id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
6,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark and other plants used for 'sickness.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,151,1,Food,,,Cambium used for food.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151"
13,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,316,2,Drug,,,Decoction of bark used medicinally.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 316"
14,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,316,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 316"
26,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,2,Drug,,,Decoction of branches taken as medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
32,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,163,2,Drug,,,Needles and wood stuffed into pillows and used for good health.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 163"
33,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,164,2,Drug,,,Needles stuffed into pillows and used for good health.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
39,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,124,2,Drug,,,Needles used in a sudatory for women after childbirth and for other purposes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 124"
72,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Pitch used in medicines.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
83,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,138,Menominee,51,s23,45,2,Drug,,,Poultice of fresh inner bark used for unspecified illnesses.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45"
146,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,50,2,Drug,,,Tree used as medicine.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 50"
167,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,71,2,Drug,,,Boughs placed in fire and smoke inhaled to prevent sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
203,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,2,Drug,,,Decoction of branches taken as medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
297,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
310,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,2,Drug,,,Decoction of branches taken as medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
312,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,97,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
345,8,Abies sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,484,1,Food,,,Gum chewed and swallowed.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 484"
348,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,2,Acoma,19,c35,39,1,Food,,,"Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
352,10,Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.,124,Laguna,19,c35,39,1,Food,,,"Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
365,11,Abronia latifolia Eschsch.,41,Clallam,99,f80,201,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201"
366,11,Abronia latifolia Eschsch.,114,Klallam,25,g73,29,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
367,11,Abronia latifolia Eschsch.,133,Makah,25,g73,29,1,Food,,,Roots eaten in the fall.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
390,15,Acacia greggii Gray,193,Pima,104,r08,76,1,Food,,,Beans formerly used for food.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
413,22,Acer circinatum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,1,Food,,,Sap eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
480,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,41,Clallam,99,f80,197,1,Food,,,Sap eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
483,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
513,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,77,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten in small quantities with oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
528,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,147,1,Food,,,Raw shoots used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
580,31,Acer pensylvanicum L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,196,2,Drug,,,Infusion of plant used as a medicinal tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 196"
649,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,2,Drug,,,"Sap, thimbleberries and water used to make a medicine.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
683,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,142,2,Drug,,,"Sap, thimbleberries and water used to make a medicine.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
812,38,Achillea millefolium L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,220,2,Drug,,,Plants placed on heated rocks and rising vapors used for unspecified illness.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 220"
983,38,Achillea millefolium L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,166,2,Drug,,,Roots and stems considered 'a good medicine.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 166"
1003,40,Achillea millefolium var. borealis (Bong.) Farw.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,716,2,Drug,,,Infusion of dried plants used for medicinal purposes.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716"
1004,40,Achillea millefolium var. borealis (Bong.) Farw.,74,"Eskimo, Nunivak",94,s73,325,2,Drug,,,Infusion of dried plants used for its medicinal qualities.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325"
1095,44,Achillea sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
1116,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,157,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
1118,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,79,Gosiute,38,c11,375,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375"
1134,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,11,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
1141,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,157,Navajo,19,c35,27,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 27"
1154,46,Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth,291,Zuni,19,c35,27,1,Food,,,Used especially in earlier times as an important source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 27"
1156,48,Achnatherum speciosum (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,66,1,Food,,,"Seeds used for food. When ripe in June, the grass was cut off in bunches, tied together with stems of the grass and thrown over the shoulder into the carrying basket suspended on one's back.  Two procedures were used in preparing the seeds for food.  First, the grass was spread out on a flat rock, where it was allowed to dry a half day and then threshed by burning.  If the fire burned too quickly, green spear grass was added to slow it down.  The burned stalks were stirred and lifted with a green stick so that the seeds would fall out.  The seeds were gathered and winnowed by being poured from one basket to another.  Boiled, the seeds swelled 'like rice.'  A cupful would fill a pot.  Second, the grass was dried for a day or two and the seeds beaten out.  They would be boiled whole or first pounded to a meal and then cooked.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
1161,50,Aconitum delphiniifolium DC.,216,Salish,144,teit28,294,2,Drug,,,Plant used as a medicine.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294"
1172,55,Acorus calamus L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,175,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
1232,55,Acorus calamus L.,55,"Cree, Alberta",94,s73,331,2,Drug,,,Root chewed for the medicinal effects.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 331"
1275,55,Acorus calamus L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,359,1,Food,,,Dried root chewed for the agreeable taste.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
1308,55,Acorus calamus L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,26,1,Food,,,Leaves and stalks used for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 26"
1311,55,Acorus calamus L.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Used for medicines.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
1329,55,Acorus calamus L.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,2,Drug,,,Roots chewed for medicinal use.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
1513,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,30,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1523,67,Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.,42,Coahuilla,168,b67,77,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1596,72,Adiantum sp.,16,Apalachee,197,hann86,98,2,Drug,,,Plant water used for medicinal purposes.,"Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 98"
1619,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,1,Food,,,"Boiled nuts eaten with baked kelp, meat and seafood. Nuts were put into boiling water to loosen the husk.  After the husk was removed, the nut meat was returned to boiling water and cooked until it was soft like cooked potatoes.  The nut meat was then mashed with a mortar stone.  The grounds could be strained at this stage or strained after soaking.  The grounds would be soaked and leached a long time to remove the poisonous tannin.  An older method was to peel the nuts and roast them in ashes until they were soft.  They were then crushed and the meal was put in a sandy leaching basin beside a stream.  For about five hours, the meal was leached with water from the stream.  When the bitterness disappeared it was ready to eat without further cooking.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1623,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
1625,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,,,Nut meats mashed and used for food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
1661,81,Agaricus campestris,62,Delaware,97,t72,60,1,Food,,,"Salted, boiled or fried in fat and used for food.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 60"
1675,84,Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,27,2,Drug,,,Infusion of leaves taken for its medicinal qualities.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 27"
1714,87,Agastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,225,2,Drug,,,Compound of plant heads used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 225"
1715,88,Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze,79,Gosiute,38,c11,374,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374"
1729,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1737,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,27,cu35,16,1,Food,,,Pit baked and extensively used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
1738,89,Agave americana L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1753,90,Agave decipiens Baker,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1754,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,5,Dye,,,Burned stalk ash used as a dye for tattoos.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1763,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Baked leaves eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1764,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Flowers parboiled to release the bitterness and eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1765,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Roasted stalks used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1772,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,202,1,Food,,,Crowns gathered and pit-baked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202"
1774,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,13,1,Food,,,Roots and stalks baked overnight in a pit oven and used for food.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 13"
1775,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1778,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,193,Pima,11,c49,48,1,Food,,,Heads pit baked and eaten with pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1793,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1798,93,Agave palmeri Engelm.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1802,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,10,Apache,19,c35,13,1,Food,,,Roots baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 13"
1803,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,35,1,Food,,,"Bulbous crowns baked in pits, pulpy centers released, pounded into thin sheets and eaten. The Mescalero Apache were named for the food they made from mescal.  In the pits where the crowns were baked, the largest rock was placed in the center and a cross made on it from black ashes.  While the mescal baked, the women were supposed to stay away from their husbands, and if the crown was not completely roasted when removed from the pit, they were believed to have disobeyed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
1804,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,38,1,Food,,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
1823,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1824,94,Agave parryi Engelm.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,169,1,Food,,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1840,95,Agave schottii Engelm.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1841,96,Agave sp.,13,"Apache, San Carlos",174,h08,257,1,Food,,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
1858,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,,,Heads baked and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1859,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1860,96,Agave sp.,157,Navajo,195,b65,94,1,Food,,,Young and tender flowering stalks and shoots roasted and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1866,96,Agave sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,259,1,Food,,,"Flower stalk baked and soft, inner part used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
1904,103,Agoseris aurantiaca var. aurantiaca,79,Gosiute,38,c11,383,1,Food,,,Leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 383"
1905,104,Agoseris aurantiaca var. purpurea (Gray) Cronq.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
1915,108,Agoseris sp.,272,Ute,142,c09,36,1,Food,,,Leaves formerly used as food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
1942,112,Agropyron sp.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,243,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243"
1943,113,Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman,115,Klamath,66,c97,91,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 91"
1948,117,Alectoria jubata Acharius.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,,,Plant cooked and eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
1949,118,Alectoria jubata L.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,1,Food,,,Formerly used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
1950,118,Alectoria jubata L.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,344,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344"
2017,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,193,Pima,11,c49,69,1,Food,,,"Ripe seeds winnowed, roasted, ground, water added, cooked and used for food.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 69"
2019,130,Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
2022,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,360,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten in spring and early summer.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 360"
2023,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2024,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,1,Food,,,Bulbs relished by only old men and old women.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
2026,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and used for food.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2027,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,"Seeded heads placed in hot ashes for a few minutes, seeds extracted and eaten.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2029,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2030,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,1,Food,,,Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2032,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,117,1,Food,,,Bulbs dug in the spring and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117"
2033,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,,,"Thick coated, spherical bulbs eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
2034,132,Allium acuminatum Hook.,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
2036,133,Allium anceps Kellogg,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted in the sand and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2037,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw and cooked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2038,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,360,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten in spring and early summer.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 360"
2041,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and used for food.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2042,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,"Seeded heads placed in hot ashes for a few minutes, seeds extracted and eaten.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2043,134,Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
2045,136,Allium bolanderi S. Wats.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,1,Food,,,Bulbs relished by only old men and old women.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
2046,136,Allium bolanderi S. Wats.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,322,1,Food,,,Corms used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 322"
2065,138,Allium canadense L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,69,1,Food,,,"Small, wild onion used for food.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69"
2071,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,61,Dakota,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2074,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,177,Omaha,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2077,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,190,Pawnee,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2080,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,205,Ponca,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2083,139,Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey,280,Winnebago,17,g19,71,1,Food,,,Fried bulbs used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2085,140,Allium cepa L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
2089,140,Allium cepa L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,,,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2091,140,Allium cepa L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
2092,140,Allium cepa L.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,,,"Eaten raw, roasted or boiled.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
2093,140,Allium cepa L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,77,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 77"
2094,140,Allium cepa L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,505,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505"
2102,141,Allium cernuum Roth,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,199,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten fresh.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199"
2117,141,Allium cernuum Roth,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,47,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
2118,141,Allium cernuum Roth,41,Clallam,99,f80,196,1,Food,,,"Bulbs eaten raw, cooked in pits or fried with meat.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 196"
2123,141,Allium cernuum Roth,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2125,141,Allium cernuum Roth,95,Hopi,184,n43,20,1,Food,,,Eaten raw with cornmeal dumplings or fresh piki bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 20"
2131,141,Allium cernuum Roth,114,Klallam,25,g73,24,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24"
2135,141,Allium cernuum Roth,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
2138,141,Allium cernuum Roth,133,Makah,25,g73,24,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten sparingly.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24"
2139,141,Allium cernuum Roth,133,Makah,3,g83,338,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 338"
2143,141,Allium cernuum Roth,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,,,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2148,141,Allium cernuum Roth,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,"Bulbs, never the tops, eaten raw, with fried or boiled meat.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
2149,141,Allium cernuum Roth,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,338,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 338"
2154,141,Allium cernuum Roth,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
2155,141,Allium cernuum Roth,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,76,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76"
2156,141,Allium cernuum Roth,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2159,141,Allium cernuum Roth,210,Quinault,25,g73,24,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24"
2160,141,Allium cernuum Roth,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,74,1,Food,,,Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"
2167,141,Allium cernuum Roth,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaves used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
2168,141,Allium cernuum Roth,259,Thompson,33,steed28,481,1,Food,,,Thick bulbs cooked and eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 481"
2169,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,2,Acoma,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2172,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,95,Hopi,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Bulbs washed and eaten raw with broken waferbread dipped in water.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2173,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,95,Hopi,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Dipped in water with broken wafer bread and eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2174,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,101,Isleta,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or boiled.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2175,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,124,Laguna,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2176,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Bulbs washed and eaten raw with broken waferbread dipped in water.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2177,142,Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.,257,Tewa,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Dipped in water with broken wafer bread and eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2182,145,Allium drummondii Regel,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly boiled with meat and used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
2183,145,Allium drummondii Regel,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,45,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45"
2184,145,Allium drummondii Regel,125,Lakota,108,r80,27,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 27"
2185,145,Allium drummondii Regel,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,Bulbs boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
2187,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,10,Apache,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2191,147,Allium geyeri S. Wats.,95,Hopi,184,n43,20,1,Food,,,Eaten raw with cornmeal dumplings or fresh piki bread.,"Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 20"
2196,149,Allium hyalinum Curran,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,1,Food,,,"Leaves, stalks and heads used for food.","Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
2197,150,Allium lacunosum S. Wats.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,1,Food,,,"Leaves, stalks and heads used for food.","Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
2199,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs rubbed in hot ashes and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2200,151,Allium macropetalum Rydb.,157,Navajo,74,e44,31,1,Food,,,"Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31"
2203,152,Allium nevadense S. Wats.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,,,Whole plant eaten raw.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2206,154,Allium peninsulare J.G. Lemmon ex Greene,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,12,1,Food,,,"Leaves, stalks and heads used for food.","Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 12"
2208,155,Allium platycaule S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and used for food.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2209,155,Allium platycaule S. Wats.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,"Seeded heads placed in hot ashes for a few minutes, seeds extracted and eaten.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2223,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,113,1,Food,,,Bulbs used sparingly.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 113"
2225,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,26,1,Food,,,Fresh leaves used for food.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2231,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,56,1,Food,,,"Plant eaten raw, alone or with fish.","Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56"
2233,158,Allium schoenoprasum L.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,15,1,Food,,,"Stems and bulbs eaten raw, fried or boiled.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 15"
2236,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly boiled with meat and used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
2237,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,45,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45"
2239,159,Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,46,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46"
2261,160,Allium sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,1,Food,,,Roasted bulbs used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
2268,160,Allium sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
2271,160,Allium sp.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,,,Bulbs and tops eaten both raw and cooked.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
2272,160,Allium sp.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,44,1,Food,,,Stems rolled into a ball and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2275,160,Allium sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,100,1,Food,,,Bulbous roots cooked in pits and used for food.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 100"
2276,160,Allium sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
2281,162,Allium textile A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.,125,Lakota,156,k90,50,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten fresh or stored for future use.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
2286,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
2287,163,Allium tricoccum Ait.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,251,1,Food,,,"Young plants boiled, fried and eaten.","Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 251"
2299,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,323,1,Food,,,Bulbs and leaf bases fried and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 323"
2300,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,188,Papago,19,c35,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15"
2303,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or baked.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
2304,164,Allium unifolium Kellogg,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or fried.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
2318,166,Allium vineale L.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,159,1,Food,,,Bulb used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 159"
2326,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,2,Drug,,,Cones used for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
2343,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used to darken hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2344,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Infusion of bark applied to darken birch bark used to make baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2382,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,59,2,Drug,,,Decoction of bark taken for the body.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 59"
2383,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,59,5,Dye,,,Used for buckskin dye.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 59"
2400,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used to darken hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2401,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Infusion of bark applied to darken birch bark used to make baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2416,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,55,2,Drug,,,Cones used for an 'unspecified complaint.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2427,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used to darken hides.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2428,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,5,Dye,,,Infusion of bark applied to darken birch bark used to make baskets.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2434,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark and other plants used to make a salve.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2457,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,5,Dye,,,Juice used as a dye.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
2458,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Inner bark used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
2459,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,5,Dye,,,"Inner bark dried, ground, mixed with flour and water and used as a dye.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
2462,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,2,Drug,,,Plant used as medicine.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
2473,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,332,5,Dye,,,Fresh bark used as a dye to color basket material and deerskins.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332"
2499,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,78,Gitksan,9,s29,55,2,Drug,,,"Infusion of stem bark, not from root, taken for many maladies.","Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2512,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,94,Hoh,77,r36,61,2,Drug,,,Infusion of bark used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
2547,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicine.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2566,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,77,r36,61,2,Drug,,,Infusion of bark used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
2573,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten fresh with oil in spring.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
2576,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,1,Food,,,Sap used for food.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
2584,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Sap taken from the inside of the bark only with the incoming tide and used as food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2592,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,16,5,Dye,,,Bark used to dye fibers.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2595,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,289,Yurok,70,b81,16,5,Dye,,,Bark used to dye fibers.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16"
2622,174,Alnus sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Used to make medicines.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
2633,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,5,Dye,,,Bark used to make a dye.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
2639,174,Alnus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,1,Food,,,Cambium layer and sap used for food.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
2664,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,5,Dye,,,Inner bark boiled and liquid used as a dye or soaked bark rubbed directly onto article to be dyed.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
2671,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,55,2,Drug,,,Cones used for an 'unspecified complaint.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2672,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,2,Drug,,,Cones used for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
2673,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,5,Dye,,,Bark used for dying reindeer skins.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
2697,184,Amaranthus albus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
2698,184,Amaranthus albus L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2702,185,Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
2703,185,Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston,95,Hopi,126,vest40,162,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162"
2704,185,Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten with meat.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
2708,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
2710,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,37,w39,74,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten for food.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
2711,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly prized as a food.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
2712,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,95,Hopi,19,c35,22,1,Food,,,Seeds used as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22"
2715,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,115,Klamath,66,c97,96,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 96"
2719,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used as articles of the diet.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
2727,186,Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Boiled or fried and used for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2729,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2732,187,Amaranthus caudatus L.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2739,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,95,Hopi,82,c74,283,5,Dye,,,Flowers used to color piki.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 283"
2745,188,Amaranthus cruentus L.,234,Sia,159,w62,107,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 107"
2761,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,218,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 218"
2765,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,,,Seeds collected and ground with meal for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2770,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2773,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2780,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,188,Papago,160,cb42,62,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 62"
2784,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,193,Pima,11,c49,47,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten with pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 47"
2787,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
2790,191,Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,Fresh plants baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
2793,192,Amaranthus powellii S. Wats.,95,Hopi,82,c74,283,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 283"
2798,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
2806,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,1,Food,,,Young plant used for food many generations ago.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
2808,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,26,1,Food,,,Seeds collected and ground with meal for food.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
2818,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,,,Leaves and seeds mixed with grease and eaten.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2819,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,157,Navajo,74,e44,46,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46"
2830,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,53,1,Food,,,Boiled or fried and used for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53"
2831,194,Amaranthus sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly eaten and constituted and important source of food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
2888,202,Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.,188,Papago,160,cb42,60,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 60"
2897,203,Ambrosia trifida L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,35,2,Drug,,,Seeds used medicinally.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 35"
2930,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,34,2,Drug,,,Smashed fruits used as an ingredient for medicinal mixtures.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34"
2976,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,115,Klamath,66,c97,97,1,Food,,,Seeds chewed for pleasure.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97"
3049,204,Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,,,Drupes eaten wherever found.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
3097,209,Amelanchier arborea var. arborea,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,277,1,Food,,,Berries used with meats.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
3179,219,Ammannia coccinea Rottb.,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,,,Seeds gathered and prepared as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
3180,219,Ammannia coccinea Rottb.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,,,Seeds gathered and prepared as food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
3182,220,Amoreuxia palmatifida Moc. & Sess‚ ex DC.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
3207,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
3211,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and used for food.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
3212,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,61,Dakota,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3216,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,259,1,Food,,,"Nuts gathered and stored in heaps by the mice, taken by the Meskwaki and used.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259"
3217,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,405,1,Food,,,"Roots cooked, although really too small to be considered of much importance.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405"
3219,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,177,Omaha,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3220,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,177,Omaha,124,ff11,341,1,Food,,,"Roots peeled, boiled and eaten.","Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 341"
3222,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3223,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,205,Ponca,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3224,227,Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,95,1,Food,,,Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95"
3225,228,Amsinckia douglasiana A. DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,13,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 13"
3227,229,Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,382,1,Food,,,"Fresh, juicy shoots formerly used for food.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 382"
3229,231,Amsinckia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey.,193,Pima,174,h08,264,1,Food,,,Young leaves rolled into balls and eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 264"
3230,232,Amsinckia tessellata Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
3232,232,Amsinckia tessellata Gray,193,Pima,174,h08,264,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten raw.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 264"
3235,235,Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.,228,Seminole,88,s54,500,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 500"
3249,236,Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,187,2,Drug,,,Plant used as a strong medicine.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
3346,251,Anemone narcissiflora L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,151,1,Food,,,Upper root ends used for food.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 151"
3348,251,Anemone narcissiflora L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,,,Leaves prepared in oil together with other salad greens and beaten to a creamy consistency.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
3352,253,Anemone sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,469,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 469"
3377,255,Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,15,2,Drug,,,Plant used as medicine.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 15"
3484,261,Angelica dawsonii S. Wats.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,40,2,Drug,,,Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40"
3510,262,Angelica genuflexa Nutt.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,211,1,Food,,,Leaves and stems used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211"
3514,263,Angelica hendersonii Coult. & Rose,140,Mewuk,109,m66,366,1,Food,,,Young stems eaten raw.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
3517,265,Angelica lucida L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,11,1,Food,,,Young stems and tender stalks of young leaves peeled and the juicy inside eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 11"
3523,265,Angelica lucida L.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,201,1,Food,,,Formerly used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
3527,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,,,"Stalks, with the outer sheet peeled off, eaten raw by children and adults. Only young plants were considered good to eat because older plant became fibrous and strong tasting.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
3528,265,Angelica lucida L.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,37,1,Food,,,Young leaves eaten with seal oil.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
3532,265,Angelica lucida L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,2,Drug,,,Young stems used medicinally.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
3533,265,Angelica lucida L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,1,Food,,,Young stems used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
3534,265,Angelica lucida L.,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,16,1,Food,,,Peeled stems and young leaves stored in seal oil for future use.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 16"
3540,265,Angelica lucida L.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,376,2,Drug,,,Used on heated stones in the steambath to dry up the patient's disease.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 376"
3541,265,Angelica lucida L.,133,Makah,3,g83,292,1,Food,,,Peeled petioles used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 292"
3542,266,Angelica pinnata S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,361,2,Drug,,,Root used as medicine.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361"
3543,267,Angelica sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
3564,267,Angelica sp.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,370,1,Food,,,Fresh sprouts eaten raw.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370"
3590,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,20,1,Food,,,"Young, green shoots eaten raw.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20"
3596,269,Angelica tomentosa S. Wats.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,,,Peeled stems eaten raw.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
3599,271,Annona glabra L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,509,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 509"
3603,272,Annona reticulata L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,495,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
3683,287,Apiaceae sp.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,,,Roots roasted and eaten.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
3684,288,Apiastrum angustifolium Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,39,1,Food,,,Hairlike plant provided a small seasonal food source in wet years.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39"
3689,289,Apios americana Medik.,61,Dakota,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3691,289,Apios americana Medik.,62,Delaware,97,t72,59,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and eaten as the cultivated potato.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 59"
3694,289,Apios americana Medik.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,120,1,Food,,,Tubers eaten.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
3700,289,Apios americana Medik.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,83,1,Food,,,Fresh or dried roots cooked and used for food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83"
3701,289,Apios americana Medik.,177,Omaha,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3702,289,Apios americana Medik.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,,,Thickened root boiled until the skin came off and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
3704,289,Apios americana Medik.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3705,289,Apios americana Medik.,205,Ponca,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3707,289,Apios americana Medik.,228,Seminole,88,s54,492,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492"
3708,289,Apios americana Medik.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,94,1,Food,,,Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94"
3709,290,Apios tuberosum,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,45,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45"
3772,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,216,Salish,144,teit28,294,2,Drug,,,Plant used as a medicine.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294"
3778,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,39,2,Drug,,,Used for the medicinal properties and as a fibrous material.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39"
3779,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,39,4,Fiber,,,Used for the medicinal properties and as a fibrous material.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39"
3794,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,56,"Cree, Hudson Bay",83,h84,303,2,Drug,,,Plant used as medicine.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
3804,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,105,Karok,71,sg52,388,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten raw.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388"
3833,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,146,Modoc,66,c97,103,4,Fiber,,,Used as a fiber.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103"
3858,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,470,2,Drug,,,Decoction of root used medicinally.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 470"
3949,303,Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC.,289,Yurok,70,b81,17,1,Food,,,Sweet nectaries inside the sepal spurs bitten off and savored mostly by the younger people.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
3989,315,Arachis hypogaea L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,483,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 483"
4000,317,Aralia hispida Vent.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,205,2,Drug,,,Infusion of roots used as a medicinal tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 205"
4047,318,Aralia nudicaulis L.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,277,1,Food,,,"Roots roasted, broken into pieces, mixed with oulachen grease and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 277"
4140,319,Aralia racemosa L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,,,"An aboriginal Menomini dish was spikenard root, wild onion, wild gooseberry and sugar.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
4158,319,Aralia racemosa L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
4192,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,105,Karok,70,b81,17,4,Fiber,,,"Wood used for carving, will not split when dry.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17"
4286,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,94,Hoh,77,r36,70,2,Drug,,,Infusion of leaves and roots used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 70"
4287,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,94,Hoh,77,r36,70,2,Drug,,,Leaves used to make a rubbing salve.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 70"
4307,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,209,Quileute,77,r36,70,2,Drug,,,Infusion of leaves and roots used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 70"
4308,328,Arctium minus Bernh.,209,Quileute,77,r36,70,2,Drug,,,Leaves used to make a rubbing salve.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 70"
4338,332,Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,2,Drug,,,Leaves used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
4364,335,Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,2,Drug,,,Plant used as medicine.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
4400,337,Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,375,1,Food,,,"Globular, waxy flowers sucked or eaten by children.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375"
4545,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,2,Drug,,,Berries used as an ingredient in medicinal mixtures.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
4586,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,94,Hoh,77,r36,66,2,Drug,,,Leaves smoked as medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4620,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,238,2,Drug,,,Leaves used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238"
4643,347,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.,209,Quileute,77,r36,66,2,Drug,,,Leaves smoked as medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4706,350,Ardisia escallonoides Schiede & Deppe ex Schlecht. & Cham.,228,Seminole,88,s54,470,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470"
4743,361,Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,29,5,Dye,,,Leaf ash used under the skin for tattooing.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 29"
4771,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Roots eaten either raw or cooked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
4772,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,66,1,Food,,,Roasted roots used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 66"
4773,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,480,1,Food,,,Roots eaten either raw or cooked.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480"
4774,362,Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,262,1,Food,,,"Roots eaten raw, but more often cooked.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 262"
4776,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
4777,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,270,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 270"
4778,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,1,Food,,,Boiled or steamed roots eaten with oil or 'stink salmon-eggs.',"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
4779,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,344,1,Food,,,Roots mixed with sugar and oolichan grease and eaten.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 344"
4784,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,133,Makah,3,g83,265,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 265"
4787,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,265,1,Food,,,Peeled roots eaten raw or steamed.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 265"
4788,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,131,1,Food,,,Roots eaten as accompaniments to cooked duck.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131"
4789,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,63,1,Food,,,Roots formerly used as an important food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
4790,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,110,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 110"
4791,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,209,Quileute,25,g73,37,1,Food,,,"Roots steamed, dipped in whale oil and eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
4792,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,87,1,Food,,,Fleshy taproots used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87"
4793,363,Argentina egedii ssp. egedii,267,Tsimshian,14,c93,344,2,Drug,,,Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 344"
4849,367,Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,246,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246"
4855,367,Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,95,1,Food,,,Thinly sliced roots cooked in a pit oven for three days to eliminate the poison.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 95"
4908,376,Armillaria ponderosa (PK.) Sacc.,105,Karok,70,b81,18,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
4909,376,Armillaria ponderosa (PK.) Sacc.,289,Yurok,70,b81,18,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18"
4935,380,Arnica latifolia Bong.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,473,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473"
4969,386,Artemisia biennis Willd.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,362,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly gathered and used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 362"
4976,387,Artemisia californica Less.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,42,2,Drug,,,Plant used in the sweathouses for various cures.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42"
5018,389,Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis var. borealis (Pallas) M.E. Peck,259,Thompson,33,steed28,470,2,Drug,,,Decoction of root used medicinally.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 470"
5019,390,Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis var. scouleriana (Hook.) Cronq.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,245,2,Drug,,,Sprays used in the sweatbaths or infusion of leaves taken for sicknesses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 245"
5022,390,Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis var. scouleriana (Hook.) Cronq.,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,45,1,Food,,,Seeds made into mush and used for food.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 45"
5027,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,125,Lakota,108,r80,35,2,Drug,,,Used as a medicine.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 35"
5032,392,Artemisia cana Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,2,Drug,,,Decoction of leaves used for various complaints.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
5035,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
5039,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,157,Navajo,74,e44,82,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82"
5051,393,Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.,291,Zuni,19,c35,21,1,Food,,,Seeds considered among the most important food plants when the Zuni reached this world.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 21"
5129,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,,,Oily and nutritious seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
5130,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,19,1,Food,,,"Leaves baked between hot stones, dipped in salted water and eaten.","Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
5131,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,95,Hopi,19,c35,25,1,Food,,,"Leaves boiled or roasted between hot, flat stones and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 25"
5135,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
5136,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
5156,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,134,2,Drug,,,Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5166,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,134,2,Drug,,,Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5170,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,134,2,Drug,,,Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5204,395,Artemisia dracunculus L.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,134,2,Drug,,,Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134"
5305,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,465,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 465"
5312,398,Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Bess.) Hult‚n,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
5363,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,44,2,Drug,,,Plants rubbed on the body for immunity to sickness.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44"
5378,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,245,2,Drug,,,Sprays used in the sweatbaths or infusion of leaves taken for sicknesses.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 245"
5399,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,353,2,Drug,,,"Infusion of plant taken, used as a wash or poultice applied as medicine.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 353"
5400,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,140,Mewuk,109,m66,338,2,Drug,,,Plant used as a medicine.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 338"
5403,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,81,2,Drug,,,Used by the medicine men.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81"
5423,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,286,Yokut,109,m66,437,2,Drug,,,Used as medicine.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 437"
5426,400,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. incompta (Nutt.) Keck,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,65,2,Drug,,,Used as a medicine.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 65"
5430,400,Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. incompta (Nutt.) Keck,79,Gosiute,38,c11,362,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 362"
5523,404,Artemisia sp.,73,"Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut",187,o57,33,2,Drug,,,Poultice of plant used for unspecified ailments.,"Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 33"
5526,404,Artemisia sp.,74,"Eskimo, Nunivak",94,s73,325,2,Drug,,,Dried plant used for medicine.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325"
5563,404,Artemisia sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,468,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 468"
5580,406,Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,38,1,Food,,,Raw shoots peeled and eaten with seal oil.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38"
5658,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,125,Lakota,108,r80,36,2,Drug,,,Used as a medicine.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36"
5812,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,272,Ute,142,c09,32,2,Drug,,,Decoction of leaves used as a medicine.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
5829,409,Artemisia tripartita ssp. tripartita,79,Gosiute,38,c11,362,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 362"
5871,414,Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern.,85,Haihais,14,c93,342,2,Drug,,,Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 342"
5872,414,Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern.,112,Kitasoo,14,c93,342,2,Drug,,,Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 342"
5900,416,Aruncus dioicus var. vulgaris (Maxim.) Hara,133,Makah,3,g83,261,2,Drug,,,Roots used to make a very good medicine.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 261"
5901,416,Aruncus dioicus var. vulgaris (Maxim.) Hara,133,Makah,3,g83,261,2,Drug,,,Used for medicine.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 261"
5903,416,Aruncus dioicus var. vulgaris (Maxim.) Hara,133,Makah,3,g83,261,5,Dye,,,Roots used to make dye.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 261"
6063,422,Asarum caudatum Lindl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,165,2,Drug,,,Fresh or dried leaves used as a medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165"
6071,423,Asarum sp.,105,Karok,109,m66,209,2,Drug,,,Roots used for medicine.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209"
6083,426,Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jepson,144,Miwok,100,bg33,167,2,Drug,,,Root used as a medicine.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 167"
6121,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
6122,432,Asclepias fascicularis Dcne.,285,Yokia,89,c02,380,1,Food,,,Young blossoms occasionally eaten in small quantities.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 380"
6139,434,Asclepias incarnata L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,,,Heads added to cornmeal mush.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
6148,435,Asclepias involucrata Engelm. ex Torr.,291,Zuni,157,cb80,373,2,Drug,,,Dry powdered root and saliva used for unspecified illness.,"Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 373"
6178,441,Asclepias sp.,102,Jemez,28,c30,20,1,Food,,,Immature seeds used for food.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
6189,441,Asclepias sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,69,1,Food,,,Plant eaten raw or boiled.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 69"
6194,441,Asclepias sp.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,54,1,Food,,,Roots and immature pods eaten.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54"
6208,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,1,Food,,,"Tender stalks cooked, sweetened and used for food.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
6209,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,1,Food,,,"Tender, spring shoots eaten raw.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
6210,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,1,Food,,,"Young, unopened buds boiled with meat, grease, gravy or soup and eaten.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
6211,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,1,Food,,,"Young, unopened buds boiled with meat, grease, gravy or soup and used for food.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
6213,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,60,Crow,73,b05,7,1,Food,,,Flowers boiled for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6214,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,60,Crow,73,b05,7,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten raw.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6217,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,164,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 164"
6220,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,125,Lakota,108,r80,34,2,Drug,,,Used as a medicine.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 34"
6223,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,125,Lakota,108,r80,34,1,Food,,,"Blossoms boiled, mixed with flour and eaten.","Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 34"
6240,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,242,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 242"
6264,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,First buds eaten by children.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
6267,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,102,Jemez,19,c35,17,1,Food,,,Roots and unripe pods eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17"
6274,445,Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail,291,Zuni,6,s15,65,1,Food,,,Buds eaten by little boys.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 65"
6289,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,363,1,Food,,,Sprouts used in early spring for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363"
6297,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,59,2,Drug,,,Poultice of cotton applied to sick parts.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 59"
6309,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,83,1,Food,,,Cooked and used for food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83"
6311,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,173,Ojibwa,135,ahj81,2205,1,Food,,,Young pods cooked with salt and vinegar.,"Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2205"
6325,446,Asclepias syriaca L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,42,2,Drug,,,Root used for unspecified ailments.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 42"
6366,448,Asclepias verticillata L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,,,Leaves and young shoots boiled with meat and eaten.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
6380,449,Asclepias viridiflora Raf.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,,,Fresh roots used for food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6396,451,Asparagus officinalis L.,101,Isleta,19,c35,17,1,Food,,,Uncultivated but used as food when found in the wild.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17"
6432,459,Aster sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,109,5,Dye,,,Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
6434,459,Aster sp.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with fish and eaten.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
6449,463,Astragalus australis (L.) Lam.,26,Canadian Indian,146,j87,39,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
6463,466,Astragalus canadensis L.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,101,1,Food,,,Roots eaten fresh or boiled in blood or broth.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6464,466,Astragalus canadensis L.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,39,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or boiled.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39"
6472,467,Astragalus canadensis var. canadensis,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or boiled.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
6481,470,Astragalus ceramicus var. filifolius (Gray) F.J. Herm.,95,Hopi,37,w39,79,1,Food,,,Sweet roots dug up and eaten by children.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79"
6490,472,Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,365,1,Food,,,Plant sometimes eaten raw and fresh.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 365"
6493,473,Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,1,Food,,,"Fleshy, plum-like pods eaten raw, boiled and used for pickles.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6496,474,Astragalus cyaneus Gray,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,31,1,Food,,,Tubers eaten.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
6507,481,Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones,2,Acoma,19,c35,17,1,Food,,,Fleshy roots eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17"
6509,481,Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones,102,Jemez,19,c35,17,1,Food,,,Pods eaten raw or cooked.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17"
6510,481,Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones,124,Laguna,19,c35,17,1,Food,,,Fleshy roots eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17"
6512,481,Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones,291,Zuni,6,s15,65,1,Food,,,"Pods eaten fresh, boiled and salted.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 65"
6516,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,105,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105"
6521,484,Astragalus miser Dougl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,222,1,Food,,,Plant placed at the top of the cooking pit in the absence of black tree lichen and wild onion.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 222"
6536,490,Astragalus polaris Benth.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,1,Food,,,Tiny peas eaten raw or cooked.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
6554,496,Astragalus sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,226,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226"
6583,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,209,Quileute,25,g73,14,1,Food,,,"Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the centers eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
6585,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,210,Quinault,25,g73,14,1,Food,,,"Rhizomes roasted, peeled and the centers eaten.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14"
6586,498,Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,68,1,Food,,,New shoots and rhizomes used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 68"
6594,501,Atriplex argentea Nutt.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,160,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160"
6595,501,Atriplex argentea Nutt.,95,Hopi,72,f96,21,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten with fat.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 21"
6599,501,Atriplex argentea Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,31,1,Food,,,Seeds and expanded calyx eaten for food and the salty taste.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
6612,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
6655,504,Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
6660,504,Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,160,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160"
6661,504,Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,160,1,Food,,,Boiled with meat.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160"
6670,505,Atriplex coronata S. Wats.,193,Pima,104,r08,69,1,Food,,,Plants roasted in pits with cactus fruits and eaten.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 69"
6673,506,Atriplex elegans (Moq.) D. Dietr.,193,Pima,104,r08,69,1,Food,,,Plants roasted in pits with cactus fruits and eaten.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 69"
6674,506,Atriplex elegans (Moq.) D. Dietr.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
6681,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,188,Papago,160,cb42,62,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 62"
6690,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
6692,508,Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,200,1,Food,,,"Seeds pounded, pit baked, ground, mixed with water to form stiff dough and eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200"
6695,509,Atriplex nuttallii S. Wats.,193,Pima,104,r08,77,1,Food,,,Stems boiled with wheat and used for food.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 77"
6696,509,Atriplex nuttallii S. Wats.,193,Pima,19,c35,18,1,Food,,,Stems cut in short lengths and used as a stuffing in cooked rabbits.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 18"
6706,511,Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Wats.,288,Yuma,125,cb51,187,1,Food,,,Seeds separated from hulls and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
6708,512,Atriplex powellii S. Wats.,95,Hopi,19,c35,18,1,Food,,,Salty leaves boiled and eaten with fat.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 18"
6723,516,Atriplex serenana A. Nels.,193,Pima,104,r08,69,1,Food,,,Plants roasted in pits with cactus fruits and eaten.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 69"
6725,517,Atriplex sp.,101,Isleta,76,j31,24,1,Food,,,Leaves characterized as having a salty taste.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
6729,517,Atriplex sp.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
6736,519,Atriplex truncata (Torr. ex S. Wats.) Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
6742,520,Atriplex wrightii S. Wats.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
6754,527,Avena barbata Pott ex Link,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,46,1,Food,,,Small seeds used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 46"
6759,528,Avena fatua L.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,15,1,Food,,,"Seeds pounded in a bedrock mortar hole, boiled and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15"
6763,528,Avena fatua L.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,1,Food,,,"Parched, pounded seeds used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
6764,528,Avena fatua L.,200,Pomo,89,c02,311,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 311"
6766,529,Avena sativa L.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,205,1,Food,,,Grains used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205"
6767,529,Avena sativa L.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
6770,529,Avena sativa L.,200,Pomo,80,g67,11,1,Food,,,Seeds parched in a circular coiled basket and used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11"
6832,545,Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt.,105,Karok,70,b81,20,1,Food,,,Peduncles used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
6835,545,Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,106,1,Food,,,"Roasted, ground seeds used for food.","Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 106"
6837,546,Balsamorhiza hookeri (Hook.) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
6838,546,Balsamorhiza hookeri (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,80,1,Food,,,Roots pit cooked and eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
6839,546,Balsamorhiza hookeri (Hook.) Nutt.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,43,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
6849,548,Balsamorhiza incana Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,73,b05,7,1,Food,,,Thick roots eaten raw.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6876,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,20,1,Food,,,Roots pit baked and used for food.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
6877,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,20,1,Food,,,"Young, immature flower stems peeled and eaten raw.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
6882,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,,,Leaves and petioles boiled and eaten.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
6883,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,363,1,Food,,,Seeds a highly prized source of food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363"
6884,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,115,Klamath,66,c97,106,1,Food,,,"Roasted, ground seeds used for food.","Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 106"
6886,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,20,1,Food,,,"Young, immature flower stems peeled and eaten raw.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
6890,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,152,1,Food,,,"Cracked seeds pulverized, winnowed and eaten.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 152"
6892,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,26,1,Food,,,"Plant heated, fermented and eaten.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26"
6893,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw and cooked.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
6895,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,20,1,Food,,,"Seeds roasted, ground, grease added and mixture eaten.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
6896,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,20,1,Food,,,"Young, immature flower stems peeled and eaten raw.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
6900,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,80,1,Food,,,Flower bud stems peeled and succulent inner portion eaten raw or boiled.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
6901,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,80,1,Food,,,"Powdered seeds eaten alone or mixed with deer grease, pine nuts, saskatoon berries or fir sugar.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
6902,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,80,1,Food,,,Young shoots eaten raw or baked in the ground or oven.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80"
6906,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,"Old, large roots cooked and used for food.","Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
6907,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,237,1,Food,,,Roots used as an important food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
6908,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,240,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted in baskets with hot stones and eaten.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 240"
6909,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,Young plants used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
6922,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,117,1,Food,,,Blooming stems peeled and eaten.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117"
6935,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,59,1,Food,,,Roots steamed and eaten.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 59"
6944,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,484,1,Food,,,Crowns chewed or sucked.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 484"
6945,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,175,1,Food,,,Loose or skewered roots cooked overnight in a steaming pit and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175"
6946,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,"Old, large roots cooked and used for food.","Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
6947,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,480,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480"
6948,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,491,1,Food,,,Ripe seeds eaten raw.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 491"
6949,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,175,1,Food,,,"Root crown, with the young undeveloped leaves, used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175"
6950,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,,,Roots used as an important food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
6951,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,484,1,Food,,,"Stalks soaked in water, peeled and eaten raw.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 484"
6952,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,175,1,Food,,,"Young leafstalks, leaves, young budstems and fruits used for food.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175"
6953,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,Young plants used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
6954,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,175,1,Food,,,Young shoots chewed while eating fish.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175"
6955,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,484,1,Food,,,Young stems eaten as a favorite food.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 484"
6957,549,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.,272,Ute,142,c09,32,1,Food,,,"Young shoots, leaves and roots used for food.","Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32"
6959,550,Balsamorhiza sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,91,1,Food,,,Growing stalks used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
6960,550,Balsamorhiza sp.,47,Coeur d'Alene,144,teit28,90,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
6961,550,Balsamorhiza sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
6962,550,Balsamorhiza sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,344,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344"
6964,544,Balsamorhiza ?terebinthacea (Hook.) Nutt. (pro sp.) [deltoidea ? hookeri],183,Paiute,153,k32,103,1,Food,,,"Fresh roots roasted, ground and pounded or eaten raw.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103"
7007,556,Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,235,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235"
7008,556,Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,235,5,Dye,,,Plant used in the native coloring.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235"
7014,558,Barbarea verna (P. Mill.) Aschers.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,252,1,Food,,,"Plant boiled, fried and eaten.","Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 252"
7018,559,Barbarea vulgaris Ait. f.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,252,1,Food,,,"Plant boiled, fried and eaten.","Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 252"
7029,563,Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.,115,Klamath,66,c97,91,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 91"
7030,563,Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7057,571,Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,2,Drug,,,Leaves and blossoms used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
7058,571,Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,155,1,Food,,,Leaves and blossoms used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
7072,573,Beta vulgaris L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,25,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25"
7093,576,Betula lenta L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,151,2,Drug,,,Infusion of plant used for many medicinal purposes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 151"
7106,576,Betula lenta L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,300,2,Drug,,,"'Highly valued medicine because it sustains the deer, the mainstay of life.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300"
7188,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,1,Food,,,Cambium eaten fresh from the tree trunk.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7206,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,118,Koyukon,158,n83,53,2,Drug,,,Plant spirit used by the shaman to heal sick people.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53"
7283,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,1,Food,,,"Raw sap, sometimes mixed with fish grease, used for food.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7284,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,1,Food,,,Sap used for food.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7332,585,Betula sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Wood heated and used like a hot-water bottle.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7349,589,Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
7362,591,Bignonia capreolata L.,59,Creek,128,swan28,670,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 670"
7387,595,Bloomeria crocea (Torr.) Coville,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,47,1,Food,,,Corms eaten raw any time of the year.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 47"
7389,596,Bloomeria crocea var. aurea (Kellogg) Ingram,128,Luiseno,24,s08,233,1,Food,,,Bulb used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233"
7397,601,Boschniakia hookeri Walp.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,70,1,Food,,,Peeled roots eaten raw.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70"
7398,601,Boschniakia hookeri Walp.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
7400,603,Boschniakia strobilacea Gray,105,Karok,70,b81,20,1,Food,,,Eaten when young.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
7401,603,Boschniakia strobilacea Gray,289,Yurok,70,b81,20,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
7406,605,Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,162,2,Drug,,,Decoction of plant given to children with illness.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 162"
7418,605,Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,67,2,Drug,,,Compound containing root used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 67"
7464,615,Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & Gray,287,Yuki,89,c02,353,2,Drug,,,Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 353"
7490,618,Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch,94,Hoh,77,r36,61,2,Drug,,,Plants used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
7504,618,Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch,209,Quileute,77,r36,61,2,Drug,,,Plants used for medicine.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61"
7519,619,Brassica oleracea L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,485,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 485"
7523,620,Brassica rapa L.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,89,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 89"
7526,621,Brassica rapa var. rapa,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,232,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 232"
7528,622,Brassica sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
7529,622,Brassica sp.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,76,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten raw or cooked and young leaves eaten boiled and fried.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 76"
7550,627,Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,364,2,Drug,,,Root used as medicine.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364"
7565,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,138,1,Food,,,Roots boiled in water or cooked in earth oven and used for food.,"Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138"
7567,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,326,1,Food,,,Corms roasted and used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 326"
7568,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,156,1,Food,,,Bulbs steamed in earth oven and eaten without salt.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 156"
7569,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,,,Corms roasted and eaten.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
7572,631,Brodiaea minor (Benth.) S. Wats.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,,,Roots steamed and eaten.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
7573,632,Brodiaea sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,,,Parched or roasted bulbs used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
7575,632,Brodiaea sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,156,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 156"
7576,632,Brodiaea sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,156,1,Food,,,Cooked bulbs used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 156"
7586,637,Bromus diandrus Roth,128,Luiseno,24,s08,234,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 234"
7587,637,Bromus diandrus Roth,144,Miwok,100,bg33,152,1,Food,,,Pulverized seeds made into pinole.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 152"
7589,639,Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,364,1,Food,,,Seeds formerly eaten.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364"
7625,655,Caesalpinia jamesii (Torr. & Gray) Fisher,48,Comanche,147,cj40,522,1,Food,,,Raw or boiled tubers used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522"
7647,661,Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,1,Food,,,Raw foliage used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
7648,661,Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,232,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232"
7650,661,Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav¢n) DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,152,1,Food,,,"Oily, pulverized seeds pressed into balls and cakes for eating.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 152"
7703,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,159,1,Food,,,Bulbs and flowers eaten.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 159"
7704,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
7707,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,,,"Bulbs gathered in early spring, peeled and eaten raw.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
7709,669,Calochortus aureus S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
7710,670,Calochortus catalinae S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,50,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted in hot ash pits or steamed prior to eating.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 50"
7711,671,Calochortus concolor (Baker) Purdy,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,50,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted in hot ash pits or steamed prior to eating.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 50"
7712,672,Calochortus flexuosus S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,50,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted in hot ash pits or steamed prior to eating.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 50"
7713,673,Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,2,Drug,,,"Dried, chopped bulbs used as an ingredient for a medicinal mixture.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
7717,673,Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked fresh and used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
7718,673,Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,45,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45"
7719,673,Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,12,1,Food,,,Young buds used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12"
7726,673,Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,20,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or gathered in the fall and boiled.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20"
7730,675,Calochortus luteus Dougl. ex Lindl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,157,1,Food,,,Roasted bulbs used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 157"
7731,675,Calochortus luteus Dougl. ex Lindl.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,,,"Bulbs gathered in early spring, peeled and eaten raw.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
7733,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,115,Klamath,66,c97,93,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93"
7735,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,41,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw or pit cooked with other roots.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
7737,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Corms formerly cooked and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
7738,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Sweet flower buds used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
7739,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Bulbs skinned and eaten fresh in spring.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
7742,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,54,1,Food,,,Roots eaten either raw or cooked.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54"
7744,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,481,1,Food,,,"Coated, starchy corms used for food.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 481"
7745,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Corms formerly cooked and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
7746,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,119,1,Food,,,"Corms used for food, usually raw, but sometimes cooked.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 119"
7747,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,483,1,Food,,,Sweet buds eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 483"
7748,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Sweet flower buds used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
7749,676,Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,483,1,Food,,,Unopened flowers eaten raw.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 483"
7751,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,364,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364"
7753,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,212,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten with bread and mescal.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212"
7755,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,95,Hopi,82,c74,295,1,Food,,,Seeds and flowers ground to make yellow pollen.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 295"
7759,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,157,Navajo,121,l86,24,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten raw.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 24"
7760,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,184,"Paiute, Nevada",139,n66,47,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food during the spring.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47"
7765,677,Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray,272,Ute,142,c09,33,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 33"
7766,678,Calochortus palmeri S. Wats.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,50,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted in hot ash pits or steamed prior to eating.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 50"
7767,678,Calochortus palmeri S. Wats.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
7768,679,Calochortus pulchellus Dougl. ex Benth.,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,1,Food,,,Bulbs baked in the earth oven and eaten.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
7769,679,Calochortus pulchellus Dougl. ex Benth.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,323,1,Food,,,Corms eaten raw or roasted.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 323"
7770,679,Calochortus pulchellus Dougl. ex Benth.,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,,,Corms eaten raw or roasted.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
7771,680,Calochortus sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,8,1,Food,,,Bulbs dug and eaten for the pleasant flavor.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8"
7772,680,Calochortus sp.,200,Pomo,96,b52,89,1,Food,,,Corms eaten for food.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89"
7773,681,Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,323,1,Food,,,Corms eaten mostly by children.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 323"
7775,681,Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,85,1,Food,,,Sweet corms eaten raw.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
7776,682,Calochortus venustus Dougl. ex Benth.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,157,1,Food,,,Roasted bulbs used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 157"
7777,682,Calochortus venustus Dougl. ex Benth.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
7778,683,Calochortus vestae Purdy,200,Pomo,96,b52,90,1,Food,,,Bulbs eaten for food.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 90"
7784,685,Caltha palustris L.,1,Abnaki,84,r47,166,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with lard and eaten.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 166"
7787,685,Caltha palustris L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,19,1,Food,,,Leaves and thick fleshy smooth slippery stems cooked and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 19"
7788,685,Caltha palustris L.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,19,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and eaten.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 19"
7804,685,Caltha palustris L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,83,1,Food,,,Cooked and used for food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83"
7805,685,Caltha palustris L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,408,1,Food,,,Leaves cooked with pork in the spring time.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408"
7806,686,Caltha palustris var. palustris,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,1,Food,,,"Leaves and stalks boiled and eaten with seal oil. The leaves and stalks were collected before the plants flowered because after flowering commenced, the plant was apparently inedible.  But, boiling the plant broke down the poisonous protoanemonin that it contained, rendering it edible.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
7807,686,Caltha palustris var. palustris,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten fresh.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
7808,687,Caltha sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,2,Drug,,,Used medicinally.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
7828,694,Calylophus lavandulifolius (Torr. & Gray) Raven,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,,,Pods cooked and eaten by children.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
7830,696,Calypso bulbosa var. americana (R. Br. ex Ait. f.) Luer,259,Thompson,33,steed28,506,2,Drug,,,Plants used as charms for unspecified purpose.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 506"
7835,699,Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit steamed and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
7838,699,Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats.,214,Round Valley Indian,89,c02,326,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted or cooked and used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 326"
7844,699,Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats.,287,Yuki,89,c02,326,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked and used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 326"
7849,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,14,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and eaten.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7850,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,24,1,Food,,,Roots pit roasted and boiled with meat.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 24"
7853,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,41,Clallam,99,f80,196,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked in pits with meat.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 196"
7858,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,76,Flathead,30,h92,14,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and eaten.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7860,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,94,Hoh,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
7863,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,115,Klamath,66,c97,93,1,Food,,,Steamed bulbs used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93"
7864,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,120,Kutenai,30,h92,14,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and eaten.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7866,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,272,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit steamed and used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272"
7867,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,133,Makah,3,g83,338,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit cooked and eaten.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 338"
7877,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,41,1,Food,,,"Bulbs pit cooked, boiled with dried bitter roots and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
7878,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,176,Okanagon,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Bulbs baked and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
7881,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,183,Paiute,153,k32,102,1,Food,,,Roots cooked overnight and eaten.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
7884,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,209,Quileute,77,r36,59,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
7891,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,40,1,Food,,,Bulbs steamed in an earth oven and eaten.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 40"
7892,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,259,Thompson,55,p52,37,1,Food,,,Bulbs baked and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37"
7893,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,259,Thompson,33,steed28,481,1,Food,,,Bulbs cooked and eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 481"
7894,700,Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,86,1,Food,,,Bulbs pit cooked and eaten.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86"
7895,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,278,1,Food,,,Roots baked and eaten.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278"
7897,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,1,Food,,,Raw roots used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
7898,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,59,Creek,128,swan28,667,2,Drug,,,Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667"
7899,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,79,Gosiute,38,c11,364,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted in pits lined with hot stones and eaten.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364"
7901,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,1,Food,,,Bulbs boiled for eating fresh or preserved.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
7904,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,176,Okanagon,144,teit28,237,1,Food,,,Roots used as an important food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
7905,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
7906,701,Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory,259,Thompson,144,teit28,237,1,Food,,,Roots used as an important food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237"
7908,702,Camassia sp.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,63,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly used as an important food.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63"
7911,702,Camassia sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,99,1,Food,,,"Plant, raw or cooked in underground pits, used for food.","Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 99"
7912,702,Camassia sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,99,1,Food,,,Skinless bulb roasted until tender and used for food.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 99"
7913,702,Camassia sp.,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,99,1,Food,,,Steamed or raw roots used for food. A cooking basket was filled half full of water and hot rocks added to boil the water.  Then small sticks were placed criss-cross in the basket above the surface of the water to hold the roots.  After the roots had been added the basket was covered with a flat rock or piece of cedar plank to keep the steam from escaping.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 99"
7915,703,Camelina microcarpa DC.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
7919,705,Camissonia brevipes ssp. brevipes,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
7922,708,Camissonia ovata (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Raven,50,Costanoan,16,b84,250,1,Food,,,"Raw, boiled or steamed foliage used for food.","Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
7954,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,48,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted without grinding and combined with other foods.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
7956,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,51,1,Food,,,Seeds gathered for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51"
7969,723,Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,219,2,Drug,,,Used as a medicine.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 219"
7978,724,Capsicum annuum L.,157,Navajo,119,steg41,221,1,Food,,,Chile peppers used for food.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
7979,724,Capsicum annuum L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,121,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 121"
7980,724,Capsicum annuum L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,121,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 121"
7983,724,Capsicum annuum L.,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,,,Cultivated and eaten almost daily or sometimes at more than one meal per day.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
8008,729,Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,120,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw with salt or boiled.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
8011,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,1,Abnaki,84,r47,167,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 167"
8036,730,Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood,100,Iroquois,112,w16,120,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw with salt or boiled.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
8051,733,Carduus sp.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,228,1,Food,,,Raw buds eaten for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228"
8053,735,Carex aquatilis Wahlenb.,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,129,1,Food,,,Stem bases eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 129"
8066,740,Carex douglasii Boott,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,17,1,Food,,,Raw stems used for food.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17"
8099,751,Carex rostrata Stokes,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8103,752,Carex sp.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,365,2,Drug,,,Root used as medicine.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365"
8108,752,Carex sp.,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,1,Food,,,Fresh stems used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
8109,752,Carex sp.,115,Klamath,66,c97,92,1,Food,,,Tuberous base of stem used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92"
8113,752,Carex sp.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,9,1,Food,,,Young stems used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9"
8130,753,Carex utriculata Boott,79,Gosiute,38,c11,365,1,Food,,,"Lower, tender stems and root parts eaten by children.","Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365"
8136,756,Carica papaya L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,486,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 486"
8173,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,160,cb42,59,1,Food,,,Fruits and seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 59"
8174,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,19,c35,19,1,Food,,,Oil extracted from the seeds.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19"
8175,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,188,Papago,27,cu35,20,1,Food,,,Pulp eaten fresh.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20"
8210,757,Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose,193,Pima,104,r08,71,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten raw.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71"
8274,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8295,763,Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,"Nut meats, after skimming off the oil, seasoned and mixed with mashed potatoes.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8303,765,Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch,48,Comanche,147,cj40,520,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520"
8320,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8333,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,61,Dakota,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten plain or with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8350,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,"Nut meats, after skimming off the oil, seasoned and mixed with mashed potatoes.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8352,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,125,Lakota,108,r80,49,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 49"
8354,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,405,1,Food,,,Edible nuts were appreciated.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405"
8360,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,177,Omaha,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten plain or with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8364,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,190,Pawnee,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten plain or with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8368,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,205,Ponca,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten plain or with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8374,767,Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch,280,Winnebago,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten plain or with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8389,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8400,769,Carya sp.,228,Seminole,88,s54,491,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 491"
8419,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,29,1,Food,,,"Nuts boiled, pounded with corn, kneaded, wrapped in a green cornblade, boiled and eaten.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29"
8436,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,"Nut meats, after skimming off the oil, seasoned and mixed with mashed potatoes.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8456,781,Castilleja attenuata (Gray) Chuang & Heckard,144,Miwok,100,bg33,155,1,Food,,,"Dried, parched, pulverized seeds used for food.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 155"
8467,787,Castilleja integra Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8480,788,Castilleja linariifolia Benth.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,166,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten as food.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 166"
8500,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8510,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,122,"Kwakiutl, Southern",63,tb73,292,1,Food,,,Flower nectar formerly sucked by children.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292"
8516,790,Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,284,2,Drug,,,Broken plant parts used in the house for decoration or for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 284"
8520,792,Castilleja minor (Gray) Gray,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8522,794,Castilleja parviflora Bong.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,5,Dye,,,"Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
8527,796,Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,39,1,Food,,,Flower nectar sucked in spring.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 39"
8532,797,Castilleja sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,111,5,Dye,,,Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color and shine.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
8539,797,Castilleja sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,284,2,Drug,,,Broken plant parts used in the house for decoration or for medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 284"
8544,800,Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.,60,Crow,73,b05,12,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12"
8545,800,Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,370,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 370"
8553,805,Caulanthus inflatus S. Wats.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,17,1,Food,,,Soft upper section of the stem roasted in a pit oven covered with dirt and eaten.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17"
8647,809,Ceanothus fendleri Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,36,1,Food,,,Inner bark strips eaten in summer.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36"
8704,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,179,"Oregon Indian, Warm Springs",111,m90,40,2,Drug,,,Infusion of leaves taken for puzzling illnesses.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 40"
8719,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,252,2,Drug,,,Decoction of branches taken for an unspecified ailment.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 252"
8720,819,Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,252,2,Drug,,,Plant used in sweatbath for an unspecified illness.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 252"
8766,820,Celastrus scandens L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,233,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 233"
8772,823,Celtis laevigata Willd.,228,Seminole,88,s54,489,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 489"
8774,821,Celtis laevigata var. brevipes (S. Wats.) Sarg.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,256,1,Food,,,"Ground, boiled and used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256"
8848,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,162,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 162"
8862,837,Cercis canadensis L.,32,Cherokee,105,w47,74,1,Food,,,Blossoms eaten by children.,"Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74"
8879,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,157,Navajo,19,c35,21,1,Food,,,Pods roasted in ashes and seeds eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 21"
8880,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,157,Navajo,74,e44,56,1,Food,,,Seeds roasted and eaten.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 56"
8882,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,28,1,Food,,,Pods roasted in ashes and seeds eaten.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 28"
8937,841,Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.,232,Shoshoni,12,tha41,53-55,2,Drug,,,Decoction of soft inner bark taken for unspecified purpose.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 53-55"
9020,848,Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) Hook. & Arn.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,178,2,Drug,,,Plant considered a good medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178"
9204,873,Chamaesyce multiformis var. multiformis,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,11,2,Drug,,,Buds chewed by the mother and given to babies till the age of six months.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11"
9255,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,31,1,Food,,,Young stems peeled and eaten raw.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 31"
9264,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,,,Fresh roots used for food.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
9276,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,36,1,Food,,,"Young shoots eaten raw or blanched, with seal oil.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36"
9277,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,,,"Young shoots gathered, boiled and mixed with other plants and sometimes bacon.","Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
9278,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,1,Food,,,Young shoots used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
9285,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,78,Gitksan,166,g92,154,1,Food,,,Shoots and stems used for food in summer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
9286,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,86,Haisla,166,g92,154,1,Food,,,Shoots and stems used for food in summer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
9303,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,,,Young shoots eaten raw.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
9304,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,66,2,Drug,,,Plant used as a medicine for unspecified ailments.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 66"
9315,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,16,1,Food,,,Shoots eaten raw or boiled.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16"
9320,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,259,Thompson,10,tta90,235,1,Food,,,"Stalks eaten raw like celery, boiled or steamed.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 235"
9321,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,,,Young shoots eaten raw.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
9322,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,259,Thompson,10,tta90,235,1,Food,,,Young shoots peeled and eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 235"
9325,882,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,1,Food,,,Shoots and stems used for food in summer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
9329,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,257,1,Food,,,Young shoots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257"
9334,883,Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,106,1,Food,,,Young shoots eaten as a spring food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106"
9339,884,Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,1,Food,,,Young shoots used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
9342,884,Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub,72,"Eskimo, Inupiat",54,j83,26,1,Food,,,Leaves preserved in seal oil and eaten within 48 hours with walrus blubber.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 26"
9346,886,Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,267,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 267"
9356,892,Chelone glabra L.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,230,2,Drug,,,Infusion of roots and cedar bark used as a medicinal tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 230"
9362,892,Chelone glabra L.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,253,1,Food,,,"Young shoots and leaves boiled, fried and eaten.","Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 253"
9372,894,Chenopodium album L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,46,1,Food,,,Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46"
9376,894,Chenopodium album L.,32,Cherokee,161,w77,253,1,Food,,,"Young growth parboiled, fried and eaten.","Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 253"
9382,894,Chenopodium album L.,61,Dakota,91,g13i,361,1,Food,,,Young plants boiled for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 361"
9389,894,Chenopodium album L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,73,1,Food,,,Boiled and eaten with other foods.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73"
9390,894,Chenopodium album L.,95,Hopi,72,f96,18,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten with fat.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18"
9391,894,Chenopodium album L.,95,Hopi,19,c35,16,1,Food,,,Leaves cooked with meat.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16"
9404,894,Chenopodium album L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,83,1,Food,,,Cooked and used for food.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83"
9421,894,Chenopodium album L.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,244,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244"
9425,894,Chenopodium album L.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Leaves used for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
9474,897,Chenopodium californicum (S. Wats.) S. Wats.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,233,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233"
9479,898,Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
9495,899,Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.,115,Klamath,66,c97,95-96,1,Food,,,"Roasted, ground seeds used for food.","Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 95-96"
9498,899,Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.,183,Paiute,65,stew33,243,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243"
9508,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,192,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 192"
9509,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Seeds ground and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9510,902,Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Young sprouts boiled with meat and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9517,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,192,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 192"
9518,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Seeds ground and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9519,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,156,1,Food,,,Young sprouts boiled with meat and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
9520,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
9522,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
9526,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,291,Zuni,19,c35,21,1,Food,,,Seeds considered among the most important food plants when the Zuni reached this world.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 21"
9527,903,Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.,291,Zuni,6,s15,66,1,Food,,,Young plants boiled alone or with meat and used for food.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 66"
9531,904,Chenopodium murale L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,62,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 62"
9536,905,Chenopodium nevadense Standl.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,48,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48"
9546,907,Chenopodium pratericola Rydb.,195,"Pima, Gila River",136,r91,7,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
9548,909,Chenopodium rubrum L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
9552,910,Chenopodium sp.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,217,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 217"
9555,910,Chenopodium sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
9565,910,Chenopodium sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,256,1,Food,,,"Parched, ground, boiled seeds used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256"
9567,911,Chenopodium watsonii A. Nels.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,25,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
9571,912,Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,53,1,Food,,,Blossoms and seed pods used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9697,921,Chlorogalum parviflorum S. Wats.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,233,1,Food,,,Bulb used for food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233"
9707,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,50,Costanoan,16,b84,255,1,Food,,,Leaves of immature plant used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255"
9711,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,105,Karok,71,sg52,380,1,Food,,,Bulbs roasted and eaten.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
9723,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,319,1,Food,,,Young shoots used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319"
9732,922,Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth,144,Miwok,100,bg33,157,1,Food,,,Soaproot used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 157"
9752,923,Chlorogalum pomeridianum var. divaricatum (Lindl.) Hoover,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,377,1,Food,,,"Eaten raw, roasted or boiled.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377"
9757,926,Chrysobalanus icaco L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,484,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 484"
9761,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,105,Karok,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,'Nuts' roasted in coals and eaten.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
9762,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,105,Karok,71,sg52,383,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383"
9764,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
9765,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,333,1,Food,,,Nuts sometimes used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
9768,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,200,Pomo,80,g67,13-Dec,1,Food,,,Raw nuts used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13-Dec"
9769,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,34,1,Food,,,"Nuts eaten raw, roasted or pounded into a meal.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 34"
9771,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,266,Tolowa,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,"'Nuts' shaken out of the dried fruits, rolled over hot coals and eaten.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
9772,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,289,Yurok,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,'Nuts' used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
9773,929,Chrysolepis sempervirens (Kellogg) Hjelmqvist,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,1,Food,,,Raw seeds eaten by hunters when in the field.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
9775,930,Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,481,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481"
9829,939,Cicer arietinum L.,188,Papago,160,cb42,120,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 120"
9830,939,Cicer arietinum L.,193,Pima,160,cb42,120,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 120"
9879,942,Cicuta maculata L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,390,2,Drug,,,Root used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 390"
9893,946,Cicuta virosa L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,192,1,Food,,,Leaves boiled with fresh fish.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192"
9900,948,Cinna arundinacea L.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
9919,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,81,1,Food,,,Large taproots peeled and eaten raw or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
9920,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,1,Food,,,Flower heads chewed to get the nectar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
9923,952,Cirsium brevistylum Cronq.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,1,Food,,,Large taproots peeled and eaten raw or cooked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
9930,954,Cirsium congdonii Moore & Frankton,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,1,Food,,,Spring stalks peeled and eaten raw.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
9936,956,Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray,19,Atsugewi,129,g53,139,1,Food,,,"Young, raw stalks used for food.","Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139"
9937,956,Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,55,1,Food,,,"Bud, at the base of the thistle, used for food.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 55"
9938,956,Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Stems formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
9941,957,Cirsium eatonii (Gray) B.L. Robins.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Stems used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
9943,958,Cirsium edule Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,39,g72,191,1,Food,,,Peeled stem used for food.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 191"
9944,958,Cirsium edule Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,46,1,Food,,,"Tender, spring shoots eaten raw.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46"
9946,958,Cirsium edule Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
9950,958,Cirsium edule Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,178,1,Food,,,Fresh roots eaten cooked. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178"
9951,958,Cirsium edule Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
9952,959,Cirsium hookerianum Nutt.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
9955,959,Cirsium hookerianum Nutt.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,480,1,Food,,,"Deep, thick roots cooked and eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480"
9956,959,Cirsium hookerianum Nutt.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,178,1,Food,,,Fresh roots eaten cooked. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178"
9957,959,Cirsium hookerianum Nutt.,259,Thompson,55,p52,36,1,Food,,,Roots boiled and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36"
9961,960,Cirsium horridulum Michx.,96,Houma,49,speck41,57,1,Food,,,"Tender, white hearts eaten raw.","Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57"
9968,961,Cirsium neomexicanum Gray,284,Yavapai,48,g36,256,1,Food,,,"Raw, peeled stems used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256"
9969,962,Cirsium occidentale (Nutt.) Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,1,Food,,,Spring stems skinned and eaten raw.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
9970,962,Cirsium occidentale (Nutt.) Jepson,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Stalks used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
9971,963,Cirsium occidentale var. californicum (Gray) Keil & C. Turner,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,1,Food,,,Spring stems skinned and eaten raw.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
9974,964,Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,58,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
9975,964,Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,58,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
9986,965,Cirsium pallidum Woot. & Standl.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,49,1,Food,,,Seeds boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49"
9988,966,Cirsium parryi (Gray) Petrak,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
9989,967,Cirsium pastoris J.T. Howell,183,Paiute,153,k32,103,1,Food,,,Stems peeled and eaten raw.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103"
9997,970,Cirsium scariosum Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,13,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or pit baked.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 13"
9998,970,Cirsium scariosum Nutt.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,13,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or pit baked.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 13"
9999,970,Cirsium scariosum Nutt.,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,13,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or pit baked.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 13"
10000,971,Cirsium sp.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,102,1,Food,,,Flower head pedicels eaten fresh.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
10010,971,Cirsium sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,254,1,Food,,,Raw or boiled stems used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
10014,972,Cirsium tioganum var. tioganum,183,Paiute,153,k32,103,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw or roasted.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103"
10016,973,Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,521,1,Food,,,Raw roots used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
10017,973,Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Stems used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
10026,973,Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,59,1,Food,,,Young roots roasted and eaten.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 59"
10029,973,Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,178,1,Food,,,Fresh roots eaten cooked. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178"
10030,973,Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,480,1,Food,,,Root cooked and eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480"
10031,974,Cirsium undulatum var. undulatum,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
10039,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,1,Food,,,Flower heads chewed to get the nectar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
10051,975,Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,178,1,Food,,,Fresh roots eaten cooked. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178"
10054,977,Cistanthe monandra (Nutt.) Hershkovitz,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,16,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16"
10061,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
10072,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,95,Hopi,37,w39,92,1,Food,,,Seeds parched and eaten with parched corn and 'piki.',"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 92"
10079,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,103,Kamia,180,g31,21,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 21"
10081,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,257,1,Food,,,Melon used for food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257"
10083,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,46,1,Food,,,Watermelon cultivated and used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 46"
10085,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,98,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
10089,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,228,Seminole,88,s54,479,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 479"
10090,979,Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,,,Cultivated watermelons used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
10091,981,Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle,228,Seminole,88,s54,513,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 513"
10092,982,Citrus aurantium L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,511,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 511"
10095,983,Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.,228,Seminole,88,s54,512,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 512"
10099,985,Citrus reticulata Blanco,228,Seminole,88,s54,512,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 512"
10101,986,Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck,228,Seminole,88,s54,513,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 513"
10103,980,Citrus ?paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.)  [maxima ? sinensis],228,Seminole,88,s54,512,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 512"
10112,991,Clarkia amoena ssp. amoena,144,Miwok,100,bg33,153,1,Food,,,"Parched, pulverized dry seeds used for food.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 153"
10113,992,Clarkia biloba ssp. biloba,144,Miwok,100,bg33,154,1,Food,,,"Parched, pulverized seeds used for food.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 154"
10116,994,Clarkia purpurea ssp. viminea (Dougl. ex Hook.) H.F. & M.E. Lewis,144,Miwok,100,bg33,154,1,Food,,,"Dried, pulverized, uncooked seeds used for food.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 154"
10118,995,Clarkia rhomboidea Dougl. ex Hook.,282,Yana,181,ss43,251,1,Food,,,Seeds eaten raw or parched and finely pounded.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251"
10119,996,Clarkia unguiculata Lindl.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,153,1,Food,,,"Parched, pulverized seeds eaten dry with acorn mush.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 153"
10120,997,Claytonia acutifolia Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,115,1,Food,,,Fresh roots eaten raw or cooked with seal oil.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 115"
10121,997,Claytonia acutifolia Pallas ex J.A. Schultes,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",167,a39,715,1,Food,,,Fleshy taproots used for food.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715"
10122,998,Claytonia caroliniana Michx.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,1,Food,,,Bulbs used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
10123,998,Claytonia caroliniana Michx.,272,Ute,142,c09,33,1,Food,,,Bulbs formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 33"
10129,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,29,1,Food,,,"Crisp, tuber-like corms eaten fresh or boiled.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 29"
10130,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,10,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw and roasted.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 10"
10131,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,113,1,Food,,,Corms used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 113"
10133,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,176,Okanagon,55,p52,38,1,Food,,,Corms boiled and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
10135,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,259,Thompson,55,p52,38,1,Food,,,Corms boiled and used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
10136,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,259,Thompson,10,tta90,239,1,Food,,,"Corms rubbed clean, cooked in pits or steamed and eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 239"
10137,1001,Claytonia lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh,259,Thompson,33,steed28,482,1,Food,,,"Small, oval corms eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
10141,1003,Claytonia multicaulis Nelson,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,10,1,Food,,,Roots eaten raw and roasted.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 10"
10144,1005,Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,251,1,Food,,,Raw foliage used for food in early spring and boiled or steamed when eaten later in the season.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251"
10146,1005,Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,346,1,Food,,,Plants eaten raw.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 346"
10157,1006,Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata,144,Miwok,100,bg33,160,1,Food,,,"Raw stems, leaves and blossoms used for food.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 160"
10173,1007,Claytonia sibirica L.,289,Yurok,70,b81,25,1,Food,,,Shoot tops eaten raw.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
10177,1009,Claytonia sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
10180,1009,Claytonia sp.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,1,Food,,,"Corm eaten raw, alone or with seal oil.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
10181,1009,Claytonia sp.,250,Spokan,144,teit28,343,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343"
10187,1011,Claytonia umbellata S. Wats.,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,43,1,Food,,,Roots roasted in the sand and eaten.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
10192,1012,Claytonia virginica L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,120,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
10199,1016,Clematis columbiana var. columbiana,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
10213,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,79,Gosiute,38,c11,366,2,Drug,,,Plant used as a medicine.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366"
10217,1019,Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,37,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
10284,1023,Cleome isomeris Greene,65,Diegueno,122,h75,217,1,Food,,,Seeds and flowers used as food.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217"
10285,1023,Cleome isomeris Greene,65,Diegueno,122,h75,217,1,Food,,,Seeds and flowers used as food.,"Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217"
10286,1023,Cleome isomeris Greene,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,35,1,Food,,,Flowers eaten boiled or sun baked.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35"
10297,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,221,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 221"
10298,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,95,Hopi,72,f96,16,1,Food,,,Leaves and flowers boiled and used for food.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16"
10299,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,95,Hopi,37,w39,77,1,Food,,,Young plants boiled for food.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 77"
10301,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,101,Isleta,76,j31,26,5,Dye,,,Roots formerly used to make a dye.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
10309,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,108,Keresan,90,w45,559,1,Food,,,Seeds cooked and eaten.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559"
10321,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,157,Navajo,74,e44,50,1,Food,,,Pods used for food.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50"
10322,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,157,Navajo,19,c35,24,1,Food,,,"Young plants boiled, pressed, rolled into balls and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24"
10335,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,29,1,Food,,,Young plants boiled twice and meat added or plants removed and fried.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29"
10338,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,222,San Felipe,19,c35,24,1,Food,,,Flower buds salted and eaten as food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24"
10339,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,234,Sia,159,w62,107,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 107"
10342,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,58,1,Food,,,"Young plants boiled, dried, soaked in hot water, fried in grease and used for food.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 58"
10346,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,291,Zuni,6,s15,69,1,Food,,,"Tender leaves usually boiled with corn, on or off the cob, and highly seasoned with chile.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 69"
10347,1026,Cleome serrulata Pursh,291,Zuni,19,c35,24,1,Food,,,Young plants cooked with corn strongly flavored with chile.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24"
10372,1029,Clinopodium douglasii (Benth.) Kuntze,128,Luiseno,24,s08,229,2,Drug,,,Infusion of plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229"
10407,1031,Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,62,2,Drug,,,Plant used as a medicine for unspecified ailments.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 62"
10419,1033,Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth,259,Thompson,10,tta90,121,5,Dye,,,"Mashed, blue, berry like fruits used as a dye or stain. Large quantities of the fruits had to be used in order for the dye or stain to be effective.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
10421,1035,Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt.) Hook. f. ex Baill.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,231,2,Drug,,,Plant used for medicinal purposes.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 231"
10422,1036,Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.,228,Seminole,88,s54,475,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475"
10425,1039,Cochlearia sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
10430,1040,Cocos nucifera L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,73,2,Drug,,,Oil used as a good rub.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73"
10431,1040,Cocos nucifera L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,503,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503"
10439,1042,Coix lacryma-jobi L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,41,2,Drug,,,Long strands of seeds used for various unspecified medicinal purposes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
10475,1049,Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott,90,Hawaiian,183,m03,67,2,Drug,,,Plant used to make a draught and given to the sick.,"Malo, David, 1903, Hawaiian Antiquities, Honolulu. Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., page 67"
10476,1049,Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott,90,Hawaiian,183,m03,67,1,Food,,,Plant mixed with coconut meat and eaten.,"Malo, David, 1903, Hawaiian Antiquities, Honolulu. Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., page 67"
10477,1049,Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott,90,Hawaiian,183,m03,67,1,Food,,,Roots beaten into poi and eaten.,"Malo, David, 1903, Hawaiian Antiquities, Honolulu. Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., page 67"
10479,1049,Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott,228,Seminole,88,s54,465,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 465"
10492,1051,Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,18,1,Food,,,Seeds used for food.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 18"
10494,1051,Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl,183,Paiute,98,m53,66,1,Food,,,"Small, round seeds eaten as nuts by children.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 66"
10509,1055,Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,2,Drug,,,Leaves used for medicine.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
10556,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,85,Haihais,14,c93,83,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83"
10557,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,86,Haisla,14,c93,83,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83"
10558,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,213,1,Food,,,Roots steamed and eaten with oolichan grease.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 213"
10559,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,88,Hanaksiala,14,c93,83,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83"
10560,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,91,Heiltzuk,14,c93,83,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83"
10566,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,123,Kwakwaka'wakw,14,c93,83,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83"
10567,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,171,Nuxalkmc,14,c93,83,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83"
10568,1059,Conioselinum gmelinii (Cham. & Schlecht.) Steud.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,83,1,Food,,,Roots used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83"
10573,1060,Conioselinum scopulorum (Gray) Coult. & Rose,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,34,1,Food,,,Leaves cooked with meat and used for food.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 34"
10574,1061,Conioselinum sp.,5,Aleut,194,bt51,29,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
10579,1063,Conocarpus erectus L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,468,5,Dye,,,Plant used as a buckskin dye.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468"
10631,1070,Coprosma sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,72,2,Drug,,,"Whole plant dried, stored and used under the direction of a medicine man.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 72"
10658,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,323,2,Drug,,,Decoction of plant given to babies with sickness caused by bad blood from mother.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 323"
10662,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,2,Drug,,,Used for medicines.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
10668,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,141,Micmac,182,sd51,258,2,Drug,,,Roots chewed for medicinal use.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
10701,1075,Cordylanthus sp.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,256,1,Food,,,"Parched, ground seeds eaten dry or dampened.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256"
10713,1077,Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,49,1,Food,,,Roots cooked and used for food.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 49"
10714,1077,Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev.,90,Hawaiian,183,m03,68,1,Food,,,Roots pit baked and eaten.,"Malo, David, 1903, Hawaiian Antiquities, Honolulu. Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., page 68"
10720,1078,Coreopsis bigelovii (Gray) Hall,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Leaves used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
10742,1086,Coriandrum sativum L.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,164,1,Food,,,"Dipped into water, eaten raw and green.","Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 164"
10828,1091,Cornus canadensis L.,28,"Carrier, Northern",9,s29,62,2,Drug,,,Used as a medicine for unspecified malady.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 62"
10960,1100,Cornus sericea L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,,,Bark used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
10988,1101,Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,259,Thompson,33,steed28,490,1,Food,,,"Little, white drupes eaten occasionally.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490"
11027,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,50,Costanoan,16,b84,252,5,Dye,,,Decoction of inner bark used as a dye.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252"
11107,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,2,Drug,,,Decoction of bark or entire branch used as a medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
11147,1103,Cornus sp.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,213,2,Drug,,,Valued as a medicine.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 213"
11169,1108,Corydalis curvisiliqua ssp. occidentalis (Engelm. ex Gray) W.A. Weber,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,38,3,Other,,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38"
11183,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
11187,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,127,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food in season.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127"
11191,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,61,Dakota,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten raw with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11212,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,"Nut meats, after skimming off the oil, seasoned and mixed with mashed potatoes.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
11215,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,138,Menominee,51,s23,63,1,Food,,,"Nuts, in the milk stage, eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63"
11219,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,256,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten in the milk stage or ripe.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
11225,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,397,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten as food and newly gathered nuts before the kernel had hardened were favored.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397"
11228,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,326,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten plain or mixed with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326"
11229,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,177,Omaha,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten raw with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11231,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,205,Ponca,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten raw with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11233,1110,Corylus americana Walt.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,74,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten raw with honey.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11238,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,79,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 79"
11240,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,37,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 37"
11251,1111,Corylus cornuta Marsh.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
11260,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,31,Chehalis,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11263,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food but only late in season.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
11267,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,105,Karok,70,b81,25,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
11268,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,115,Klamath,66,c97,94,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94"
11269,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,129,Lummi,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11270,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,144,Miwok,100,bg33,153,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 153"
11271,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,176,Okanagon,55,p52,39,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
11273,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,1,Food,,,Nut meat eaten raw.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
11283,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,104,1,Food,,,Nut meat eaten whole or pulverized before use.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 104"
11284,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,226,Sanpoil and Nespelem,44,r32,104,1,Food,,,Nuts stored without removing the shells.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 104"
11285,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,60,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 60"
11286,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,241,Skagit,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Nuts cracked with stones and eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11287,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,42,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten fresh.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
11290,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,245,Snohomish,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11291,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,251,Squaxin,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11292,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,253,Swinomish,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten fresh.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11294,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,259,Thompson,55,p52,39,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
11298,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,266,Tolowa,70,b81,25,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
11301,1112,Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp,289,Yurok,70,b81,25,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten fresh.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
11306,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,Nuts used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
11311,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,398,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten as a food.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
11312,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,242,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242"
11317,1113,Corylus cornuta var. cornuta,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,87,1,Food,,,Nuts eaten raw.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87"
11386,1123,Crataegus douglasii Lindl.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,486,1,Food,,,Pomes eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486"
11401,1124,Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii,259,Thompson,33,steed28,487,1,Food,,,"Scarlet, pear-shaped pomes eaten.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487"
11462,1137,Crepis occidentalis Nutt.,183,Paiute,153,k32,103,1,Food,,,Leaves eaten raw.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103"
11465,1139,Crepis runcinata ssp. glauca (Nutt.) Babcock & Stebbins,79,Gosiute,38,c11,367,1,Food,,,Leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 367"
11555,1157,Cucumis melo L.,95,Hopi,37,w39,93,1,Food,,,Eaten fresh.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
11565,1157,Cucumis melo L.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,46,1,Food,,,Muskmelon cultivated and used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 46"
11566,1157,Cucumis melo L.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,98,1,Food,,,Species used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
11567,1157,Cucumis melo L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,480,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480"
11568,1157,Cucumis melo L.,234,Sia,159,w62,106,1,Food,,,Cultivated cantaloupes used for food.,"White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE  Bulletin #, page 106"
11577,1158,Cucumis sativus L.,228,Seminole,88,s54,478,1,Food,,,Plant used for food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 478"
11581,1159,Cucumis sp.,44,Cocopa,178,giff33,266,1,Food,,,"Seeds boiled with dried pumpkin, mashed and eaten or whole seeds eaten without husking.","Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 266"