id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
44691,4260,Zostera marina L.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,77,1,Food,86,Spice,"Fleshy roots and leaf bases used to flavor seal, porpoise and deer meat.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
44690,4260,Zostera marina L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,82,1,Food,,,Leaves picked with attached herring spawn and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 82"
44689,4260,Zostera marina L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,89,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves formerly used to trap herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
44688,4260,Zostera marina L.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,89,1,Food,,,"Fleshy, whitish rhizomes formerly eaten raw.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89"
44687,4260,Zostera marina L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",53,t73,200,1,Food,,,Plants eaten raw with eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
44686,4260,Zostera marina L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,274,1,Food,47,Special Food,Stems and roots dipped in oil and eaten during feasts.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 274"
44685,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaves used to collect herring spawn.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44684,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,,,Greenish 'root' (actually rhizomes) eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44683,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,,,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) cleaned, washed and eaten raw.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44682,4260,Zostera marina L.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,59,1,Food,5,Forage,"Brownish 'roots' (actually rhizomes) eaten by Black Brants, Canada geese, Mallard ducks and cattle.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
44681,4260,Zostera marina L.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,77,1,Food,86,Spice,"Fleshy roots and leaf bases used to flavor seal, porpoise and deer meat.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
44680,4260,Zostera marina L.,22,Bellabella,53,t73,200,1,Food,,,Plants eaten raw with eulachon grease.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200"
44679,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,75,Staple,Leached nutlet of the drupe ground into a flour.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
44678,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,44,Porridge,Drupes dried and ground into flour for mush.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
44677,4259,Ziziphus parryi Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,56,1,Food,52,Fruit,Drupes eaten fresh.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56"
44676,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw and boiled.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
44675,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Berries boiled and used to make a syrup.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44674,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Ripe, black berries eaten raw.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44673,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,1,Food,50,Fodder,Seeds squeezed out from boiled berries and fed to chickens.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44672,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Decoction of roots used as a wash for sore eyes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44671,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of roots used as a shampoo.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44670,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Thorns used to prick the skin over rheumatic pains.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44669,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,193,Pima,11,c49,50,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Thorns used to prick the skin over rheumatic pains.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44668,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,148,Mohave and Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits mashed into a concoction and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44667,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,147,Mohave,125,cb51,204,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, to be soaked in hot water and used later.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44666,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits mashed into a concoction and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44665,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,136,Maricopa,125,cb51,204,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Berries dried and stored, to be soaked in hot water and used later.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44664,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,102,3,Other,17,Tools,Branch used to make a planting stick.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 102"
44663,4258,Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Gray) M.C. Johnston,10,Apache,11,c49,50,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for washing the hair.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 50"
44662,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Mashed berries added to water and use as a drink.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
44661,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,193,Pima,104,r08,76,1,Food,52,Fruit,Black berries beaten with sticks and eaten raw.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
44660,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,193,Pima,104,r08,79,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Decoction of pounded root used as a wash for sore eyes.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 79"
44659,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,19,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruits boiled to a syrup and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 19"
44658,4257,Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray,188,Papago,27,cu35,26,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits formerly fermented and used for a beverage.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 26"
44657,4256,Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,250,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Root used for fevers and compound containing flower stalks used for headache.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 250"
44656,4256,Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,250,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Compound containing flower stalks used as snuff for sick headache.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 250"
44655,4255,Zizania palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice valuable for cooking with wild fowl or game and maple sugar used to season the mixture.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44654,4255,Zizania palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,Wild rice sweetened with maple sugar and used to make pudding.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44653,4255,Zizania palustris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Rice gathered and dried for a winter supply of food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44652,4255,Zizania palustris L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,403,1,Food,75,Staple,"Formed an important staple in the diet, cooked with deer broth and maple sugar and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 403"
44651,4255,Zizania palustris L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,318,1,Food,,,Cooked alone or with meat and used as the principle cereal food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 318"
44650,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44649,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Rice used for trading.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
44648,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,144,1,Food,,,Rice cooked with meat.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 144"
44647,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44646,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44645,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,328,1,Food,75,Staple,Grains used as a staple food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 328"
44644,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Seeds scorched, winnowed and sold as breakfast food.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44643,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds boiled with rabbit excrements, eaten and esteemed as a luxury.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44642,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,230,Breakfast Food,Seeds steamed into puffed rice and eaten for breakfast with sugar and cream.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44641,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds used to make gem cakes, duck stuffing and fowl stuffing.","Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
44640,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,,,Rice used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
44639,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Rice cooked with deer broth, pork or butter and seasoned with maple sugar.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 67"
44638,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Rice considered an important dietary element.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44637,4254,Zizania aquatica L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,360,1,Food,75,Staple,Grain used as an important and prized food item.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 360"
44636,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,45,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Smoke from powdered plant inhaled in sweatbath for fever.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45"
44635,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,45,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Cold infusion of blossoms used as an eyewash.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45"
44634,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,45,2,Drug,77,Diaphoretic,Plant used in a sweatbath for fever.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45"
44633,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,45,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of powdered plant applied to bruises.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45"
44632,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of plant taken for stomachache or heartburn.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
44631,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
44630,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
44629,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Decoction of plant taken as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
44628,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,54,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Decoction of plant taken for stomachache, heartburn and as a cathartic.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54"
44627,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,97,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Plant used for throat troubles.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 97"
44626,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,97,2,Drug,118,Nose Medicine,Plant used for nose troubles.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 97"
44625,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,3,Other,26,Paint,Flowers ground into a paste and used as a dark red body paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
44624,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Flowers, ground with white clay or mixed with warm water, used as yellow dye for wool.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
44623,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Flowers rubbed into buckskin as a yellow dye.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
44622,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,2,Drug,18,Other,Infusion of plant used as a bath for excessive sweating.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
44621,4253,Zinnia grandiflora Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Hot infusion of plant drunk for kidney trouble.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
44620,4252,Zinnia acerosa (DC.) Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,39,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,Plant given to children to quickly learn to talk.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
44619,4252,Zinnia acerosa (DC.) Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,39,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Crushed plant paste mixed with salt and used on swellings or aches.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 39"
44618,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Roots cooked and used in the tooth hollow for toothaches.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44617,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Roots with other plant parts mixed with water and used as a bath for slight sprains.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44616,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Roots with other plant parts mixed with water and used as a bath for bruises.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44615,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Roots and other roots pounded with salt and used for itch and kindred afflictions of the skin.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44614,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Roots & other roots pounded with salt, mixed with urine & used for ringworm & white skin blotches.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44613,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Leaf ashes, other ashes and nut juice used for cuts and skin sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44612,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Juice used for hair dressing.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44611,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Flowers and roots and other plants pounded, mixed with water and rubbed on the body during massages.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44610,4251,Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,19,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Roots or bulbs pounded with salt and the resulting juice used as a head wash for headaches.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 19"
44609,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,94,2,Drug,13,Poison,Bulbs considered poisonous.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 94"
44608,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,133,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Mashed bulbs rubbed on broken bones to help them heal more quickly.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 133"
44607,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bulbs mashed and used for rheumatism.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
44606,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,23,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Plant sometimes used as a violent emetic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
44605,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,55,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered poisonous.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 55"
44604,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,55,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of plant applied to sore legs.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 55"
44603,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,30,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered poisonous.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 30"
44602,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,128,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of roasted, mashed bulbs applied to swollen parts or used for rheumatism.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128"
44601,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149150,2,Drug,114,Snake Bite Remedy,Poultice of bulb used for rattlesnake bites.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149150"
44600,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,183,Paiute,98,m53,54,2,Drug,13,Poison,Seeds and roots considered a deadly poison if eaten by humans or horses.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 54"
44599,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149150,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of bulb used for swellings.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149150"
44598,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149150,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Poultice of bulb used for burns.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149150"
44597,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149150,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of bulb used for rheumatic pains.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149150"
44596,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149150,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of bulb used for rheumatic pains.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149150"
44595,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bulbs mashed and used for rheumatism.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
44594,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,50,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Mashed bulbs used as an arrow poison.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
44593,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,50,2,Drug,13,Poison,Bulbs considered extremely poisonous.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
44592,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,27,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Poultice of cooked, mashed bulbs applied to boils.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 27"
44591,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,27,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of mashed bulbs applied for rheumatism.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 27"
44590,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,27,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Poultice of cooked, mashed bulbs applied to strain and bruise pains.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 27"
44589,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,321,2,Drug,13,Poison,Root considered poisonous.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 321"
44588,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,321,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of mashed bulbs applied to painful bruises and sprains.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 321"
44587,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,321,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of mashed bulbs applied for boils and painful bruises.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 321"
44586,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,321,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of mashed bulbs applied to rheumatism.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 321"
44585,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,321,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of mashed bulbs applied to painful bruises and sprains.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 321"
44584,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant poisonous to humans.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44583,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,115,Klamath,66,c97,93,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Roots mixed with rootstocks of blue flag and used for vomiting.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93"
44582,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,105,Karok,70,b81,64,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
44581,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,203,2,Drug,13,Poison,Roots considered highly toxic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 203"
44580,4250,Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,23,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Plant sometimes used as a violent emetic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
44579,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,276,Washo,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Poultice of bulb used for toothache.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44578,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,276,Washo,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of bulb used for sprains and lameness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44577,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,276,Washo,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of bulb used for swellings.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44576,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,276,Washo,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of crushed, raw root applied for rheumatism.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44575,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,276,Washo,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of bulb used for neuralgia.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44574,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Poultice of bulb used for toothache.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44573,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of bulb used for sprains and lameness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44572,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,40,Emetic,"Decoction of root taken as an emetic, in spite of poisonous nature of plant.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44571,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of bulb used for swellings.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44570,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of crushed raw or roasted root applied for rheumatism.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44569,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of bulb used for neuralgia.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44568,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,128,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of roasted, mashed bulbs applied to swollen parts or used for rheumatism.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128"
44567,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Poultice of bulb used for toothache.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44566,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of bulb used for sprains and lameness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44565,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,40,Emetic,"Decoction of root taken as an emetic, in spite of poisonous nature of plant.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44564,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of bulb used for swellings.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44563,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Poultice of root, sometimes mixed with tobacco, applied for rheumatism.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44562,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,183,Paiute,12,tha41,149,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of bulb used for neuralgia.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149"
44561,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,17,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Plants used as greens.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17"
44560,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,17,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked with meat and corn and used for food.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17"
44559,4249,Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,17,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Infusion of plant given to sheep with bloat.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17"
44558,4248,Zigadenus nuttallii (Gray) S. Wats.,272,Ute,142,c09,37,2,Drug,13,Poison,Bulbs considered poisonous.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 37"
44557,4248,Zigadenus nuttallii (Gray) S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,384,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Plant used for venereal affections.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384"
44556,4248,Zigadenus nuttallii (Gray) S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,384,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Plant used as an emetic.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384"
44555,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots placed in the eye sockets and mouth of a dead grouse by the father of a girl reaching puberty. The father of a girl reaching puberty had to snare a grouse, cut off its head, remove its eyes and in their places put two small roots of this plant and another in the mouth.  Otherwise, the father was not able to snare any more grouse.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"
44554,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,512,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Leaves usually fatal to cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 512"
44553,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,512,2,Drug,13,Poison,Bulb caused 'human poisoning' and leaves usually fatal to cattle.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 512"
44552,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,463,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,"Pulverized, baked root used as salve on painful areas, especially back and feet.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 463"
44551,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Cold infusion of plant used as a lotion for mad coyote bite.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44550,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,78,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Root rubbed on muscles as a strengthener.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 78"
44549,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,78,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Infusion of eleven plants used as an emetic before breakfast prior to athletic events or deer hunts. Infusion of eleven plants used during athletic training every morning prior to breakfast until the brew had been depleted, to give long endurance, a keen eye and so that the deer could not smell you.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 78"
44548,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,78,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered poisonous.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 78"
44547,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,78,2,Drug,77,Diaphoretic,Eleven plants used in sweatbath. An infusion of eleven plants was sprinkled on hot rocks to form dense steam.  Men stayed in the sweat bath for three to five minutes for several successive evenings before the deer hunt or race.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 78"
44546,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,78,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Infusion of eleven plants used as an athletic rub down.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 78"
44545,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,139,2,Drug,13,Poison,Whole plant considered poisonous.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 139"
44544,4247,Zigadenus elegans Pursh,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,163,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered poisonous.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 163"
44543,4246,Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schlechter,228,Seminole,88,s54,318,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Decoction of whole plant used as a wash for impotency.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 318"
44542,4246,Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schlechter,228,Seminole,88,s54,318,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Decoction of whole plant taken and used as a wash for barrenness.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 318"
44541,4245,Zephyranthes sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,304,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Infusion of bulbs used for toothaches.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 304"
44540,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Ribboned husks made into small, square pads and used by young people in games. Small plumes were attached to the small, square pads upright, in the center, forming the shuttlecocks for use in the game of battledore and shuttlecock.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44539,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,38,Decorations,Ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44538,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,White corn meal made into a mush and used ceremonially during the death of a rain priest.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44537,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44536,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Popped corn ground, made into a beverage and used ceremonially. Although this beverage could be consumed at any time, it was used especially by the rain priests and personators of anthropic gods during ceremonies.  Another native beverage was also made by the Zuni.  Water was poured over sprouted corn, allowed to stand for some days and then used as a beverage.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44535,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal wrapped in husks given to theurgists visiting the sick. The packages were always presented with a prayer and the recipient prayed.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44534,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn ears carried or secretly worn in dances by personators of anthropic gods.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44533,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Balls of husks covered with woven cotton used ceremonially to insure bountiful crops. The balls of corn husks covered with woven cotton were used with long fringes of white cotton ceremonial sashes symbolizing corn and a desire for bountiful crops.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
44532,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,75,Staple,Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread eaten as a staple on journeys.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44531,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Corn used to make popcorn.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44530,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,44,Porridge,Corn used to make gruel.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44529,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44528,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Popped corn ground as fine as possible, mixed with cold water, strained and used as a beverage. Although this beverage could be consumed at any time, it was used especially by the rain priests and personators of anthropic gods during ceremonies.  Another native beverage was also made by the Zuni.  Water was poured over sprouted corn, allowed to stand for some days and then used as a beverage.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44527,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Cobs used to make feathered darts and to stuff kick balls.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44526,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to make handles and holders.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44525,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Husks made into cigarettes.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44524,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cobs used as fuel in emergencies and as fire lighters.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44523,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Husks twisted and used to make the framework and mounts for feathers in ceremonial ornaments.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44522,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Formerly bartered with the Comanche for prepared buffalo hides.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44521,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as a staple food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44520,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,5,Forage,"Husks, stalks and leaves used for stock winter forage.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44519,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Corn ground on a metate, formed into cakes, rolled and baked.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44518,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,27,Beverage,Corn meal mixed with cold water and drunk as a nourishing drink.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44517,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,78,1,Food,27,Beverage,Corn ground and sifted into boiling water to make a gruel formerly drunk in the morning.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 78"
44516,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Warm ear of corn rubbed with foot for child's glandular swelling in neck.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
44515,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,"Blue cornmeal and water used for 'heart-sickness,' 'palpitations or pains.'","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
44514,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Black corn with red streaks good for menstruating woman.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
44513,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Warm ear of corn rubbed with foot for child's glandular swelling in neck.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
44512,4244,Zea mays L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,97,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Blue cornmeal and water used for 'palpitations or pains.',"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 97"
44511,4244,Zea mays L.,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,75,Staple,"Corn and wheat, the most important foods, used for food.","White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
44510,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make arrow heads.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44509,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used for religious scarification and at busk ceremonies.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44508,4244,Zea mays L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,473,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473"
44507,4244,Zea mays L.,207,Pueblo,27,cu35,34,1,Food,47,Special Food,Cornmeal used ceremonially.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44506,4244,Zea mays L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,101,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Elm bark bags, filled with corn or beans and peas, buried in the ground to keep for the winter.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101"
44505,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44504,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44503,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44502,4244,Zea mays L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44501,4244,Zea mays L.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Boiled with ashes, dried, hulls washed off, dried, parched with coals and made into gruel.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
44500,4244,Zea mays L.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ground, baked in large cakes and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
44499,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44498,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44497,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44496,4244,Zea mays L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44495,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,,,"Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed and cooked whole with meat.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44494,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,75,Staple,"Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed and ground into meal.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44493,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,47,Special Food,Cornmeal used ceremonially.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44492,4244,Zea mays L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,34,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Grains parched, dried on mats on the roofs and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34"
44491,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,3,Other,58,Protection,"Chewed seeds scattered around the corn fields to protect the harvest from blackbirds. When the corn was approaching maturity, blackbirds attacked the fields for food.  To prevent further damage, men chewed some grains and scattered them around the corn fields to deter the birds from the fields.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
44490,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
44489,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,68,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68"
44488,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44487,4244,Zea mays L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44486,4244,Zea mays L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Several sorts of corn were grown, modern and ancient. Ears were roasted and made into hominy.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
44485,4244,Zea mays L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Kernels dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
44484,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used by pottery makers to smooth the pottery.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44483,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,"Dry husks of young corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44482,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,32,Containers,Cobs used to close up pottery jars.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44481,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in all ceremonials and also for personal ceremonies.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44480,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Roasted, dried corn on the cob stored for winter use.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44479,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Young corn and cob eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44478,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,47,Special Food,Corn meal used to make ceremonial cakes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44477,4244,Zea mays L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,18,1,Food,50,Fodder,Used as horse feed.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18"
44476,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,17,Tools,Cobs used to beat leather while dyeing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44475,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Husks used for cigarette papers.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44474,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,Sacred pollen used in innumerable ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44473,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,185,Sacred Items,"Cornmeal, considered less sacred than corn pollen, used in innumerable ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44472,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,37,Fuel,Cob pith used as punk (tinder).,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44471,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,3,Other,32,Containers,Husks used as casings for blood sausage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44470,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,30,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Cornmeal mush used to make images for ceremonies. In the Bead Chant, an image of a wildcat was made of sweet corn; in the Mountain Chant, an image of the bear was made of sweet corn; and in the Coyote Chant, effigies of a coyote and a kit fox were made in sweet corn; other images such as the dog, chicken, cat and pig were also reproduced in sweet corn.  To make these animals, a stiff mush was made of corn, which was kneaded to the desired shape, omitting the extremities such as tail, ears and feet.  White shell, turquoise and cannel coal was used for the eyes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30"
44469,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Leaves eaten like lettuce.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44468,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,,,"Immature corn pounded, mixed with pumpkin, wrapped in a corn husk and baked in ashes.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44467,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,75,Staple,"Green corn roasted, shelled, ground, dried and wrapped in corn husks, like tamales, for journeys.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44466,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Cornmeal porridge, served in wedding baskets, used as a nuptial dish.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44465,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,44,Porridge,Cornmeal and juniper ash water used to make mush.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44464,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,44,Porridge,Corn and meat boiled all night into hominy.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44463,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,30,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Sweet corn meal and herb roots made into cakes and baked in a pit.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30"
44462,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Corn and juniper ash used to make bread and dumplings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44461,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,1,Food,27,Beverage,Cornmeal and juniper ash water used to make a beverage.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44460,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Stalks sometimes used for thatching.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44459,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Poultice of plant applied as ceremonial medicine for sore throats.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44458,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Poultice of plant applied as ceremonial medicine for sore throats.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44457,4244,Zea mays L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,27,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Leaves used in mixture for the Night Chant medicine. One part of the Night Chant medicine consists of a mixture of 'blue pollen,' wild plants, and tobacco to which was added the leaves from corn plants gathered in the east, south, west and north corners of the field, squash from the southeast side, bean leaves from the southwest, watermelon leaves from the northwest, and muskmelon leaves from the northeast.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27"
44456,4244,Zea mays L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,77,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of dried cobs used as a wash for poison ivy rash.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 77"
44455,4244,Zea mays L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,257,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Boiled or parched corn stored for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257"
44454,4244,Zea mays L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,257,1,Food,,,Boiled or parched corn eaten or made into corn hominy grits.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257"
44453,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Ears parboiled and the kernels sun dried for winter use.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44452,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Ears roasted and made into hominy.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44451,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Scorched or parched corn often used as a substitute for coffee.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44450,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,75,Staple,"Roasted popcorn pounded into a meal added to dried venison, maple sugar or wild rice or all three.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44449,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Parched, ground corn mixed with bear oil and used as trail ration.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44448,4244,Zea mays L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,27,Beverage,Scorched or parched corn often used as a substitute for coffee.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
44447,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Shucks used for cigarette wrappings and used in the peyote ceremony.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
44446,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,1,Food,,,Valued as a food.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
44445,4244,Zea mays L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,17,1,Food,50,Fodder,Valued as a fodder for livestock.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17"
44444,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn pollen and corn meal used for many ceremonial purposes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44443,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal sprinkled by everyone before eating and prayer repeated.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44442,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Roasted corn ears dried and stored for winter use.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44441,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Roasted corn ears eaten warm for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44440,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,75,Staple,Corn meal used as one of the main foods.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44439,4244,Zea mays L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,77,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Pollen eaten for almost any kind of medicine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 77"
44438,4244,Zea mays L.,103,Kamia,180,g31,21,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 21"
44437,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pollen used in the 'Corn Dances.',"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44436,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn silks used in the 'Corn Dances.',"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44435,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn meal smeared on the body in the burial ceremony.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44434,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Corn husks used as cigarette papers for the ceremonial cigarettes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44433,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Corn meal used to make mush, dried and stored for winter use.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44432,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,,,Corn husks used to wrap tamales.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44431,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Evaporated liquid from crushed, soaked stalks used to make sugar.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44430,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,75,Staple,Parched corn eaten as a staple.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44429,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,44,Porridge,Corn meal used to make a mush.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44428,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,85,Candy,Parched corn eaten as a confection.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44427,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Corn meal used to make various breads.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44426,4244,Zea mays L.,101,Isleta,76,j31,46,1,Food,27,Beverage,Ground corn used to make a slightly intoxicating beverage.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
44425,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,3,Other,141,Planting Seeds,"Seeds selected for qualities such as size, flavor, color and early maturity and used for planting.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44424,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Husks used as wrappers for boiling the double wedding corn bread package.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44423,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,154,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried husks woven into small bottles or receptacles for salt.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 154"
44422,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Seeds eaten raw or cooked while traveling or hunting.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44421,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Corn on the cob roasted and eaten.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44420,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,47,Special Food,Seeds used to make wedding bread or bread placed in the coffin with the corpse.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44419,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,47,Special Food,"Seeds used for ceremonial occasions, such as False-Face Society functions.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44418,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,56,Soup,"Seeds used with beans, squash and meats to make soups and broths.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44417,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Seeds used to make popcorn.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44416,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Seeds used to make succotash.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44415,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,44,Porridge,Seeds used to make hominy.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44414,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Seeds, pumpkin mush and maple sugar used to make pudding.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44413,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, mixed with hot water, molded, dropped into boiling water and eaten as dumplings.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44412,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into a meal or flour and used to make boiled bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44411,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,27,Beverage,Stalks cut between the joints and chewed to quench the thirst.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
44410,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,27,Beverage,Seeds boiled into a liquor and used as a beverage or made into soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44409,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,145,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Dried, roasted seeds boiled in water to make coffee.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 145"
44408,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,101,Baby Food,Seeds used to make a meal gruel for babies.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44407,4244,Zea mays L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,71,1,Food,101,Baby Food,Seeds boiled into a liquor and used in the preparation of food for infants.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 71"
44406,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Whole ears boiled and given as presents during the winter ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44405,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Used in almost all ceremonies either as corn meal, as an actual ear of corn or as a painting.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44404,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the northeast direction.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44403,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Ceremonially associated with the nadir.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44402,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,1,Food,,,Pit baked and eaten immediately.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44401,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Ears pit-baked, husked, strung, sun dried and used as a sweetener in the winter.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44400,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ground into meal.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44399,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Made into hominy and other dishes, plant constituted the main food supply.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44398,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Grains soaked in water with juniper ash, boiled and washed to make hominy.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44397,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Pit baked, husked, strung and sun dried.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 69"
44396,4244,Zea mays L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds ground into meal and used to make wafer bread.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 67"
44395,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Seeds pit baked and stored for winter use.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44394,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Seeds eaten fresh, baked on the cob, roasted or boiled.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44393,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
44392,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,56,Soup,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
44391,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make mush.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
44390,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,164,spier28,103,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make wafer bread.,"Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 103"
44389,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Seeds used to make bread.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44388,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, mixed with salt water into thin gruel & cooked in thin layer into piki.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44387,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44386,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, kneaded into a thick paste, rolled into little balls, boiled and eaten as marbles.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44385,4244,Zea mays L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Seeds ground, added to boiling water, kneaded, rolled in corn husks, boiled and eaten as tamales.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
44384,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used in the ceremonial diet of the participants of the Big House Ceremony.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44383,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,,,Ears roasted and used for food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44382,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,,,Dried corn boiled in alkaline liquid and hulls eaten with milk and sugar or fried with potatoes.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44381,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,75,Staple,Used as the staple vegetable food to provide nourishment for the soul and the body.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44380,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,56,Soup,Dried corn boiled in alkaline liquid and hulls combined with fresh or dried meat for stew.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44379,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ears sun dried, grains pounded into hominy grits and used for food.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44378,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ears boiled, cooled, the grains dried and used for food.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44377,4244,Zea mays L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,55,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Dry, unparched corn made into flour and used to make bread.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 55"
44376,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried corn silks stored for future use.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44375,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44374,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,"Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44373,4244,Zea mays L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,67,1,Food,75,Staple,Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67"
44372,4244,Zea mays L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,9-Aug,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Seeds parched and mixed with water or boiled with or without meat.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 9-Aug"
44371,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Husks turned back and used to suspend corn ears from the ceiling.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44370,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Fresh ears roasted in the husks and used for food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44369,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,56,Soup,Kernels pounded into a meal and used to make 'parched corn soup.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44368,4244,Zea mays L.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,44,Porridge,Used to make a 'hominy.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
44367,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Shucks used to make dolls.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44366,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Corn used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44365,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Parched grains eaten for 'long wind.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44364,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Infusion taken for 'gravel.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44363,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Smut' from plant used as salve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
44362,4244,Zea mays L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,153,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Sprinkled on images of the dead during mourning ceremonies.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 153"
44361,4244,Zea mays L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,153,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ground into a meal, boiled and eaten.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 153"
44360,4244,Zea mays L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,1,Food,56,Soup,Seeds used to make soup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
44359,4243,Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used to make bows and arrows.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
44358,4242,Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Poultice of grated root and bark applied to aching teeth.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
44357,4242,Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.,96,Houma,49,speck41,61,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Salve of grated root mixed with whiskey rubbed on swollen limbs.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
44356,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,80,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,"Root bark used for gonorrhea, an historic reference (1796).","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 80"
44355,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,98,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Fruits used as diuretic for horses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"
44354,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,17,g19,98,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits used by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 98"
44353,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,323,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Fruits used by young men as perfume.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323"
44352,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,387,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Bark or berries used for sore throat and tonsillitis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387"
44351,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,387,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Infusion of berries sprayed on chest for congestion from bronchitis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387"
44350,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"77, 132",2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,Infusion of inner bark taken in small doses for heart trouble.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 77, 132"
44349,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,149,Mohegan,110,tan28,269,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,"Infusion of bark taken for heart, 3 days on, 3 days off before resuming.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 269"
44348,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and berries used for hemorrhages and tuberculosis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44347,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Powdered inner bark used for toothache.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44346,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Compound decoction of inner bark given to strengthen convalescent patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44345,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Compound infusion of root used for kidney trouble.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44344,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark and berry medicine used for hemorrhages.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44343,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,139,Expectorant,Bark and berries used as an expectorant.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44342,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark and berries used to make cough syrup.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44341,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,176,d32,128,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Compound infusion taken and rubbed on body to quiet person near convulsions.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 128"
44340,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"51, 52",2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Infusion of berries sprayed on the chest or throat for bronchial diseases.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51, 52"
44339,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"51, 52",2,Drug,18,Other,Infusion of berries taken for minor maladies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51, 52"
44338,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"51, 52",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of root bark applied to swellings in special rite.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51, 52"
44337,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"51, 52",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of berries sprayed from mouth onto sores.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51, 52"
44336,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,176,d32,130,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Decoction of inner bark used for cold settled in the chest.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130"
44335,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,176,d32,133,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Poultice of pounded inner bark applied for rheumatism and sharp pains.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133"
44334,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,176,d32,133,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Poultice of pounded inner bark used for rheumatism and sharp pains.,"Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133"
44333,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,51,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Infusion of berries used as a seasoner in medicines.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51"
44332,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Infusion of roots taken when water stops because of gonorrhea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44331,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Compound decoction taken to vomit during initial stages of consumption.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44330,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,"Bark smoked, chewed or placed into the tooth for toothaches.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44329,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Compound infusion taken for back pain.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44328,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,3,Kidney Aid,Compound infusion taken for kidney trouble.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44327,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Infusion of bark taken for pain after confinement.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44326,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Decoction of bark taken for cramps.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44325,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Compound decoction taken to vomit during initial stages of consumption.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44324,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,117,Diuretic,Infusion of roots taken when water stops because of gonorrhea.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44323,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,103,Antiemetic,Compound infusion taken for vomiting.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44322,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,16,Anthelmintic,Decoction of bark taken for worms.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44321,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Infusion of bark taken for pain after confinement.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44320,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Compound infusion taken for back pain.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44319,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,367,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark smoked for toothaches or neuralgia.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 367"
44318,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,84,Abortifacient,Decoction of bark taken to promote miscarriage.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
44317,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used alone and in compound as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
44316,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"30, 80",2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,Infusion of inner bark taken sparingly for heart trouble.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30, 80"
44315,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,62,Delaware,97,t72,35,2,Drug,104,Heart Medicine,Infusion of inner bark used for heart trouble.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35"
44314,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,59,Creek,128,swan28,663,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Infusion of bark used to rub on dog's nose to improve his scent.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 663"
44313,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,48,Comanche,143,j68,6,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Roots pulverized and used for toothache.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 6"
44312,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Root bark held against tooth for toothache.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
44311,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Inner bark placed in throat for sore throat.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
44310,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,48,Comanche,143,j68,6,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Infusion of pulverized roots used for fever.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 6"
44309,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Infusion of bark taken for fever.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
44308,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,48,Comanche,143,j68,6,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,Roots pulverized and powder used for burns.,"Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 6"
44307,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,342,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Decoction of root gargled or taken for sore throat.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342"
44306,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,134,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Infusion of bark taken for all pulmonary troubles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 134"
44305,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Decoction of root used as a wash to strengthen legs and feet of weak children.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
44304,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,364,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Decoction of root used as a wash for paralysis and to strengthen child's legs and feet.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
44303,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,134,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Infusion of bark taken for coughs.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 134"
44302,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,134,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Infusion of bark taken for colds.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 134"
44301,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,51,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Infusion used as a wash for swollen joints.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51"
44300,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,3,Alabama,128,swan28,663,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Pounded inner bark used for toothache.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 663"
44299,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,3,Alabama,115,t40,35,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Inner bark put into cavity and packed around the tooth for toothaches.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 35"
44298,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,3,Alabama,115,t40,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of inner bark rubbed on itchy area.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 35"
44297,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,3,Alabama,128,swan28,663,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of bark used as a wash for itching.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 663"
44296,4240,Zamia pumila L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,489,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 489"
44295,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,3,Other,32,Containers,Small stalk section used as a stopper for the basketry water bottle.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44294,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, peeled and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44293,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,,,"Apical meristems pit roasted and eaten. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44292,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Apical meristems pit roasted, mashed, dried and stored for future use. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44291,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Green leaves made into strong cord used to bind the vertical & horizontal poles of the winterhouse.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44290,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Split rootstock cores used as pattern material in coiled basketry.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44289,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,11,1,Food,,,Stalks used for food in late winter and early spring.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 11"
44288,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Stalks used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
44287,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44286,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Stalks pit roasted and used to make a syrup.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44285,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Pods used for basketry.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44284,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,58,5,Dye,263,White,Pods used for bleaching buckskin fiber a pure white.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58"
44283,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Roasted stalks used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44282,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Plant head roasted in an earth oven and formerly used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44281,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Blossoms cooked in water and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44280,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,1,Food,,,"Young stalk peeled, roasted and eaten in the spring.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44279,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,1,Food,,,"Blossoms picked before opening in the spring, boiled twice and eaten.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44278,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Leaf fibers used to make lattice work cradle on a frame of scrub oak.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44277,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf fibers used as the foundation for the beginning of a coiled basket.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17"
44276,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Sliced stalks parboiled and cooked like squash.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44275,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,,,Less mature flowers parboiled and very mature flowers boiled three times with salt and eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44274,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Flowers and stalks sun dried and preserved.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44273,4238,Yucca whipplei Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Roasted stalks dried, ground and mixed with water to make cakes.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44272,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten occasionally.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44271,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44270,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44269,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44268,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44267,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44266,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44265,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the main portion of the baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44264,4236,Yucca sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,,,"Flower stalk picked before blooming, roasted in fire and used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
44263,4236,Yucca sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Boiled fruit used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
44262,4236,Yucca sp.,188,Papago,27,cu35,45,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits dried and used as a staple food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45"
44261,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,Leaf pitch used for waterproofing baskets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44260,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,"Leaves made into a ball and used to play 'shooting the yucca.' 'Shooting the yucca' was a Navajo game played with a ball made of bark and wound with yucca leaves which had been previously placed in hot ashes to make them flexible.  A stick of scrub oak was attached to this by a yucca cord, to give momentum to the light ball.  The ball was thrown into the air and the archers discharged their arrows at it as soon as it was drawn downward by the weight of the stick.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44259,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Fiber used to make a ring for a game similar to 'ring toss.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44258,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,17,Tools,Used to make a brush to apply colored clays to pottery.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44257,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,3,Other,106,Soap,Used for cleansing purposes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
44256,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Suds and ashes used to wash new born babies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44255,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to wash wool and hides.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44254,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,58,Protection,"Leaf juice mixed with powders and applied to shields. Yucca leaves were heated over a fire and the juice wrung out of them into an earthen vessel.  The juice was then mixed with powders and applied to the shield with a pointed stick to make it live in the power of the sun, the serpent, the bear, the lightning and the rainbow.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44253,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Folded leaves used as drumsticks to beat basket drums.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44252,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Leaves used to make bracelets worn by scouts.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44251,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,32,Containers,Wood tied to stalk with shallow holes and used at the hearth to hold a fireset.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44250,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots, pollen and leaves used during many different ceremonies.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44249,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Pitch used to cover bullroarers for some of the ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44248,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves used for ceremonial purposes. On the sixth day of the Mountain Chant Ceremony, before the couriers were sent on their way, a basin of water containing soap root was brought in, and after the medicine man had daubed the couriers with a little of the suds, they washed themselves from head to foot and cleaned their hair as well.  The Lashing God in the Night Chant carried a ring of yucca leaves on his back and suspended from this by its roots was a complete plant of soapweed.  He held in his hand yucca scourges which were made from the leaves taken from the east and west sides of the plant.  For the yucca that hangs at his back, a specimen was selected whose roots stuck well out of the ground and was kicked out with the foot.  Masks made of the leaves were also used in the Night Chant.  In one of the dances of the last night of the Mountain Chant, yucca was made to grow from the root through buds and flowers to the ripe fruit.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
44247,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaf strips intertwined with sprigs of fir and used to make necklaces and wristbands for ceremonies.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44246,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Fiber used to string cakes baked for Fire God & attached to his right arm on 9th day of Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44245,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,1,Food,5,Forage,Buds eaten by sheep.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44244,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Pith twisted with mountain grass and used to make mats for bedding and blankets.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44243,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Fiber and grass used to make sleeping mats.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44242,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Strands used to tie rolled skins into a rabbit skin blanket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44241,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fiber used to tie butt and tip of corn husks filled with dough.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44240,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Yucca fiber and grass fiber used to make the earliest costume.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44239,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make moccasin uppers and dresses.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44238,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Pith twisted with mountain grass and used to make leggings and shoes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44237,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fiber used to make knitted leggings.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44236,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Pith twisted with mountain grass and used for roofing.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44235,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf pith braid woven into a basket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44234,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fiber used to secure the butts of the first twigs around a small stick at the bottom of the basket.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44233,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Poultice of plants applied to the head for sore throats.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44232,4236,Yucca sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,34,2,Drug,13,Poison,Plant considered poisonous.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
44231,4236,Yucca sp.,102,Jemez,28,c30,28,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots boiled, fibrous part removed, water rubbed into lather & used to wash hair & woolen blankets.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28"
44230,4236,Yucca sp.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,47,3,Other,106,Soap,Root suds used to wash wool.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
44229,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44228,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,193,Pima,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits cooked and eaten with white flour.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44227,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Dried fruits sold to the Pimas.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44226,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44225,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,174,h08,262,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits cooked and eaten with white flour.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
44224,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits cooked, skins peeled off and pulp used for food.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
44223,4235,Yucca schottii Engelm.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,258,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258"
44222,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44221,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,22,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 22"
44220,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,18,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Dried fruit used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44219,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit cooked and made into a drink.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44218,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,43,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Made into cords and used as base for fur robe garments.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 43"
44217,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,147,Mohave,125,cb51,204,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit peeled and eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204"
44216,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,200,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant fiber used to make fishing lines.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 200"
44215,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,203,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Leaf fiber formerly used to make fishing lines.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203"
44214,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,196,1,Food,,,Pods roasted on coals and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 196"
44213,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,128,Luiseno,24,s08,195,1,Food,,,Blossoms cooked in water and used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 195"
44212,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits cooked and ground into a meal.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44211,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44210,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits baked, prepared and dried for winter use.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44209,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,97,Hualapai,127,w82,40,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Strong fibers used to make shoes and sandals.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 40"
44208,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 45"
44207,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,3,Other,106,Soap,"Scraped, mashed roots and water used as soap.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44206,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,,,Fruit pods eaten raw or roasted.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44205,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber used to make bowstrings, netting and strings for shell money.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44204,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make brushes for body painting.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44203,4234,Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fiber used as starting material for baskets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44202,4233,Yucca louisianensis Trel.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
44201,4232,Yucca harrimaniae Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
44200,4231,Yucca glauca var. glauca,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,27,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Root used as a substitute for soap and as a wash for the hair.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 27"
44199,4231,Yucca glauca var. glauca,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
44198,4231,Yucca glauca var. glauca,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
44197,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,83,3,Other,106,Soap,"Peeled roots pounded, made into suds and used for washing the head, wool garments and blankets.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83"
44196,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,73,1,Food,,,Seed pods boiled and used for food.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 73"
44195,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,79,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Leaves used for making mats, cincture pads and other articles.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 79"
44194,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,47,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 47"
44193,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,79,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves soaked in water to soften them and made into rope by knotting them together. The fibers of the leaves were separated and lengthened for making a coarse cord.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 79"
44192,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,291,Zuni,6,s15,82,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,"Leaves made into brushes & used for decorating pottery, ceremonial masks, alters and other objects.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 82"
44191,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,52,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used to make whips to beat novices during some initiation ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44190,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to make lather.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44189,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44188,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibrous leaves split into narrow strips and used for tying material.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44187,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make bandoleers and neckties for clowns and dancers.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44186,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Narrow slips used as paint brushes in decorating pottery.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44185,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,52,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make sifting baskets.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 52"
44184,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,52,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used as a spindle in making fire by friction.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 52"
44183,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,54,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots roasted, soaked in water, removed and soapy liquid used to wash hair and cloth.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54"
44182,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,55,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves pounded and used in washing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
44181,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,,,Tender stalks boiled or baked.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44180,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten with the pods.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44179,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
44178,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Crowns roasted and used in times of food shortage.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44177,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,14,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Pods boiled in water and made into pickles.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 14"
44176,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves or fibers used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 39"
44175,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,49,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves used as brushes to place designs upon pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 49"
44174,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in the manufacture of baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
44173,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44172,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44171,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44170,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44169,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp leaf points used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44168,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44167,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44166,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp leaf points used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44165,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44164,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Root used in smoke treatment for unspecified illnesses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44163,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots dried, pulverized, mixed with water and the suds used for washing the hair.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44162,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Used to bind women's hair over their foreheads while racing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44161,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,51,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Fiber used to tie saguaro needles together.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51"
44160,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for tying up bundles of material.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
44159,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,66,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Strips of fiber used to tie mesquite pole tips to other poles in forming house skeletons.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66"
44158,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,61,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Leaves split into strands, made into cords and used for lashing house frames together and thatching.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61"
44157,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
44156,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,188,Papago,27,cu35,58,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Inner leaves dried, split and used for sewing non-water-tight trade baskets.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 58"
44155,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44154,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp leaf points used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44153,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44152,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,2,Drug,,,Root used in smoke treatment for unspecified illnesses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44151,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44150,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,,,Flower buds roasted in ashes and leaves boiled with salt and used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44149,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit roasted in ashes and eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44148,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fiber made into string to tie hoops, prayer sticks, chant arrows and other ceremonial equipment.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44147,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,5,Dye,136,Red,Juice boiled alone for a red dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44146,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,5,Dye,108,Black,Juice mixed with yellow soil for a black dye.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44145,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,13,Poison,Compound containing leaf juice used to poison arrows.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44144,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Cold infusion of root used to expedite delivery of baby or placenta.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44143,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,126,Contraceptive,Rotten root used to make suds taken to induce menopause.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
44142,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44141,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44140,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used to stir the water for the ceremonial baths.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44139,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Fruit sliced and dried for winter use.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44138,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or baked in ashes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44137,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,164,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,Plant used as a delirifacient a drug which produces  delirium.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 164"
44136,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,141,h56,164,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used as a laxative.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 164"
44135,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Roots used to wash hair.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44134,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to make soap.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44133,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,51,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots boiled and used as shampoo or as a substitute for soap.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
44132,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,156,k90,51,1,Food,,,Flowers and buds eaten fresh or cooked.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 51"
44131,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Burning root fumes used to allow a horse to be caught and haltered easily.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44130,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Roots and prickly pear cactus roots used by mothers when they cannot give birth.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44129,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Infusion of pulverized roots taken for stomachaches.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44128,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Infusion of roots used to soak the hair as a vermin killer and to make the hair grow.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44127,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,28,2,Drug,84,Abortifacient,Roots and prickly pear cactus roots used as 'medicine for not give birth.',"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28"
44126,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44125,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44124,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used to wash clothes and hair.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
44123,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,18,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Plant used for dandruff, baldness and skin irritations.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 18"
44122,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,17,Tools,Flower stalks used as spindles to start fire by friction.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44121,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,106,Soap,"Crushed roots rubbed on hair or clothes for soap or crushed, roasted roots soaked in water for soap. This soap caused more itching than that from wild leafed yucca, but was considered better to keep the natural color of the hair.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44120,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves used as strings to tie chili peppers.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44119,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cooked, dried fruit stored for winter use.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44118,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,,,Tender heart shoots eaten for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44117,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Roasted hearts used for food in times of famine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44116,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Soaked, cooked fruit make into a syrup and used as hot chocolate.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44115,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Dried, fruit cakes made into a syrup.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44114,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
44113,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Boiled, dried fruit made into cakes.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44112,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Dried, fruit cakes used to make a beverage.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44111,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Crushed leaf fibers twisted and used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44110,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Chewed leaves used to make brushes for pottery paint.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44109,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44108,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Infusion of tender heart shoots used for weakness.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44107,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,76,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Tender heart shoots used in the sweatbath.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 76"
44106,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,102,Jemez,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44105,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots pounded until soft, soaked in water and used as a soap for bathing, washing hair & blankets.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44104,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,3,Other,38,Decorations,Fibers used to make plaques.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44103,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried fruit stored for winter use.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44102,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44101,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44100,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44099,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44098,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibers used to make brushes for pottery decoration.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44097,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used to make baskets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44096,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Root mixed with ground stolons from vine mesquite grass & used as a hair wash to make the hair grow.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
44095,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
44094,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,17,Tools,"Hard, sharp-pointed blades bound with sinew and used in place of wood to make the fire drill.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44093,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root used like soap, especially for washing the hair.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44092,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used like soap to wash the scalp.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44091,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Boiled root used in tanning hides. The yucca roots were boiled and then cooled and sprinkled over the hides after they had been treated with the brain-liver-marrow dressing.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44090,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,37,Fuel,Leaves bound in a slender bundle and used as a substitute for wood. The slender bundle of leaves formed the firedrill which was placed in a hearth and twirled by the hands until it smouldered upon which time it was blown upon to ignite the flame.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44089,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,3,Other,32,Containers,"Dried, peeled stems used to make a hearth, to contain the fire.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44088,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,3,Other,32,Containers,Dried stems peeled and used to make a hearth.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44087,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Sharp points of leaves used as needles.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44086,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
44085,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,358,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Root used to wash the scalp to make the hair grow.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 358"
44084,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
44083,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Smashed root applied as powder or used as a wash for sores, scabs and skin outbreaks.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
44082,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of dried root used as hair wash for dandruff and to prevent baldness.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
44081,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as a soap substitute and hair wash.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
44080,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Decoction of roots applied to saddle sores.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
44079,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,80,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Decoction of grated roots used for breaks.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 80"
44078,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Decoction of grated roots used as herbal steam for breaks and sprains.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
44077,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,78,Herbal Steam,Decoction of grated roots used as herbal steam for breaks and sprains.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
44076,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Poultice of roots applied to inflamed and bleeding cuts.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
44075,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Poultice of grated roots applied to bleeding cuts.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
44074,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of roots applied to inflamed and bleeding cuts.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
44073,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,274,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Decoction of root used as a tonic for falling hair.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274"
44072,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,80,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Decoction of grated roots used for sprains.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 80"
44071,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as counters in various games.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44070,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,,,Pods roasted and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44069,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pods dried for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44068,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make 'moccasin strings' and cords.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
44067,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves split and used to make baskets.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44066,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Stalks boiled, dried and stored to be used as vegetables.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44065,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44064,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
44063,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44062,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
44061,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44060,4230,Yucca glauca Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
44059,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,56,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Poultice of roots applied to sprains.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 56"
44058,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots pounded, boiled and used instead of soap to wash blankets.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44057,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Used to intoxicate fish.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44056,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.',"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
44055,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,75,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Used as a soporific.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75"
44054,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Infusion taken for diabetes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44053,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Beaten root used as salve for sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44052,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Used as an ingredient with broom sedge and amaranth in green corn medicine.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
44051,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,30,Catawba,115,t40,9,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Roots rubbed on body or decoction of roots taken for skin disease.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 9"
44050,4229,Yucca filamentosa L.,30,Catawba,75,s37,188,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Root rubbed on the body for skin disease.,"Speck, Frank G., 1937, Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices, Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society 1:179-197, page 188"
44049,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,28,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves tied to make a fastening loop for sandals.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 28"
44048,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,19,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stems baked, dried, softened in water and eaten.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44047,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,3,Other,106,Soap,Used as soap.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
44046,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,35,3,Other,32,Containers,Fibers made into carrying nets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44045,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,46,3,Other,32,Containers,Cactus ribs bound together to form the frame for containers used to carry crops.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 46"
44044,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,193,Pima,58,bc41,60,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves twilled into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60"
44043,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,58,bc41,64,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
44042,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,58,bc41,62,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Species used to sew coils into tight baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 62"
44041,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,27,cu35,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 54"
44040,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,188,Papago,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaf used as the binding element in coarse coiled ware.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
44039,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin game.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44038,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44037,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,33,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves made into scourges and used in the Night Chant. A leaf was taken from the east side of the plant and one from the west.  The leaves were then split in two and the interchanged halves bound together to form the scourge.  These scourges were carried by the different personators in the Night Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 33"
44036,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
44035,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,183,3,Other,38,Decorations,Red roots used in basket decorations.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
44034,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,,,Stalk charred and eaten like sugar cane.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44033,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,193,1,Food,,,Blossoms used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 193"
44032,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,,,"Blossoms boiled with seeds, fat or bones.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44031,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Boiled blossoms dried and stored in a dry place.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44030,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,Leaves used for the headshade of cradleboards.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44029,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44028,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,"Peeled stalk shaped like a short snake, heated, eaten by a practitioner and spit at the sick.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
44027,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,,,"Young stalks cooked, peeled and eaten hot.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44026,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,75,Staple,"Trunks pit cooked, pounded and made into flour.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44025,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,56,Soup,Flowers used as fresh vegetables in soups.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44024,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Trunks pit cooked, dried and stored for future food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44023,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,40,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Flowers boiled, dried and stored for future food use.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 40"
44022,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
44021,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Stems baked overnight, dried, broken into pieces, softened and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
44020,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,37,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven into shallow or tray baskets to carry prepared mescal home.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 37"
44019,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
44018,4228,Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm.,10,Apache,58,bc41,64,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
44017,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,16,1,Food,,,Immature pods used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 16"
44016,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to make brown designs.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
44015,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,63,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 63"
44014,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,43,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Made into cords and used as base for fur robe garments.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 43"
44013,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,232,Shoshoni,109,m66,445,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Roots used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 445"
44012,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,136,Red,Roots used as red dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
44011,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,232,Shoshoni,111,m90,8,5,Dye,108,Black,Roots used as black dye in basketry.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8"
44010,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,187,Panamint,163,k52,78,3,Other,167,Designs,Red-brown inner roots used for basket designs.,"Kirk, R.E., 1952, Panamint Basketry, Masterkey 26(76-86):, page 78"
44009,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit pit roasted and eaten. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44008,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit pit roasted, mashed, dried and stored for future use. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44007,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Dark red rootstock core used as pattern material in coiled basketry. The core was split into strands, soaked and worked in with the coiling so that the color was always on the outside.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44006,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,1,Food,,,Blossoms used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44005,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make nets.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44004,4227,Yucca brevifolia Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,150,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Fibers used to make sandals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 150"
44003,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed roots used for soap.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44002,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice used as a varnish for sacred kachinas.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44001,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Plant used as an anchor for bird traps.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
44000,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Twigs used to make the masks for the kachinas.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43999,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used as whips in ceremonies.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43998,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Twigs used to make snow brooms.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43997,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Plant used for paint brushes.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43996,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43995,4226,Yucca baileyi var. navajoa (J.M. Webber) J.M. Webber,95,Hopi,82,c74,370,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Plant used as a laxative.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 370"
43994,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used to make cincture pads for supporting water vases upon the head.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43993,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,55,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots pounded, made into suds in cold water and used for washing.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
43992,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant used ceremonially for a great variety of purposes.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
43991,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Narrow leaf bands worn around the head by personators of anthropic gods. The personators of anthropic gods adorned their wrists and ankles with yucca ribbons and the novitiate into the medicine order of a secret fraternity had his or her wrists adorned with them also.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
43990,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,72,1,Food,135,Sweetener,Fruit made into conserves and used as a sweetener before the introduction of coffee and sugar.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72"
43989,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Flesh cooked, made into pats, sun dried and mixed with water to form a syrup.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43988,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,72,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit made into conserves and used for food.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72"
43987,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Flesh cooked, made into pats, sun dried and eaten as a conserve.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43986,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits pared and eaten raw or boiled and skinned.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43985,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,72,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit eaten fresh or boiled, cooled and the skin peeled off with a knife.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 72"
43984,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Split leaves plaited into mats for covering hatchways, grain vases and other vessels. The leaves are also used for making pads for supporting water vases upon the head.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43983,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,36,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves split and plaited into mats to cover various vessels.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 36"
43982,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,47,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 47"
43981,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves used in place of cords or rope.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43980,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaves boiled, chewed and made into a double-stranded cord.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43979,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers made into cords used to tie prayer plume offerings together & for other ceremonial uses.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43978,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,58,bc41,45,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaves boiled, chewed and fiber woven into skirts and kilts.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 45"
43977,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Leaf fibers used in weaving fabrics. The leaves were folded about four inches in length and tied with a fragment of the leaf.  These folds were boiled with a small quantity of cedar ashes.  When sufficiently cooked, the leaves were placed in a bowl or basket and cooled.  When the leaves were cooled, youths and young women peeled off the epidermis, and chewed the leaves starting at one end and progressing to the other.  After chewing the leaves, the fibers were separated, straightened out, tied with fiber strings and hung in an inner room to dry.  When required for weaving, the fibers were soaked in water to soften them.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43976,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,78,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Split leaves used to make winnowing baskets, baskets for serving food & for transporting materials.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 78"
43975,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,291,Zuni,6,s15,81,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Interlaced leaves used to make baskets.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81"
43974,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,56,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root, stem and leaves pounded and worked in water to form lather for washing hair and body.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 56"
43973,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,16,1,Food,,,"Flower stalks gathered before blossoming, roasted in fire and prepared for use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43972,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit cooked in coals and used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43971,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sun dried fruit boiled and used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43970,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,258,1,Food,27,Beverage,Sun dried fruit boiled and used as a beverage.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 258"
43969,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,58,bc41,16,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruit soaked in water until pulp dissolved and liquid drunk.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43968,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to tie grass stems of mescal to make a brush.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
43967,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,17,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit dried, folded and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17"
43966,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,17,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits mixed with water and liquid drunk.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17"
43965,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,49,3,Other,106,Soap,"Roots bruised, placed in water and used to wash woolens, cotton fabrics, feathers and hair.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49"
43964,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,58,bc41,45,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Leaves baked in warm pit, chewed and fiber woven into fishing nets.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 45"
43963,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,50,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits formerly eaten.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 50"
43962,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Fleshy leaves boiled, chewed and the fibers twisted into cord and rope.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 50"
43961,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"49, 50",2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Fruit eaten to promote easy childbirth.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49, 50"
43960,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"49, 50",2,Drug,40,Emetic,Unspecified plant part chewed as ritual emetic.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49, 50"
43959,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,"49, 50",2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Infusion of root used as a wash in adoption and name-giving ceremonies.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 49, 50"
43958,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,55,3,Other,106,Soap,Leaves pounded and used in washing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
43957,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,53,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Plant suspended from a ring carried on the back of a god impersonator.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 53"
43956,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,,,Green pods gathered and allowed to mature in sun or dwellings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
43955,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,,,Greatly sought after and utilized as food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43954,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,12,1,Food,135,Sweetener,"Fruit pared, pulp chewed, cooked, dried and conserve dissolved in water to sweeten beverages.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 12"
43953,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,75,Staple,"Seeds dried, stored in baskets and ground into meal when needed.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
43952,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,12,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruit pared, pulp chewed, cooked, dried and eaten as a conserve.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 12"
43951,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,9,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 9"
43950,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43949,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Rind dried and eaten without cooking.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43948,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Pulp cooked to a paste, dried and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43947,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pulp cooked to a paste and dried for winter use.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43946,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Partially ripened fruits gathered, cooked, the pulp dried and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43945,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits dried between beds of grass, split into halves, dried further in the sun and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
43944,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,12,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Preserved fruit soaked in water, cooked to a thick syrup and eaten as a sauce-like dessert.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 12"
43943,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,15,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp patted into cakes and dried thoroughly.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15"
43942,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Pulp mixed with chokecherries and made into cake.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43941,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,11,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruit pulp boiled in water and drunk.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 11"
43940,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Split leaves or fibers used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 39"
43939,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,234,Sia,159,w62,107,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 107"
43938,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43937,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Ripe fruits eaten without preparation.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43936,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,54,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Partly matured fruits cooked to form a semi-liquid substance, dried and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43935,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43934,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43933,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten raw and pit roasted.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
43932,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,6,1,Food,85,Candy,Plant dried and used as sweets.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
43931,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,194,"Pima, Desert",136,r91,6,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Used for trade.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
43930,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,3,Other,106,Soap,Stems reduced to pulp and used as soap.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
43929,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,56,3,Other,106,Soap,"Plant macerated, placed in water to form suds and used for washing hair.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 56"
43928,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,16,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Dried fruit made into cakes, ground and cooked with cornmeal to make gruel.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43927,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits boiled, dried, ground, boiled with flour and used for food.","Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
43926,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,16,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Dried fruit made into cakes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43925,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,16,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Dried fruit made into cakes, cooked in water and liquid drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16"
43924,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,37,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Split leaves used in weaving mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 37"
43923,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Leaves woven into mats.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43922,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber used to make cords or ropes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43921,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fiber used to make hair brushes.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
43920,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used in basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43919,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,193,Pima,104,r08,72,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Fruits eaten raw as a cathartic.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72"
43918,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,56,3,Other,106,Soap,"Plant macerated, placed in water to form suds and used for washing hair.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 56"
43917,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
43916,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,,,"Pulp ground, cooked and used for food.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43915,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruits used as an important staple crop.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43914,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,44,Porridge,Fresh fruits made into a gruel and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43913,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43912,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,23,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Seeds dried and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23"
43911,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as tying material.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43910,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,53,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Leaves split and used for the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53"
43909,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used as the foundation in coiled basketry.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43908,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,57,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used as foundation in coiled basketry.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57"
43907,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,106,Soap,"Root made into soap used for washing wool or clothing, shampooing the hair and bathing the body. The root, pounded with rocks to remove the bark and to soften it, was stirred vigorously in warm water to whip up suds.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43906,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaf juice mixed with pottery paste.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43905,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used to make ceremonial drumstick.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43904,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Leaves stuck into snowballs, mixed with red clay and used to stop the snow and rain.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43903,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make preserves.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43902,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Fruit molded into foot long rolls.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43901,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,"Roots made into ball for shinny game, played at night.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43900,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Leaves made into a ball thrown into the air for archery target practice.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43899,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Fiber used to tie snowshoes to the feet.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43898,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fiber made into string or rope and used for temporary or emergency purposes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43897,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaves made into brushes used for cleaning baskets.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43896,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf slivers made into paint brushes.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43895,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make ceremonial and utilitarian baskets.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43894,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,5,Dye,,,Leaf juice used as a medium for pigments of pottery paints and slips.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43893,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Juice used to lubricate midwife's hand while removing retained placenta.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43892,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,21,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Suds made from root used for ceremonial purification baths.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21"
43891,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used to wash hair and garments.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43890,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,36,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Stout leaves used as drumsticks.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 36"
43889,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Roots used ceremonially.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43888,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Fruit cut in half, dried and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43887,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes, roasted again and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43886,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,47,Special Food,Dried fruit eaten by warriors at war.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43885,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruit pulp made into cakes and mixed with water to make a syrup eaten with meat or bread.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43884,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruit cakes mixed with water to make a syrup and eaten with meat and bread.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43883,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,1,Preserves,Fruit used to make jelly.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43882,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Ripe fruits dried, ground, kneaded into small cakes and boiled with cornmeal into a mush.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43881,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,44,Porridge,Dried fruit cakes boiled with cornmeal into a gruel.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43880,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into cakes, roasted again, mixed with cornmeal & made into gruel.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43879,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten ripe or cooked.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43878,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when picked or cooked.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43877,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43876,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw or baked in hot coals.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43875,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,52,Fruit,Dried fruit rolls soaked in hot water and eaten with corn mush.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
43874,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe fruit, with seeds removed, boiled down like jam, made into rolls and dried for winter use.","Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
43873,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43872,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,121,l86,31,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruit dried for winter use.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 31"
43871,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit dried and carried, when at war, with grass seeds and jerked venison.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43870,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,41,Dessert,Fruit boiled in water with or without sugar and eaten as a dessert.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
43869,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Ripe fruits dried, ground, kneaded into small cakes and slightly roasted.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43868,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,58,bc41,20,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Pulp made into cakes, dried and stored for winter use.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 20"
43867,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes and roasted again.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43866,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Plant used for heartburn.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43865,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,2,Drug,103,Antiemetic,Infusion of pulverized leaves taken for vomiting.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43864,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43863,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruits dissolved in water and used as a dip.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43862,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,1,Preserves,Dried fruits eaten as a paste.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43861,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43860,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43859,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43858,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,54,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a drink.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43857,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,564,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 564"
43856,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,108,Keresan,90,w45,564,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Used for washing hair.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 564"
43855,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,106,Soap,Crushed leaves mixed with water for soap.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43854,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Switches used as whips by the masked personage.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43853,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Leaves used as whips during the initiations.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43852,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Cooked, dried fruit stored for winter use.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43851,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Soaked, cooked fruit made into a syrup and used as hot chocolate.","Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43850,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43849,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,74,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaf fibers used to make ropes. Leaves were pounded between stones to separate the fibers which were used for ropes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74"
43848,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,102,Jemez,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43847,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,102,Jemez,58,bc41,34,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43846,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,3,Other,38,Decorations,Fibers used to make plaques.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43845,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Sun dried fruit used for winter storage.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43844,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43843,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43842,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,1,Food,5,Forage,Fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43841,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Fibers used to make cords and ropes.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43840,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Fibers used to make small brushes for pottery decoration.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43839,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,101,Isleta,76,j31,45,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Fibers used to make baskets.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45"
43838,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43837,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,75,Staple,Fruit cooked and ground into a meal.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43836,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit eaten raw.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43835,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit baked, prepared and dried for winter use.","Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43834,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruit used to make a fermented beverage.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43833,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Stems used to make rope.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43832,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,39,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Stems used to make shoes.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 39"
43831,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43830,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43829,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,3,Other,106,Soap,Root used for soap.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
43828,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,184,n43,18,1,Food,1,Preserves,"Fruits sun dried, boiled into jam and eaten with corn dumplings or boiled bread.","Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 18"
43827,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,1,Food,52,Fruit,Large fruits oven baked.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43826,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,61,rhf16,51,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits eaten for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 51"
43825,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit used for food.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
43824,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,1,Food,52,Fruit,Baked fruits used for food.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43823,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,72,f96,17,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used for basketry.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17"
43822,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in basketry.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
43821,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves occasionally used in basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43820,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Dried leaves boiled with gum, hardened, powdered, mixed with water & used to waterproof baskets.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43819,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Ring of leaves wrapped in buckskin used in the hoop and pole game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43818,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,17,Tools,Terminal spines used as needles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43817,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as a soap for washing the hair.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43816,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,58,bc41,17,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Sheet of fruit flesh dried and the bits eaten dry when needed.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17"
43815,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruits split, sun dried and prepared for storage in the shape of a mat.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43814,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,66,1,Food,27,Beverage,Plant used to make a drink.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66"
43813,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Leaf fiber braided into ropes. The leaves contained a good fiber.  The terminal spine and a section of the back of the leaf were removed and pounded to free this fiber from the fleshy portion of the leaf.  The fiber was often braided into rope, three to six ply, from twelve to thirty feet long that were used for many purposes, including handling horses.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
43812,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,14,1,Food,,,Used as a source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 14"
43811,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used for soap.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
43810,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,,,Pods roasted and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43809,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Pods dried for future use.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43808,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make string.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43807,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,147,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Leaves reduced to fiber and made into cloth.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147"
43806,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots used as soap.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43805,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruit pounded together to make gravy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43804,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,181,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Fruit roasted, dried, wrapped and stored indefinitely.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 181"
43803,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,182,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and sections tied together by square knots to make cordage.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 182"
43802,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,3,Other,106,Soap,Large roots used to make soap.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43801,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Fruits made into a syrup and placed on fruits before drying.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43800,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Ripe fruits cooked, split, cleaned of seeds, dried and used for food.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43799,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,1,Food,27,Beverage,Fruits used to make a drink.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43798,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make twine or rope.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43797,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,33,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Small roots used for basket work.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 33"
43796,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers eaten if obtained before the summer rain; otherwise they taste bitter.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43795,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43794,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,56,Soup,Leaves cooked in soups.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43793,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed and pulp ground into large cakes.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43792,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,39,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes and stored indefinitely.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39"
43791,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,17,Tools,Stalk used to make fire drills.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43790,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots pounded and placed in water to form suds used in bathing and shampooing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
43789,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,3,Other,167,Designs,Roots used to produce a red pattern in baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
43788,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,3,Other,32,Containers,Thick portion of stalk used as hearth when making fire.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43787,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,19,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Flowers eaten as a vegetable only if obtained before the summer rains.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 19"
43786,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food only if obtained at the proper time.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
43785,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,19,c35,56,1,Food,56,Soup,Young leaves cooked in soups or with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 56"
43784,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43783,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes and stored.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43782,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43781,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43780,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,35,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for the main portion of the baskets.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 35"
43779,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Tender crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43778,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,Dried fruits dissolved in water and used as a dip.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43777,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,1,Preserves,Dried fruits eaten as a paste.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43776,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,52,Fruit,"Fruits eaten raw, boiled or baked.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43775,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,55,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 55"
43774,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves and stored for winter use.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43773,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,54,1,Food,27,Beverage,Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a drink.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 54"
43772,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,55,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots made into suds and used during marriage ceremonies. As part of the marriage ceremony, the groom's head was washed by his future mother-in-law, while that of the bride was washed by the bridegroom's mother.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 55"
43771,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,10,1,Food,113,Starvation Food,Used when agricultural reserves dwindled.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 10"
43770,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,248,Southwest Indians,58,bc41,37,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves used to make strings.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 37"
43769,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots crushed with stones and used as soap.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43768,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,26,Paint,Juice used as a varnish on certain kachinas.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43767,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,34,3,Other,38,Decorations,Shredded leaves used to make the packing for the spirals of a plaque.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 34"
43766,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Used as a whip during ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43765,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,"Roots crushed to make soap, used ceremonially as a purification rite & suds associated with clouds.","Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43764,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,184,n43,18,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruits pit baked with lambsquarter leaves and eaten with corn dumplings in salted water.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 18"
43763,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,64,1,Food,52,Fruit,Fruit sometimes used for food.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 64"
43762,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,33,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Narrow, split leaf strips used as sewing material for coiled plaques.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 33"
43761,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,58,bc41,50,4,Fiber,93,Brushes & Brooms,Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50"
43760,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used in many types of basketry.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43759,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,"34, 71",2,Drug,36,Laxative,Root used as a strong laxative.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 71"
43758,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,2,Drug,129,Disinfectant,Crushed root used in purification ceremony.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43757,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Crushed root used as shampoo for baldness.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43756,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,95,Hopi,37,w39,71,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Crushed root used in purification ceremony.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
43755,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Leaves used as tally sticks to keep track of scores in the hidden ball game.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
43754,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Leaves used to tie or repair holes in sacking.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
43753,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,57,3,Other,106,Soap,Roots pounded and placed in water to form suds used in bathing and shampooing.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57"
43752,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,40,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Leaves split and used as string.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 40"
43751,4224,Yucca angustissima Engelm. ex Trel.,10,Apache,58,bc41,51,2,Drug,114,Snake Bite Remedy,Emulsion used in cases of snake or insect bites.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 51"
43750,4223,Yucca aloifolia L.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,9,2,Drug,,,Decoction of roots used as a salve for various purposes.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 9"
43749,4223,Yucca aloifolia L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,24,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Boiled mashed root with grease or tallow used as salve for various purposes.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24"
43748,4222,Xyris sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,395,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,Flowering stems twisted into a witchcraft medicine.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 395"
43747,4222,Xyris sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,281,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Infusion of herbage rubbed on the chest for pulmonary disorders.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 281"
43746,4222,Xyris sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,281,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Infusion of herbage rubbed on the chest for colds.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 281"
43745,4221,Xyris caroliniana Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Infusion of root taken for diarrhea and 'good for children.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43744,4221,Xyris caroliniana Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Infusion of root taken for diarrhea.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43743,4220,Xyris ambigua Bey. ex Kunth,228,Seminole,88,s54,281,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Infusion of herbage rubbed on the chest for pulmonary disorders.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 281"
43742,4220,Xyris ambigua Bey. ex Kunth,228,Seminole,88,s54,281,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Infusion of herbage rubbed on the chest for colds.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 281"
43741,4219,Xylorhiza tortifolia (Torr. & Gray) Greene,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,250,3,Other,53,Incense & Fragrance,Ground leaves carried in the clothes and used as perfume by men and women to counteract body odors.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 250"
43740,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,488,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 488"
43739,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,164,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 164"
43738,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,307,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Infusion of roots used as a steam and rubbed on the legs for soreness.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 307"
43737,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,307,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Decoction of roots used as a mouthwash for sore mouth and gums.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 307"
43736,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,193,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Decoction of inner bark used as a body rub and steam for joint swellings.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 193"
43735,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,192,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Decoction of inner bark used as a body rub & steam for deer sickness: numb, painful limbs & joints.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 192"
43734,4218,Ximenia americana L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,192,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),"Decoction of 'beans' used as a body rub & steam for deer sickness: numb, painful limbs & joints.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 192"
43733,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,289,Yurok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Small leaves used to make dresses. Plants were burned every year.  Leaves were harvested in the spring when they first began to grow out from their charred rhizome.  Prior to use, the leaves were soaked in water to make them pliable, but if left too long they turned green.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43732,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,282,Yana,181,ss43,253,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Grass wrapped around the ties of the women's belts.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 253"
43731,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,210,Quinault,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43730,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,209,Quileute,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
43729,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,52,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Roots washed, rubbed to make a lather and used to wash sores.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 52"
43728,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,50,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to decorate baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50"
43727,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,87,3,Other,17,Tools,Leaves used for trimming the edges of mats.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43726,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,87,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as twining material for wrapped and twined baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43725,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,27,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves woven into water tight baskets used for cooking.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 27"
43724,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,133,Makah,101,ttco83,87,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Leaves sold to the Nootkan and Hesquiat tribes.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
43723,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,133,Makah,3,g83,343,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used for basketry.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 343"
43722,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,132,Maidu,162,sk58,71,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Blades used as overlay twine in the manufacture of baskets.,"Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71"
43721,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,114,Klallam,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43720,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used as dress ornaments.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43719,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,63,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"New sprouts used to make baskets, especially for designs.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
43718,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43717,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,71,sg52,380,3,Other,38,Decorations,Plant used as dress ornaments.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43716,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,71,sg52,380,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Leaves used to make baskets.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
43715,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,98,Hupa,111,m90,2,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used as a border pattern in baskets.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 2"
43714,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,94,Hoh,77,r36,60,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Grass used to make baskets.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 60"
43713,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,56,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Purchased grass shaved and dyed to make baskets and edging for mats and baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
43712,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43711,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,23,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to decorate baskets.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 23"
43710,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Decoction of grated roots used for breaks and sprains.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
43709,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Grated roots used for bleeding.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
43708,4217,Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,25,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Poultice of chewed roots applied to wounds.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 25"
43707,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,264,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant purchased and used extensively in basket overlay and designs.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
43706,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,3,Other,125,Jewelry,Blades braided to make necklaces.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
43705,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
43704,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,117,Konomeho,109,m66,234,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Plant used to make the design on baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 234"
43703,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,105,Karok,109,m66,211,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Used to make basket hats for men and women.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 211"
43702,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,105,Karok,109,m66,211,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Used to make baskets.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 211"
43701,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
43700,4216,Xerophyllum sp.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,183,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,"Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183"
43699,4215,Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & Bouch‚,228,Seminole,88,s54,465,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 465"
43698,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,311,3,Other,26,Paint,Used as a yellow pigment for paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 311"
43697,4214,Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,144,3,Other,26,Paint,Plant used as pigment for face paint.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144"
43696,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Entire plant crushed and used to make a yellow dye.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43695,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Taken as a tonic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43694,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Stem chewed for sore throat.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43693,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Infusion taken for nerves.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
43692,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Stem chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"