id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
118,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,115,Klamath,66,c97,88,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a tan dye for buckskin.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88"
661,34,Acer saccharinum L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used in tanning leather. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water.  A clay which contained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with the boiled twig and bark water.  Tanned hides were soaked in this solution for two or three days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time resulted in a brownish color and for a longer time resulted in black.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
662,34,Acer saccharinum L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,100,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used to color tanned hides.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
666,34,Acer saccharinum L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,100,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used to color tanned hides. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water.  A clay which contained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with the boiled twig and bark water.  Tanned hides were soaked in this solution for two or three days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time resulted in a brownish color and for a longer time resulted in black.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100"
1018,42,Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,5,Dye,121,Green,Leaves used to make a green dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
1226,55,Acorus calamus L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,131,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Plant used with bloodroot as a mordant in dyeing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131"
1754,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,5,Dye,,,Burned stalk ash used as a dye for tattoos.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
2086,140,Allium cepa L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,104,5,Dye,121,Green,Bulb peelings used as a green dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 104"
2087,140,Allium cepa L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,104,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bulb peelings used as a yellow dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 104"
2238,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bulb skin used as a golden-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
2270,160,Allium sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,5,Dye,121,Green,Used for a green dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
2325,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Inner bark used to make yellow dye.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
2328,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2329,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2334,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
2335,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark boiled to make a bright red dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
2336,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,38,Chippewa,4,d28,371,5,Dye,136,Red,Inner bark boiled with other inter barks and bloodroot and used to make a red dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371"
2337,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,38,Chippewa,4,d28,373,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Inner bark pounded, steeped and boiled to make a yellow dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 373"
2340,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2341,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Decoction of inner bark used as a reddish orange dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2342,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Infusion of inner bark used as a reddish brown dye for hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2343,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used to darken hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2344,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Infusion of bark applied to darken birch bark used to make baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2345,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Decoction of catkins used as a yellow dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2348,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,76,Flathead,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2349,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,76,Flathead,30,h92,5,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a flaming red hair dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2350,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,76,Flathead,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2354,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,120,Kutenai,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2355,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,120,Kutenai,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2361,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and cloth or material immersed in boiling liquid as a reddish brown dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
2367,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,136,Red,"Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants.  The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany.  Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material.  To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen.  This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight.  This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2368,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2369,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2371,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Inner bark used for dyeing light yellow or with other ingredients for red, red brown or black.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
2378,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to obtain a brown dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
2379,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to obtain a red dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
2383,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,59,5,Dye,,,Used for buckskin dye.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 59"
2397,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2398,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Decoction of inner bark used as a reddish orange dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2399,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Infusion of inner bark used as a reddish brown dye for hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2400,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used to darken hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2401,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Infusion of bark applied to darken birch bark used to make baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2402,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Decoction of catkins used as a yellow dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2412,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to dye deerskin and other skins a reddish brown.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2419,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,5,Dye,193,Orange,Decoction of inner bark used to make a orange dye.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
2420,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Decoction of inner bark used to make a red-brown dye.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
2424,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction or infusion of inner bark used to wash and restore the brown color of old moccasins.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2425,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Decoction of inner bark used as a reddish orange dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2426,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Infusion of inner bark used as a reddish brown dye for hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2427,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used to darken hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2428,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Infusion of bark applied to darken birch bark used to make baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2429,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Decoction of catkins used as a yellow dye for quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2436,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,101,Isleta,76,j31,21,5,Dye,136,Red,"Root bark, mountain mahogany root bark and wild plum root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
2437,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark, mountain mahogany bark and birch bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
2439,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,5,Dye,136,Red,Soaked bark rubbed on buckskin as a red dye.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
2440,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,5,Dye,193,Orange,Fresh or dried bark boiled and used as an orange dye for coloring horse hair ropes and cinches.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
2441,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,5,Dye,193,Orange,Decoction of inner bark used as an orange dye.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2443,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark and twigs used as a brownish dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2444,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Powdered bark used as a tan dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants.  The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany.  Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material.  To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen.  This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight.  This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2445,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,136,Red,"Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants.  The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany.  Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material.  To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen.  This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight.  This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
2446,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to dye buckskin a reddish-brown color.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
2451,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,87,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark and wood used to make red and brown dyes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
2453,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,38,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark dried, finely ground, boiled, cooled and used as a red dye for deerskin.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"
2456,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,291,Zuni,6,s15,80,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to dye deerskin reddish-brown.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80"
2457,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,5,Dye,,,Juice used as a dye.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
2459,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,5,Dye,,,"Inner bark dried, ground, mixed with flour and water and used as a dye.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2473,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,332,5,Dye,,,Fresh bark used as a dye to color basket material and deerskins.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2480,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,273,Wailaki,89,c02,332,5,Dye,136,Red,Fresh bark formerly chewed and used as a red dye to color fishermen's bodies for successful fishing.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2482,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a red dye for cedar bark.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
2508,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,5,Dye,136,Red,"Boiled, steeped bark used as a red dye for cedar bark and other items.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2526,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2527,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2528,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark used to make an orange dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2529,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,296,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a red dye.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2535,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,129,Lummi,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2548,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2549,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,79,5,Dye,136,Red,Formerly used to make red basket dyes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
2550,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,5,Dye,136,Red,Infusion of crushed bark used to make different shades of red dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2558,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used to make a red dye.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2567,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2569,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2572,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Bark boiled to make a reddish brown dye and used to color fish nets, baskets, canoes and head rings.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2579,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2588,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark boiled in water to make a brown dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2589,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark boiled in water to make a red dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items. The dye was used to color mountain goat wool and other cloth and to deepen the color of basket materials such as bitter cherry bark.  Skins were tanned and dyed simultaneously by soaking them in a cooled solution of the bark.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2590,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,501,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark used as a red dye.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501"
2592,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,16,5,Dye,,,Bark used to dye fibers.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2594,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,5,Dye,136,Red,Inner bark chewed and used as a dull red dye.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
2595,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,289,Yurok,70,b81,16,5,Dye,,,Bark used to dye fibers.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2619,174,Alnus sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,72,5,Dye,108,Black,Used as a black dye for fish nets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72"
2621,174,Alnus sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark used to make an orange dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
2633,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,5,Dye,,,Bark used to make a dye.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
2637,174,Alnus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark steeped in water for an orange dye to color moccasins and to decorate knife handles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
2647,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark soaked in water to make a rusty orange dye used to color tanned skins.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
2651,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to make a red tan dye.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
2654,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,84,5,Dye,150,Brown,Used as a brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84"
2655,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,84,5,Dye,150,Brown,Used as a brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84"
2660,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,87,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark and wood used to make red and brown dyes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
2664,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,5,Dye,,,Inner bark boiled and liquid used as a dye or soaked bark rubbed directly onto article to be dyed.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2673,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,5,Dye,,,Bark used for dying reindeer skins.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
2737,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,5,Dye,136,Red,Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
2738,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,5,Dye,136,Red,Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
2739,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,95,Hopi,82,c74,283,5,Dye,,,Flowers used to color piki.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 283"
3316,243,Andropogon virginicus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Stems, alone or with onion peels, used to make a yellow dye.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
4580,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,5,Dye,150,Brown,Berries used to make a gray-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
4743,361,Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,29,5,Dye,,,Leaf ash used under the skin for tattooing.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 29"
4744,361,Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey,125,Lakota,108,r80,53,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used as a yellow dye for arrows.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 53"
5267,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,5,Dye,121,Green,Leaves used to make a green dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
5543,404,Artemisia sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Leaves used to make a soft yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5903,416,Aruncus dioicus var. vulgaris (Maxim.) Hara,133,Makah,3,g83,261,5,Dye,,,Roots used to make dye.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 261"
5946,420,Arundo donax L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Pollen used as a yellow dye.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
6401,452,Asplenium horridum Kaulfuss,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,14,5,Dye,136,Red,Juice used as a red dye.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 14"
6432,459,Aster sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,5,Dye,,,Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
6616,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,37,w39,73,5,Dye,55,Blue,Ashes used to maintain the blue coloring in blue corn meal.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73"
6617,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,292,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
6627,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Leaves and twigs used in coloring wool yellow.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
6643,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,5,Dye,136,Red,Leaf and twig ash used to intensify red color of buckskin dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
6644,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Young leaves and twigs used to dye wool yellow.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
6648,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,257,Tewa,82,c74,292,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
6675,507,Atriplex garrettii Rydb.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Whole plant used to make a yellow dye and set with bitter alum.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
6715,513,Atriplex rosea L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,5,Dye,108,Black,Used as a black dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
6978,553,Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,5,Dye,55,Blue,Used to make a blue dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
6991,556,Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,5,Dye,55,Blue,Used as a blue dye.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
6992,556,Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,5,Dye,55,Blue,Used to make a blue dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
7008,556,Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,235,5,Dye,,,Plant used in the native coloring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235"
7028,562,Bazzania trilobata (L.) S. F. Gray.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used as a yellow dye.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7133,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,102,Jemez,28,c30,21,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark, mountain mahogany bark and alder bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21"
7135,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,5,Dye,150,Brown,Inner bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7162,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,370,5,Dye,136,Red,"Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370"
7231,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,136,Red,Innermost bark boiled to extract a reddish dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
7261,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,5,Dye,150,Brown,Inner bark used to make a brown dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
8067,741,Carex exsiccata Bailey,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used as black dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
8250,760,Carthamus tinctorius L.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,167,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers used to color bread yellow for certain dances.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167"
8415,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8467,787,Castilleja integra Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8475,787,Castilleja integra Gray,291,Zuni,6,s15,80,5,Dye,108,Black,Root bark used with minerals to color deerskin black.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80"
8500,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8520,792,Castilleja minor (Gray) Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8522,794,Castilleja parviflora Bong.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8532,797,Castilleja sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,5,Dye,,,Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color and shine.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
8533,797,Castilleja sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers used as a yellow dye for arrow feathers.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
8535,797,Castilleja sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Blossoms used to make a red-tan dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
8785,822,Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Leaves and branches boiled into a dark brown or red dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
8857,836,Cerasus crenulata Greene.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,5,Dye,161,Purple,Roots used to color wool purple.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
8897,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,5,Dye,136,Red,Inner bark used as a red dye for buckskin.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
8940,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,101,Isleta,76,j31,25,5,Dye,136,Red,"Root bark, alder root bark and wild plum root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
8941,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark, alder bark and birch bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
8943,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,35,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used as a red dye for buckskin.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
8960,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,5,Dye,150,Brown,Decoction of root bark used as a brown dye for buckskin and wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
8961,842,Cercocarpus montanus Raf.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,30,5,Dye,136,Red,Used as a red dye for baskets.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30"
8986,844,Cercocarpus sp.,108,Keresan,90,w45,562,5,Dye,136,Red,Used to make a red dye for staining moccasins.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562"
9483,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,5,Dye,136,Red,Fruit heads used as rouge to paint on clan marks or to heighten the color of cheeks and lips.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
9485,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,5,Dye,136,Red,"Calyx crushed and red stain used on the face, body, clothes, wood and skins.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
9797,934,Chrysothamnus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used as a yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
9800,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,302,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Blossoms used as a yellow dye for wools and cotton yarn.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 302"
9805,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,84,5,Dye,193,Orange,"Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a light-orange dye for leather, wool and basketry.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84"
9806,935,Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,84,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a yellow dye for leather, wool and basketry.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84"
10301,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,101,Isleta,76,j31,26,5,Dye,,,Roots formerly used to make a dye.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
10419,1033,Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,5,Dye,,,"Mashed, blue, berry like fruits used as a dye or stain. Large quantities of the fruits had to be used in order for the dye or stain to be effective.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
10487,1051,Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl,17,Arapaho,139,n66,50,5,Dye,55,Blue,Area next to the root bark used as a blue dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
10579,1063,Conocarpus erectus L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,5,Dye,,,Plant used as a buckskin dye.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
10641,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,374,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Long, slender roots used to make a bright yellow dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374"
10642,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,130,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a yellow dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 130"
10675,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Golden-colored roots added to other plant dyes to emphasize the yellow color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
10676,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,173,Ojibwa,170,j35,114,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots boiled to obtain a yellow dye.,"Jenness, Diamond, 1935, The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life, National Museums of Canada Bulletin #78, Anthropological Series #17, page 114"
10681,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,122,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots cooked with the cloth to dye an indelible yellow.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122"
10723,1081,Coreopsis sp.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,5,Dye,136,Red,Whole plant used to give a red coloring.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
10725,1082,Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,59,5,Dye,136,Red,Used to make a red dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
10727,1083,Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,136,Red,"Used as a dark, rich red dye.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
10733,1083,Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria,291,Zuni,6,s15,80,5,Dye,136,Red,Blossoms used with other flowers as a mahogany red dye for yarn.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80"
10928,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark & fir bark boiled into a black dye & used to dye bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
10929,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled to make an intense brown dye & used to color bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
11023,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
11024,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,38,Chippewa,4,d28,370,5,Dye,136,Red,"Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370"
11025,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,38,Chippewa,4,d28,370,5,Dye,136,Red,"Outer bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370"
11026,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,38,Chippewa,4,d28,374,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used with bloodroot and wild plum to make a yellow dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374"
11027,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used as a dye.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
11032,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,36,5,Dye,150,Brown,Infusion of outer bark used to color leather from tan to brown.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
11185,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Boiled with butternut to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
11186,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,"Burs boiled with inner bark of bur oak, added to black earth and butternut and used as a black dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
11222,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Seed hulls and butternut boiled together and the hull tannic acid sat the black butternut color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
11293,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,259,Thompson,33,steed28,501,5,Dye,55,Blue,Roots used to make a bluish dye.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501"
11594,1161,Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,57,5,Dye,,,Yellow blossoms used as a dye.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
11791,1174,Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy,190,Pawnee,17,g19,110,5,Dye,193,Orange,Boiled vines used as an orange dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 110"
11802,1178,Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,5,Dye,136,Red,Seeds used to produce a pink dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
11963,1214,Dahlia pinnata Cav.,157,Navajo,74,e44,85,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Roots and flowers used as a yellow-orange dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 85"
12084,1239,Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used as a red dye.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
12085,1239,Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used as a yellow dye.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
12086,1239,Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill.,105,Karok,71,sg52,386,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used as a yellow dye.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386"
12090,1239,Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used as a yellow dye.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
12282,1247,Delphinium bicolor Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,5,Dye,55,Blue,Flowers used as a light blue dye for quills.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
12296,1252,Delphinium menziesii DC.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,5,Dye,55,Blue,Flowers used as a blue dye for clothing.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
12299,1254,Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz ex Walp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,119,5,Dye,55,Blue,Flowers used to make a blue stain for coloring arrows and other items.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119"
12312,1257,Delphinium scaposum Greene,157,Navajo,74,e44,47,5,Dye,55,Blue,Petals used to make blue dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47"
12320,1259,Delphinium sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,55,Blue,Flower blossoms used to make a blue dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
12648,1323,Dodecatheon pulchellum ssp. pulchellum,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,117,5,Dye,136,Red,Flowers mashed and smeared on arrows to color them pink.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
13194,1407,Ephedra viridis Coville,157,Navajo,121,l86,19,5,Dye,150,Brown,Twigs and leaves boiled with alum and used as a light tan dye.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 19"
13290,1421,Equisetum arvense L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,112,5,Dye,136,Red,Crushed stems used as a light pink dye for porcupine quills.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112"
13596,1449,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. consimilis var. oreophila (A. Nels.) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark used to obtain a green dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13597,1449,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. consimilis var. oreophila (A. Nels.) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Yellow flowers used to make a yellow dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13600,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Blossoms used as a yellow dye.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
13614,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers and buds boiled overnight and used as a yellow dye for basket material.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
13615,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,49,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers used as a yellow dye for wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49"
13620,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,45,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers boiled to make a yellow dye for woolen yarn.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
13622,1450,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird,291,Zuni,6,s15,80,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Blossoms used to make a yellow dye.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80"
13624,1451,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. glabrata (Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark used to obtain a green dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13625,1451,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. glabrata (Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Yellow flowers used to make a yellow dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13627,1451,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. glabrata (Gray) Nesom & Baird,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,5,Dye,121,Green,"Immature flowers, leaves or green bark boiled with heated alum and used as a green dye for wool.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
13628,1451,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. glabrata (Gray) Nesom & Baird,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Mature flowering tops boiled with heated alum and used as a yellow dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
13630,1452,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. hololeuca (Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark used to obtain a green dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13631,1452,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. hololeuca (Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Yellow flowers used to make a yellow dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13636,1453,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. latisquamea (Gray) Nesom & Baird,157,Navajo,74,e44,83,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Twigs and flowers used as a yellow dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83"
13650,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark used to make green dye.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
13651,1454,Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa,95,Hopi,82,c74,303,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers used as yellow dye.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303"
13698,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark used to obtain a green dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13699,1459,Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird,95,Hopi,37,w39,95,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Yellow flowers used to make a yellow dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95"
13962,1497,Eriogonum annuum Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,24,5,Dye,,,Leaves rubbed on buffalo or deer hides in the process of staining and tanning.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 24"
13967,1497,Eriogonum annuum Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,54,5,Dye,263,White,"Blossoms, brains, liver or gall and spleen rubbed into hides to bleach them.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 54"
14648,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,113,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Plant pieces used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
14649,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,12,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Used for making clothing, bedding, yellow dye and yellow paint.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
14653,1599,Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius,259,Thompson,33,steed28,501,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used to make a bright yellow dye.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501"
15127,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark boiled and used as a green dye for mountain-goat wool.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
15241,1659,Fraxinus nigra Marsh.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,139,5,Dye,55,Blue,Bark used to make a blue dye in a manner similar to that of blue ash.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139"
15489,1684,Galium boreale L.,54,Cree,146,j87,53,5,Dye,136,Red,Decoction of roots used as a red dye for porcupine quills.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53"
15491,1684,Galium boreale L.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,5,Dye,136,Red,Root used as a red dye and set with alum.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
15514,1689,Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,254,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used to make a red dye for porcupine quills.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 254"
15562,1700,Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,68,5,Dye,108,Black,Used to make a black dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 68"
15633,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries rubbed over basket caps as a black stain.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
15656,1703,Gaultheria shallon Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,104,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Infusion of leaves used as a greenish-yellow dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
16312,1786,Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby,157,Navajo,74,e44,86,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Tops used to make a yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86"
16369,1791,Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch,61,Dakota,17,g19,89,5,Dye,108,Black,"Root sometimes used with another component to make a black dye. The root was not very highly esteemed for making a dye and alone was considered useless, but was occasionally used with another component to make a black dye.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89"
16596,1821,Helianthus annuus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,5,Dye,136,Red,"Outer seed coatings boiled and used as a dull, dark red dye.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
16680,1833,Helianthus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,97,5,Dye,108,Black,Seeds used to make a black textile and basketry dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97"
16681,1833,Helianthus sp.,95,Hopi,37,w39,97,5,Dye,161,Purple,Seeds used to make a purple dye for basketry and textiles.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97"
16684,1833,Helianthus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,2,5,Dye,108,Black,Seeds used to make a black dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 2"
16685,1833,Helianthus sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,2,5,Dye,161,Purple,Seeds used to make a purple dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 2"
16772,1850,Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,123,5,Dye,,,Roots used to make a dye for mats and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123"
16841,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,387,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387"
17047,1867,Heuchera bracteata (Torr.) Ser.,157,Navajo,74,e44,52,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Stems used to make a pinkish tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52"
17079,1870,Heuchera cylindrica var. glabella (Torr. & Gray) Wheelock,23,Blackfoot,139,n66,47,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Root added to dye baths to set the color in native dress.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
17295,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots boiled with basket weeds as a yellow dye.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
17301,1901,Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,209,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots boiled to make a yellow dye.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 209"
17508,1928,Hydrastis canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,5,Dye,,,Used to make a dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
17580,1945,Hymenopappus filifolius var. pauciflorus (I.M. Johnston) B.L. Turner,95,Hopi,82,c74,326,5,Dye,,,Used for dye.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 326"
17594,1950,Hymenoxys cooperi (Gray) Cockerell,95,Hopi,82,c74,329,5,Dye,,,Used for a dye.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 329"
17600,1951,Hymenoxys hoopesii (Gray) Bierner,157,Navajo,74,e44,87,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Crushed flowers boiled with juniper ash and used as a yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87"
17609,1953,Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker,157,Navajo,74,e44,88,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers used as a yellow dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88"
17714,1977,Ilex opaca Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,5,Dye,,,Berries used to make a dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
17755,1981,Impatiens capensis Meerb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Whole plant used to make an orange yellow dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
17770,1981,Impatiens capensis Meerb.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Whole plant used to make a yellow dye, the material boiled in the mixture with rusty nails.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
17781,1981,Impatiens capensis Meerb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,5,Dye,193,Orange,Material placed in pot of boiling plant juice to dye it orange.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
17782,1981,Impatiens capensis Meerb.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,116,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Material placed in pot of boiling plant juice to dye it yellow.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116"
17916,1996,Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata,95,Hopi,82,c74,321,5,Dye,,,Plant used for dye.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 321"
18053,2012,Iris setosa Pallas ex Link,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,5,Dye,,,Petals made into a dye & used for staining strands of grass for weaving colored patterns on baskets.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
18056,2013,Iris sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,5,Dye,121,Green,Used to make a green dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
18175,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,108,Black,Young roots used to make a black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18176,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a brown dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18181,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Boiled with hazel to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
18182,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Inner bark and a little of the root boiled with black earth and ochre to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
18183,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
18184,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,150,Brown,Root bark used to make a brown dye which did not need a mordant.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18217,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark boiled with blue clay to obtain a deep black color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
18218,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,150,Brown,Juice of nut husk used as a brown dye for deerskin shirts.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
18223,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Nut hulls used as best brown dye, because it was attained from the tree at any time of the year. Butternut was usually used in other combinations for brown and black colors.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
18228,2032,Juglans hindsii (Jepson) Jepson ex R.E. Sm.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,117,5,Dye,108,Black,Nut husk used in dying bulrush root a black color for making basket design.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 117"
18236,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,97,Hualapai,127,w82,13,5,Dye,,,Nut shells boiled and used as a dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 13"
18238,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Nut hulls used as a golden brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
18239,2033,Juglans major (Torr.) Heller,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Young twigs used as a light brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
18249,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark, roots and husks used to make a brown dye.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18250,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,5,Dye,121,Green,Leaves used to make a green dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
18257,2034,Juglans nigra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18258,2034,Juglans nigra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a dark brown dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
18262,2034,Juglans nigra L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18263,2034,Juglans nigra L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
18297,2034,Juglans nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,20,5,Dye,228,Blue-Black,"Roots boiled to make a bluish, black dye for buffalo hides.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 20"
18302,2034,Juglans nigra L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,271,5,Dye,108,Black,Wood and bark charred to make the best black dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271"
18304,2034,Juglans nigra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18308,2034,Juglans nigra L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18311,2034,Juglans nigra L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18317,2034,Juglans nigra L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,74,5,Dye,108,Black,Nuts used to make a black dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18320,2035,Juglans regia L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Nut hulls used as a golden brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
18381,2047,Juncus mexicanus Willd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,121,Green,Roots used as green dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
18618,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,46,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Whole plant ash added to various dye baths as a mordant.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
18619,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,46,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Whole plant used to make a yellow dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
18655,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,5,Dye,121,Green,Green twigs rubbed on moccasins as a green dye.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
18674,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark and berries used as a green dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
18700,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,5,Dye,,,Needle ashes burned on rocks or in a pan and used as an ingredient for buckskin dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
18773,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,5,Dye,136,Red,"Wood ash, mountain mahogany and black alder used as a red dye for buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
19111,2063,Juniperus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,17,5,Dye,,,"Bark, berries and twigs used for dye purposes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 17"
19145,2064,Juniperus virginiana L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,371,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to make a mahogany colored dye for coloring cedar strips in mats.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371"
19312,2078,Krameria erecta Willd. ex J.A. Schultes,188,Papago,27,cu35,69,5,Dye,136,Red,"Roots peeled, cut, split, boiled and used as a red dye for buckskins.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69"
19313,2078,Krameria erecta Willd. ex J.A. Schultes,188,Papago,27,cu35,48,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used as a red dye for garments.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 48"
19314,2078,Krameria erecta Willd. ex J.A. Schultes,188,Papago,27,cu35,60,5,Dye,136,Red,Used to dye cotton red.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 60"
19330,2079,Krameria grayi Rose & Painter,193,Pima,11,c49,91,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dry roots ground, boiled in water and used as a brown dye for basket making.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 91"
19802,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,96,5,Dye,150,Brown,Plant used as a dark brown dye for wool.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 96"
19842,2125,Ledum groenlandicum Oeder,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,5,Dye,150,Brown,Leaves used to make a beverage and also used as a brown dye material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
19986,2153,Letharia vulpina,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,3,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Boiled in water and used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 3"
19987,2153,Letharia vulpina,105,Karok,70,b81,34,5,Dye,,,Used as a dye for porcupine quills.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
19988,2153,Letharia vulpina,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,49,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Thalli used to make a yellow dye.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 49"
19989,2153,Letharia vulpina,289,Yurok,70,b81,34,5,Dye,,,Used as a dye for porcupine quills.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
20069,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,8,5,Dye,108,Black,"Plants tied in bunches, burned, ash mixed in blood and used as a permanent black dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 8"
20070,2160,Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. L”ve,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,5,Dye,,,Used to make a dye.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
20494,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,5,Dye,,,Bark used to prepare dye.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
20536,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,35,5,Dye,,,Bark used to dye baskets and fishing nets so the fish could not see them.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20555,2215,Lithospermum caroliniense (Walt. ex J.F. Gmel.) MacM.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,371,5,Dye,136,Red,Dried or pulverized roots boiled and used to make a red dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371"
20572,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,5,Dye,55,Blue,Roots used to make a blue dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
20577,2216,Lithospermum incisum Lehm.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,5,Dye,161,Purple,Root used to produce a violet colored dye.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
21113,2259,Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,196,5,Dye,108,Black,Stems used as a black dye for bitter cherry.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196"
21167,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,63,5,Dye,161,Purple,Mashed berries boiled to make a purple paint.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
21185,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,133,Makah,3,g83,317,5,Dye,,,Fruit used as a dye for basketry materials.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 317"
21332,2295,Lupinus lyallii Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,57,5,Dye,55,Blue,Flowers used to make a blue dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57"
21333,2295,Lupinus lyallii Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,57,5,Dye,121,Green,Used to make a green dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57"
21503,2322,Lycopodium complanatum L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,16,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Whole plant used as a mordant to set certain dyes.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 16"
21740,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,23,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Outer portion of the roots yielded a yellow dye.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23"
21745,2355,Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,193,Pima,11,c49,83,5,Dye,,,Inner wood and large roots formerly used as dyes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 83"
21824,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,30,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a yellow dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21834,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,133,Makah,3,g83,254,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots or possibly the leaves used for yellow dye.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 254"
21839,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bark scrapings steeped and used as a yellow dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
21845,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,85,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Stem and root inner bark used as bright yellow dye for basket materials, wool and porcupine quills.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 85"
21847,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,78,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Root bark shredded, boiled and used as a yellow dye for basketry.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 78"
21858,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,241,Skagit,25,g73,30,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a yellow dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21861,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,30,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a yellow dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21875,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,187,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Outer bark boiled to make a bright yellow dye used for basket materials.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 187"
21879,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,38,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Root used to dye porcupine quills yellow.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
21882,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,219,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used as a yellow buckskin dye.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 219"
21888,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,97,Hualapai,127,w82,5,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a brilliant yellow dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 5"
21891,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,157,Navajo,74,e44,48,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots and bark used as a yellow dye for buckskin.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 48"
21892,2372,Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde,274,Walapai,2,ws85,219,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used as a yellow basket dye.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 219"
21899,2373,Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,49,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Root shavings used to make a yellow dye for hides.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 49"
21906,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,30,5,Dye,,,Roots used to dye basketry material.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21909,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,133,Makah,3,g83,254,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots or possibly the leaves used for yellow dye.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 254"
21914,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bark scrapings steeped and used as a yellow dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
21921,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,241,Skagit,25,g73,30,5,Dye,,,Roots used to dye basketry material.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21926,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,30,5,Dye,,,Roots used to dye basketry material.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
21934,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,187,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Root bark boiled to make a bright yellow dye used for basket materials.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 187"
21951,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,35,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a yellow dye.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35"
21966,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,193,Orange,Plant used to make an orange dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
21976,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,105,Karok,70,b81,38,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Root used to dye porcupine quills yellow.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
21987,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,18,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Bark shredded, boiled and used as a brilliant yellow dye.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 18"
22022,2377,Mahonia sp.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,30,5,Dye,,,Roots used to make a dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
22026,2377,Mahonia sp.,133,Makah,25,g73,30,5,Dye,,,Roots used to make a dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30"
22029,2377,Mahonia sp.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,79,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Formerly used to make yellow basket dyes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79"
22034,2377,Mahonia sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used to make a yellow dye.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
22301,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bark used to make a yellow dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
22313,2394,Malus pumila P. Mill.,157,Navajo,74,e44,55,5,Dye,289,Red-Yellow,Bark used to make a red yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55"
23082,2493,Mirabilis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Petals boiled and used as a light brown dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
23083,2493,Mirabilis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,5,Dye,161,Purple,Petals boiled and used as a purple dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
23084,2493,Mirabilis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,5,Dye,136,Red,Petals boiled for about fifteen minutes and used as a light red dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
23085,2493,Mirabilis sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Petals boiled for about fifteen minutes and used as a muddy yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
23567,2557,Myrica gale L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,150,Brown,"In the fall, the branch tips grow into an abortive scale and boiled to yield a brown dye stuff.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
23568,2557,Myrica gale L.,173,Ojibwa,170,j35,114,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Seeds boiled to obtain a yellow dye.,"Jenness, Diamond, 1935, The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life, National Museums of Canada Bulletin #78, Anthropological Series #17, page 114"
24031,2590,Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.,157,Navajo,76,j31,35,5,Dye,,,Plant used to make a dye for blankets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
24179,2602,Nyssa aquatica L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,5,Dye,136,Red,Burned bark and red oak ash added to water and used as a red dye.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
24312,2620,Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W.L. Wagner,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,95,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers chewed with gum to make gum yellow.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 95"
24480,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,5,Dye,,,Bark shavings and berries made into paint and used to color basket materials and other objects.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
24669,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,61,Dakota,17,g19,104,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Mucilaginous stem juice used to fix the colors painted on hides or receptacles made from hides. Freshly peeled stems were rubbed over the painted object to fix the color.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104"
24684,2661,Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,104,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Mucilaginous stem juice used to fix the colors painted on hides or receptacles made from hides. Freshly peeled stems were rubbed over the painted object to fix the color.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104"
24746,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,60,Crow,30,h92,39,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Stems peeled and used to fix color on hides.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 39"
24761,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,157,Navajo,74,e44,65,5,Dye,136,Red,"Dead, ripe fruits used to make a cardinal dye.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 65"
24762,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,157,Navajo,74,e44,65,5,Dye,136,Red,Fruit used to dye wool pink.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 65"
24776,2667,Opuntia polyacantha Haw.,238,Sioux,30,h92,39,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Stems peeled and used to fix color on hides.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 39"
24920,2688,Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,53,5,Dye,136,Red,"Leaves crushed and pressed firmly into skins, horsehair and feathers as a red dye.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53"
24921,2688,Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,276,5,Dye,136,Red,Plant pounded and pressed firmly into the gopher skin as a red dye.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
24922,2688,Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,53,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Whole, blooming plant pressed firmly into skins, horsehair and feathers as a reddish tan dye.","Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53"
24923,2688,Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,50,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Whole plant used to make a yellow dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
24994,2697,Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,115,5,Dye,,,Stems mixed with ochre and applied to robes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115"
25142,2706,Oxalis corniculata L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Boiled whole plant used as a yellow dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
25145,2708,Oxalis montana Raf.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Boiled whole plant used as a yellow dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
25175,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Boiled whole plant used as a yellow dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
25176,2711,Oxalis stricta L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,271,5,Dye,193,Orange,Whole plant boiled to obtain an orange dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271"
25338,2732,Palafoxia arida B.L. Turner & Morris,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,98,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used as a yellow dye.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 98"
25547,2757,Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,41,5,Dye,205,Pink,Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers worn in war dance.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41"
25548,2757,Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,41,5,Dye,205,Pink,Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers worn in war dance.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41"
25549,2757,Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,41,5,Dye,205,Pink,Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers worn in war dance.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41"
25609,2766,Pectis angustifolia Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,97,5,Dye,,,Used to make an inferior dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97"
25841,2804,Penstemon confertus Dougl. ex Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,139,5,Dye,55,Blue,"Flowers boiled and rubbed on arrows and other items to give them a blue, indelible coloring.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 139"
25907,2808,Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene,259,Thompson,10,tta90,286,5,Dye,,,Plant used in making a dye for basket designs.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 286"
25932,2818,Penstemon pruinosus Dougl. ex Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,139,5,Dye,55,Blue,"Flowers boiled and rubbed on arrows and other items to give them a blue, indelible coloring.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 139"
26224,2845,Petradoria pumila (Nutt.) Greene,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowering tops mixed with wild rhubarb and used as a yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
26451,2883,Phlox hoodii Richards.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,116,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Plant used to make a yellow dye.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
26546,2898,Phoradendron sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,101,5,Dye,108,Black,Leaves used to dye basket weeds permanently black.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 101"
26769,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark soaked with cedar bark to darken the cedar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
26839,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,65,5,Dye,,,Berries used to make dyes and inks.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 65"
26901,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,5,Dye,182,Yellow-Brown,Rotten wood used as a yellow brown dye for white goods.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
27564,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,82,c74,347,5,Dye,,,Gum used in the preparation of certain dyes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27565,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,5,Dye,,,Gum used to prepare certain dyes.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27592,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,102,Jemez,28,c30,26,5,Dye,136,Red,Gum from old and new trees used as a red paint for jars and bowls.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
27607,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,21,5,Dye,108,Black,"Gum used to make black dye. A black dye was made from pinyon gum, the leaves and twigs of sumac and a native yellow ocher.  The sumac leaves were put in water and allowed to boil until the mixture became strong.  While this was boiling, the ocher was powdered and roasted.  Pinyon gum was then added to the ocher and the whole roasted again.  As roasting proceeded, the gum melted and finally the mixture was reduced to a black powder.  This was cooled and thrown into the sumac mixture, forming a rich blue-black fluid which was essentially an ink.  When this process was finished the wool was put in and allowed to boil until it was dyed the right shade.  This same dye was also used to color leather and buckskin.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 21"
27652,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,12,5,Dye,108,Black,Resin used as an ingredient of black dye for wool or basketry.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12"
27678,2959,Pinus edulis Engelm.,257,Tewa,82,c74,347,5,Dye,,,Gum used in the preparation of certain dyes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 347"
27821,2965,Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m.,95,Hopi,37,w39,63,5,Dye,,,Gum used to prepare certain dyes.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
27934,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,6,5,Dye,55,Blue,Roots used to make a blue dye.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 6"
27935,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,5,Dye,,,Used to make a dye.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
28337,2990,Plagiobothrys arizonicus (Gray) Greene ex Gray,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,30,5,Dye,136,Red,Red coating on outside leaves and lower stems used as a red pigment to paint the body and face.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 30"
28339,2991,Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris (Greene) I.M. Johnston,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,382,5,Dye,136,Red,Matter at the base of young leaves used by women and children to stain their cheeks crimson.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 382"
29303,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,143,Missouri River Indian,30,h92,68,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Buds used to make a yellow dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29356,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,5,Dye,121,Green,"Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a green dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
29357,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,5,Dye,161,Purple,"Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a purple dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
29358,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,5,Dye,136,Red,"Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a red dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
29359,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,5,Dye,,,Used to make a dye.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
29360,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,5,Dye,263,White,"Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a white dye.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
29383,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,143,Missouri River Indian,30,h92,68,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Buds used to make a yellow dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29399,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29400,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,61,Dakota,17,g19,72,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Waxy leaf buds boiled to make a yellow dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29412,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,324,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Leaf buds used to make a yellow dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324"
29413,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,177,Omaha,17,g19,72,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29423,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29424,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,190,Pawnee,17,g19,72,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Waxy leaf buds boiled to make a yellow dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29430,3100,Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder,205,Ponca,17,g19,72,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29896,3143,Proboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) Thellung,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,7,5,Dye,108,Black,"Dried pods used as black dye, pieces buried in wood ashes to deepen the shade.","Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 7"
30093,3157,Prosopis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,44,5,Dye,,,Black sap used to make hair dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 44"
30138,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,193,Pima,11,c49,93,5,Dye,108,Black,Decoction of gum applied to grey hair and used with black clay or mud as a black hair dye.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93"
30238,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,374,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Inner bark scraped and used to set the color of a yellow dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374"
30239,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,371,5,Dye,136,Red,Inner bark boiled with other inter barks and bloodroot and used to make a red dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371"
30240,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,374,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Single handful of shredded roots boiled with bloodroot to make a dark yellow dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374"
30260,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,101,Isleta,76,j31,40,5,Dye,136,Red,"Root bark, alder root bark and mountain mahogany root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
30275,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used as a red dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
30460,3171,Prunus nigra Ait.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Inner bark used as an astringent color fixative in dyeing with other plant dyes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
30541,3173,Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Leaves used as a yellow dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
30688,3178,Prunus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,5,Dye,121,Green,Fruits used to make a green dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
30689,3178,Prunus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,54,5,Dye,161,Purple,Roots used to make a purple dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54"
30985,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,136,Red,Fruit used to make a dark red dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
30986,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Inner bark used to make a red-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
31316,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used on fish nets as a light brown dye to make them invisible to the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
31335,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Blossoms used to make a yellow dye.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
31336,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Boiled, crushed flowers used for yellow paint or dye.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
31346,3204,Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene,291,Zuni,6,s15,80,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Blossoms used to make a yellow dye.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80"
31654,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,5,Dye,150,Brown,Pounded leaves and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
31655,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,157,Navajo,74,e44,53,5,Dye,182,Yellow-Brown,Pounded leaves and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a yellow brown dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53"
31666,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,161,Purple,Seed coats used to make a violet dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
31675,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,115,Klamath,66,c97,98,5,Dye,161,Purple,"Outer seed coat used as a purple stain to produce temporary color on arrows, bows and other objects.","Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98"
31678,3231,Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,20,5,Dye,161,Purple,Outer seed coats used to make a purple stain for wood.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 20"
31941,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,5,Dye,108,Black,Acorn cups soaked in water containing iron and used as a black dye to color basket materials.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32087,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,5,Dye,,,Red leaf galls & red clay or gum used to make stripes on arrow shafts between & below the feathers.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32229,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,79,5,Dye,108,Black,"Round, fleshy insect galls made into a dark hair dye.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 79"
32243,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,49,Concow,89,c02,343,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to blacken strands of red buds for basket making.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32278,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Boiled with black earth and ocher to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
32279,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,"Inner bark boiled with green hazel burs, added to black earth and butternut and used as a black dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
32293,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Bark used in combination with other materials to set color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
32336,3282,Quercus prinus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used to make a tan dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32342,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark exudation used as a tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
32383,3285,Quercus rubra L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,242,5,Dye,,,Bark used in tanning and coloring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242"
32387,3285,Quercus rubra L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark used to make a black dye for porcupine quills.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
32393,3285,Quercus rubra L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Rushes gathered for mat weaving and boiled with bark to impart a brownish red dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
32426,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,372,5,Dye,108,Black,Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372"
32427,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,370,5,Dye,136,Red,"Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370"
32519,3291,Quercus texana Buckl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,5,Dye,136,Red,Burned bark and black gum ash added to water and used as a red dye.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
32555,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set its own color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
32556,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,425,5,Dye,289,Red-Yellow,Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set its own color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425"
32560,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,96,Houma,49,speck41,56,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots and bark boiled to make a red basket dye.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56"
32562,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a black dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32563,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a light or dark brown dye for buckskin.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32564,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,217,Gray,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a gray dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32565,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a red dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32566,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,263,White,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a white dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32567,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a yellow dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32618,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,5,Dye,108,Black,Charcoal used as a black pigment for sand paintings.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32702,3314,Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,136,Red,Entire plant boiled to yield a red coloring dye and bur oak added to set the color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
32704,3314,Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,123,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Entire plant boiled with rushes or flags to dye them yellow; used to make mats or baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123"
32713,3315,Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.,138,Menominee,51,s23,79,5,Dye,136,Red,Boiled root used for red coloring.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79"
32822,3334,Rhizophora mangle L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,5,Dye,,,Plant used as a buckskin dye.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
32885,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries used to make black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32886,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,136,Red,Berries used to make red dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32912,3347,Rhus glabra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries used to make black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32913,3347,Rhus glabra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,136,Red,Berries used to make red dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
32923,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,135,5,Dye,136,Red,"Fruit used to make a dull, red dye.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135"
32924,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,374,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Inner bark, bloodroot and wild plum inner bark used to make a yellow dye.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374"
32925,3347,Rhus glabra L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,373,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Stalk pulp used to make a light yellow dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 373"
32945,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,"Spring roots used as a yellow, orange dye.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
32946,3347,Rhus glabra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,37,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,"Spring roots used as a yellow, orange dye.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37"
32953,3347,Rhus glabra L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,271,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Root used to dye rush mats and woven bark mats yellow.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271"
32963,3347,Rhus glabra L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,424,5,Dye,193,Orange,Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424"
32982,3347,Rhus glabra L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Inner bark used to make a yellow dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
32983,3347,Rhus glabra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,99,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a yellow dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
32991,3347,Rhus glabra L.,198,Plains Indian,30,h92,55,5,Dye,108,Black,"Leaves, bark and roots used to make a black dye.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"
32992,3347,Rhus glabra L.,198,Plains Indian,30,h92,55,5,Dye,217,Gray,"Leaves, bark and roots used to make a gray dye.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"
32993,3347,Rhus glabra L.,198,Plains Indian,30,h92,55,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Leaves, bark and roots used to make a yellow-tan dye.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55"
33009,3347,Rhus glabra L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,5,Dye,,,Juice used as a stain.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
33011,3347,Rhus glabra L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,99,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots used to make a yellow dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99"
33073,3351,Rhus sp.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,30,5,Dye,,,"Stems, leaves or berries used to make a dark dye.","Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 30"
33105,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Fruits used for the mordant effect.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
33106,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,367,5,Dye,136,Red,"Ripe, red fruits boiled with another plant to make a red dye.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
33108,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,108,Black,Twigs and pine gum used to make a black dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
33109,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark and leaves used to make a red-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
33110,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Berries used to make a pink-tan dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
33121,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,356,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Berries used as a mordant in dying wool and in the preparation of body paint.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 356"
33135,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,15,5,Dye,,,Roots boiled and used to make a dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 15"
33179,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,5,Dye,108,Black,Leaves used to make black dye for baskets and leather.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33180,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,5,Dye,55,Blue,Used to make a blue dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33181,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Ashes used in setting dyes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
33216,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,35,5,Dye,108,Black,Leaves boiled to dye basketry and wool black.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
33264,3355,Rhus typhina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,108,Black,Berries used to make black dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
33265,3355,Rhus typhina L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,5,Dye,136,Red,Berries used to make red dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
33286,3355,Rhus typhina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,77,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots boiled for yellow dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77"
33299,3355,Rhus typhina L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,424,5,Dye,193,Orange,Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424"
34202,3434,Rosa woodsii Lindl.,17,Arapaho,139,n66,48,5,Dye,193,Orange,Root used to make an orange dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
34648,3457,Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,33,steed28,502,5,Dye,,,Juice squeezed from dark reddish-purple fruits and used as a stain.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502"
34778,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,122,5,Dye,,,Berries used to dye tanned robes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122"
35116,3474,Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,232,5,Dye,,,Berry juice used to stain wood.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232"
35143,3476,Rudbeckia hirta L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,117,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Disk florets boiled with rushes to dye them yellow. Rushes used to make woven mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
35245,3485,Rumex crispus L.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,5,Dye,,,Used to make a dye.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
35246,3485,Rumex crispus L.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,172,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Leaves and stems boiled and used as a yellow dye.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172"
35250,3485,Rumex crispus L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,14,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Pounded, dry roots boiled and used as a yellow dye.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14"
35329,3485,Rumex crispus L.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Roots pounded, boiled and used to make a yellow dye.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35367,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,73,5,Dye,,,Root used as an important source of dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73"
35368,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,357,5,Dye,,,Root used for dye.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 357"
35369,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,53,5,Dye,,,Roots used as a dye.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 53"
35377,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dried, ground roots used as a brown dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35378,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,11,c49,51,5,Dye,150,Brown,Roots boiled and used to make a medium brown dye for yarn.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35379,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,121,Green,"Dried, ground roots used as a green dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35380,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,193,Orange,"Dried, ground roots used as a orange dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35381,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,136,Red,"Dried, ground roots used as a red dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35382,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Dried, ground roots used as a yellow dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely.  When ready for use, the dried roots were ground.  By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red.  Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained.  If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye.  When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35383,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,43,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Fresh, crushed roots mixed with alum, made into soft paste and rubbed into wool as a gold dye.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43"
35392,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,24,5,Dye,182,Yellow-Brown,Root used as a yellow-brown dye for wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24"
35410,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a brown dye for basket making.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35411,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a brownish red dye for tanning hides.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35412,3487,Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.,193,Pima,11,c49,51,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a yellow dye for basket making.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51"
35473,3493,Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc.,96,Houma,49,speck41,56,5,Dye,,,Roots used to make a dye for cane and palmetto splints in baskets.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56"
35491,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,172,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots and dried leaves boiled and used as a red dye.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172"
35492,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,5,Dye,,,Used to make a dye.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
35493,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,172,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Roots and dried leaves boiled and used as a yellow dye.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172"
35494,3496,Rumex venosus Pursh,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,5,Dye,193,Orange,Peeled root used to make a burnt orange dye. The procedure involved was described by children at the Wind River Community Day School as follows:  'We break the roots into inch pieces.  We then spread them out very thin on papers.  We place them in the sun.  We let it get very dry.  After it is very dry we put it into water.  We let it soak for a few days.  We then boil it in the water it has soaked in.  After it has boiled a long time we put some alum in it.  This sets the color.',"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
35763,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,32,5,Dye,136,Red,Spring buds used to make a red dye.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32"
35914,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,123,5,Dye,136,Red,Willow and some other species of willow used for a scarlet dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123"
36210,3551,Salix sp.,141,Micmac,103,s17,317,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used to make a black dye.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
36212,3551,Salix sp.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,317,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used to make a black dye.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
36635,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,5,Dye,108,Black,Berry juice used as a black dye for basket materials.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36636,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,5,Dye,193,Orange,Stems used to make a orange dye.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36637,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,5,Dye,161,Purple,Berry juice used as a purple dye for basket materials.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36638,3566,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,138,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Stems used to make a yellow dye.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138"
36940,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used as a red dye in basket making.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
36941,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,26,5,Dye,136,Red,Used to make a red dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
36945,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,371,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots boiled with the inner barks of other trees and used to make a red dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371"
36946,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,131,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots dug in the fall and used to make a red dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131"
36947,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,374,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Double handful of shredded roots boiled with wild plum roots to make a dark yellow dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374"
36948,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,373,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Green or dried roots pounded and steeped to make a dark yellow dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 373"
37009,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,44,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Rhizomes used as a orange/yellow dye for sheets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 44"
37018,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,176,Orange-Red,Boiled root used to dye mats orange red.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
37019,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,136,Red,Boiled root used to dye mats red.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
37023,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,271,5,Dye,136,Red,Root cooked to make a red face paint and to dye baskets and mats red.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271"
37048,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,193,Orange,Fresh or dried roots used as an orange dye to paint faces with clan marks. The roots were used in four or five combinations in dyeing various materials.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
37049,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,170,j35,114,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots boiled to obtain a red dye.,"Jenness, Diamond, 1935, The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life, National Museums of Canada Bulletin #78, Anthropological Series #17, page 114"
37050,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Fresh or dried roots used as a dark yellow dye to paint faces with clan marks. The roots were used in four or five combinations in dyeing various materials.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
37051,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,83,5,Dye,136,Red,Root boiled with objects as a red dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83"
37052,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,83,5,Dye,,,Root used as a decorative skin stain.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83"
37056,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,83,5,Dye,136,Red,Root boiled with objects as a red dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83"
37057,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,83,5,Dye,,,Root used as a decorative skin stain.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83"
37060,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,121,5,Dye,,,Root used as facial paint to put on clan and identification marks.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121"
37061,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,83,5,Dye,136,Red,Root boiled with objects as a red dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83"
37062,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,83,5,Dye,,,Root used as a decorative skin stain.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83"
37768,3657,Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,48,5,Dye,136,Red,Berries used to make a red dye.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48"
37942,3661,Sherardia arvensis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,5,Dye,136,Red,Used to make a red or rose dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
38213,3711,Smilax laurifolia L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,488,5,Dye,,,Plant used to make buckskin dye.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 488"
38255,3718,Solanum douglasii Dunal,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,140,5,Dye,,,Dark berries used as a dye.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 140"
38332,3727,Solanum sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,253,5,Dye,55,Blue,Fruits used to prepare a permanent blue dye for tattooing.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253"
39025,3847,Suaeda sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,141,5,Dye,108,Black,Plants boiled in water and used as a black dye for palm mats.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 141"
39168,3867,Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (Gray) Nesom,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,30,5,Dye,,,Flowers mixed with white clay and used to dye wool or eggs.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30"
39279,3886,Tagetes erecta L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers used to make a yellow dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
39592,3903,Taxus canadensis Marsh.,141,Micmac,103,s17,317,5,Dye,121,Green,Leaves used to make a green dye.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
39595,3903,Taxus canadensis Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,317,5,Dye,121,Green,Leaves used to make a green dye.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
39654,3914,Tetradymia canescens DC.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers with two other plants used as a yellow dye for wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39714,3923,Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,28,5,Dye,108,Black,Upper branch ash used an Enemyway blackening.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28"
39779,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,95,Hopi,72,f96,15,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Flowers used as a reddish brown dye for basket making yucca fibers.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 15"
39780,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,95,Hopi,37,w39,98,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Used to make a fine reddish-brown basketry and textile dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 98"
39791,3934,Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,53,5,Dye,172,Orange-Yellow,Boiled roots used as an orange-yellow dye for wool.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53"
39794,3935,Thelesperma subnudum Gray,95,Hopi,37,w39,98,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Used to make a fine reddish-brown basketry and textile dye.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 98"
39796,3935,Thelesperma subnudum Gray,157,Navajo,74,e44,89,5,Dye,193,Orange,"Leaves, stems and blossoms used as an orange dye for wool.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 89"
39822,3945,Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Yellow petals rubbed on arrow shafts for coloring.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
40256,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,501,5,Dye,121,Green,Leaves and twigs used as a green dye.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501"
40456,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,5,Dye,108,Black,Ashes rubbed on children to make skin color darker. The ashes were rubbed on those children who were fathered by a white man to make them look more 'Indian' in color.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
40457,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,5,Dye,108,Black,Charcoal or soot used for tattoo pigment.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
40458,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,200,Pomo,111,m90,6,5,Dye,108,Black,Juice used as a black dye for blackroot sedge.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6"
40851,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to make a rosy-tan dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40859,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,371,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to make a mahogany colored dye.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371"
40889,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,5,Dye,,,Bark used to make a dye and tanning material.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
40897,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,136,Red,Boiled bark used for dark red coloring.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
40906,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,5,Dye,,,Bark used to make a dye.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
40913,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Bark used with a little rock dust to set the color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
40914,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,426,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used with a little rock dust to dye materials a dark red brown.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426"
40925,4042,Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark used to make a rosy-tan dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
40939,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40945,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,17,5,Dye,,,Inner bark made into a dye and used on fish nets to make them invisible to fish and attract them.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
40948,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used to make a reddish-brown dye.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
40993,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,44,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Bark, especially from the inside of a crevice, used as a reddish-brown dye. Bark was used to dye the rope used in halibut fishing to make it invisible to the fish.  Canoes were often painted with a solution of this bark in water.  This stain was made by steeping the bark in water for many days, until the liquid was bright red.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44"
41007,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a red-brown dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41030,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,133,Makah,25,g73,17,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Inner bark pounded, boiled and used as a red-brown dye.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
41039,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,108,Black,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41040,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41041,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
41706,4058,Urtica dioica L.,133,Makah,3,g83,246,5,Dye,121,Green,"Leaves rubbed on fishing line to give it a green color or used as medicine for good fishing. An informant said, 'As a child I saw my father when he'd take this halibut line, fish line, and he'd tighten it from one end of the yard to the other, while it was being stretched like that, otherwise they coil and tangle you know.  He'd take a handful of those leaves and he'd rub it along the line and it gave it kind of a green color.  I don't know if that was just for the color or if he thought there was some medicine in it or something, for good fishing or something.  Might have been just to tint the line.'","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246"
41924,4064,Usnea sp.,133,Makah,3,g83,211,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Used as a source of yellow dye.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211"
42115,4079,Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,63,5,Dye,,,Berries used to dye porcupine quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63"
42160,4082,Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,65,5,Dye,161,Purple,Berries and devil's club inner bark boiled to make a purple stain.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65"
42465,4090,Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,64,5,Dye,,,Berries used to color porcupine quills.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64"
42910,4117,Verbesina sp.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Petals mixed with white clay and used as a yellow dye for cotton.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
42940,4120,Vernonia missurica Raf.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,62,5,Dye,161,Purple,Flowers used as a purple dye.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62"
43245,4150,Viola adunca Sm.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,123,5,Dye,55,Blue,Plant used to dye arrows blue.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123"
43696,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Entire plant crushed and used to make a yellow dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43894,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,5,Dye,,,Leaf juice used as a medium for pigments of pottery paints and slips.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44011,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used as black dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
44012,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used as red dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
44146,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,5,Dye,108,Black,Juice mixed with yellow soil for a black dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44147,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,5,Dye,136,Red,Juice boiled alone for a red dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44284,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,5,Dye,263,White,Pods used for bleaching buckskin fiber a pure white.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44623,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers rubbed into buckskin as a yellow dye.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
44624,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Flowers, ground with white clay or mixed with warm water, used as yellow dye for wool.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
9,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,173,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Boughs used as a 'bush sleigh' to pull cargo across deep snow.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173"
41,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,118,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as mats on the tent floor.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118"
57,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to make a brush shelter.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21"
58,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,21,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make paddles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21"
75,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Needles and branches used for pillows and bedding.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
76,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots used for thread.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
92,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used to make beds.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
103,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Resin boiled twice and added to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
114,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,121,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Needles used to make pillows, believing that the aroma kept one from having a cold.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121"
120,3,Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,346,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to line acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346"
155,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,41,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Boughs used by wolf dancers as decorative clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
181,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a bedding base in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
184,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,183,Paiute,98,m53,44,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used on the floor of sweathouses and for beds.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44"
206,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for covering lodges.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
207,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to make temporary lodge flooring.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
208,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
209,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as bedding and temporary floor coverings and changed every two to three days.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
210,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches used for bedding.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
269,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,174,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make chairs and insect proof storage boxes for dancing regalia.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174"
292,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs used as a bedding base in the sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
295,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Branches used as floor of sweathouse, after swimming to keep feet clean and when butchering a deer.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
296,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Heated branches used to make a warm bed.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
311,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Boughs valued as bedding and temporary floor coverings and changed every two to three days.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
327,8,Abies sp.,27,Carrier,134,c73,70,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make shingles for roofs.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 70"
373,15,Acacia greggii Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
378,15,Acacia greggii Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,225,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split twigs used as basket material.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 225"
379,15,Acacia greggii Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,225,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Twigs made into a brush and used to brush off metates.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 225"
381,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Thorns removed, twigs split in half lengthwise and used to make serviceable baskets.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
382,15,Acacia greggii Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,319,Other,Twigs used for curved structures in wrapped weaving.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
388,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bushes dried, piled high and used as brush fences.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
389,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,90,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Branches used to make cradle frames.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 90"
399,16,Acacia koa Gray,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,46,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 46"
400,17,Acacia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Limbs split and used to coil around the edges of baskets.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 14"
401,17,Acacia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,14,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Limbs used for cradleboard spudi.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 14"
402,17,Acacia sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,14,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Roots used to make the cradleboard frame.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 14"
403,17,Acacia sp.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,49,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used for cradle frames.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 49"
404,18,Acacia willardiana,229,Seri,29,d44,138,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Splints used to make the woof for basketry.,"Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138"
417,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,285,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 285"
418,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Branches used for the frames of snowshoes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
424,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Straight shoots used to make openwork baskets for general household utilities.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
425,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,210,Quinault,25,g73,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Poles used to hold down roof planks on houses.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
427,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,56,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoes.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56"
428,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Saplings used as swings for baby cradles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
432,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used in making baby basket frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
433,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,145,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used in making snowshoe frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145"
434,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
446,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used to make the frame of a woman's sweathouse.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
447,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,59,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
458,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous inner bark used to make twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
459,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used for cradle frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
460,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,146,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Branches used whenever obtainable to make snowshoe frames.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146"
461,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,500,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Twigs used to make snowshoe frames.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500"
462,23,Acer glabrum Torr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used for making snowshoes.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
465,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
466,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Inner bark used to make mats.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
468,24,Acer glabrum var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,209,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209"
475,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs used for house construction and considered good firewood.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
478,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
481,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,49,Concow,89,c02,365,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used in spring to make baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
482,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,49,Concow,89,c02,365,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make crude dresses.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
486,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make rope and tumplines.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
489,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves made into mats and used to cover the layers of dried salmon stored for the winter in baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
494,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,114,Klallam,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
499,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,129,Lummi,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
502,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Withes used as coarse twine warp and weft in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
503,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Withes used as coiling thread.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
504,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,133,Makah,3,g83,285,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 285"
505,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,165,Nisqually,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Boughs used to cover temporary housing.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
506,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,91,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Hard, lightweight wood used to make paddles.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91"
515,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,241,Skagit,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
518,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,245,Snohomish,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
521,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,253,Swinomish,25,g73,39,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39"
525,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner bark used to make scouring pads, temporary baskets and sometimes for weaving bags.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
526,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Inner bark used to make scouring pads and sometimes for weaving bags and for temporary baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
536,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fibers used to make women's skirts.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
613,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
614,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
615,32,Acer rubrum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
622,32,Acer rubrum L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make basket splints.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
623,32,Acer rubrum L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make basketware.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
641,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
642,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
643,34,Acer saccharinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
670,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
671,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make furniture.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
690,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make paddles and oars.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
1491,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,29,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used to build ramadas and fences.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29"
1498,66,Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used for basketry.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
1511,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for building material and fenceposts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1512,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stripped bark used as a fibrous material for women's skirts.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1522,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as building material.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1528,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,105,Karok,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for the designs in baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
1533,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,133,Makah,25,g73,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Midribs used for the designs in basketry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
1535,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,210,Quinault,25,g73,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Midribs used for the designs in basketry.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
1537,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, stored stems soaked in water and used for the designs in baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
1538,68,Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris,289,Yurok,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used for the designs in baskets.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
1546,70,Adiantum jordanii C. Muell.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,46,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dried, split stems used as a material for basket design.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 46"
1581,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,105,Karok,71,sg52,377,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Softened stems dried and used for the black designs in basket caps and other baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 377"
1587,71,Adiantum pedatum L.,133,Makah,3,g83,217,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dark petioles split in two, worked until soft and used for black in basketry.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 217"
1597,72,Adiantum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
1599,72,Adiantum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make the designs on baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
1600,72,Adiantum sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make designs on baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
1626,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1627,74,Aesculus flava Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make baby cradles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1734,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Bundles of fibers used as combination brushes and combs for hair.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
1735,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
1755,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Pounded leaves dried and made into cactus bags.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1756,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Pounded leaves dried and made into shoes, sandals and women's skirts.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1757,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Pounded leaves dried and made into nets used for baby cradles.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1758,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Pounded leaves dried and made into nets, slings and cordage.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1759,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,Pounded leaves dried and made into cleaning brushes for cooking water.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1776,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Dead leaves cut, beaten, and fibers twined into cords or rope.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1782,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make rough cordage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
1784,92,Agave lechuguilla Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make hair brushes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
1785,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Thorn used as needle and thread.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1807,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Thorn used as needle and thread.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1808,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Thorn used as needle and thread.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1846,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Cut, split leaves used to make sandals.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1847,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Cut, split leaves used to make rope.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1848,96,Agave sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,55,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Cut, split leaves used to make cradle mats.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55"
1853,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant fibers used to make rope.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1863,96,Agave sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Grass stem brush used to transfer excess mescal juice from dish to slab.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
1867,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Used to make brushes for the hair and for cleaning grinding stones. To make the brushes, the dried matter of a dead and rotten leaf was knocked free from the fibers, which were then bent in two.  The upper end of this brush was wrapped with a cord and the bent portion was covered with buckskin or cloth.  The loose fibers were cut to the right length and hardened by burning the ends.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
1870,97,Agave utahensis Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,37,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibers used to make blankets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37"
1944,114,Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,24,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24"
1958,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
1960,122,Alectoria sarmentosa (L.) Ach.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,55,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55"
2346,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2347,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2403,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2404,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2430,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Wood charcoal mixed with pitch and used for sealing canoe seams.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2431,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Decoction of bark applied to toboggan boards to soften them for bending.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2454,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2460,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2509,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,62,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62"
2513,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2514,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,105,Karok,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2536,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,133,Makah,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make baby cradles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2551,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe bailers.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
2559,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,86,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Wood used to make tool handles, canoe bailers, masks and rattles.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
2568,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Green wood seasoned and used to make canoe paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2593,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2596,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,289,Yurok,70,b81,16,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used in basketry.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2665,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Branches with leaves used for steambath switches and as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2945,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Stems used to make rims for birch bark baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28"
2959,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2960,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Used for cradle frameworks.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2968,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs and stems used to reinforce the rims of basket hoppers for pounding acorns.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2969,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,105,Karok,71,sg52,385,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used as stiffening for baskets or for making handles.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385"
2985,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Withes used to make basket rims.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
3006,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,120,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Young branches twisted into rope.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120"
3132,212,Amelanchier pallida Greene,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,104,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems and foliage used to thatch inland houses.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 104"
3155,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Wood used to make basket rims.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3156,216,Amelanchier utahensis Koehne,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,222,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Wood used to make cradle boards.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222"
3194,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Long stems used as a foundation for bedding material.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
3195,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Long stems used as a foundation for bedding material.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
3196,222,Amorpha fruticosa L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,31,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Long stems used as a foundation for bedding material.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31"
3303,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3305,240,Andropogon gerardii Vitman,205,Ponca,17,g19,68,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Grass used on poles to support earth coverings of lodges.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
3672,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
3675,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,419,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419"
3677,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
3678,284,Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,120,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Used to sew buckskin when making moccasins and articles of clothing.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120"
3722,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems dried, pounded and used to make twine.","Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3737,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,49,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Root and branch outer fiber used to make nets, cordage and thread.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
3744,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and cord plaited into heavier ropes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3745,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,73,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer bark or rind used as the finest thread material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73"
3750,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer rind or bark used for thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
3755,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used as a chief source for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
3763,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Outer rind used for fine sewing. In the fall, when mature, this plant makes one of the strongest native fibers, stronger even than the cultivated hemp to which it is related.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
3765,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,72,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make fiber, as a substitute for Indian hemp.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
3771,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,111,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Fine divisions of bark were very strong and used as a thread for sewing on the fine beadwork.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 111"
3774,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used as thread and twine for binding and tying.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
3779,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,39,4,Fiber,,,Used for the medicinal properties and as a fibrous material.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39"
3780,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,25,California Indian,111,m90,60,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer and inner bark used to make string.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60"
3788,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to weave grave cloth material.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3789,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make cords.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3790,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber considered the best available for making fine cordage.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
3809,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make twine and rope.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3810,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Stalks split, dried and used as thread for sewing tipi covers.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3811,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3812,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used to make aprons.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 201"
3813,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber soaked in boiling water and used to make twine.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3822,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark formerly used to make garments.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3823,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark fiber used to make rope.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3824,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,378,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378"
3830,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer bast fiber plaited into heavy cord and two-ply cord.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
3831,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer bast fiber used as thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
3833,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,146,Modoc,66,c97,103,4,Fiber,,,Used as a fiber.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103"
3841,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,12,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stalks dried, split into fibers and used to make rope.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12"
3844,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,72,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems twisted and rolled into twine.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72"
3845,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3846,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3847,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3850,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,75,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75"
3851,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,185,"Paiute, Northern",117,f90,89,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used as twined weft rows for mats.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 89"
3855,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,57,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make bridle ropes, bowstrings and thread for sewing baskets and buckskin.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 57"
3860,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3861,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark used for making garments.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3862,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3863,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used for making rope and twine.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3864,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant made into rope and used to make fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3865,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stems used to make string. The stems were cut in the fall, usually in October, soaked and sometimes split in half. The fibrous outer skin was peeled off and the brittle inner stem discarded.  The fibrous part was then dried for indefinite storage and used to make string.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3866,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
3867,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,498,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Inner bark used for making thread.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
3868,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,159,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Plant made into thread and used for sewing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159"
3875,298,Apocynum sp.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
3878,298,Apocynum sp.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,52,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Plant used to make string.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52"
3879,298,Apocynum sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,276,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make the best string and thread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 276"
3881,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stems used for thatch on houses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3882,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark strips braided and worn as a belt.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
3883,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
4191,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4192,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,,,"Wood used for carving, will not split when dry.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4200,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,374,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lodge poles.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374"
4232,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Inner bark sewn together to make an 'every day dress.',"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4233,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4241,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,289,Yurok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark used by children as sleds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4276,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves used for head covering.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
4351,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4370,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4382,336,Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,219,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Branches used to make a broom.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219"
4459,343,Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,40,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4762,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Runners used by girls to tie blankets.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
4763,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Runners used to fix leggings in place. The leggings were tied above the knee and then folded over to the ankle, like a boot.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
4861,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,95,Hopi,82,c74,286,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant used for broom material.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 286"
4864,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,15,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make hair brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15"
4865,371,Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,15,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stems used to make hair brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15"
5126,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5145,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,76,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used in a baby's board or cradle as padding and kept the baby cool on hot days.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76"
5157,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5167,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Plant tops bound into bundles and made into brooms used for sweeping the lodge floor. The plant was used for this purpose because of its agreeable, wholesome odor.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5168,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5171,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5205,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5264,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,61,Dakota,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5288,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,177,Omaha,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5290,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5292,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,205,Ponca,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5308,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5336,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to cover the floor of the sweat lodge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
5411,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,200,Pomo,109,m66,282,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to thatch the sweat house.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 282"
5436,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,61,Dakota,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5447,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,177,Omaha,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5471,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5472,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,205,Ponca,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5503,401,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant bunches used as towels in old times.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5601,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17"
5608,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Shoots laid across the rafters for roofing material or used in the construction of the walls.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
5631,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Plant used for thatch.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
5641,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,13,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Pounded bark used as a lining or wrapper inside winter shoes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13"
5670,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used between the poles of the sweathouse to prevent the sand from sifting through.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
5680,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leafy stems tied together with wire and used for brooms.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
5725,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5726,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark frayed and stuffed into moccasins for added warmth.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5727,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make cloth and sandals.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5728,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used to make cordage.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
5804,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibrous bark used in weaving bags and clothing.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
5805,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,172,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fibrous bark used in weaving mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172"
5839,410,Artemisia vulgaris L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,57,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used to make cushions for the worshippers in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 57"
5914,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5915,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make burden baskets.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
5916,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,21,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Used to make cane webbing, plastered with mud, supported with wood and used as a dwelling.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21"
5922,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,13,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used in basketry.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 13"
6049,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plants mixed with sphagnum and used as bedding for infants.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
6064,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plant used as a bedding for infants.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
6065,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Plants mixed with sphagnum and used as bedding for infants.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
6090,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,49,Concow,89,c02,379,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make ropes and string.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379"
6096,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,201,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Plant used to make aprons.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 201"
6097,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6098,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fiber or decayed stem fiber used to make twine. The stems were soaked in boiling water or the decayed stems were basted with boiling water to separate the fiber.  The fiber was then formed into a ball and made into twine.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
6109,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fibers shredded to make a woman's skirt.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6110,429,Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make two ply string.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6116,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fiber used as cordage.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
6117,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as the principal source of cordage.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 14"
6127,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,140,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to make good twine.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140"
6172,441,Asclepias sp.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,43,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43"
6183,441,Asclepias sp.,145,Modesse,109,m66,224,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used for making string and cord.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224"
6190,441,Asclepias sp.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,378,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strings and cords.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378"
6193,441,Asclepias sp.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,54,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Mature plants used to make string and rope.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54"
6195,441,Asclepias sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Used to make string and ropes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
6231,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used as a poor substitute for Indian hemp.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
6241,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stem fibers shredded to make a woman's skirt.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6242,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,70,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stem fibers used to make two ply string.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70"
6254,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Cottony seed pappus formerly used for infant diapers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
6255,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used as a substitute for Indian hemp in making thread used for tying and binding.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
6271,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Spun seed hair made into string used in prayer sticks.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39"
6272,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,77,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Pods gathered when two thirds ripe and the cotton used for weaving clothing. The cotton was used for weaving beautiful white dance kilts, women's belts and other articles of clothing.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77"
6273,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,88,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88"
6302,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer bark used for making cords.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6303,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,74,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Outer bark used for sewing thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74"
6305,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Outer rind or bark used for thread.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
6326,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,111,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,This and other species of the milkweed used for thread materials.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 111"
6338,447,Asclepias tuberosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used to make belts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
6384,450,Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Inner bark used to make strong ropes and string.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
6743,521,Aulacomnium sp.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,49,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Moss mixed with clay and used between the logs of a log house.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
6780,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in coil basketry.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6781,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used to make fence posts and in brush house construction.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
6792,535,Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,46,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Limbs and branches used in house construction.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 46"
6806,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,65,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Green stalks cut, tied together with strings and used as brooms.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 65"
6807,536,Baccharis sarothroides Gray,193,Pima,11,c49,65,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stalks used to make brooms.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 65"
6809,537,Baccharis sp.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Long, straight stems used for ramada roofs.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17"
6828,541,Baileya multiradiata Harvey & Gray ex Gray,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant mixed with clay, used in making adobes and plant used in plaster.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
7032,563,Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,53,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Used for bedding and pillows.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53"
7075,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used for lumber.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
7085,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7086,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7092,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Branches used as poles for the wigwam or medicine lodge.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7110,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7111,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7116,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wood used for 'springs' under skin bedding.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7117,577,Betula nana L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Wood used for 'springs' under skin bedding.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
7131,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,17,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17"
7136,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7137,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7138,579,Betula occidentalis Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7141,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,156,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156"
7142,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
7147,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and containers.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7148,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Plant used to make houses, tents and shelters.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7149,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
7152,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,9,Anticosti,150,r46,65,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make snowshoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65"
7153,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark occasionally used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7154,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark occasionally used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7156,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Inner bark used to make baskets.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7157,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7158,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Roots used with spruce roots to sew things together.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7159,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,27,Carrier,134,c73,67,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67"
7163,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,377,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used as coverings for dwellings.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
7178,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets for food storage and berry collection.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7179,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to cover a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7180,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make bath tubs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7181,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Wood used as poles to frame a tipi.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7182,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7183,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe paddles.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7184,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make toboggans and snowshoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7202,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
7207,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets and food storage containers.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7208,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoe ribs.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7209,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make sleds and snowshoe frames.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7214,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7218,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark strips used as the waterproof, top coverings of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
7219,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Paper birch used to make canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
7220,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7221,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to make house coverings.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
7222,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,141,Micmac,188,r48,56,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1948, Ethnobotanique Et Ethnozoologie Gaspesiennes, Archives de Folklore 3:51-64, page 56"
7226,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7232,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7233,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used for buckets and baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7234,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Baskets made for gathering and storing berries, maple sugar, dried fish, meat or any food.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7235,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used for wigwam coverings.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7236,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7237,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Sheets of bark sewn together, made into rolls and used as waterproof roofing for wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
7238,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,413,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used for canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413"
7239,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make birch bark canoes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7240,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,414,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Heavy pieces of bark used to make very durable canoes.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7262,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7263,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7264,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,89,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make cradles.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
7268,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark furnished a waterproof cover for the top of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7269,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark furnished the outside cover of the birch bark canoe.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
7272,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Gray colored bark used to make baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 60"
7274,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark used to make baskets.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7275,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Bark used to make containers for cooking. To cook in a birchbark basket, clean rocks were made very hot and then placed in water in the basket.  This process was repeated until the cooking was completed.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7276,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used as roofing material.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7277,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark used in the construction of some buildings.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7278,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark used to make canoes.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7279,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark used to make hats.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7280,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Bark used to make baby cradles.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7281,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,"Wood used to make bowls, spoons, wedges, tool handles, drums, toboggans and snowshoes.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7282,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,"Wood used to make snowshoes, toboggans, drums, bowls, spoons and wedges.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7304,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for baskets.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7305,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for walls and roofing.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7306,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for canoes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7307,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,189,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,"Tough, waterproof bark used as material for cradles.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189"
7320,583,Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,"Bark used in boat building. The bark was stripped off at raspberry ripening time, laid away and pressed flat until the next spring.  When required for manufacture, especially in boat building, it was heated over a fire to make it pliable for shaping to the purpose.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
7325,584,Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Twigs of this dwarf birch used for the ribs of baskets.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
7328,585,Betula sp.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Wood used to make snowshoes.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
7333,585,Betula sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Used to make brooms.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7334,585,Betula sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Used to make sled and toboggan runners.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7382,592,Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.,289,Yurok,70,b81,20,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves used for bedding.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
7392,597,Bobea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,5,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Wood used to make canoes or canoe parts.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 5"
7422,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,64,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bundled, dried and used as hair brushes.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64"
7423,606,Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,64,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bundled, dried, made into brooms and used to sweep floors, hearths and metates.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64"
7428,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,189,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Stem used as comb and broom material.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189"
7430,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,149,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Blades bundled by a cord, the stiff end used as a hair comb and the other end used as a broom.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149"
7434,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,95,Hopi,37,w39,64,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as the fill of coiled basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 64"
7447,608,Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Grass bunches tied together and the severed end used as a hairbrush, the other as a broom.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
7536,623,Brickellia ambigens (Greene.) A. Nels.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used as rough brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
7556,627,Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,33,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used as rough brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
7590,639,Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,34,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of plants used as hair brushes and light brooms.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 34"
7592,640,Bromus sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,25,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Tied bunches of stems used to make brooms and brushes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"