetizer by a sick person.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 372"
12838,1350,Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,20,2,Drug,200,Dietary Aid,Root chewed to increase the flow of saliva and prevent thirst.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20"
1478,62,Actaea rubra ssp. arguta (Nutt.) Hult‚n,259,Thompson,33,steed28,463,2,Drug,199,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken for emaciation.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 463"
2928,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,34,2,Drug,198,Dietary Aid,Smashed fruits used to improve loss of appetite in children.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34"
27331,2943,Pilea pumila (L.) Gray,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"52, 53",2,Drug,197,Dietary Aid,Infusion given to children to reduce excessive hunger.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52, 53"
1926,109,Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,358,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,"Infusion of roots and flowers used on anything to sell, a 'basket medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 358"
9288,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,100,Iroquois,7,h77,389,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,Infusion of plant used as a 'basket medicine.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 389"
10408,1032,Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong,100,Iroquois,7,h77,283,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,"Decoction of whole plant 'makes people buy baskets,' a basket medicine.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 283"
10682,1073,Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,290,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,Infusion of pounded root used as a basket medicine.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 290"
12420,1278,Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood,100,Iroquois,7,h77,364,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,Cold infusion of smashed roots used as a 'basket medicine.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 364"
15509,1688,Galium sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,439,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,Cold infusion of smashed roots used as a 'basket or peddler's medicine.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 439"
20647,2221,Lobelia cardinalis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,453,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,"Infusion of stalks and flowers used as wash for baskets, a 'basket medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453"
37186,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,342,2,Drug,196,Basket Medicine,Used as a 'basket medicine.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 342"
11550,1155,Cryptantha sp.,157,Navajo,121,l86,18,2,Drug,195,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant taken to stay slender.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 18"
6423,458,Aster foliaceus Lindl.,259,Thompson,55,p52,41,2,Drug,194,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots taken for loss of appetite.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
2328,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2348,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,76,Flathead,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2354,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,120,Kutenai,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2368,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2419,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,5,Dye,193,Orange,Decoction of inner bark used to make a orange dye.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
2440,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,5,Dye,193,Orange,Fresh or dried bark boiled and used as an orange dye for coloring horse hair ropes and cinches.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
2441,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,5,Dye,193,Orange,Decoction of inner bark used as an orange dye.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2528,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark used to make an orange dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2621,174,Alnus sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark used to make an orange dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
2637,174,Alnus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark steeped in water for an orange dye to color moccasins and to decorate knife handles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
2647,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark soaked in water to make a rusty orange dye used to color tanned skins.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
9805,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,84,5,Dye,193,Orange,"Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a light-orange dye for leather, wool and basketry.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84"
11791,1174,Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy,190,Pawnee,17,g19,110,5,Dye,193,Orange,Boiled vines used as an orange dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 110"
17781,1981,Impatiens capensis Meerb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,5,Dye,193,Orange,Material placed in pot of boiling plant juice to dye it orange.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
21966,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,193,Orange,Plant used to make an orange dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
25176,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,271,5,Dye,193,Orange,Whole plant boiled to obtain an orange dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271"
32963,3347,Rhus glabra L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,424,5,Dye,193,Orange,Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424"
33299,3355,Rhus typhina L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,424,5,Dye,193,Orange,Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424"
34202,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,48,5,Dye,193,Orange,Root used to make an orange dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
35380,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,193,Orange,"Dried, ground roots used as a orange dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35494,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,193,Orange,Peeled root used to make a burnt orange dye. The procedure involved was described by children at the Wind River Community Day School as follows:  'We break the roots into inch pieces.  We then spread them out very thin on papers.  We place them in the sun.  We let it get very dry.  After it is very dry we put it into water.  We let it soak for a few days.  We then boil it in the water it has soaked in.  After it has boiled a long time we put some alum in it.  This sets the color.',"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
36636,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,5,Dye,193,Orange,Stems used to make a orange dye.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
37048,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,193,Orange,Fresh or dried roots used as an orange dye to paint faces with clan marks. The roots were used in four or five combinations in dyeing various materials.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
39796,3935,Thelesperma subnudum Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,5,Dye,193,Orange,"Leaves, stems and blossoms used as an orange dye for wool.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
3733,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,336,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,"Dried, pulverized root used in various ways for dizziness.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 336"
13016,1376,Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes,228,Seminole,88,s54,213,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,"Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache & diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 213"
16303,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,125,Lakota,108,r80,37,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,Decoction of plant taken for dizziness.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 37"
19232,2065,Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola (Small) J. Silba,228,Seminole,88,s54,213,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,"Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache & diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 213"
19871,2126,Ledum palustre L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,Decoction of leaves and stems used for dizziness.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
20798,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,129,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,Roots smoked and decoction of roots taken or used as a head wash for dizziness.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129"
23930,2585,Nicotiana rustica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,Used for dizziness and fainting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
23969,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,Used for dizziness and fainting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
26159,2837,Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.,228,Seminole,88,s54,213,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,"Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache & diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 213"
28614,3021,Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. polypodioides,96,Houma,49,speck41,55,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,Decoction of fronds taken for dizziness.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 55"
33850,3412,Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,92,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,"Poultice of fresh, whole plants applied to the forehead for dizziness.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92"
35751,3523,Salix caroliniana Michx.,228,Seminole,88,s54,213,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,"Infusion of bark taken as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache & diarrhea.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 213"
39298,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,190,2,Drug,192,Vertigo Medicine,Infusion of pulverized leaves and blossoms taken for dizziness.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190"
9197,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,191,Dietary Aid,Buds or leaves chewed by the mother for the benefit of the nursing baby.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
2411,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,138,Menominee,51,s23,26,2,Drug,190,Alterative,Infusion of inner bark used as an alterative.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 26"
4001,317,Aralia hispida Vent.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,40,2,Drug,190,Alterative,Root used as an alterative.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 40"
15760,1714,Gentiana alba Muhl. ex Nutt.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"58, 59",2,Drug,190,Alterative,Infusion of root taken as an alterative.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 58, 59"
16528,1814,Helenium autumnale L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"30, 31",2,Drug,190,Alterative,Compound infusion of flower heads taken 'for its alterative effects.',"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 30, 31"
25165,2710,Oxalis sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,93,2,Drug,190,Alterative,Sprouts used as an alterative.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 93"
26164,2838,Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg.,59,Creek,138,c51,289,2,Drug,190,Alterative,Root used as a 'hydragogue' and alterant.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 289"
29004,3076,Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.,167,Nootka,169,s69,"80, 81",2,Drug,190,Alterative,Plant used as an excellent alterative for venereal complaints.,"Swan, James Gilchrist, 1869, The Indians of Cape Flattery ... Washington Territory, Washington, DC. Smithsonian Institution, page 80, 81"
31755,3236,Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jackson ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,226227,2,Drug,190,Alterative,Infusion of leaf used as an alterative 'when a person is all run down.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 226227"
32939,3347,Rhus glabra L.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,93,2,Drug,190,Alterative,Sprouts used as an alterative.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 93"
34822,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,21,2,Drug,190,Alterative,Young sprouts considered a valuable alterative.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21"
7350,590,Bidens sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,53,2,Drug,189,Dietary Aid,"Infusion of pounded flowers, buds, leaves and other plants taken to stimulate the appetite.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53"
4498,346,Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,161162,2,Drug,188,Dietary Aid,Cider employed as an appetizer to create appetite.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161162"
12391,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,187,Preservative,Leaves stored with corn to prevent spoiling.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
5311,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,291,Zuni,6,s15,87,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Sprigs dipped in water and planted with corn so that it would grow in abundance.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87"
6744,521,Aulacomnium sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Moss mixed with house plant dirt as a fertilizer to make the plants healthier.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
7584,636,Bromus ciliatus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,273,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Decoction of plant used as a soak for corn, a 'corn planting medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273"
11167,1107,Corydalis aurea Willd.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Cold infusion used to soak watermelon seeds to increase production.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
11178,1108,Corydalis curvisiliqua ssp. occidentalis (Engelm. ex Gray) W.A. Weber,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Cold infusion used to soak watermelon seeds to increase production.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
12364,1272,Descurainia pinnata ssp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detling,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Infusion of plant used to soak seed corn for faster maturity.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
12365,1272,Descurainia pinnata ssp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detling,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Leaves buried with seed corn as a fertilizer or fungicide.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
12389,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Infusion of plant used to soak seed corn for faster maturity.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
12390,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Leaves buried with seed corn as a fertilizer or fungicide.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
12491,1297,Dicranum sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Moss mixed with house plant dirt as a fertilizer to make the plants healthier.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
12954,1372,Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,23,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Considered a good fertilizer for potatoes.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
13035,1383,Elymus canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,274,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Decoction of roots used as a soak for 'corn medicine.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 274"
13413,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,86,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Stem liquid used to kill any type of weed. The stem segments were pulled apart and the water was splashed over the weeds.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86"
13468,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,259,Thompson,10,tta90,86,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Stem liquid used to kill any type of weed. The stem segments were pulled apart and the water was splashed over the weeds.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86"
13499,1428,Equisetum sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,86,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Stem liquid used to kill any type of weed. The stem segments were pulled apart and the water was splashed over the weeds.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86"
15394,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Seaweed used to fertilize potatoes.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
21487,2320,Lycopodium annotinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Moss mixed with house plant dirt as a fertilizer to make the plants healthier.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
25072,2699,Osmorhiza sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,397,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Decoction of roots and whole plant used as wash for seeds, a 'seed medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 397"
28704,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,331,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Root mixed with water for sprouting corn, a 'corn medicine.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 331"
33857,3414,Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Cold infusion used to soak watermelon seeds to increase productivity.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
35587,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,273,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,"Decoction of root used as a corn medicine, when starting to plant corn.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273"
37227,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Flowers mixed with beans for planting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
38326,3725,Solanum physalifolium Rusby,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Leaves and berries soaked in water used on watermelon seed to insure a good crop.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
38340,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Infusion of plant sprinkled on watermelons to make them more prolific and ripen early.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
38341,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,70,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Planted with watermelons to make them more prolific and ripen early.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70"
38345,3728,Solanum triflorum Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,43,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Dried berries soaked in water and planted with watermelon seed to increase productivity.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43"
39800,3938,Thelypodium wrightii Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,85,3,Other,186,Fertilizer,Seeds crushed by women and planted with beans to ensure a proliferative crop.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 85"
4798,366,Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott,138,Menominee,51,s23,79,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Root used in sacred bundles and gave the power of supernatural dreams to the owner.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79"
7258,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"No birch was gathered by the Ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to Winabojo & Grandmother Earth. Families made a pilgrimage to birch groves during the latter part of June and in July to gather their supply of birch bark, because it peels most easily at that time.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7259,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Paper birch and cedar form the two most sacred trees of the Ojibwe, both of which were very useful.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7260,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,The Ojibwe regard the bark as a distinct 'contribution from Winabojo.',"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7450,609,Bouteloua hirsuta Lag.,157,Navajo,74,e44,25,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Used to make sacred charcoal for certain ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25"
8105,752,Carex sp.,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Plant considered sacred and used in the kiva.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
9126,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,65,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Wood used to carve totem pole models and talking sticks.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
13246,1410,Epigaea repens L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,118,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Tribal flower of Forest Potawatomi and considered these flowers came directly from their divinity.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
17258,1896,Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.,138,Menominee,51,s23,75,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Grass used to burn as an oblation to the deities.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75"
20550,2214,Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm.,138,Menominee,51,s23,80,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"White, ripened seed used as a sacred bead in the Midewewin ceremony.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
20736,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,199,Poliklah,109,m66,173,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Plant considered the most sacred plant of the tribe.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173"
21451,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,157,Navajo,72,f96,19,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Plant considered to be a sacred plant.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
23160,2495,Mitella diphylla L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,81,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Seed used as the sacred bead and swallowed in the medicine dance, during the reinstatement ceremony.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81"
23984,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,75,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Sacred plant depicted with beans, corn & squash in the first sacred painting of the Mountain Chant.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 75"
27221,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,269,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Branch tips used as sacred items.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269"
29419,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Plant used to make the sacred pole.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
30922,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Tree sacred to the Navajo.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
33207,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Used to make sacred baskets to hold sacred meal for rites.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
36894,3569,Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,100,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Pithy branches hollowed out and used to make ceremonial and sacred wolf whistles.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 100"
38855,3819,Staphylea trifolia L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,274,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Seeds considered sacred and used in the rattles of the medicine dance.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 274"
39916,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,This tree and the white cedar were worshipped as the two most useful trees in the forest.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
41663,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,90,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Plant very sacred to the Kashaya Pomo because of it's ceremonial uses.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 90"
44473,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Cornmeal, considered less sacred than corn pollen, used in innumerable ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44474,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Sacred pollen used in innumerable ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
1303,55,Acorus calamus L.,125,Lakota,156,k90,48,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Infusion of roots taken for high blood pressure.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
2322,166,Allium vineale L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,34,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Raw root bulbs chewed for high blood pressure.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 34"
2610,173,Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,22,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Cold infusion of bark taken to purify blood or lower blood pressure.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22"
13426,1424,Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,19,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Infusion of stems taken for high blood pressure.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 19"
13996,1505,Eriogonum elongatum Benth.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,22,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Plant used for high blood pressure and hardening of arteries.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 22"
16538,1815,Helenium microcephalum DC.,48,Comanche,143,j68,4,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,"Flowers dried, crushed and inhaled for low blood pressure.","Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 4"
17487,1926,Hydrangea arborescens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Bark chewed for high blood pressure.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
18278,2034,Juglans nigra L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,66,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Decoction of mashed leaves taken for relief from 'blood pressure.',"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 66"
18412,2053,Juniperus californica Carr.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,216,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Infusion of leaves and bark taken for high blood pressures.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216"
18530,2054,Juniperus communis L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Infusion of branches taken for high blood pressure. The branches were steeped in boiling water until the water cooled.  The cool infusion was taken for two weeks after which the blood pressure returned to normal.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
26529,2896,Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Infusion used for high blood pressure.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
34482,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,355,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Decoction of roots taken for low or high blood pressure.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 355"
35535,3502,Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers.,96,Houma,49,speck41,"55, 56",2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Decoction of dried root taken for high blood pressure.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 55, 56"
37252,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,100,Iroquois,7,h77,333,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Decoction of pith from new sprouts or roots taken for high blood pressure.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 333"
37253,3589,Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees,100,Iroquois,7,h77,334,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Plant taken for blood pressure.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 334"
37910,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Berries eaten for high blood pressure.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
37911,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Decoction of branches and leaves taken in a one cupful dose for high blood pressure.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
42685,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Plant used for high blood pressure.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
2656,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,87,2,Drug,183,Dietary Aid,Infusion of plant tops given to children with poor appetites.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
26901,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,5,Dye,182,Yellow-Brown,Rotten wood used as a yellow brown dye for white goods.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
31655,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,5,Dye,182,Yellow-Brown,Pounded leaves and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a yellow brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
35392,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,5,Dye,182,Yellow-Brown,Root used as a yellow-brown dye for wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
3499,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Juice used to spray on quirt (a rod) to cause other horses to fall behind during a race. A piece of plant was placed in the mouth, and the rider sprayed the quirt with the juice.  This quirt was not used to whip the horse.  When the race began, the rider would try to get on the right side of the other horses; he carried the magic quirt but whipped his horse with a regular one.  At an opportune time the rider threw back the sprayed quirt, causing the other horses to fall behind.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3500,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Root held in the mouth to make the other players lazy during the hand game.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3501,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Root held in the rider's mouth to cast a spell so that other horses could not pass.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
5352,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Leaves used in defense of the use of yellow angelica by an opponent in the hand game. The loser went to his lodge and asked for a small piece of meat, which he combined with man sage leaves.  Carrying this charm in his pocket, he returned to the gambling place, where he walked abruptly among the participants and took the dice in his hands.  Then he pretended to sing and perform with the dice--all the while secretly rubbing them with the meat and sage mixture.  After he handed back the dice, the man who had been using the yellow angelica would get a headache and grow lazy, losing all he had won.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
5353,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,"Stems used as a curse on horses to slacken in races. Short pieces were broken from the stem and a small, flat, white stone was collected.  The man first sprayed the rock with juice from his mouth.  Then the stems were placed on the ground; they represented the other horses.  The stone was sprayed again and shoved toward the stems, without touching them, three times.  At the fourth shove the stone was pressed into the stems.  Horses so cursed were sure to slacken in the race.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
13297,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,122,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Plant pieces carried in men's pockets to prevent their rivals from having good luck.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 122"
18634,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,95,Hopi,82,c74,330,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Plant used to do away with evil spirits after a death.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
18750,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,82,c74,330,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Plant used to do away with evil spirits after a death.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 330"
26782,2928,Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,181,Malicious Charm,Plant used to cause other people bad luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
27426,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,3,Other,180,Preservative,Chewed pitch sprayed onto mats to preserve them.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
29518,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,3,Other,179,Preservative,Branches used for drying meat.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
8468,787,Castilleja integra Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,3,Other,178,Preservative,Dried bracts mixed with chile seeds to prevent spoilage during storage.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
177,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Pitch mixed with deer marrow and applied externally each evening for goiter.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
288,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Pitch mixed with deer marrow and applied externally each evening for goiter.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
9174,868,Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small,100,Iroquois,7,h77,369,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Compound decoction of stems taken and used as a wash for goiter.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 369"
13818,1483,Erigeron sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,468,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,"Salve of toasted, crushed plant and grease rubbed on swollen glands.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 468"
24158,2599,Nymphaea odorata Ait.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Roots used for suppurating glands and leaves used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
26815,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Roots roasted and the salve used for glandular swellings.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
38837,3818,Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,50,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Poultice of plants applied to glandular swellings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50"
42588,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,147148,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Poultice of root applied for enlarged throat glands and blood poisoning.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 147148"
42613,4102,Veratrum californicum Dur.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,147148,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Poultice of root applied for enlarged throat glands and blood poisoning.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 147148"
42773,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,177,Gland Medicine,Scalded leaves used on swollen glands.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
2341,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Decoction of inner bark used as a reddish orange dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2398,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Decoction of inner bark used as a reddish orange dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2425,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Decoction of inner bark used as a reddish orange dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
37018,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Boiled root used to dye mats orange red.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
22121,2381,Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,48,2,Drug,175,Dietary Aid,Decoction of rhizomes taken to increase the appetite.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
13024,1380,Eleocharis sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,4,Fiber,174,Other,Used in weaving.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
16373,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,335,2,Drug,173,Dietary Aid,Bark used as an appetizer.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335"
11963,1214,Dahlia pinnata Cav.,157,Navajo,74,e44,85,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Roots and flowers used as a yellow-orange dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 85"
17755,1981,Impatiens capensis Meerb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Whole plant used to make an orange yellow dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
32945,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,"Spring roots used as a yellow, orange dye.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
32946,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,"Spring roots used as a yellow, orange dye.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
37009,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,44,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Rhizomes used as a orange/yellow dye for sheets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 44"
39791,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Boiled roots used as an orange-yellow dye for wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
3347,251,Anemone narcissiflora L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Leaves, other salad greens and oil beaten to a creamy consistency and frozen into 'ice cream.'","Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
4575,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,99,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries stored in bear fat and cracklings or in seal oil and used to make ice cream.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 99"
12398,1274,Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl,183,Paiute,153,k32,98,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Seeds mixed with snow and eaten as ice cream.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98"
12688,1335,Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,193,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Boiled roots added to 'Eskimo ice cream.',"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 193"
13093,1394,Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) B”cher,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries added to ice cream.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
17281,1898,Hippuris vulgaris L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,191,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Used to make 'Eskimo ice cream.',"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
17385,1906,Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,15,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Leaves chopped, cooked in water, soured & mixed with reindeer fat & berries into Eskimo ice cream.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 15"
27868,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,51,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Nuts roasted, dried, ground into a meal, made into a stiff dough, frozen and eaten like ice cream.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 51"
33876,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,101,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Used with oil and water to make ice cream.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 101"
34386,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,68,"Eskimo, Arctic",171,p53,21,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Berries mixed with seal oil and chewed caribou tallow, beaten and eaten as 'Eskimo ice cream.'","Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 21"
34393,3445,Rubus chamaemorus L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,73,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries added to fluffy fat and eaten as ice cream.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 73"
35218,3483,Rumex arcticus Trautv.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,186,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Leaves and stems boiled, cooled and added to 'Eskimo ice cream.'","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
37809,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,204,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Berries mixed with water, whipped and eaten as 'Indian ice-cream.'","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204"
37818,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,27,Carrier,134,c73,76,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries beaten by hand in a birch basket into Indian ice cream.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 76"
37819,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,27,Carrier,34,h49,12,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream. The berries were macerated.  In this process, it was most essential that all grease be kept away and the utensils be kept perfectly clean.  A smooth froth, almost like ice cream of light consistency, was formed, which was edible and to those accustomed to it of good taste.  Sugar was added to sweeten.  This froth appeared to be formed from the saponins which were admixed with the other components of the fruit.","Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37824,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,41,Clallam,99,f80,199,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries whipped until foamy and eaten as 'Indian ice cream.',"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
37826,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,47,Coeur d'Alene,34,h49,12,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37838,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,76,Flathead,34,h49,12,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37846,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,236,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries whipped into a froth and eaten as 'Indian ice cream.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236"
37848,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,331,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries whipped into 'Indian ice cream.',"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331"
37852,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,126,Lillooet,34,h49,12,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37859,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,53,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make a frothy or foamy 'Indian Ice Cream.',"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 53"
37862,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,103,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries whipped in small amounts of water and eaten as 'Indian ice cream' at large feasts.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103"
37867,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make 'Indian ice cream.',"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
37879,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,225,Sanpoil,34,h49,12,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37887,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,34,h49,12,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
37929,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,260,"Thompson, Lower",34,h49,12,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
42416,4088,Vaccinium uliginosum L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,78,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,Fresh or frozen berries used to make ice cream or yogurt.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 78"
43049,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,106,1,Food,171,Ice Cream,"Berries, oil and water used to make ice cream.","Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 106"
1944,114,Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
11325,1118,Costaria costata (Turner) Saunders,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
11446,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Bark tea taken or bathed in by ball players to ward off tacklers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
15266,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Wood used to make handles, ball bats and butter paddles.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
18365,2042,Juncus effusus L.,200,Pomo,89,c02,318,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Formerly used to make a device for trapping and catching salmon and trout as a sport.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 318"
19982,2152,Lessoniopsis littoralis (Farlow & Setchell) Reinke,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
29799,3118,Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
29811,3119,Postelsia sp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,18,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Dried stems used as 'pucks' and sticks for 'beach hockey.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
36020,3544,Salix prolixa Anderss.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Younger stems used extensively for making walking sticks.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
38551,3758,Sorbus americana Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,236,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Wood used to lacrosse clubs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236"
41504,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Inner bark chewed and spat onto baseball glove to make the ball stick to the glove.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
43900,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Leaves made into a ball thrown into the air for archery target practice.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43901,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Roots made into ball for shinny game, played at night.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
2517,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,328,3,Other,169,Preservative,Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328"
2557,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,"'If you see a creek without alder along its banks, the water isn't good to drink.'","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2670,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Plants used as water indicators.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
6581,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
14804,1626,Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens,101,Isleta,76,j31,29,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Large shrubs considered water indicators because wells dug where plants grew always produced water.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
16366,1790,Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
16444,1799,Hamamelis virginiana L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,87,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Crotched sticks used to locate underground water or buried treasure.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87"
20619,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,91,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Plant used as a charm to make it rain.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
22312,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,87,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Crotched sticks used to locate underground water.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87"
22997,2475,Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii (Torr. & Gray ex Benth.) Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,54,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Plant used as an indication of surface water.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 54"
30274,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,87,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Crotched sticks used to locate underground water.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87"
31488,3214,Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
37064,3573,Sanicula bipinnata Hook. & Arn.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,"Plant grew near good luck water. This plant grew naturally in swamps.  It was believed that even if you found it in a dry place, if you searched you would find water near by.  The water bubbled up in a little hole and disappeared again soon.  This was good luck water.  When a woman was making baskets, she went to it, if she knew where it was and washed her hands.  Then she would have good luck in making her baskets and perhaps would sell them at a high price.  When people were gambling, they would go and wash their hands in a 'lucky water.'  If you found a lucky water, you would not tell anyone, but would keep it secret, so that no unclean person would go near it.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
43568,4194,Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eat.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,18,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
271,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,174,3,Other,167,Designs,Tree used as a design on wooden drums.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174"
625,32,Acer rubrum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,412,3,Other,167,Designs,"Leaf frequently used in the Ojibwe beadwork designs. Many leaves, flowers and fruits furnish designs.  Since the plants are sacred to their midewiwin or medicine lodge, it is common for them to use especially valuable remedies in their designs.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 412"
696,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,266,3,Other,167,Designs,Leaf used in beadwork designs.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 266"
718,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,3,Other,167,Designs,Leaves used as design for bead work and applique work.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
721,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,3,Other,167,Designs,Three-lobed leaf was a great favorite with Ojibwe women for design work for beading.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
725,37,Acer spicatum Lam.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,110,3,Other,167,Designs,"Leaves used as a pattern for bead and applique work. In making up a design for art work or bead work, a woman would burn deer antlers until they turned to charcoal and use this to rub on the backs of leaves.  This surface was placed down upon a piece of white birchbark and rubbed until the shape and venation of the leaves were transferred to the birchbark.  Then arranging with other leaves, a design would be formed which would be the pattern for the bead work.  Oftentimes, this would be placed directly under the loom so that the form and outline of the finished bead work would be a true representation of the natural object.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 110"
7151,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,167,Designs,"Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7165,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,167,Designs,Used as patterns for work in decorative art.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
11142,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,276,Washo,139,n66,49,3,Other,167,Designs,Bark used for the patterns in baskets.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
12643,1322,Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,245,3,Other,167,Designs,"Flower used as a pattern for beadwork on gloves, moccasins, vests and jackets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 245"
12687,1334,Dryopteris arguta (Kaulfuss) Watt,289,Yurok,70,b81,28,3,Other,167,Designs,Spores used to make designs on hands.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
21141,2263,Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans (Benth.) Gray,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,56,3,Other,167,Designs,Burned wood ashes made into a paste for tattooing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 56"
21481,2319,Lycoperdon sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,38,3,Other,167,Designs,"Small, painted circles at the base of the tipi represented puffballs to insure fire to those within.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38"
23696,2576,Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. & Rupr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,128,3,Other,167,Designs,Plant heads used as the design for the horizontal timber ends of the Killer Whale house.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 128"
24844,2670,Opuntia sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,64,3,Other,167,Designs,Plant shape used as form for figures in the sandpainting of the Cactus People for the Wind Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 64"
25634,2769,Pedicularis bracteosa Benth.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,167,Designs,Leaves used as designs on baskets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
25956,2825,Pentagramma triangularis ssp. triangularis,289,Yurok,70,b81,45,3,Other,167,Designs,Spores used by children to make a design on their hands.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
26634,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,167,Designs,Used to design ornamenting baskets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
27074,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,49,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to make designs on baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49"
29912,3146,Proboscidea parviflora (Woot.) Woot. & Standl.,193,Pima,11,c49,116,3,Other,167,Designs,Seed pods used as black designs for coiled baskets.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 116"
30967,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,167,Designs,Shredded bark used to ornament the rims of baskets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
31005,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,183,Paiute,139,n66,48,3,Other,167,Designs,Flower used as the favorite basket pattern.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
32395,3285,Quercus rubra L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,3,Other,167,Designs,Leaves used to furnish a design for beadwork.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
39998,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,167,Designs,Wood used to make totem poles and other carvings.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
40459,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,81,3,Other,167,Designs,Burned wood ashes made into a paste for tattooing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81"
43789,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44010,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,187,Panamint,163,k52,78,3,Other,167,Designs,Red-brown inner roots used for basket designs.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 78"
44016,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to make brown designs.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44269,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
20768,2235,Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,26,2,Drug,166,Dietary Aid,Infusion of cut roots taken to increase the appetite.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 26"
18969,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,60,Crow,30,h92,36,2,Drug,165,Dietary Aid,Fleshy cones chewed to increase the appetite.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 36"
633,32,Acer rubrum L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,472,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Plant used to make ox yokes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472"
1769,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Pounded leaves dried and made into saddle blankets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
2421,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Bark split, covered with raw hide and used to make stirrups.","McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
3856,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,57,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Stems used to make bridle ropes, bowstrings and thread for sewing baskets and buckskin.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 57"
4205,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make stirrups.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
5564,404,Artemisia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to make saddle blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
5692,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make saddle blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
5809,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make saddle blankets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
7140,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make a pack saddle with posts at both ends.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
15219,1657,Fraxinus cuspidata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,68,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make a fair imitation of the Mexican saddle.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 68"
15705,1704,Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh,125,Lakota,108,r80,52,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Plant chewed and rubbed on hands to catch horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 52"
19014,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,19,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Tough wood used to make double yokes for horses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
24025,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,101,Isleta,76,j31,35,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Leaf fibers used to make brushes, cords, ropes and whips.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
25524,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,339,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Roots made into hooks and used to secure packs on burros during salt expeditions.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 339"
25531,2753,Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray,257,Tewa,82,c74,339,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Roots made into hooks and used to secure packs on burros during salt expeditions.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 339"
27668,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make saddle horns.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27995,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Wood used to make saddle horns, pommel and back.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
29261,3096,Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make the sides of riding and pack saddles.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
32419,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make stirrups.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
35917,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to weave saddle blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
36222,3551,Salix sp.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,67,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used to make stirrups and hoops for catching horses.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
37497,3609,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,63,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Used to make saddles.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 63"
39429,3899,Taxodium ascendens Brongn.,228,Seminole,88,s54,471,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Plant used to make ox yokes and ox bows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
41435,4051,Ulmus americana L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41452,4051,Ulmus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,40,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Bark used to make dogsled harnesses.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 40"
41467,4051,Ulmus americana L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41473,4051,Ulmus americana L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41481,4051,Ulmus americana L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41529,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,23,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Forked branches used for the saddle frames.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23"
41601,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41605,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41610,4054,Ulmus thomasii Sarg.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Wood used for saddle trees.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
41768,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,61,Dakota,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41802,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,177,Omaha,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41818,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41825,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,205,Ponca,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
41865,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,77,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hobble horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 77"
703,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,394,1,Food,163,Sour,Sap allowed to sour to make vinegar and mixed with maple sugar to cook sweet and sour meat.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394"
710,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,92,1,Food,163,Sour,Maple sap not only furnished the sugar for seasoning material but also furnished the vinegar. Sap that was allowed to become sour made a vinegar to be used in cooking venison which was afterwards sweetened with maple sugar.  This corresponds somewhat to the German 'sweet and sour' style of cooking.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92"
23630,2571,Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,95,1,Food,163,Sour,"Berries edible, but quite bitter and kept for a food.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 95"
25154,2709,Oxalis oregana Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,108,1,Food,163,Sour,Flowering plant leaves and stem chewed for the sour taste.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 108"
25177,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,271,1,Food,163,Sour,Eaten for it's acidity.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271"
25682,2779,Pedicularis sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,716,1,Food,163,Sour,Soured leaves used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716"
33306,3355,Rhus typhina L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,95,1,Food,163,Sour,Berries eaten to satisfy a natural craving for something acid or tart.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 95"
35171,3480,Rumex acetosella L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,71,1,Food,163,Sour,"Tart, tangy leaves chewed by children.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
14436,1576,Euonymus europaea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,374,2,Drug,162,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots taken to stimulate the appetite.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 374"
8857,836,Cerasus crenulata Greene.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,5,Dye,161,Purple,Roots used to color wool purple.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
16681,1833,Helianthus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,97,5,Dye,161,Purple,Seeds used to make a purple dye for basketry and textiles.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97"
16685,1833,Helianthus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,2,5,Dye,161,Purple,Seeds used to make a purple dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 2"
20577,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,5,Dye,161,Purple,Root used to produce a violet colored dye.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
21167,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,5,Dye,161,Purple,Mashed berries boiled to make a purple paint.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
23083,2493,Mirabilis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,5,Dye,161,Purple,Petals boiled and used as a purple dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
29357,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,5,Dye,161,Purple,"Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a purple dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
30689,3178,Prunus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,5,Dye,161,Purple,Roots used to make a purple dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
31666,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,161,Purple,Seed coats used to make a violet dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
31675,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98,5,Dye,161,Purple,"Outer seed coat used as a purple stain to produce temporary color on arrows, bows and other objects.","Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98"
31678,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,20,5,Dye,161,Purple,Outer seed coats used to make a purple stain for wood.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 20"
36637,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,5,Dye,161,Purple,Berry juice used as a purple dye for basket materials.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
42160,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,5,Dye,161,Purple,Berries and devil's club inner bark boiled to make a purple stain.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
42940,4120,Vernonia missurica Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,62,5,Dye,161,Purple,Flowers used as a purple dye.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62"
26677,2914,Physalis heterophylla Nees,125,Lakota,108,r80,60,2,Drug,160,Dietary Aid,Three or five berries used for lack of appetite.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 60"
26369,2874,Phegopteris sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,12,2,Drug,159,Dietary Aid,Young shoots or buds and bark mixed with cooked leaves and eaten to restore the lost of appetite.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 12"
25316,2730,Paeonia brownii Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,71,2,Drug,158,Dietary Aid,Decoction of sun dried roots taken to make people grow fat.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 71"
28621,3022,Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,2,Drug,157,Dietary Aid,Cold infusion given to babies to make them 'want to eat a lot.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
989,38,Achillea millefolium L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Wad of leaves or infusion put into ear for earache.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
1248,55,Acorus calamus L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,24,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of water softened rootstock applied to the ear for earaches.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
1290,55,Acorus calamus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,279,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of roots used as drops in ear for earache.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 279"
1633,76,Aesculus glabra Willd.,62,Delaware,97,t72,30,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of ground nuts mixed with sweet oil or mutton tallow and applied for earache.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30"
1635,76,Aesculus glabra Willd.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"25, 74",2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of pulverized nuts with sweet oil applied for earache.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74"
2051,138,Allium canadense L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Used 'to remove deafness.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2097,140,Allium cepa L.,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,120,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Heart of onion placed in ear for earache.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120"
2215,157,Allium sativum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Used 'to remove deafness.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2246,160,Allium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,80,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of bulbs used for ear infections.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 80"
2284,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warm juice used for earache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
2310,166,Allium vineale L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Used 'to remove deafness.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2903,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,80,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of berry juice used for eardrops.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 80"
3728,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,360,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of root poured into ear for soreness.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 360"
4008,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of chewed roots applied to 'sick' ears.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
4319,329,Arctium sp.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,474,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of one leaf used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 474"
4578,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,76,Flathead,30,h92,40,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Smoke from leaves used for earache.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
5055,394,Artemisia douglasiana Bess.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,25,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated leaves applied to the ear for earaches.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 25"
6024,421,Asarum canadense L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,204,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Cooked root placed in ear for earache or sore ears.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 204"
6530,489,Astragalus pattersonii Gray,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,27,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Plant used for any disease of the ears.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 27"
6830,542,Balsamita major Desf.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,472,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of one smashed leaf used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 472"
7930,713,Campanula rotundifolia L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,362,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of root used as drops for sore ear.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362"
8898,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,18,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Dried exudation ground into a powder and applied to earaches.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 18"
8899,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,18,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,"Dried, powdered plant exudation applied for earaches.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 18"
9194,872,Chamaesyce melanadenia (Torr.) Millsp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,73,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Sap used for earaches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 73"
10616,1069,Conyza canadensis var. canadensis,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,47,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Hot poultice of plant applied for earaches.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 47"
10646,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,42,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,"Infusion of plant, with another plant, used as ear drops for earaches.","Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 42"
11473,1142,Croton californicus Muell.-Arg.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warm decoction of mashed stems and leaves placed in the child's ear for earaches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
11503,1146,Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg.,101,Isleta,76,j31,27,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Seeds used in ears as a hearing aid in cases of partial deafness.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
11751,1166,Cucurbita sp.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,24,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of rind taken for earaches.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 24"
12093,1240,Datura discolor Bernh.,193,Pima,11,c49,85,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated flowers applied to ears for earaches.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 85"
15193,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,60,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Branch sap used for earaches.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 60"
15194,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,60,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,"Infusion of plant, with another plant, used as ear drops for earaches.","Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 60"
15247,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Compound infusion of roots used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
15316,1661,Fraxinus sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,218,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Sap used for earaches. Medicine was made by placing the end of a fresh log or branch in a fire.  The sap was collected as it appeared from the opposite end.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 218"
15752,1711,Geastrum sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,45,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Spores used in the ear for running ear.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
16047,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,61,Dakota,91,g13i,365,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of leaves applied to ears for earaches.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 365"
16048,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,61,Dakota,17,g19,92,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of steeped leaves applied to ears for earache.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 92"
16069,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,190,Pawnee,17,g19,92,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of steeped leaves applied to ears for earache.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 92"
16073,1758,Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh,238,Sioux,30,h92,35,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of leaves used for earache.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 35"
16345,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,56,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,"Chopped, fresh plant rubbed around ear for earache.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56"
17436,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated plants in small bags applied for earache.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
17440,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"26, 76",2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated herb in bag applied for earache.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 76"
17448,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,266,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Dried blossoms applied to earache.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266"
17511,1928,Hydrastis canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,324,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Compound infusion with roots used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 324"
18035,2011,Iris missouriensis Nutt.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,"89, 90",2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warm decoction of root dropped into ear for earache.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 89, 90"
18045,2011,Iris missouriensis Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"89, 90",2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warm decoction of root dropped into ear for earache.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 89, 90"
18108,2017,Iris versicolor L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Pulverized rootstock mixed with water or saliva and dropped in ear for earache.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
18114,2017,Iris versicolor L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Pulverized rootstock mixed with water or saliva and dropped in ear for earache.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
18650,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Ground leaves mixed with salt and used in ears to eliminate bugs.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
20205,2177,Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose,60,Crow,30,h92,24,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of roots used for earache.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24"
20689,2223,Lobelia kalmii L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,455,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of smashed plants used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 455"
21350,2302,Lupinus pusillus Pursh,95,Hopi,82,c74,333,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Plant used as an ear medicine.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 333"
21354,2303,Lupinus pusillus ssp. intermontanus (Heller) D. Dunn,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,28,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Plant used for earaches.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 28"
22160,2382,Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link,183,Paiute,12,tha41,139140,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Pulped root squeezed into ear for earache.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 139140"
22304,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,350,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of bark used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 350"
22357,2404,Mammillaria grahamii var. grahamii,193,Pima,11,c49,57,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Plant boiled and placed warm in the ear for earaches and suppurating ears.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 57"
22385,2412,Marah horridus (Congd.) S.T. Dunn,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,40,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Roasted seeds placed in the ear for earaches.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 40"
22536,2428,Medicago sativa L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,19,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated leaves applied to the ear for earaches.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19"
22896,2453,Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Torr. & Gray,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,30,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Roots used for earaches.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 30"
23161,2496,Mitella nuda L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,45,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Crushed leaf wrapped in a cloth and inserted in the ear for earaches.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 45"
23328,2509,Monarda sp.,59,Creek,128,swan28,657,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Compound decoction of plant taken and used as wash to prevent deafness from ghosts.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 657"
23819,2578,Nicotiana clevelandii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23829,2579,Nicotiana glauca Graham,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23846,2580,Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,90,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23881,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,50,Costanoan,16,b84,14,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Plant smoke blown into the ear for earaches.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"
23889,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Chewed plant put in the ear for earaches.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
23980,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,58,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Leaves used for earache.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58"
23982,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,149,Mohegan,62,cw45,120,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Smoke blown into the ear for an earache.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120"
23990,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,211,Rappahannock,62,cw45,120,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Smoke blown into the ear for an earache.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120"
23992,2587,Nicotiana tabacum L.,231,Shinnecock,62,cw45,120,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Smoke blown into the ear for an earache.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120"
24206,2607,Oclemena nemoralis (Ait.) Greene,38,Chippewa,4,d28,360,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of root used as drops or on a compress for sore ear.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 360"
24693,2662,Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,55,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Dried stem pith used for earache and running ear.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55"
25253,2722,Oxytropis sericea Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,81,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of leaves used for ear troubles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 81"
25367,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,395,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Compound infusion of roots used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 395"
25398,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,41,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of pounded root applied to earache.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 41"
25574,2763,Passiflora incarnata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warm infusion of beaten root dropped into ear for earache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
25702,2783,Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,82,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Chewed root spittle used for earaches.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 82"
25862,2805,Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,112113,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Strong decoction of stems and leaves dropped into ear for ear infection.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 112113"
26743,2924,Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,81,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of leaves used as drops for ear infections.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 81"
27647,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"12, 13",2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,"Pulverized, dried buds used as fumigant for earache.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12, 13"
28047,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of warmed gum applied to the ear for earache.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28384,2999,Plantago lanceolata L.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,52,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of leaves put in the ear for earaches.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
28431,3001,Plantago major L.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,52,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of leaves put in the ear for earaches.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
28679,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,'Drop of juice of fresh root' put in ear for deafness.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
28680,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Juice of fresh root dropped into the ear for deafness.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
28733,3039,Poliomintha incana (Torr.) Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,351,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Plant used for ear trouble.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 351"
28745,3039,Poliomintha incana (Torr.) Gray,257,Tewa,82,c74,351,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Plant used for ear trouble.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 351"
28749,3040,Polygala alba Nutt.,238,Sioux,73,b05,18,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of root used for earache.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18"
29764,3116,Portulaca oleracea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Juice used for earache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
30054,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,44,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Pods soaked in water and used for earache.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 44"
30055,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,178,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Bean placed in ear for earache.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178"
30092,3156,Prosopis pubescens Benth.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,69,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Pods twisted into the ear for an earache.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 69"
31802,3243,Pyrola sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,82,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of chewed roots applied to ear disorders.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 82"
32955,3347,Rhus glabra L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Parts of plant used for earaches.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
35126,3475,Rudbeckia fulgida Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Root ooze used for earache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
35133,3476,Rudbeckia hirta L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Root ooze used for earache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
35524,3500,Ruta chalepensis L.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,22,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Heated leaves placed inside the ear for earaches.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22"
35527,3500,Ruta chalepensis L.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,39,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Mashed leaves wrapped in a piece of cotton and placed in the ear for earaches.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 39"
35532,3501,Ruta graveolens L.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,218,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Sprig put in the ear for an earache.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 218"
36427,3559,Salvia dorrii ssp. dorrii var. incana (Benth.) Strachan,183,Paiute,12,tha41,136137,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of leaf used as drops and poultice of leaf and stem used for earaches.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 136137"
36462,3561,Salvia mellifera Greene,50,Costanoan,16,b84,16,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated leaves applied to the ear for earache pain.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 16"
36979,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,44,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of dried root fragments used as ear drops for earaches.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 44"
37654,3640,Sempervivum tectorum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Juice warmed and used for earache and plant used to remove corns.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
37734,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated leaves applied for earaches.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
37737,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,"Poultice of warmed, new foliage used for earaches.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
38525,3757,Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.,48,Comanche,143,j68,3,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of ground beans used for earaches and ear sores.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 3"
38574,3762,Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer,259,Thompson,10,tta90,273,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warmed stick used in the ear for earache.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 273"
38808,3813,Stachys bullata Benth.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,17,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated leaves applied for earaches.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 17"
38844,3818,Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,142,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,"Poultice of hot, pulped root applied for an earache.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 142"
39155,3860,Symphyotrichum cusickii (Gray) Nesom,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,187,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Infusion of dried stems used as ear drops for earaches.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
39301,3892,Tanacetum vulgare L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,362,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Weak decoction of root used as drops for sore ear.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362"
40703,4020,Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,362,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Decoction of root bark used as drops for sore ear.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362"
42495,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of chewed roots applied to the ear for earaches.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42800,4106,Verbascum thapsus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,432,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Poultice of heated leaves applied for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 432"
42873,4108,Verbena hastata L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,422,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Compound infusion of roots used as drops for earaches.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 422"
42954,4124,Veronica officinalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warm juice used for earaches.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
42967,4126,Veronica serpyllifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,Warm juice used for earaches.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
22951,2462,Menyanthes trifoliata L.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,287,2,Drug,155,Dietary Aid,Decoction of roots or leaves taken to put on weight.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 287"
77,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used for waterproofing seams in canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
4689,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,211,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Mashed berries rubbed on the inside of coiled cedar root baskets to waterproof them. The berries were used to waterproof baskets such as those used for whipping soapberries.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
8534,797,Castilleja sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flowers used to shine and waterproof hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
9265,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flowers rubbed on rawhide thongs and mittens for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
13098,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,59,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Gumlike secretions formerly smeared on tall, slender water bottles.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 59"
15419,1675,Gaillardia aristata Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Flower heads rubbed on rawhide bags for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
21560,2333,Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Stems used to waterproof newly tanned buffalo hides.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
26008,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Plant rubbed on arrows for shine and waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
26971,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used for waterproofing seams in canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
27111,2935,Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used for waterproofing seams in canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
27242,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,234,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Pitch used to waterproof boxes. These boxes were used only for cold materials, as hot water would melt the pitch.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
27384,2952,Pinus banksiana Lamb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,113,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch from the cones used to waterproof sewn seams.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113"
27398,2953,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and applied to moccasins for waterproofing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
27535,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,35,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin used for waterproofing woven water jugs.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35"
27542,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used to waterproof baskets.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27545,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,150,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch warmed and applied inside and out to waterproof water jugs.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150"
27559,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used to waterproof basketry water jugs and basketry drinking cups.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27574,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used in waterproofing and repairing pottery vessels.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27575,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,347,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used to prevent absorption of moisture and warping.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27576,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,347,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used to waterproof and repair pottery vessels.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27587,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,35,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Melted pitch used for waterproofing baskets.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35"
27639,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Gum used to make water bottles water tight. The gum was heated and poured into the jar, and by turning the jar, the melted gum was brought in contact with the entire inner surface, after which the surplus was poured off.  The outside was also covered with the gum to which a red clay had been added so that the bottle, when finished, had a reddish hue.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27640,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,141,h56,162,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin used to waterproof containers.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162"
27687,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,82,c74,347,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used to prevent absorption of moisture and warping.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27688,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,82,c74,347,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used to waterproof and repair pottery vessels.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27689,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,41,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin used to mend cracked water jars.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 41"
27790,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,185,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used to waterproof baskets.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 185"
27817,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,205,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used to waterproof basketry water jugs and basketry drinking cups.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205"
27824,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used in waterproofing and repairing pottery vessels.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27835,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,50,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Hot pitch applied to waterproof the inside and outside of a basketry water bottle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 50"
28028,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,183,Paiute,98,m53,40,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Melted pitch used to waterproof the outside of water jugs woven of willow.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40"
28062,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,259,Thompson,10,tta90,104,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch used to waterproof moccasins and other items.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 104"
28100,2973,Pinus resinosa Soland.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Resin boiled twice and added to tallow to make a serviceable waterproof pitch.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
28170,2976,Pinus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,23,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Gum used to make water bottles water tight.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 23"
28257,2977,Pinus strobus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,421,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Pitch from boiled cones and resin used for caulking and waterproofing.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421"
36808,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,133,Makah,3,g83,318,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Fruit or flower glue used to waterproof cedar bark rain hats.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
41064,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41364,4049,Typha latifolia L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Leaves sewn together to make a wind-proof and waterproof side mat to be applied to the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
43820,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Dried leaves boiled with gum, hardened, powdered, mixed with water & used to waterproof baskets.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
44261,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Leaf pitch used for waterproofing baskets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
1230,55,Acorus calamus L.,55,"Cree, Alberta",94,s73,331,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Root chewed for the hallucinogenic effects.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 331"
8003,729,Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,339,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Plant used to mesmerize.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 339"
10280,1022,Clematis virginiana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,330,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Decoction of stems used as a wash to induce strange dreams.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 330"
11953,1209,Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight,138,Menominee,51,s23,44,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Plant used in sacred bundles to induce dreams of the supernatural.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 44"
12130,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Most universally used hallucinogenic and medicinal plant known to man.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12131,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,"Used by the shaman to transcend reality and enter other worlds. Datura offered the shaman not only a means to transcend reality and come into contact with specific guardian spirits, but it also enabled him to go on magical flights to other worlds or transform himself into other life forms such as the mountain lion or eagle.  Such magical flights were a necessary and routine activity for Cahuilla shaman.  A shaman might use the drug to visit the land of the dead, returning to the profane world with information useful to his people, or he might pursue a falling star to recapture a lost soul and return it to its owner.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12148,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,40,Chumash,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Most universally used hallucinogenic and medicinal plant known to man.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12150,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,80,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,"Plant used as a 'delirient,' but with extreme danger, as it can cause death.","Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 80"
12157,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,50,Costanoan,16,b84,14,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Dried leaves smoked as a hallucinogen.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"
12160,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,65,Diegueno,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Most universally used hallucinogenic and medicinal plant known to man.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12161,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Well known as a hallucinogenic plant used in rites marking boys' initiation into the toloache cult.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
12166,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,77,Gabrielino,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Most universally used hallucinogenic and medicinal plant known to man.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12170,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,95,Hopi,82,c74,306,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Root chewed to induce visions by medicine man while making a diagnosis.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 306"
12171,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,95,Hopi,37,w39,"31, 89",2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Roots chewed by doctor to induce visions while making diagnosis.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 31, 89"
12183,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,23,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Plant used as a hallucinogen to induce dreams and visions.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 23"
12192,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,128,Luiseno,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Most universally used hallucinogenic and medicinal plant known to man.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12200,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,144,Miwok,100,bg33,169,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Decoction of plant taken to induce delirium which achieved supernatural power.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 169"
12201,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,144,Miwok,100,bg33,169,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Root eaten to induce delirium which achieved supernatural power.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 169"
12210,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Plant caused hallucinations and made 'you drunk like from whisky.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
12216,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,183,Paiute,65,stew33,318,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,"Decoction of ground, soaked roots taken to have visions, especially visitations from the dead.","Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 318"
12217,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,183,Paiute,65,stew33,318,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Seeds eaten to see dead relatives.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 318"
12222,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,126,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Roots eaten to discover things or see things that could not be seen with ordinary powers.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 126"
12225,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,50,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Decoction of root taken to become unconscious and have visions.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
17733,1980,Ilex vomitoria Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"12, 62",2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Used to 'evoke ecstasies.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 12, 62"
21260,2271,Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.,205,Ponca,189,h65,48,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Dried flesh 'buttons' eaten to cause auditory and visual hallucinations.,"Howard, James, 1965, The Ponca Tribe, SI-BAE Bulletin #195, page 48"
21821,2369,Magnolia virginiana L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,28,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,"Leaves or bark placed in cupped hands, over nose and inhaled as 'mild dope.'","Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 28"
23044,2488,Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,334,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Root chewed by medicine man to induce visions while making a diagnosis.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 334"
23054,2489,Mirabilis multiflora var. multiflora,95,Hopi,37,w39,"31, 75",2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Roots chewed by doctor to induce visions while making diagnosis.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 31, 75"
23894,2584,Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,43,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Plant eaten to cause dreams.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
39757,3930,Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr‚m.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,67,2,Drug,153,Hallucinogen,Infusion of plant taken by medicine men 'to go crazy like coyotes.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 67"
37187,3588,Sarracenia purpurea L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,342,2,Drug,152,Dietary Aid,Plant used as a medicine for thirst.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 342"
40304,3957,Tiarella cordifolia L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,344,2,Drug,151,Dietary Aid,Infusion of roots and leaves given to fatten little children.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 344"
118,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a tan dye for buckskin.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
2238,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bulb skin used as a golden-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
2340,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2378,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to obtain a brown dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
2397,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2424,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2443,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark and twigs used as a brownish dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2444,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Powdered bark used as a tan dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants.  The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany.  Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material.  To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen.  This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight.  This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2527,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2548,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2588,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark boiled in water to make a brown dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2654,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,84,5,Dye,150,Brown,Used as a brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84"
2655,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,84,5,Dye,150,Brown,Used as a brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84"
4580,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,5,Dye,150,Brown,Berries used to make a gray-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
7135,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,5,Dye,150,Brown,Inner bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7261,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,5,Dye,150,Brown,Inner bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
8415,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8960,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction of root bark used as a brown dye for buckskin and wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
10929,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled to make an intense brown dye & used to color bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11032,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,36,5,Dye,150,Brown,Infusion of outer bark used to color leather from tan to brown.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
13194,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,157,Navajo,121,l86,19,5,Dye,150,Brown,Twigs and leaves boiled with alum and used as a light tan dye.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 19"
18176,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18184,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,150,Brown,Root bark used to make a brown dye which did not need a mordant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18218,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,150,Brown,Juice of nut husk used as a brown dye for deerskin shirts.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
18223,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Nut hulls used as best brown dye, because it was attained from the tree at any time of the year. Butternut was usually used in other combinations for brown and black colors.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
18238,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Nut hulls used as a golden brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
18239,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Young twigs used as a light brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
18249,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark, roots and husks used to make a brown dye.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18258,2034,Juglans nigra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a dark brown dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18320,2035,Juglans regia L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Nut hulls used as a golden brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
19330,2079,Krameria grayi Rose & Painter,193,Pima,11,c49,91,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dry roots ground, boiled in water and used as a brown dye for basket making.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 91"
19802,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,96,5,Dye,150,Brown,Plant used as a dark brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 96"
19842,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,5,Dye,150,Brown,Leaves used to make a beverage and also used as a brown dye material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
23082,2493,Mirabilis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Petals boiled and used as a light brown dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
23567,2557,Myrica gale L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,150,Brown,"In the fall, the branch tips grow into an abortive scale and boiled to yield a brown dye stuff.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
26769,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark soaked with cedar bark to darken the cedar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
31316,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used on fish nets as a light brown dye to make them invisible to the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31654,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,5,Dye,150,Brown,Pounded leaves and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
32336,3282,Quercus prinus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a tan dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32342,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark exudation used as a tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32563,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a light or dark brown dye for buckskin.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
35377,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dried, ground roots used as a brown dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35378,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,11,c49,51,5,Dye,150,Brown,Roots boiled and used to make a medium brown dye for yarn.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35410,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a brown dye for basket making.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
40939,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
41040,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41041,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
78,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,45,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Inner bark used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45"
332,8,Abies sp.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,169,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,"Leaves and fungus burned on coals, with or without sweet grass, and used to strengthen medicines.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 169"
1233,55,Acorus calamus L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,24,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Roots added to any decoction to improve medicinal action.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
3457,260,Angelica breweri Gray,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,"34, 35",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used as an adjuvant to improve flavor or amplify effect of medicines.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 34, 35"
3470,260,Angelica breweri Gray,276,Washo,12,tha41,"34, 35",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used as an adjuvant to improve flavor or amplify effect of medicines.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 34, 35"
4141,319,Aralia racemosa L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,203,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Split root used as a seasoner for other medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 203"
4599,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,138,Menominee,51,s23,35,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Dried leaves used as a seasoner to make certain female remedies taste good.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35"
5972,421,Asarum canadense L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,342,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root combined with other herbs to strengthen their action.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342"
5979,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,309,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,'Plant may be added to all kinds of medicine to make them stronger.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
6021,421,Asarum canadense L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,204,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Used as a seasoner and for sore throats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 204"
7091,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,44,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Infusion of twigs used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 44"
7227,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,358,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358"
7322,583,Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"43, 44",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Infusion of twigs used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 43, 44"
9073,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,49,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Soft bark used as cover for poultices of Trautvetteria grandis & Ranunculus acris.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49"
9623,915,Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.,138,Menominee,51,s23,35,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used as a seasoner to make female remedies taste good.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35"
9665,916,Chimaphila umbellata ssp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hult‚n,100,Iroquois,7,h77,408,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,"Plant mixed, as a medicine strengthener, with any medicine.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 408"
10044,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,213,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 213"
10048,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,51,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Fresh flower centers chewed to mask unpleasant flavors in medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 51"
10525,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,138,Menominee,51,s23,42,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used as a seasoner and potent medicine in childbirth.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 42"
11214,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,138,Menominee,51,s23,26,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Inner bark used 'with other herbs as a binder to cement the virtues of all.',"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 26"
12421,1279,Desmodium illinoense Gray,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,228,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant in combination with others used as a powerful medicine.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 228"
13141,1403,Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,68,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Twigs used in medicines 'to lessen disagreeable flavors.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 68"
13404,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,225,Sanpoil,44,r32,218,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Used as a drinking tube for medicine and used for giving medicine to infants.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 218"
14447,1579,Eupatorium maculatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"41, 42",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Section of stem used to blow or spray medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41, 42"
14547,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"41, 42",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Section of stem used to blow or spray medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41, 42"
15103,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,133,Makah,3,g83,286,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Bark mixed with crab apple bark to prevent the crab apple from constipating the user.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 286"
15254,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,138,Menominee,51,s23,43,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Inner bark used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 43"
15989,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Pods used to sweeten worm medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
15990,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,43,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Pods used to sweeten worm medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
19168,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,234,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Wood prepared in warm water and used as a seasoner for other medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 234"
20302,2188,Lilium philadelphicum L.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,245,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Roots used to strengthen other medicines.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 245"
20644,2221,Lobelia cardinalis L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,453,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant strengthened all medicines.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453"
22498,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,73,"Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut",187,o57,"22, 23",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used in the steambath for the pleasant odor.,"Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 22, 23"
22501,2423,Matricaria discoidea DC.,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,39,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plants added to sweatbath water container to impart fragrance.,"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 39"
22802,2445,Mentha spicata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"48, 49",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used to flavor medicine and foods.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48, 49"
22837,2442,Mentha ?piperita L. (pro sp.) [aquatica ? spicata],32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"48, 49",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used to flavor medicine and foods.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48, 49"
24297,2619,Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,37,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Dried leaves added to improve the flavor of wild tobacco.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37"
24939,2692,Osmorhiza berteroi DC.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,40,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used as an ingredient in all medicines.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 40"
25387,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,204,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Used chiefly as a seasoner to render other remedies powerful.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 204"
25397,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,41,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner in many powdered medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 41"
25413,2734,Panax sp.,59,Creek,128,swan28,656,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Healthful root added to many compounds.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 656"
28730,3039,Poliomintha incana (Torr.) Gray,48,Comanche,143,j68,7,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Leaves chewed by medicine woman retaining other drugs in her mouth to sweeten the taste.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 7"
28731,3039,Poliomintha incana (Torr.) Gray,48,Comanche,143,j68,7,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Used to increase the efficacy of other medicine plants.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 7"
30178,3159,Prunella vulgaris L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Used to flavor other medicines.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
30661,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,77,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Inner bark used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 77"
30959,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,238,Sioux,73,b05,19,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Wood used to make 'medicine-spoons' for use in ceremonial dog feasts.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
31109,3194,Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium,59,Creek,128,swan28,661,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Leaves added to medicines as a perfume.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 661"
31328,3203,Psilostrophe sparsiflora (Gray) A. Nels.,95,Hopi,82,c74,354,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used with other plants to make medicine stronger.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 354"
31424,3211,Ptelea trifoliata L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,51,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root bark used as a seasoner and to render other medicines potent.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51"
31426,3211,Ptelea trifoliata L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root often added to other medicines to make them potent.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244"
33825,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,40,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Trunk bark used as a seasoner to give flavor to medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 40"
34492,3453,Rubus idaeus L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,50,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 50"
34540,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,243,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner in medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 243"
34542,3454,Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,386,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Berries used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 386"
35811,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for colds and rheumatism.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
35990,3540,Salix melanopsis Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,22,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Poles used for framework of 'sweat tepee' for colds and rheumatism.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 22"
37016,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,44,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root often added to medicines to strengthen their effect.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 44"
37020,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,234,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Added to other medicines to strengthen their effect.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 234"
37965,3671,Sideroxylon sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,12,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,"Bark, leaves and wood mixed with other herbs to produce strong remedies.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 12"
38651,3773,Sphaeralcea coccinea ssp. coccinea,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,180,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,"Infusion of ground leaves, stems and roots mixed with other medicine to render it more palatable.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180"
39245,3880,Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"23, 24",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner with medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 23, 24"
39273,3885,Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude,138,Menominee,51,s23,56,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used as a seasoner to make various female remedies taste good.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 56"
39276,3885,Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,250,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Root used as a seasoner for other medicines because of the good smell.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 250"
39434,3901,Taxus baccata L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,264,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,'Put in all medicines to give them strength.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 264"
39891,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,46,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Inner bark used as a seasoner for enhancing medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 46"
39920,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"70, 71",2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Plant used as a seasoner for medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 70, 71"
40787,4031,Triteleia grandiflora Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Bulb used in medicine bag 'to make the bag more potent.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"
40909,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,408,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Leaves made into a tea and used as a beverage and to disguise medicine.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408"
40910,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,380,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Leaves used to flavor medicinal tea.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380"
42503,4093,Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,"Dried, powdered roots and leaves mixed with tobacco as a flavoring.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
42542,4095,Valeriana sitchensis Bong.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,495,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,"Dried, powdered roots and leaves mixed with tobacco as a flavoring.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
44333,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,51,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Infusion of berries used as a seasoner in medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51"
735,38,Achillea millefolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,"Leaves pounded, heated and used for breast abscesses.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
5957,421,Asarum canadense L.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,21,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of whole plant used as a wash for swollen breasts.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
6412,455,Asplenium rhizophyllum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Compound used for swollen breasts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
6413,455,Asplenium rhizophyllum L.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,3,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Decoction of whole plant rubbed on swollen breast.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 3"
6417,457,Asplenium trichomanes L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,34,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion taken for 'breast diseases' and 'acrid humors.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34"
8027,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,45,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of whole plant taken to strengthen the breasts.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 45"
8133,756,Carica papaya L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,43,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of fruit taken by mothers for dry breasts.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 43"
9195,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Plant milk and other ingredients taken for dry breasts.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
10351,1027,Clermontia arborescens (Mann) Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,30,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,"Milk and other plants mixed, poured into a sweet potato and eaten for restoring or producing milk.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 30"
10452,1046,Collinsonia canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Compound used for swollen breasts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
10453,1046,Collinsonia canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,53,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Decoction of plant applied for swollen breasts.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 53"
14541,1581,Eupatorium pilosum Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Used for 'breast complaints.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
15409,1675,Gaillardia aristata Pursh,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,76,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of plant rubbed on nursing mother's sore nipples.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76"
16742,1849,Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Compound used for swollen breasts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
17428,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Used for breast and womb problems.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
19783,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,42,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Poultice of leaves applied to cracked nipples.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 42"
20020,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,76,Flathead,30,h92,46,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Roots eaten for increased milk flow after childbirth.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 46"
21561,2333,Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,27,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of dried stems taken to increase milk flow.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 27"
22413,2417,Marrubium vulgare L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion used for 'breast complaints.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
22972,2465,Mertensia ciliata (James ex Torr.) G. Don,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,16,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of plant used to increase milk flow of mothers.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16"
24987,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,77,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of roots applied to swollen breasts.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 77"
25424,2735,Panax trifolius L.,32,Cherokee,115,t40,44,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of plant taken for breast pains.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 44"
25990,2831,Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,77,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Infusion of roots used to massage sore breasts with warm stones.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 77"
26226,2846,Petradoria pumila ssp. pumila,95,Hopi,82,c74,361,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Plant used for breast pain and to dry up flow of milk.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 361"
26405,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,230,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Poultice of bruised leaves used by women for infected breasts.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 230"
28348,2994,Plagiomnium insigne (Mitt.) Koponen,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Poultice of 'leaves' used for breast abscesses in women.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
28810,3048,Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Used for breast diseases.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
32820,3333,Rhizomnium glabrescens (Kindb.) Koponen,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,196,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Poultice of 'leaves' used for breast abscesses in women.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196"
36665,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,59,Creek,115,t40,58,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Poultice of pounded roots applied to swollen breasts.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
37579,3623,Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Decoction taken for nerves and compound used for breast pains.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
37588,3625,Scutellaria incana Biehler,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Decoction taken for nerves and compound used for breast pains.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
37593,3626,Scutellaria lateriflora L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Decoction taken for nerves and compound used for breast pains.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
42856,4108,Verbena hastata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,148,Breast Treatment,Taken as a tonic for breast complaints.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
1595,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Black stems used as hunting charms to bring good luck.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
1653,78,Aesculus pavia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Nut carried in the pocket for good luck.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
3344,249,Anemone cylindrica Gray,205,Ponca,17,g19,82,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Wooly fruits used as good luck charms when playing cards. They rubbed their hands in the smoke that resulted from burning some of the wooly fruits for good luck.  Some of the chewed fruit would work as well.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82"
3496,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots tied in small bundle and attached to the tail base or bridle for luck in horse racing.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3497,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used by ceremonialists to bless others with long life and good luck.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3498,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used for luck in games of chance.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3565,267,Angelica sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Carried about the person for good luck in gambling or hunting.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
3921,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,117,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Flower used as a good luck charm.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
3946,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,507,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used as a charm by both sexes 'to retain wealth and possessions.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 507"
3947,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,507,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used as a charm for good luck in gambling.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 507"
3948,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,247,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Whole plant kept by people as a good luck charm.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247"
4474,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
4607,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,38,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38"
5349,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,24,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used to cleanse a man entered in a horse race.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
7616,650,Bursera microphylla Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,48,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Sap used by players of peon, a popular gambling game, to acquire 'power.'","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 48"
10586,1065,Conopholis alpina var. mexicana (Gray ex S. Wats.) Haynes,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried plant used to rub the ground before the race to make runner more swift footed.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
10909,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used as a good luck charm.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
12146,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Vial of the plant carried for 'good luck.',"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
12221,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,183,Paiute,65,stew33,318,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Seeds eaten for good luck while gambling and enabled the eater to guess correctly in the hand game.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 318"
12269,1246,Daucus pusillus Michx.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,372,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used as a talisman in gambling.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 372"
12642,1321,Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte,259,Thompson,33,steed28,506,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Flowers used as a charm 'to obtain wealth & to make people give presents.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 506"
13275,1417,Epilobium sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,506,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used as an 'especially efficacious' charm for good luck in gambling.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 506"
13727,1470,Erigeron divergens Torr. & Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,60,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant considered an omen of good fortune and brought into the home.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60"
14569,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Flowering tops used as a good luck talisman for gambling.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
14580,1585,Euphorbia brachycera Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Root tasted, rubbed on the clothing so that opponents smell it and used for good luck in gambling.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
15400,1672,Fucus gardneri Silva,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,51,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plants rubbed on body until receptacles broke by whalers for good luck in hunting.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51"
15441,1677,Gaillardia pulchella Foug.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,60,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Flowers believed to bring luck.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60"
16395,1794,Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I.M. Johnston,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,"40, 41",3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaves and pollen used various ways for good luck in gambling and trading.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40, 41"
18483,2054,Juniperus communis L.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,314,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant rubbed on the back for good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 314"
18496,2054,Juniperus communis L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used as a 'good luck' smoke for hunters.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18685,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaves chewed and spat out for better luck.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
19059,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,92,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Tree used to bring good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
20016,2158,Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) B.L. Robins.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,507,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used as a charm for good luck in gambling.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 507"
20618,2219,Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,91,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant rubbed on fishing line for good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
20743,2232,Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance,287,Yuki,46,c57i,44,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root bits placed in pockets for good luck in gambling.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... I. Historical Review and Medicinal Plants, The Masterkey 31:40-48, page 44"
21062,2254,Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Fruits stuffed into a porcupine foot and tied on a young girl's hair as a good luck charm.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
21664,2337,Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John,209,Quileute,25,g73,22,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaves placed under canoe bow pieces to make seals easier to catch.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22"
22044,2378,Maianthemum canadense Desf.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,121,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root used as a good luck charm to win a game.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121"
22545,2430,Melia azedarach L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,98,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Fruits used as good luck charm beads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"
22547,2430,Melia azedarach L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,98,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Fruits used as good luck charm beads.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"
23159,2495,Mitella diphylla L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,345,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of whole plants used as body and rifle wash to counteract bad luck.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 345"
24302,2620,Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner,102,Jemez,28,c30,25,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root carried by deer hunters as a charm.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
24402,2638,Onosmodium molle ssp. hispidissimum (Mackenzie) Boivin,38,Chippewa,4,d28,376,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Seeds used as a love charm and to attract money and worldly goods.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
24472,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Bark used for the acquisition of luck by hunters, fishers and shamanistic initiates.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24473,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used by bathing black bear and brought observer good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24474,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used to bring good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24947,2692,Osmorhiza berteroi DC.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant growing in a place where it had never been seen before was very good luck.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
25349,2733,Panax quinquefolius L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,137,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root considered a good luck charm if carried in the pocket.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
25780,2789,Pellaea mucronata ssp. mucronata,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,28,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Rhizome pieces scattered about the home to keep animals & enemies away & encourage friends to visit.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 28"
26878,2933,Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,100,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Tree and red cedar tree provided good luck and wishes for those who asked for it.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100"
26961,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,118,Koyukon,158,n83,50,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Golden needles conferred good luck to those who found them.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
27131,2936,Picea pungens Engelm.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,60,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Twig bits given as presents to bring good luck.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60"
27352,2948,Pinguicula vulgaris L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,106,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Dried roots kept for good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
28547,3011,Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Luer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,506,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant used in a wash by both sexes 'to obtain riches and property.',"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 506"
28548,3011,Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Luer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,506,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Plant used in wash to make young men 'lucky, good looking and sweet smelling.'","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 506"
31225,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,259,Thompson,10,tta90,107,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Boughs used as scrubbers by boys and girls at puberty because it would bring good luck. The branches were boiled for good luck and good health, either to drink or used as a wash.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 107"
31258,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Warmed cones used as charms to stop the rain.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31264,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,19,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Cones placed near the fire and used as charms to bring sunshine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31275,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,105,Karok,71,sg52,379,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Boughs considered 'good luck.',"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379"
33892,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
33924,3417,Rosa acicularis Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant asked 'for good luck.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34005,3426,Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34060,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34096,3427,Rosa nutkana K. Presl,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant asked 'for good luck.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34136,3431,Rosa pisocarpa Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant asked 'for good luck.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
34213,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,131,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing lines and nets to obtain good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
34255,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,267,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Plant asked 'for good luck.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267"
37071,3576,Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,373,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Roots chewed, rubbed on the body and used for good luck in gambling.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 373"
37868,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,99,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Infusion of branches taken to bring good luck.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99"
37927,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,209,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of leafless branches taken by hunters to clean out their insides for good luck. The decoction was said to clean the hunters' insides.  The hunters also used the decoction to wash themselves and their gear.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209"
38397,3734,Solidago canadensis L.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,50,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Used as a charm for success in gambling.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50"
40274,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,10,tta90,94,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root 'doll formation' considered to bring good luck to anyone who found it.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 94"
40484,3975,Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaf chewed and given to opponent to insure good luck in gambling.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
40970,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,180,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Boughs rubbed on the body for luck on hunting expeditions.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41283,4049,Typha latifolia L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,14,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Leaves used to make mats hung up in the hogan to bring rain.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14"
41675,4056,Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,59,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,"Leaves burned, to take bad luck away, in the house or the smoke waved over people as they leave.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59"
42570,4097,Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & Gray) Rydb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,57,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root held in mouth while arguing to keep opponent from winning argument.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 57"
42644,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,21,Bella Coola,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used for luck.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42668,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,78,Gitksan,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Root pieces carried as amulets for luck in hunting and gambling.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42677,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used as amulets for luck.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42678,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,86,Haisla,165,ga88,26,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Roots used as amulets for luck.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26"
42691,4105,Veratrum viride Ait.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,201,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Decoction of plant and devil's club used as a wash for areas occupied by corpse to give good luck.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 201"
43191,4139,Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,362,3,Other,147,Good Luck Charm,Small bunch of roots kept in the pocket for good luck while gambling.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 362"
452,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
498,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
556,27,Acer negundo L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,4,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Large trunk burls or knots used to make drums.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
2534,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2562,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make rattles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
5920,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,'Joint of reed' used to make flutes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5930,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Plant used to make flutes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
5939,419,Arundinaria sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,29,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Large stems used as flutes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
5942,420,Arundo donax L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,102,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
7295,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drums.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7296,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drumss.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7947,719,Canna flaccida Salisb.,228,Seminole,88,s54,503,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Plant used to make rattle pellets.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503"
8178,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Ribs with shallow, close-spaced notches used as soft rattles for certain songs.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
11036,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,60,Crow,30,h92,21,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Branches used to make drumsticks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
11189,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used for drumming sticks.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
11226,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Crooked stick with an enlarged base made the favorite drum stick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
11674,1163,Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Shell dried and used as a sounding board for musical rasps.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
13332,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,57,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Plant used for whistles.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
15981,1749,Glaucothea armata O. F. Cook,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Seeds used in gourd rattles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
16795,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems used to make children's flutes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
16803,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,40,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Hollow stems made into whistles and used for romantic purposes at night.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 40"
17342,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
18819,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood strips used for drum frames.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18965,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,5,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make courting flutes.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5"
19064,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood used to make drums.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
19163,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.'","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
19236,2066,Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,13,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.'","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
19410,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,115,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19413,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,244,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Rinds used to make rattles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 244"
19420,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used as rattles.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19421,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used as trumpets or megaphones to represent the bellowing of the plumed serpent in ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19425,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,96,Houma,49,speck41,62,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Used for drums and rattles.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 62"
19431,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,115,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19443,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Fruits dried, freed of seeds and pulp and used as rattles.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
19450,2090,Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,115,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19681,2102,Larrea tridentata var. tridentata,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Wood thrust through gourd rattles and used as the handles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
20531,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Strung acorns twirled in a special way to make music.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
24360,2633,Olneya tesota Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,"Concave sticks with far-spaced, deep notches used as loud rattles for scraping stick songs.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"