id,species,species_label,tribe,tribe_label,source,source_label,pageno,use_category,use_category_label,use_subcategory,use_subcategory_label,notes,rawsource
17426,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Alleviates pain and produces sleep.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
17431,1920,Humulus lupulus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,39,2,Drug,15,Sedative,'Alleviates pain and produces sleep.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39"
30296,3160,Prunus americana Marsh.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,,,'An ingredient of a medicine made after diagnosis.',"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
38238,3714,Smilax sp.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,,,'An ingredient of a medicine made after diagnosis.',"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
578,30,Acer nigrum Michx. f.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,199,2,Drug,117,Diuretic,"'Arbor liquore abundans, ex quo liquor tanquam urina vehementer projicitur.'","Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199"
135,4,Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,34,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"'Balsam for breast and lung complaints with pain, soreness or cough.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34"
18247,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,13,Poison,'Bark used cautiously in medicine because it is poisonous.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
29542,3105,Populus sp.,95,Hopi,82,c74,346,1,Food,85,Candy,"'Berries' chewed as gum, particularly with chili.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
29473,3102,Populus fremontii S. Wats.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,213,1,Food,85,Candy,'Berries' eaten or chewed like gum.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
17734,1980,Ilex vomitoria Ait.,59,Creek,128,swan28,666,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,'Black drink' used to 'clear out the system.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 666"
27147,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,"51, 52",2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,'Branches used to whip a burned arm or leg until the blood came.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51, 52"
30838,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,199,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Branchlets' used in unspecified manner during gestation.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199"
32816,3332,Rhexia virginica L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,314,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,'Brew' from leaves and stems used for cleaning the throat.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314"
29159,3088,Pontederia cordata L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,20,Panacea,'Brew' from plant used for 'illness in general.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
21494,2321,Lycopodium clavatum L.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Brew' from plant used for weakness and fever.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
39593,3903,Taxus canadensis Marsh.,150,Montagnais,103,s17,315,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Brew' from plant used for weakness and fever.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
19264,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),'Bristly edges of ten to twelve leaves' rubbed over skin for rheumatism.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
33470,3368,Ribes divaricatum Dougl.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,206,3,Other,79,Smoking Tools,'Canes' hollowed out and used for pipe stems.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 206"
16759,1849,Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark,100,Iroquois,7,h77,328,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Chewed by women to bewitch men and make them crazy by affecting their hearts.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 328"
41880,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,'Children walk through nettles to prepare them for practice of witchcraft.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41884,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Children walk through nettles to prepare them for practice of witchcraft.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41877,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Children walk through nettles to toughen their skin.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41881,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,'Children walk through nettles to toughen their skin.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
14202,1540,Eriophorum russeolum Fries ex Hartman,75,"Eskimo, Western",177,l59,22,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,'Cotton' from plant put in corner of eye to absorb fluid from 'watery eyes.',"Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 22"
36027,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,'Cotton' used to dry 'moist eyes.',"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
6784,532,Baccharis emoryi Gray,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,246,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,'Down' put onto fires by children to produce a sudden burst of flame which spread rapidly.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246"
30214,3159,Prunella vulgaris L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"74, 130",2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Drink' made from leaves taken and used as a wash for fevers.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
28679,3033,Podophyllum peltatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,44,2,Drug,156,Ear Medicine,'Drop of juice of fresh root' put in ear for deafness.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44"
20300,2188,Lilium philadelphicum L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,282,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,"'Dry plants in sun, if twists together, wife is unfaithful; determines love.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 282"
38122,3699,Sisyrinchium montanum Greene,100,Iroquois,7,h77,288,2,Drug,13,Poison,'Feared it was poison.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 288"
14197,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"'Female' stems dried, split and inserted into boot welts to seal them.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
14198,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","'Female' stems dried, split and used for weaving.","Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
14199,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,1,Food,,,'Female' stems used for food.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
14196,1538,Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. subarcticum (Vassiljev) Hult‚n ex Kartesz & Gandhi,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,184,2,Drug,,,'Female' stems used medicinally.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184"
17799,1984,Inula helenium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,33,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'For female obstructions and pregnant women with weak bowels and wombs.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33"
35278,3485,Rumex crispus L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,312,2,Drug,20,Panacea,'Good for all illnesses.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 312"
42973,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Good for typhus and bilious fevers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
42976,4127,Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,31,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,'Good for typhus and bilious fevers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31"
13097,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,71,3,Other,57,Fasteners,'Gum' used to fasten arrow points to the slit ends of arrow twigs.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
30115,3158,Prosopis velutina Woot.,188,Papago,27,cu35,68,3,Other,57,Fasteners,'Gum' used to fasten handles to gourds.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
1728,89,Agave americana L.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,145,1,Food,27,Beverage,"'Hearts' and roots pit baked, crushed and fermented into an intoxicating beverage.","Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145"
20036,2159,Lewisia rediviva Pursh,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,114,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Hearts' used in some type of witchcraft.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 114"
7106,576,Betula lenta L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,300,2,Drug,,,"'Highly valued medicine because it sustains the deer, the mainstay of life.'","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300"
24061,2595,Nuphar lutea ssp. advena (Ait.) Kartesz & Gandhi,100,Iroquois,7,h77,319,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,'Hung up inside to keep witches away' as an anti-witch remedy.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 319"
2557,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,3,Other,168,Water Indicator,"'If you see a creek without alder along its banks, the water isn't good to drink.'","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
5920,417,Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,'Joint of reed' used to make flutes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
9182,871,Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
9185,871,Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
14583,1586,Euphorbia corollata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
14586,1586,Euphorbia corollata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"'Juice rubbed on skin eruptions, especially on children's heads.'","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
19267,2071,Kalmia latifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,42,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,'Leaf ooze rubbed into scratched skin of ball players to prevent cramps.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42"
27229,2938,Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.,133,Makah,3,g83,234,1,Food,,,'Little cones' and buds used for food.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234"
9837,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Mashed root put on a hot stone and sore limbs laid directly over it.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
9838,941,Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,20,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,'Mashed root put on a hot stone and sore limbs laid directly over it.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 20"
6226,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,7,3,Other,17,Tools,'Milk' from the broken stems used in cases of emergency for branding stock temporarily.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
6197,442,Asclepias speciosa Torr.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,45,1,Food,85,Candy,'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
14190,1537,Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny,4,Alaska Native,132,h53,131,1,Food,,,"'Mouse nuts' found in mice caches, cooked and eaten with seal oil.","Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 131"
21217,2265,Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,37,2,Drug,13,Poison,"'Not good to eat, poison.'","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 37"
9761,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,105,Karok,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,'Nuts' roasted in coals and eaten.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
9771,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,266,Tolowa,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,"'Nuts' shaken out of the dried fruits, rolled over hot coals and eaten.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
9772,928,Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla,289,Yurok,70,b81,24,1,Food,,,'Nuts' used for food.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
33099,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,14,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,'Old man took this medicine and bore a child (an aphrodisiac?).',"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
39236,3880,Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,278,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Pass seed over female genitals to bring about childbirth.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 278"
41229,4049,Typha latifolia L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,271,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Patient sleeps on mattress made of plant' for cysts of breast.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 271"
41231,4049,Typha latifolia L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,271,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,'Patient sleeps on mattress made of plant' for cysts of yellow fever.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 271"
27521,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,55,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Pellets of tar' considered 'beneficial for soreness of the back.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55"
27523,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,55,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,'Pellets of tar' considered 'beneficial for soreness of the back.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55"
27522,2958,Pinus echinata P. Mill.,154,Nanticoke,22,t42,"55, 84",2,Drug,29,Cathartic,'Pellets of tar' used as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55, 84"
14372,1567,Eschscholzia californica Cham.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,9,2,Drug,13,Poison,'Plant avoided by pregnant or lactating women as smell may be poisonous.',"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 9"
5979,421,Asarum canadense L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,309,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,'Plant may be added to all kinds of medicine to make them stronger.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
32285,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,303,2,Drug,122,Antidote,'Plant will stop the effects of the laxative made from V. opulus.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 303"
1193,55,Acorus calamus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,'Possesses stimulant and stomachic virtues' and used for 'gravel.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
1195,55,Acorus calamus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,'Possesses stimulant and stomachic virtues' and used for 'gravel.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
35577,3510,Sagittaria latifolia Willd.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,319,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"'Potatoes' at the end of the roots dried, boiled and used for food.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319"
39434,3901,Taxus baccata L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,264,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,'Put in all medicines to give them strength.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 264"
3427,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,15,Sedative,'Root tonic' taken by weakly and nervous females.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3425,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,'Root tonic' taken for ague.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3423,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,'Root tonic' taken for colds.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3424,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,'Root tonic' taken for fever.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3422,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,119,Carminative,'Root tonic' taken for flatulent colics.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3421,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,84,Abortifacient,'Root tonic' taken for obstructed menses.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3426,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,'Root tonic' used as gargle for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
3428,259,Angelica atropurpurea L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,'Root tonic' used as gargle for sore throat.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
36478,3562,Salvia officinalis L.,149,Mohegan,97,t72,"75, 132",2,Drug,16,Anthelmintic,'Sage tea' taken as a vermifuge.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132"
37159,3586,Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.,157,Navajo,141,h56,155,1,Food,52,Fruit,'Seeds' (actually fruits) used for food.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 155"
44363,4244,Zea mays L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,30,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Smut' from plant used as salve.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
27333,2943,Pilea pumila (L.) Gray,100,Iroquois,7,h77,308,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,'Squeeze water out of stem and inhale for sinus problems.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 308"
31760,3237,Pyrola americana Sweet,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Stick on cuts and sores to heal them.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
31782,3241,Pyrola elliptica Nutt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,'Stick on cuts and sores to heal them.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
14604,1590,Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Stops violent hemorrhaging from lungs and womb when given in small doses.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
14605,1590,Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,40,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,'Stops violent hemorrhaging from lungs and womb when given in small doses.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
8056,736,Carex atherodes Spreng.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
8087,746,Carex obnupta Bailey,259,Thompson,10,tta90,114,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114"
23636,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,'Syrup' and honey used for colds and infusion used for babies' colds.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
23637,2574,Nepeta cataria L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,28,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,'Syrup' and honey used for coughs.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
26526,2896,Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,45,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,'Tea ooze' used to bathe head for headache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
7949,720,Cannabis sativa L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,306,2,Drug,90,Stimulant,'This plant will get you going.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 306"
32861,3340,Rhododendron maximum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,52,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,'Throw clumps of leaves into a fire and dance around it to bring cold weather.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52"
26831,2931,Phytolacca americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,316,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,"'Tie in a poplar tree, then place among roots,' as a love medicine.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 316"
43352,4169,Vitis aestivalis Michx.,39,Choctaw,138,c51,287,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,'Water of the grape vine' taken and used as a wash to induce lactation.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
1410,59,Actaea pachypoda Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,55,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,'Will kill teeth of young people if not careful with it.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
41882,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,'Younger people walk through nettles to procure dreams.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
41883,4060,Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,68,2,Drug,60,Psychological Aid,'Younger people walk through nettles to procure dreams.',"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 68"
5005,388,Artemisia campestris L.,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,58,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,6Decoction of plants taken for colds.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 58"
26364,2873,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,104,1,Food,31,Vegetable,A great number of varieties of beans were used.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 104"
13379,1422,Equisetum hyemale L.,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,58,4,Fiber,124,Scouring Material,"Abrasive stems used to polish pipes, bows and arrows and formerly used to scrub tins and floors.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 58"
23431,2521,Monotropa uniflora L.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,215,3,Other,224,Plant Indicator,Abundance of plant in woods indicated many mushrooms in the coming season.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 215"
35177,3480,Rumex acetosella L.,215,Saanich,23,tb71,85,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Acid-tasting leaves eaten like lettuce.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 85"
25234,2715,Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,17,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Acid-tasting leaves used as a salad.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17"
31941,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,5,Dye,108,Black,Acorn cups soaked in water containing iron and used as a black dye to color basket materials.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
31950,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31977,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32012,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32153,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32199,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32252,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32606,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
20509,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorn flour stored in large storage baskets. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
31987,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorn flour used to make bread.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
31989,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorn flour used to make mush.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
20504,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorn flour used to make paste and gruel and flavored with venison and herbs. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
31839,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31934,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31996,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32184,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,"Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, mesquite beans and palm tree fruit.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31840,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31935,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31997,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32185,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorn meal used as payment to a shaman for special services.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31949,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31974,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32011,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32152,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32198,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32251,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32605,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay pots.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31838,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31933,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31995,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32183,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,47,Special Food,Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occasions.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
20541,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Acorn mush taken by old people on their death bed to survive the day.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20503,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorn paste made into patties and baked in hot coals. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32465,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Acorn shells used to hold medicine and a humming bird was made to sip from each shell.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32453,3289,Quercus sp.,134,Malecite,78,sd52,6,1,Food,,,Acorns baked and used for food.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
32057,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32064,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32080,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32098,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32102,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32104,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32110,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32112,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32116,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32021,3258,Quercus dunnii Kellogg,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns boiled into mush.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
32219,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns boiled into mush.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
32460,3289,Quercus sp.,157,Navajo,74,e44,40,1,Food,,,Acorns boiled like beans and roasted over coals.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32416,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,,,"Acorns boiled, pounded and mixed with mescal.","Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32449,3289,Quercus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns boiled, roasted, pounded, mixed with meal or meat and eaten as soup.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
31899,3253,Quercus alba L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted and made into mush with bear oil seasoning.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
31898,3253,Quercus alba L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,88,Pie & Pudding,"Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted and made into pie.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
31900,3253,Quercus alba L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,66,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted, cooked in soup stock to flavor and eaten.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66"
32281,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Acorns boiled, split open and eaten like a vegetable.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
32125,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns buried in the mud for leaching and used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32026,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,47,1,Food,85,Candy,Acorns chewed as a confection.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 47"
32287,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns chopped and cooked in soups and meats.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
32288,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,125,Lakota,156,k90,31,1,Food,,,"Acorns chopped, cooked over fire and eaten.","Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 31"
20527,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,5,Forage,Acorns collected by woodpeckers.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
31982,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32213,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32259,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32592,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
20537,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,266,Tolowa,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered the main staple.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20544,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns considered the main staple.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20507,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns considered the main staple. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
31963,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,265,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns dried and preserved for future use.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 265"
31988,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,282,Yana,181,ss43,249,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns dried for winter use.,"Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 249"
31947,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31971,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32009,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32150,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32196,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32249,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32603,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal and leached.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31848,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns eaten as a staple food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32201,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns eaten as a staple food.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32027,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,188,Papago,27,cu35,19,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten fresh from the shell.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 19"
32451,3289,Quercus sp.,100,Iroquois,107,p10,99,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw by children.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99"
32090,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns eaten raw, boiled, roasted in ashes or dried, ground and cooked like corn meal.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32417,3289,Quercus sp.,12,"Apache, Mescalero",52,b74,41,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
32611,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,,,Acorns eaten raw.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32074,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,101,Isleta,19,c35,47,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Acorns eaten to give greater sexual potency.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32105,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,101,Isleta,19,c35,47,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Acorns eaten to give greater sexual potency.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
31919,3253,Quercus alba L.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,2,Drug,304,Dietary Aid,Acorns eaten to induce thirst and plenty of water thought to be beneficial.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
32025,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
32060,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
32608,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,174,1,Food,,,"Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground on a metate or boiled.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 174"
20515,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,168,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns form one of the principal foods.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 168"
20546,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,290,"Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)",109,m66,168,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns form one of the principal foods.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 168"
31850,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly gathered for storage in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32203,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly gathered for storage in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31954,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32017,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32036,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32587,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32076,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,101,Isleta,76,j31,41,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns formerly used as a staple food.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41"
32096,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,207,Pueblo,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns formerly used extensively for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32114,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,207,Pueblo,19,c35,47,1,Food,,,Acorns formerly used extensively for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32273,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,26,1,Food,,,Acorns formerly used for food.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 26"
32388,3285,Quercus rubra L.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,327,1,Food,,,Acorns freed from tannic acid by boiling with wood ashes and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 327"
31849,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31952,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32202,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour. Several methods were used to remove the bitterness from the acorn meal.  The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to soak away the bitterness.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32521,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,187,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns gathered and traded with the Paipai for wild sheep skins.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
31985,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns gathered in large quantities and traded for other foods.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
31844,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31939,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32001,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32189,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,146,Musical Instrument,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32067,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,1,Food,86,Spice,Acorns ground and added to flavor beef or deer soups.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32068,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,74,1,Food,86,Spice,Acorns ground and added to flavor beef or deer soups.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 74"
31835,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31930,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31992,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32180,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make bread.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32570,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,1,Food,,,"Acorns ground into a fine meal, sun dried, made into porridge and eaten with deer meat.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32569,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,1,Food,41,Dessert,"Acorns ground into a fine meal, sun dried, made into porridge, cooked and eaten as a dessert.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
31981,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32212,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32257,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32455,3289,Quercus sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32591,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and biscuits.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
31983,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32214,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32258,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32456,3289,Quercus sp.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32593,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,144,Miwok,100,bg33,142,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 142"
32610,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns ground into flour and used to make bread.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32221,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,185,"Paiute, Northern",50,f89,52,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns ground into flour, leached and eaten.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52"
32094,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns ground into flour, soaked in water and baked to make a bread.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32095,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns ground into flour, soaked in water and cooked to make mush.","Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32109,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,64,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into flour.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64"
32056,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32063,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32079,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32097,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32101,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,2,Acoma,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32103,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,43,Cochiti,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32111,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,124,Laguna,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
32115,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,222,San Felipe,19,c35,47,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns ground into meal.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
31964,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,281,Wintoon,109,m66,265,1,Food,,,"Acorns leached all winter in cold, wet, swampy ground, boiled or roasted and eaten in the spring.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 265"
20545,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns leached and ground into flour.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
20511,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,,,Acorns leached and used for food.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
32282,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32295,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32297,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32299,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32301,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,280,Winnebago,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32368,3285,Quercus rubra L.,61,Dakota,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32389,3285,Quercus rubra L.,177,Omaha,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32390,3285,Quercus rubra L.,190,Pawnee,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32391,3285,Quercus rubra L.,205,Ponca,17,g19,75,1,Food,,,Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75"
32384,3285,Quercus rubra L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns leached with lye and used as of the most important starchy foods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
31847,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
31951,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32014,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32033,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32200,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32584,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,194,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel and eaten.","Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194"
32193,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,Acorns made into 'houm' and eaten.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
31946,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31970,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32008,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32149,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32195,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32248,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32602,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush and allowed to stand and harden into a 'cake.'","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32432,3289,Quercus sp.,49,Concow,89,c02,333,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns made into bread and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
32433,3289,Quercus sp.,49,Concow,89,c02,333,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns made into mush and eaten.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333"
32018,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,82,1,Food,5,Forage,"Acorns not used by people but eaten as a favorite food by deer, squirrels, chipmunks, quail & jays.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 82"
32218,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,,,Acorns occasionally used for food.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32595,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,160,Neeshenam,81,p74,374,1,Food,,,Acorns occasionally used for food.,"Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374"
32069,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,215,1,Food,,,Acorns parched on a tray or eaten raw.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215"
32065,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns parched, ground and used to make mush.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
32066,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,67,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns parched, ground and used to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
32325,3280,Quercus peninsularis Trel.,65,Diegueno,122,h75,216,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns pounded, sun dried, ground and leached.","Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216"
20532,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31958,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32143,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32232,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into bread.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20533,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31959,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32144,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32233,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into mush.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20534,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31960,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32145,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32234,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20502,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted and eaten.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
32122,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,31,Chehalis,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32073,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,12,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted and used for food.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 12"
32280,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,38,Chippewa,4,d28,320,1,Food,,,"Acorns roasted in ashes or boiled, mashed and eaten with grease or duck broth.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320"
32525,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,97,Hualapai,127,w82,11,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted like pinons.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11"
32147,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,251,Squaxin,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns roasted on hot rocks and eaten.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32059,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,42,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns roasted slightly, pounded, mixed with dried meat and stored away in hide containers.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 42"
32113,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,157,Navajo,119,steg41,222,1,Food,,,Acorns seldom used for food.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
20505,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, dried, pounded into a meal, leached and used to make gruel.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
20506,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, dried, pounded into a meal, leached and used to make gruel.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
32407,3288,Quercus sadleriana R. Br.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,"Acorns shelled, parched and eaten.","Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
31857,3252,Quercus agrifolia var. agrifolia,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
31942,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32006,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32032,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32191,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
32597,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns shelled, pounded, leached and cooked into a mush or gruel.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
31916,3253,Quercus alba L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,401,1,Food,56,Soup,"Acorns soaked in lye water to remove bitter tannin taste, dried for storage and used to make soup. Lye for leaching acorns was obtained by soaking wood ashes in water.  Acorns were put in a net bag and then soaked in the lye, then rinsed several times in warm water.  The acorns were then dried for storage, and when wanted, pounded into a coarse flour which was used to thicken soups or form a sort of mush.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 401"
32099,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,284,Yavapai,48,g36,257,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Acorns sometimes added as thickening to venison stews.,"Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257"
32142,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,84,1,Food,,,"Acorns steamed, roasted or boiled and used for food.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84"
32022,3258,Quercus dunnii Kellogg,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
32220,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,183,Paiute,65,stew33,246,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246"
31948,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
31972,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32010,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32151,3266,Quercus garryana var. semota Jepson,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32197,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32250,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
32604,3296,Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Engelm.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,56,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Acorns stored for future use. Acorns were stored in several different ways.  The granaries, elevated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top and bottom covered with bark and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves.  Stone lined pits were covered with brush, acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered with bark.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 56"
20510,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,Acorns stored for winter use.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
20526,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
31854,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,80,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 80"
32140,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,81,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81"
32230,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,79,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Acorns sun dried before storing.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 79"
32294,3273,Quercus macrocarpa Michx.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,,,Acorns treated with lye to remove bitterness and eaten.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
31953,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used as a substitution during a scarcity of common live oak or black oak.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
31842,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31937,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31999,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32187,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Acorns used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
20528,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
31855,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,80,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 80"
32141,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,81,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 81"
32231,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,79,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing.  The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff.  They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour.  This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor.  The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food.  The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup.  If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water.  For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals.  Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread.  Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush.  The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold.  The mold was rubbed off.  These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush.  Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months.  They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing.  They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 79"
32579,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,228,Seminole,88,s54,493,1,Food,50,Fodder,Acorns used as hog food.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 493"
20535,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
31961,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32146,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32235,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,230,Shasta,149,h46,308,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the basic staple.,"Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
32217,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,145,Modesse,109,m66,223,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used as the principal vegetable food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223"
31845,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31940,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32002,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32190,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,121,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Acorns used by children in a game like jacks and for juggling.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31962,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
31986,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,14,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 14"
32019,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
32237,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
32267,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
32596,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,269,Tubatulabal,137,v38,15,1,Food,,,Acorns used extensively for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
20495,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
31846,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
31853,3251,Quercus agrifolia N‚e,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
31896,3253,Quercus alba L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
31929,3254,Quercus bicolor Willd.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
31944,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
31991,3256,Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
32028,3260,Quercus emoryi Torr.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
32061,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,160,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160"
32117,3264,Quercus gambelii var. gambelii,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,44,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44"
32130,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,105,Karok,71,sg52,382,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382"
32133,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,165,Nisqually,25,g73,27,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
32138,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
32157,3267,Quercus grisea Liebm.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32210,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,333,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 333"
32227,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,80,g67,12,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
32238,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
32269,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
32312,3276,Quercus nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,21,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
32315,3277,Quercus oblongifolia Torr.,188,Papago,160,cb42,61,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
32338,3282,Quercus prinus L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
32373,3285,Quercus rubra L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,123,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
32431,3289,Quercus sp.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
32436,3289,Quercus sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,248,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
32619,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,22,1,Food,,,Acorns used for food.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22"
32484,3289,Quercus sp.,194,"Pima, Desert",136,r91,6,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Acorns used for trade.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 6"
20529,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Acorns used in a first fruits ceremony in October after the first rainfall.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
32613,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],79,Gosiute,38,c11,378,1,Food,,,Acorns used only in season for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 378"
32016,3257,Quercus dumosa Nutt.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used only when more preferred species could not be obtained.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32035,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used only when more preferred species could not be obtained.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32586,3295,Quercus wislizeni A. DC.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,193,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Acorns used only when more preferred species could not be obtained.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 193"
32609,3250,Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella],15,"Apache, White Mountain",45,r29,148,1,Food,27,Beverage,Acorns used to make 'coffee.',"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148"
32311,3276,Quercus nigra L.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,21,1,Food,27,Beverage,Acorns used to make a beverage.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21"
32515,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,22,1,Food,27,Beverage,Acorns used to make a drink similar to coffee.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22"
20498,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make a meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20516,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make black bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20499,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Acorns used to make bread, biscuits, pancakes and cake.","Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20496,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20512,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,172,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 172"
20517,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
31956,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32131,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,343,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32136,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32205,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
32208,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,327,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 327"
32222,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32261,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32523,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,97,Hualapai,127,w82,11,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make bread.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11"
20542,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make dough.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32552,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,125,Lakota,108,r80,49,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make flour.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 49"
20508,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,105,Karok,70,b81,35,1,Food,75,Staple,"Acorns used to make flour. People would camp in groves when harvesting the fruit.  Certain villages had certain fruit crops.  Fruits were gathered after they had fallen from the trees, but before insects invaded them.  While younger men hunted, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing the shells from the seed.  When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place.  It was then leached in sand with cold water.  The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste which could be cooked in several ways.  A gruel was most often made by cooking the paste in cooking baskets.  Hot rocks were placed into the paste to bring it to boiling.  The rocks were kept from burning the basket with 'acorn paddles.'  The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs bent into a U-shape.  Males ate gruel with wooden spoons, the females used mussel shells.  The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks was given to children as sort of a treat.  Gruel was flavored with venison, herbs, etc.  The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals.  Flour was stored in large storage baskets.","Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32224,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make gruel and mush.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32263,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make gruel and mush.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20501,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,75,Staple,Acorns used to make meal.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20518,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush and gruel.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32266,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,84,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush or soup rather than bread.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 84"
20497,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,83,Hahwunkwut,109,m66,187,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 187"
20500,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,98,Hupa,109,m66,200,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 200"
20513,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,170,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170"
20514,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,199,Poliklah,109,m66,172,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 172"
20519,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
20539,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
31957,3255,Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32137,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32209,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,140,Mewuk,109,m66,327,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 327"
32225,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32264,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,109,m66,290,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290"
32526,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,147,Mohave,125,cb51,187,1,Food,44,Porridge,Acorns used to make mush.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
20538,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make pancakes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
20522,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20540,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,287,Yuki,69,c57ii,88,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"
20543,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,289,Yurok,70,b81,35,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 35"
32072,3263,Quercus gambelii Nutt.,97,Hualapai,127,w82,12,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 12"
32132,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,343,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343"
32206,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,342,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 342"
32265,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32226,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make soups.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32524,3292,Quercus turbinella Greene,97,Hualapai,127,w82,11,1,Food,56,Soup,Acorns used to make stew.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11"
32262,3272,Quercus lobata N‚e,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make white and black bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
32223,3270,Quercus kelloggii Newberry,200,Pomo,96,b52,67,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,Acorns used to make white bread.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20525,2212,Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,83,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,"Acorns, the tannin soothed the cough, used as cough drops.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
32557,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,402,1,Food,,,"Acorns, with tannic acid extracted, equally as good as other acorns.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402"
32428,3289,Quercus sp.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,1,Food,,,"Acorns, with the tannin removed by using wood ash lye and leached out with water, used for food.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
39001,3844,Suaeda arborescens,193,Pima,104,r08,78,1,Food,86,Spice,Added as flavoring to greens or cactus fruits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 78"
39031,3848,Suaeda suffrutescens S. Wats.,193,Pima,104,r08,78,1,Food,86,Spice,Added as flavoring to greens or cactus fruits.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 78"
7992,725,Capsicum annuum var. annuum,188,Papago,27,cu35,47,1,Food,47,Special Food,Added to meat and eaten as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 47"
37020,3572,Sanguinaria canadensis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,234,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Added to other medicines to strengthen their effect.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 234"
35531,3501,Ruta graveolens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,15,Sedative,Added to whiskey and taken for hysterics.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
35529,3501,Ruta graveolens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,53,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Added to whiskey and taken for palsy.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53"
16106,1764,Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.,62,Delaware,97,t72,37,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Administered to women following childbirth.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 37"
7652,662,Calla palustris L.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,33,2,Drug,39,Orthopedic Aid,Aerial stems used for sore legs.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33"
7250,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,37,Fuel,"After stripping a felled tree of its bark, it was salvaged for firewood.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
22215,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,265,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Afterbirth of a child tied to a young tree to ensure the child would grow up strong.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 265"
15290,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,All ash wood quite valuable and used for basketry splints.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15294,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,All ash wood quite valuable and used for bows and arrows.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15291,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,109,Furniture,All ash wood quite valuable and used for cradle boards.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
15292,1660,Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,420,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,All ash wood quite valuable and used for snowshoe frames and sleds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420"
10577,1062,Conium maculatum L.,125,Lakota,108,r80,33,2,Drug,13,Poison,All plant parts very poisonous.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33"
13100,1395,Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr.,193,Pima,174,h08,265,1,Food,85,Candy,Amber colored gum used for chewing gum.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265"
16670,1832,Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,324,3,Other,115,Season Indicator,Amount of flowers present used as a sign that there will be copious rains and abundant harvest.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 324"
25420,2735,Panax trifolius L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,36,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,An 'ingredient to relieve sharp pains in the breast.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
4140,319,Aralia racemosa L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,62,1,Food,,,"An aboriginal Menomini dish was spikenard root, wild onion, wild gooseberry and sugar.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
16863,1851,Heracleum maximum Bartr.,138,Menominee,51,s23,55,2,Drug,89,Witchcraft Medicine,An evil medicine used by sorcerers.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55"
12135,1244,Datura wrightii Regel,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,60,2,Drug,13,Poison,An extremely poisonous plant.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60"
14570,1582,Eupatorium purpureum L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
15791,1720,Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
26070,2836,Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
35332,3485,Rumex crispus L.,211,Rappahannock,102,shc42,31,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,An ingredient of a blood medicine.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31"
44293,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,,,"Apical meristems pit roasted and eaten. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
44292,4239,Yucca whipplei var. caespitosa M.E. Jones,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,69,1,Food,4,Dried Food,"Apical meristems pit roasted, mashed, dried and stored for future use. Yucca supplies food in two forms.  In the early spring, the apical meristem--the 'heart' or 'cabbage' --was removed with the aid of an oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel like cutting edge at one end.  The 'cabbage' was roasted in a pit about three feet deep and perhaps five feet in diameter.  A large stone was placed in the center of the pit with smaller stones radiating out from the center.  Firewood--preferably Douglas oak--was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half-day.  From time to time more stones--and probably wood--were added.  As the fire died down, it was covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in the center.  The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the hole.  Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the 'cabbages,' having been skinned, placed on top.  Two or three families shared the same oven.  the direction in which 'cabbages' were laid identified the owner.  Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky California broom covered the 'cabbages.'  More sand or dirt, patted down and smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now reach a height of five feet but which settled in the roasting process.  The roasting continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was permitted.  Otherwise it was said that 'it won't cook.'  When the 'cabbages' were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands.  They were cooled before they were eaten.  To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a little and dried.  They could not be dried or stored uncooked.  After storage they were soaked and eaten.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 69"
5405,399,Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,48,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Applied to unraveler strings (a woman's hair cord or buckskin string from her moccasins).,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48"
10487,1051,Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl,17,Arapaho,139,n66,50,5,Dye,55,Blue,Area next to the root bark used as a blue dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
19344,2080,Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit,157,Navajo,74,e44,44,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Armful of stems with leaves used on heated stones in the sweathouse for the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
31598,3225,Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,57,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Aroma of crushed leaves inhaled for head or lung colds.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 57"
21055,2253,Lomatium sp.,178,Oregon Indian,111,m90,57,2,Drug,133,Love Medicine,Aromatic seeds carried by men as a love charm.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
18986,2062,Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Aromatic twigs burned as incense.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
23383,2514,Monardella sheltonii (Torr.) T.J. Howell,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,384,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,"Aromatic, sweet-scented leaves used dried or fresh as a substitute for tea.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 384"
37934,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Ash used as lotion for headaches.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37939,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Ash used as lotion for sore throat.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37940,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Ash used as lotion for toothaches.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37936,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Ash used as lotion to heal navels.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
37938,3659,Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,32,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Ash used as lotion to heal navels.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32"
43688,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Ashes 'burnt from greenswitch' used for cancer.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
7451,610,Bouteloua simplex Lag.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,16,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Ashes applied to sores.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16"
19077,2063,Juniperus sp.,14,"Apache, Western",87,b86,187,1,Food,86,Spice,Ashes mixed with corn mush for color and flavor.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
397,16,Acacia koa Gray,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,46,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Ashes of this and other plants applied to the mouth interior of infants for physical weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 46"
398,16,Acacia koa Gray,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,46,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Ashes of this and other plants applied to the mouth interior of infants for physical weakness.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 46"
40456,3972,Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene,200,Pomo,80,g67,14,5,Dye,108,Black,Ashes rubbed on children to make skin color darker. The ashes were rubbed on those children who were fathered by a white man to make them look more 'Indian' in color.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14"
39801,3939,Thelypodium wrightii ssp. wrightii,158,"Navajo, Kayenta",106,wh51,25,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Ashes rubbed on lids for eye disease.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25"
6650,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,258,Tewa of Hano,61,rhf16,54,1,Food,131,Cooking Agent,Ashes stirred into dough to give it a greenish-blue color.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54"
6617,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,82,c74,292,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
6648,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,257,Tewa,82,c74,292,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292"
33181,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,157,Navajo,74,e44,60,5,Dye,105,Mordant,Ashes used in setting dyes.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
6618,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,160,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Ashes used instead of baking soda.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160"
6619,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,126,vest40,160,1,Food,112,Substitution Food,Ashes used instead of baking soda.,"Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160"
6616,503,Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.,95,Hopi,37,w39,73,5,Dye,55,Blue,Ashes used to maintain the blue coloring in blue corn meal.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73"
26580,2901,Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.,95,Hopi,37,w39,66,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Associated ceremonially with the bow and arrow.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 66"
8262,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and detergent inner bark used as dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8309,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and detergent inner bark used as dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8378,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and detergent inner bark used as dressing for cuts.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
38206,3711,Smilax laurifolia L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and slightly tonic root bark used as a wash for burns and sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
43689,4213,Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent and tonic infusion of root used for piles.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
31860,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32038,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32162,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32348,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32493,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32529,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
14412,1574,Euonymus americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent infusion of bark sniffed for sinus.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
4086,319,Aralia racemosa L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,57,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent infusion taken for menstrual problems.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
758,38,Achillea millefolium L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,62,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for hemorrhages and bowel complaints.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62"
2755,190,Amaranthus hybridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for profuse menstruation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
2800,193,Amaranthus retroflexus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for profuse menstruation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
2836,195,Amaranthus spinosus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent leaves used for profuse menstruation.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
13777,1480,Erigeron philadelphicus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Astringent plant boiled, mixed with tallow and used on sores.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
13803,1481,Erigeron pulchellus Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Astringent plant boiled, mixed with tallow and used on sores.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
12560,1310,Diospyros virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent plant used for sore throat and mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
30318,3164,Prunus cerasus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30474,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30567,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
30728,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,"28, 29",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29"
42859,4108,Verbena hastata L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,60,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Astringent root compound taken for flux.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
10663,1072,Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.,138,Menominee,51,s23,48,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Astringent root used as a wash for oral cankers and babies' teething pains.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 48"
17544,1936,Hydrophyllum virginianum L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,37,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Astringent root used for flux.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 37"
15808,1727,Geranium maculatum L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,35,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Astringent, compound decoction used as a wash for thrush in child's mouth.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
33283,3355,Rhus typhina L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,22,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,"Astringent, inner bark of trunk considered a valuable pile remedy.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 22"
5270,397,Artemisia frigida Willd.,95,Hopi,37,w39,94,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Attached to prayer sticks.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 94"
32134,3265,Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,65,1,Food,,,Autumn acorns buried in mud to ripen and eaten.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 65"
37465,3608,Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,23,1,Food,,,Autumn tubers used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 23"
31813,3244,Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,61,1,Food,,,"Autumn, sweet roots used for food.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61"
31814,3244,Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,61,1,Food,,,"Autumn, sweet roots used for food.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61"
31815,3244,Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,61,1,Food,,,"Autumn, sweet roots used for food.","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61"
7732,675,Calochortus luteus Dougl. ex Lindl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,64,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 64"
7779,683,Calochortus vestae Purdy,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,63,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 63"
28317,2982,Piperia elegans (Lindl.) Rydb.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,62,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 62"
28321,2984,Piperia unalascensis (Spreng.) Rydb.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,62,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 62"
1773,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,44,Cocopa,125,cb51,202,3,Other,132,Cash Crop,Baked crowns obtained from Paipai and Diegueno in trade for agricultural products.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202"
43782,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44266,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,27,Beverage,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice drunk.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43784,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
44268,4237,Yucca torreyi Shafer,10,Apache,58,bc41,18,1,Food,7,Sauce & Relish,"Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and juice poured over cakes.","Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 18"
43824,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,95,Hopi,82,c74,371,1,Food,52,Fruit,Baked fruits used for food.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 371"
1760,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,4,Dried Food,Baked leaves dried and stored for future use.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1763,91,Agave deserti Engelm.,24,Cahuilla,31,bs72,31,1,Food,,,Baked leaves eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1988,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Baked nut meats, other plants and breadfruit milk applied to scrofulous sores, ulcers and bad sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
1994,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,"Baked nut meats, other plants and breadfruit milk applied to scrofulous sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
1662,81,Agaricus campestris,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,130,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked on hot rocks or in the oven or fried.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 130"
7952,722,Cantharellus cibarius,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,128,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked on hot stones or fried with onions.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 128"
12330,1265,Dentinum repandum,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,130,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Baked on hot stones, in the oven or fried.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 130"
16966,1854,Hericium coralloides,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,129,1,Food,31,Vegetable,"Baked on hot stones, in the oven or fried.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 129"
7701,668,Calochortus amabilis Purdy,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,32,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled bulbs eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 32"
7774,681,Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,31,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled bulbs eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 31"
7570,629,Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,27,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled corms eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
12480,1292,Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,26,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled corms eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 26"
40808,4035,Triteleia laxa Benth.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,25,1,Food,31,Vegetable,Baked or boiled corms eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 25"
43880,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,44,Porridge,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into cakes, roasted again, mixed with cornmeal & made into gruel.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43867,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes and roasted again.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
43887,4225,Yucca baccata Torr.,157,Navajo,74,e44,32,1,Food,59,Winter Use Food,"Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes, roasted again and stored for winter use.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32"
29032,3080,Polypodium virginianum L.,81,Green River Group,25,g73,13,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Baked or raw roots used as a cough medicine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29034,3080,Polypodium virginianum L.,114,Klallam,25,g73,13,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Baked or raw roots used as a cough medicine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
29039,3080,Polypodium virginianum L.,210,Quinault,25,g73,13,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Baked or raw roots used as a cough medicine.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 13"
44533,4244,Zea mays L.,291,Zuni,6,s15,99,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Balls of husks covered with woven cotton used ceremonially to insure bountiful crops. The balls of corn husks covered with woven cotton were used with long fringes of white cotton ceremonial sashes symbolizing corn and a desire for bountiful crops.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 99"
112,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,"68, 69",2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Balsam gum used as a salve for sores.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 68, 69"
97,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,378,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Balsam gum used for colds and leaf smoke inhaled for colds.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378"
99,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,378,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Balsam gum used for sores and compound containing leaves used as a wash.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378"
10928,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark & fir bark boiled into a black dye & used to dye bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
39269,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39271,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39267,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for stomach weakness.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39270,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid given to children for stomach weakness.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
39268,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Bark & other plants pounded, squeezed & the resulting liquid taken for bad breath & mouth sores.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
30493,3172,Prunus pensylvanica L. f.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,91,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark and another bark used to make cough syrup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 91"
18674,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,157,Navajo,74,e44,19,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark and berries used as a green dye for wool.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
44343,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,139,Expectorant,Bark and berries used as an expectorant.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44348,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and berries used for hemorrhages and tuberculosis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
32902,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,,,Bark and berries used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32961,3347,Rhus glabra L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,,,Bark and berries used for medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32878,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,,,Bark and berries used in medicinal purposes.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32901,3345,Rhus copallinum L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32957,3347,Rhus glabra L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
32877,3344,Rhus aromatica Ait.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,234,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark and berries used in medicine ceremoniess.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234"
44342,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark and berries used to make cough syrup.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
44344,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,244245,2,Drug,65,Hemostat,Bark and berry medicine used for hemorrhages.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244245"
40000,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,162,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and branches used as kindling to start fires.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162"
28097,2973,Pinus resinosa Soland.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,379,2,Drug,,,Bark and cones used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379"
28252,2977,Pinus strobus L.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,379,2,Drug,,,Bark and cones used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379"
21456,2316,Lycium pallidum Miers,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
21468,2318,Lycium torreyi Gray,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,42,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.',"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42"
32779,3326,Rhamnus cathartica L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,27,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and fruit used as a cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
36028,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark and leaves chewed for mouth sores.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
36026,3545,Salix pulchra Cham.,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,34,2,Drug,95,Anesthetic,Bark and leaves chewed to numb the mouth and throat.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
2627,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and leaves used for festers and bark used for wounds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2628,174,Alnus sp.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,54,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,Bark and leaves used for fevers and festers.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
33109,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,80,Great Basin Indian,139,n66,48,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark and leaves used to make a red-brown dye.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48"
17166,1885,Hibiscus tiliaceus L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,39,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"Bark and other plants crushed, water added, strained and resulting liquid taken for congested chest.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 39"
1992,127,Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,56,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,"Bark and other plants pounded, resulting liquid heated and taken for asthma.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56"
37951,3664,Sida sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,26,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and resulting liquid taken for general debility.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 26"
11784,1172,Curcuma longa L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,33,2,Drug,118,Nose Medicine,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and the resulting liquid taken for nose odors.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 33"
11786,1172,Curcuma longa L.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,33,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,"Bark and other plants pounded, squeezed and the resulting liquid used to gargle.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 33"
8549,801,Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,51,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,"Bark and other plants pounded, the resulting liquid heated and taken to purify the blood.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 51"
24432,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and other plants used as a skin wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24453,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and other plants used as a skin wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24554,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark and other plants used as a skin wash.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
5,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and other plants used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2676,177,Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and other plants used as a tonic.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
6,1,Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark and other plants used for 'sickness.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24426,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bark and other plants used for arthritis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24449,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bark and other plants used for arthritis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24550,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,35,Antirheumatic (External),Bark and other plants used for arthritis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24442,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark and other plants used for bronchitis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24458,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark and other plants used for bronchitis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24559,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark and other plants used for bronchitis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24428,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bark and other plants used for cancer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24450,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bark and other plants used for cancer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24551,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,64,Cancer Treatment,Bark and other plants used for cancer.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24437,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark and other plants used for diabetes.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24456,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark and other plants used for diabetes.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24557,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,87,Misc. Disease Remedy,Bark and other plants used for diabetes.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24444,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and other plants used for tuberculosis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24460,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and other plants used for tuberculosis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24561,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark and other plants used for tuberculosis.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2434,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,,,Bark and other plants used to make a salve.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7039,568,Berberis vulgaris L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Bark and root used for sore throat.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
7038,568,Berberis vulgaris L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,55,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark and root used for ulcerated gums.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55"
33769,3398,Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum DC.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and roots used as a physic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
22257,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,268,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark and roots used as a tonic for young men in training.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
34426,3450,Rubus fruticosus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark and roots used for children's diarrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
34427,3450,Rubus fruticosus L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,61,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark and roots used for children's diarrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61"
32377,3285,Quercus rubra L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,60,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark and roots used for diarrhea.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 60"
24500,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,133,Makah,3,g83,289,2,Drug,,,Bark and roots used medicinally.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 289"
40899,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,62,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark and stems used for colds.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 62"
29363,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,36,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark and twigs formerly used to feed horses in winter.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36"
30935,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,183,Paiute,98,m53,84,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark and twigs made into a tea and taken with meals.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84"
2443,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,157,Navajo,74,e44,39,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark and twigs used as a brownish dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39"
39050,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,76,Flathead,30,h92,59,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark and wild rose used to make an eyewash.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59"
8876,838,Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,356,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark and wood of young sprouts used like thread or woof to twine in and out of twined baskets.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356"
12598,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,50,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark and wood used as a strong purgative.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
31148,3199,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and wood used for firewood.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
31296,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,73,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark and wood used for fuel.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
2451,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,87,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark and wood used to make red and brown dyes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
2660,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,87,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark and wood used to make red and brown dyes.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87"
9110,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,266,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bark ash and oil used as a lotion to give strength to the very ill.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266"
30361,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark ash rubbed on chest of baby as protection from mouth sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30365,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark ash rubbed on chest of baby as protection from rashes and mouth sores.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30351,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,290,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ash rubbed on chest of baby as protection from rashes.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 290"
30352,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ash rubbed on newborn's chest to protect against rash and sore mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
30362,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark ash rubbed on newborn's chest to protect against rash and sore mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
30366,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,121,Kwakiutl,148,b66,383,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark ash rubbed on newborn's chest to protect against rash and sore mouth.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 383"
32562,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a black dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32564,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,217,Gray,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a gray dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32563,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a light or dark brown dye for buckskin.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32565,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a red dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32566,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,263,White,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a white dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
32567,3294,Quercus virginiana P. Mill.,131,Mahuna,5,r54,55,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a yellow dye for buckskins.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55"
2361,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and cloth or material immersed in boiling liquid as a reddish brown dye.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
40939,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
33601,3376,Ribes laxiflorum Pursh,242,"Skagit, Upper",131,t89,38,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark boiled and used as a cold medicine.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38"
15127,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,241,Skagit,25,g73,40,5,Dye,121,Green,Bark boiled and used as a green dye for mountain-goat wool.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40"
41007,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,114,Klallam,25,g73,17,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a red-brown dye.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
2329,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2350,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,76,Flathead,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2355,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,120,Kutenai,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2369,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,5,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
645,34,Acer saccharinum L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,136,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark boiled and used as a wash for old, stubborn, running sores.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136"
2328,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,23,Blackfoot,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2348,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,76,Flathead,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2354,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,120,Kutenai,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
2368,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,5,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark boiled and used as an orange dye.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5"
34789,3463,Rubus parviflorus Nutt.,53,Cowlitz,25,g73,34,3,Other,106,Soap,Bark boiled and used for soap.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 34"
4188,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,52,Cowichan,23,tb71,82,3,Other,329,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4225,322,Arbutus menziesii Pursh,215,Saanich,23,tb71,82,3,Other,231,Preservative,Bark boiled and used for tanning paddles and fishhooks.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
31316,3201,Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,253,Swinomish,25,g73,19,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled and used on fish nets as a light brown dye to make them invisible to the fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40941,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,198,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled and used on traps to remove rust and give them a clean smell.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198"
40948,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark boiled and used to make a reddish-brown dye.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
2588,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark boiled in water to make a brown dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
2589,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,188,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark boiled in water to make a red dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items. The dye was used to color mountain goat wool and other cloth and to deepen the color of basket materials such as bitter cherry bark.  Skins were tanned and dyed simultaneously by soaking them in a cooled solution of the bark.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188"
30810,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,71,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark boiled into regular tea and drunk with meals.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71"
28071,2970,Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
29569,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,43,1,Food,,,Bark boiled or eaten raw.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 43"
2335,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,5,Dye,136,Red,Bark boiled to make a bright red dye.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
2572,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,79,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,"Bark boiled to make a reddish brown dye and used to color fish nets, baskets, canoes and head rings.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79"
10929,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,259,Thompson,10,tta90,204,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark boiled to make an intense brown dye & used to color bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204"
18217,2031,Juglans cinerea L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,78,5,Dye,108,Black,Bark boiled with blue clay to obtain a deep black color.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78"
31923,3254,Quercus bicolor Willd.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,128,3,Other,107,Cleaning Agent,Bark boiled with hemlock and soft maple bark and the liquid used to clean the rust from traps. The solution was believed to prevent the trap from becoming rusty again.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128"
40947,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,41,Clallam,99,f80,195,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,"Bark boiled, added to licorice ferns and used for hemorrhages.","Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195"
36148,3551,Salix sp.,50,Costanoan,16,b84,249,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark braided into rope.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249"
2650,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,2,Drug,92,Antirheumatic (Internal),Bark burned as an inhalant for 'rheumatism.',"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
29208,3095,Populus balsamifera L.,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bark burned for a mosquito repelling smoke.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
2652,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,76,Insecticide,Bark burned to repel mosquitos.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
2653,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,71,"Eskimo, Inuktitut",64,w78,188,3,Other,340,Preservative,Bark burned to smoke fish.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
24475,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,26,Paint,"Bark charred, mixed with pounded salmon eggs and used as black face paint for dancing.","Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
27721,2962,Pinus glabra Walt.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark chewed 'to check bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
28268,2979,Pinus virginiana P. Mill.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark chewed 'to check bowels.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
43026,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,64,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark chewed and juice swallowed for 'cold on the lungs.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
33104,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,48,Comanche,147,cj40,524,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark chewed and juice swallowed for colds.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524"
43027,4130,Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.,21,Bella Coola,9,s29,64,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,Bark chewed and juice swallowed for whooping cough and 'cold on the lungs.',"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64"
26766,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark chewed and juice swallowed to induce vomiting.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
36184,3551,Salix sp.,76,Flathead,30,h92,67,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark chewed and used for cuts.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
2356,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,134,Malecite,93,mech59,245,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed and used for ulcerated mouths.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 245"
18653,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark chewed as a laxative.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
22264,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,181,Oweekeno,14,c93,109,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed by hunters to suppress thirst.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 109"
9539,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,219,Dietary Aid,Bark chewed by nursing mother to benefit the child.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
9541,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark chewed by nursing mother to benefit the child.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
38586,3764,Sorbus sitchensis var. sitchensis,29,"Carrier, Southern",9,s29,59,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark chewed for colds.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59"
10748,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark chewed for headache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10862,1093,Cornus florida L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,32,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark chewed for headache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
36165,3551,Salix sp.,60,Crow,30,h92,67,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark chewed for headache.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
12561,1310,Diospyros virginiana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,49,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark chewed for heartburn.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
17487,1926,Hydrangea arborescens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,184,Hypotensive,Bark chewed for high blood pressure.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
31867,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32044,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32168,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32354,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32499,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32536,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth sores.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
25212,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for mouth ulcers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
33142,3352,Rhus trilobata Nutt.,102,Jemez,28,c30,27,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore gums.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27"
8269,762,Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8316,766,Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8385,768,Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,38,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for sore mouth.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
17486,1926,Hydrangea arborescens L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,54,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark chewed for stomach trouble.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
36167,3551,Salix sp.,60,Crow,30,h92,67,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark chewed for tooth hygiene.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
8831,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,39,Choctaw,118,bd09,24,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothache.,"Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24"
18248,2034,Juglans nigra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,61,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothache.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61"
36317,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,279,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothache.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 279"
8832,832,Cephalanthus occidentalis L.,39,Choctaw,115,t40,58,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothaches.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
36200,3551,Salix sp.,111,Kiowa,140,vs39,19,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark chewed for toothaches.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 19"
39266,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark chewed to cause vomiting and bring out the tough phlegm from the throat and lungs.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
15195,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,412,2,Drug,40,Emetic,"Bark chewed to cause vomiting and clean out the insides, as a hunting medicine for deer.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412"
15197,1655,Fraxinus americana L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,412,2,Drug,61,Hunting Medicine,"Bark chewed to cause vomiting and clean out the insides, as a hunting medicine for deer.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412"
30374,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,129,Lummi,25,g73,37,2,Drug,22,Gynecological Aid,Bark chewed to facilitate childbirth.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37"
41039,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,108,Black,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
41040,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,74,5,Dye,150,Brown,"Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
39945,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark coarsely shredded and plaited into skirts, capes and dresses for women.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
16005,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,30,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,"Bark combined with bark of prickly ash, wild cherry and sassafras and used as a tonic for coughs.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30"
29367,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,62,Delaware,97,t72,31,2,Drug,128,Strengthener,Bark combined with black haw and wild plum barks and used by women for weakness and debility.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"
30598,3177,Prunus serotina Ehrh.,62,Delaware,97,t72,32,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark combined with other roots and used as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32"
41558,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,10,Snack Food,Bark cooked with rendering fat and prized by children as special tidbits.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
41559,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,86,Spice,Bark cooked with rendering fat as a flavoring.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
41556,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,177,Omaha,154,g13ii,325,1,Food,83,Preservative,Bark cooked with rendering fat as a preservative.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325"
31625,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark crushed, rubbed into softness and stuffed into over shoes for warmth.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
40085,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark cut into narrow strips and woven into mats.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
538,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,273,Wailaki,89,c02,365,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark cut into one-inch bands, fastened together into a roll and used to catch deer.","Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365"
40201,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,25,g73,19,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark cut into strips and used for storage of string dried clams and smelts.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
2453,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,38,5,Dye,136,Red,"Bark dried, finely ground, boiled, cooled and used as a red dye for deerskin.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38"
620,32,Acer rubrum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
652,34,Acer saccharinum L.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
687,35,Acer saccharum Marsh.,100,Iroquois,112,w16,119,1,Food,2,Bread & Cake,"Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119"
172,5,Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark dried, powdered and rubbed on the neck and under the arms as a deodorant.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
283,6,Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,23,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark dried, powdered and rubbed on the neck and under the arms as a deodorant.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23"
17338,1904,Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,126,2,Drug,82,Burn Dressing,"Bark dried, powdered, mixed with Vaseline and used on burns.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
2504,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,224,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224"
29678,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,277,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by beavers.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 277"
26244,2849,Peucedanum sandwicense Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark eaten by children and adults as a mild laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
26245,2849,Peucedanum sandwicense Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark eaten by children and adults as a mild laxative.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
32906,3347,Rhus glabra L.,11,"Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero",95,co36,44,1,Food,47,Special Food,Bark eaten by children as a delicacy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44"
29382,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,125,Lakota,108,r80,57,1,Food,5,Forage,Bark eaten by horses.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 57"
29279,3097,Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw,76,Flathead,30,h92,68,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark eaten for colds.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
29369,3098,Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.,76,Flathead,30,h92,68,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark eaten for colds.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68"
28589,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark eaten for internal pains.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235"
35860,3530,Salix gooddingii Ball,288,Yuma,125,cb51,201,1,Food,,,Bark eaten raw or cooked in hot ashes.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201"
27992,2968,Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,13,1,Food,,,Bark eaten raw.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13"
28593,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,235,2,Drug,380,Dietary Aid,Bark eaten to become fat.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 235"
24492,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,278,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark extract taken for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
32342,3284,Quercus pungens Liebm.,157,Navajo,74,e44,41,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark exudation used as a tan dye.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
30338,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,41,Clallam,99,f80,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fashioned into twine and used as fishing line.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202"
29575,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark fed to horses during the winter.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
29512,3105,Populus sp.,23,Blackfoot,146,j87,28,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark fed to horses during war parties.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 28"
3816,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine & occasionally used to make long nets & draw nets for catching rabbits.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3817,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3811,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3814,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make net sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3818,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fiber made into twine and used to make slings.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
3815,297,Apocynum cannabinum L.,128,Luiseno,24,s08,202,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark fibers made into twine and used to make large-meshed nets for carrying bulky or heavy articles.,"Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202"
20409,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,51,Snow Gear,Bark fibers used as the mesh for snowshoes.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20408,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark fibers used as the warp for mats.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20407,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark fibers used for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20406,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark fibers used in baskets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
20410,2205,Linum lewisii Pursh,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,14,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark fibers used in fish nets.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14"
536,26,Acer macrophyllum Pursh,266,Tolowa,70,b81,15,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark fibers used to make women's skirts.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15"
9122,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,227,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark fibers, nettle fibers and dog hair used to make a stronger rope.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 227"
41064,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,209,Quileute,25,g73,17,3,Other,154,Waterproofing Agent,"Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
39946,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,31,Chehalis,25,g73,19,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark finely shredded and used as padding for infants' cradles, sanitary pads and towels.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
7151,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,8,"Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule",113,ray45,119,3,Other,167,Designs,"Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins.","Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119"
10947,1098,Cornus racemosa Lam.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,367,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,Bark forced into the anus for piles.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 367"
18749,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,257,Tewa,61,rhf16,39,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark formerly shredded, bound into bundles and used as torches to give light in houses.","Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39"
30335,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark formerly used for imbricating baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
30336,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,209,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark formerly used for wrapping implements.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209"
40108,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,162,Nez Perce,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark formerly used to make lean-to shelters while camping.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
7194,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,32,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
5726,407,Artemisia tridentata Nutt.,183,Paiute,98,m53,119,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark frayed and stuffed into moccasins for added warmth.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119"
31649,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark from large stems used as the padding for cradle boards.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
40327,3959,Tilia americana L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,114,Snake Bite Remedy,Bark from tree struck by lightning chewed and spit on snakebite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
40390,3961,Tilia americana var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,24,2,Drug,114,Snake Bite Remedy,Bark from tree struck by lightning chewed and spit on snakebite.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24"
7268,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark furnished a waterproof cover for the top of the wigwam.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
43024,4129,Viburnum dentatum var. dentatum,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,417,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark furnished one of the ingredients of kinnikinnick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
7269,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,112,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark furnished the outside cover of the birch bark canoe.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112"
2438,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,25,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ground into a powder and used on open sores.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
105,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark gum applied to cuts and sores.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
32031,3261,Quercus engelmannii Greene,65,Diegueno,85,hedges86,33,1,Food,85,Candy,"Bark gum pounded, washed and chewed like chewing gum.","Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33"
104,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark gum taken for chest soreness from colds.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
107,2,Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.,174,"Ojibwa, South",56,h91,198,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Bark gum taken for gonorrhea.,"Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198"
2520,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,111,Antihemorrhagic,Bark held in women's mouth for blood spitting.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
2523,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,121,Kwakiutl,63,tb73,279,2,Drug,49,Tuberculosis Remedy,Bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279"
18690,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,159,"Navajo, Ramah",18,v52,11,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark highly prized as a medicine for burns.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11"
40028,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,94,Hoh,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
40194,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,209,Quileute,77,r36,57,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark inner fibers formerly used to make clothing.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57"
37739,3654,Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.,202,"Pomo, Kashaya",40,gl80,97,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark leaned together, in a circle, to make a house.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 97"
10784,1088,Cornus alternifolia L. f.,138,Menominee,51,s23,"32, 33",2,Drug,68,Antidiarrheal,Bark liquid injected rectally and poultice of bark applied to anus for diarrhea.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33"
29576,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,89,1,Food,50,Fodder,Bark made an excellent winter food for horses.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 89"
30816,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,263,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark made into a beverage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263"
27030,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,2,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark made into a container and used to roast waterfowl eggs. The spruce bark was cut large enough to surround the eggs, tied around the eggs and the ends plugged with moss.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2"
30989,3183,Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,63,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark made into a cough medicine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 63"
40243,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,50,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark made into a headband and worn by pubescent girls and young men in ritual isolation.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
12998,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,508,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark made into a headband and worn by the man chosen to sing when newborn twins first cried.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508"
2535,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,129,Lummi,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2567,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,209,Quileute,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2569,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,210,Quinault,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
2579,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,27,5,Dye,127,Red-Brown,Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27"
11329,1120,Cowania sp.,274,Walapai,58,bc41,54,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark made into a ring used in a hoop and pole game.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54"
7694,667,Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin,183,Paiute,98,m53,46,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark made into baskets used for picking huckleberries.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46"
7297,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,255,"Tanana, Upper",36,k85,5,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark made into broad rimmed hats used by young, menstruating girls to restrict their vision. The broad rimmed hats prevented them from looking where they were not supposed to.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
15327,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark made into cordage and tied in a loop to upper ends of poles to make a winterhouse smoke hole.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15330,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark made into cordage and used to make heavy load carrying nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
15331,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into cordage and used to make rabbit nets.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
24476,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,87,Haisla and Hanaksiala,14,c93,217,3,Other,58,Protection,Bark made into face paint and used by shamans to repel enemy spirits from the shaman's patient.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
31627,3229,Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson,89,Havasupai,2,ws85,223,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark made into loosely twisted ropes and used to make sleeping mats.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223"
35666,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35770,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35904,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark made into netting and used to catch fish.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35668,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35772,3525,Salix discolor Muhl.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
35906,3534,Salix interior Rowlee,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,58,3,Other,17,Tools,Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch bark canoes.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 58"
15333,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,286,Yokut,109,m66,420,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420"
36082,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,41,Clallam,99,f80,203,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark made into string.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 203"
30417,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,263,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark made into twine and used for reinforcement of old suspension bridges.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263"
12993,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12995,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12999,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,3,Other,32,Containers,"Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
12996,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding","Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
15328,1663,Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,32,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark make into a twine and used to sting pinyon seeds for winter storage.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32"
41072,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,210,Quinault,25,g73,17,3,Other,26,Paint,Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17"
8425,774,Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,302,2,Drug,34,Veterinary Aid,Bark mixed into young dog's food for worms.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302"
16004,1752,Gleditsia triacanthos L.,62,Delaware,97,t72,30,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,"Bark mixed with bark of prickly ash, wild cherry and sassafras and used as a tonic to purify blood.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30"
15103,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,133,Makah,3,g83,286,2,Drug,149,Adjuvant,Bark mixed with crab apple bark to prevent the crab apple from constipating the user.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 286"
18815,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,3,Other,37,Fuel,Bark mixed with dirt to use as tinder.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
11017,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,33,Cheyenne,57,h81,25,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with dried kinnikinnick leaves and used for pipe smoking.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
11029,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,54,Cree,145,b41,485,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
11069,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,125,Lakota,108,r80,44,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44"
9537,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark mixture eaten by nursing mother to beautify the skin of the child during growth & development.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
9542,906,Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,20,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark mixture eaten by nursing mother to beautify the skin of the child during growth & development.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 20"
10919,1096,Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,81,3,Other,63,Smoke Plant,Bark occasionally mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
7153,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark occasionally used to make baskets.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
7154,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,21,Bella Coola,53,t73,202,4,Fiber,70,Canoe Material,Bark occasionally used to make canoes.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202"
36323,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark of dead trees used to make capes and aprons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
36330,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark of dead trees used to make capes and aprons.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
36328,3551,Salix sp.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,499,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark of dead trees used to make mats and fiber blankets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499"
22242,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark of larger trees used as a laxative.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
28566,3017,Platanus occidentalis L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ooze used as wash for infected sores and infusion given for infant rash.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
25210,2713,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,56,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ooze used for itch.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
7811,690,Calycanthus floridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark ooze used on children's sores and infusion used for hives.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
7815,690,Calycanthus floridus L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,58,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark ooze used on children's sores and infusion used for hives.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58"
44352,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,387,2,Drug,123,Throat Aid,Bark or berries used for sore throat and tonsillitis.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387"
39261,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed by children for sore mouths.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39264,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark or leaves chewed by children for sore mouths.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39262,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed for sore mouth caused by kissing a girl with menses.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
39263,3882,Syringa vulgaris L.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,413,2,Drug,23,Oral Aid,Bark or leaves chewed for sore mouth caused by smoking someone else's pipe.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413"
29581,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,119,3,Other,24,Toys & Games,Bark or moistened leaves used to make whistles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119"
41798,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,423,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,"Bark or rind used as a fine, stout sewing fiber.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 423"
12620,1317,Dirca palustris L.,138,Menominee,51,s23,76,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark or twigs used for cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76"
29593,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,52,2,Drug,46,Venereal Aid,Bark outer surface scraped and used for venereal disease.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 52"
36137,3551,Salix sp.,33,Cheyenne,30,h92,67,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark peeled and used for cuts.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
41429,4051,Ulmus americana L.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,129,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark peeled during raspberry ripening time and used in the winter for house roofing material.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
41789,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,129,Lummi,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41850,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,243,Skokomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
41852,4059,Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.,245,Snohomish,25,g73,28,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,"Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply string and used for duck nets.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28"
36100,3550,Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong.,114,Klallam,25,g73,26,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark peeled, twisted and used to make string.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26"
39880,3950,Thuja occidentalis L.,100,Iroquois,116,r45i,83,4,Fiber,94,Caulking Material,Bark pieces packed into joints during construction.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83"
40266,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,259,Thompson,33,steed28,496,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark piled up and used as a bed.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496"
1610,73,Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,366,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark placed in cavity of tooth for toothaches.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366"
35753,3524,Salix cordata Michx.,134,Malecite,93,mech59,251,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark placed in hot water and used for blisters.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 251"
36825,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,42,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark placed in the hollow of a tooth for toothaches.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
36837,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,259,Thompson,55,p52,42,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,Bark placed in the hollow of a tooth for toothaches.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42"
7088,575,Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7112,576,Betula lenta L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
7242,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,241,3,Other,30,Ceremonial Items,Bark placed on the coffins when burying the dead.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241"
40083,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark pounded until soft and made into clothes.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
40080,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,133,Makah,3,g83,228,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark pounded until soft as cotton and used to rub the face.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 228"
39265,3883,Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,31,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,"Bark pounded, mixed with salt and coconut fibers, squeezed and resulting liquid used on deep cuts.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 31"
7144,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,152,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 152"
7145,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,152,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 152"
29643,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,134,2,Drug,8,Dermatological Aid,Bark powder used on the feet and underarms as a deodorant and anti-perspirant.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 134"
2339,168,Alnus incana (L.) Moench,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2396,169,Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
2423,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,27,2,Drug,36,Laxative,Bark removed by scraping downwards used as a laxative.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27"
30780,3181,Prunus virginiana L.,76,Flathead,30,h92,42,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,"Bark resin warmed, strained, cooled and used for sore eyes.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 42"
7252,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,3,Other,145,Lighting,"Bark rolled into a handy, burn all night torch. The Ojibwe often used a torch of rolled birch bark in lieu of candles.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
18811,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,"Bark rolled into rope, coiled and sewn with sinew to form sandal soles.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18812,2059,Juniperus occidentalis Hook.,183,Paiute,98,m53,47,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed between hands until soft and fibers woven into clothing.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
18658,2058,Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,107,"Keres, Western",79,swank32,48,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark rubbed fine and used to make baby clothes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 48"
11011,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,27,Carrier,134,c73,71,2,Drug,48,Pulmonary Aid,"Bark scraped, mixed with tobacco and smoked for lung sickness.","Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 71"
30894,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,2,Drug,21,Cold Remedy,Bark scrapings placed beside the nose of babies for colds.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
30895,3182,Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr.,105,Karok,71,sg52,384,2,Drug,42,Pediatric Aid,Bark scrapings placed beside the nose of babies for colds.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384"
21839,2370,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bark scrapings steeped and used as a yellow dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
21914,2374,Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,98,5,Dye,72,Yellow,Bark scrapings steeped and used as a yellow dye.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98"
24480,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,61,5,Dye,,,Bark shavings and berries made into paint and used to color basket materials and other objects.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61"
10995,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,7,"Algonquin, Quebec",67,b80,211,2,Drug,74,Hemorrhoid Remedy,Bark shavings used to stop bleeding.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 211"
40275,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing and tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
26903,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing on buildings.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
39961,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40290,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark sheets used for roofing.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
39963,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,78,Gitksan,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40279,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,267,Tsimshian,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
40292,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,153,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153"
26907,2934,Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,58,"Cree, Woodlands",47,l85,48,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark sheets used for tent flooring.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48"
40126,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,67,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark sheets used to make cases for storing whale harpoon heads.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 67"
21987,2376,Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don,151,Montana Indian,30,h92,18,5,Dye,72,Yellow,"Bark shredded, boiled and used as a brilliant yellow dye.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 18"
2463,171,Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.,106,Kawaiisu,60,z81,10,3,Other,144,Hide Preparation,Bark smoke used to tan white buckskin yellow.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10"
35958,3538,Salix lucida Muhl.,192,Penobscot,103,s17,309,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark smoked for asthma.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309"
11057,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,100,Iroquois,7,h77,404,2,Drug,20,Panacea,Bark smoked for every ailment.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 404"
44319,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,367,2,Drug,6,Analgesic,Bark smoked for toothaches or neuralgia.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 367"
10959,1100,Cornus sericea L.,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark smoked for various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
11088,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,173,Ojibwa,8,r28,237,2,Drug,12,Ceremonial Medicine,Bark smoked for various ceremonies.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237"
11440,1131,Crataegus sp.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,431,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark smoked to attract deer while hunting.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431"
44330,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,368,2,Drug,71,Toothache Remedy,"Bark smoked, chewed or placed into the tooth for toothaches.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 368"
15121,1648,Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper,217,"Salish, Coast",23,tb71,86,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark soaked in cold water and used as an excellent tonic.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
11127,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,2,Drug,62,Respiratory Aid,Bark soaked in warm water and taken to induce vomiting for improved breathing.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
11126,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,215,Saanich,23,tb71,81,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark soaked in warm water and taken to induce vomiting to clean out the stomach.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
26400,2875,Philadelphus lewisii Pursh,233,Shuswap,92,palmer75,63,3,Other,106,Soap,Bark soaked in warm water and used for washing the face.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 63"
36815,3567,Sambucus racemosa L.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,318,2,Drug,40,Emetic,Bark soaked in water and taken as an emetic and purge.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318"
2647,176,Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill,67,"Eskimo, Alaska",152,aa80,35,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark soaked in water to make a rusty orange dye used to color tanned skins.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
26769,2927,Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,73,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark soaked with cedar bark to darken the cedar.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73"
39067,3849,Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake,166,Nitinaht,101,ttco83,102,3,Other,58,Protection,"Bark soaked, rubbed in water and used as a skin wash for protection and truthfulness.","Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102"
30423,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark softened and used to make bags.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
30413,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark softened and used to make baskets.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
30419,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,33,steed28,497,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark softened and used to make mats.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
9089,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving blankets.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
9087,860,Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach,92,Hesquiat,41,te82,33,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark softened with special oil and used for weaving capes and other clothing of head chiefs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33"
37834,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,76,Flathead,30,h92,53,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark solution used for sore eyes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 53"
37850,3658,Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.,120,Kutenai,30,h92,53,2,Drug,25,Eye Medicine,Bark solution used for sore eyes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 53"
29630,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,19,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark sometimes employed as cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19"
30389,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark split and used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30424,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark split and used to make bags.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30387,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark split and used to make baskets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30414,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark split and used to make baskets.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30388,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,176,Okanagon,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark split and used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
30420,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,259,Thompson,55,p52,40,4,Fiber,67,"Mats, Rugs & Bedding",Bark split and used to make mats.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40"
2421,170,Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung,23,Blackfoot,42,m09,275,3,Other,164,Stable Gear,"Bark split, covered with raw hide and used to make stirrups.","McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275"
31647,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,82,c74,304,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark spun and woven into kilts worn by the snake priests.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 304"
31648,3230,Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson,95,Hopi,37,w39,78,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark spun and woven into kilts worn by the snake priests.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 78"
2637,174,Alnus sp.,183,Paiute,98,m53,64,5,Dye,193,Orange,Bark steeped in water for an orange dye to color moccasins and to decorate knife handles.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64"
33821,3406,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,32,Cherokee,86,perry75,46,1,Food,27,Beverage,Bark steeped into tea.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 46"
40381,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark string used for fashioning bags.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40382,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark string used for making cordage.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
40383,3959,Tilia americana L.,206,Potawatomi,43,smith33,114,4,Fiber,102,Sewing Material,Bark string used for sewing the edges of mats.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114"
7232,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,173,Ojibwa,20,smith32,416,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416"
3882,295,Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum],89,Havasupai,2,ws85,236,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark strips braided and worn as a belt.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236"
7218,580,Betula papyrifera Marsh.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,267,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,"Bark strips used as the waterproof, top coverings of wigwams.","Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267"
36076,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark strips used for cord or rope.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36077,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,Bark strips used for hanging fish.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
36078,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,154,3,Other,28,Hunting & Fishing Item,Bark strips used for twining into nets or fish line.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154"
40860,4041,Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.,38,Chippewa,15,gil33,123,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used for wigwam coverings.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123"
30380,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,266,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark strips used to make baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
39958,3951,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don,76,Flathead,30,h92,54,4,Fiber,43,Basketry,Bark strips used to make baskets.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 54"
41539,4052,Ulmus rubra Muhl.,139,Meskwaki,21,smith28,270,4,Fiber,91,Building Material,Bark strips used to make sides of the winter wigwam and rainproof roof.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 270"
29578,3106,Populus tremuloides Michx.,23,Blackfoot,26,h74,104,1,Food,47,Special Food,Bark sucked by anyone observing a liquid taboo.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104"
10951,1099,Cornus rugosa Lam.,100,Iroquois,7,h77,405,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark taken as a general cathartic or emetic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 405"
26246,2849,Peucedanum sandwicense Hbd.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,71,2,Drug,142,Reproductive Aid,Bark taken by expectant mother for the healthy effect on the growing life.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 71"
11446,1132,Crataegus spathulata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,37,4,Fiber,170,Sporting Equipment,Bark tea taken or bathed in by ball players to ward off tacklers.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
13000,1374,Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.,259,Thompson,10,tta90,207,3,Other,33,Cooking Tools,"Bark twine used in drying roots and bunches of tied bark used as soapberry whippers. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, the bark could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of the fresh or dried bark, after it was soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.  The bark wine was used in twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing and also to thread bitter roots, avalanche lily corms and other roots for drying.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207"
35678,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35681,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35822,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35825,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36066,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36069,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36247,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,4,Fiber,73,Clothing,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36248,3551,Salix sp.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,32,Containers,Bark twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35682,3520,Salix bebbiana Sarg.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
35827,3527,Salix exigua Nutt.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
36070,3547,Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,136,3,Other,57,Fasteners,Bark twisted into cord and used to tie things together.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 136"
12617,1317,Dirca palustris L.,100,Iroquois,59,r45ii,50,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark twisted into cordage.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
11109,1102,Cornus sericea ssp. sericea,175,Okanagan-Colville,32,tbk80,96,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,"Bark twisted into rope and used to lash fish traps, raised caches and other structures.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96"
31865,3253,Quercus alba L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32042,3262,Quercus falcata Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32166,3269,Quercus imbricaria Michx.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32352,3285,Quercus rubra L.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32497,3290,Quercus stellata Wangenh.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
32533,3293,Quercus velutina Lam.,32,Cherokee,1,hc75,46,2,Drug,45,Febrifuge,"Bark used after long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
44317,4241,Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,80,2,Drug,69,Tonic,Bark used alone and in compound as a tonic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 80"
22235,2391,Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid.,133,Makah,3,g83,268,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a 'blood purifier' and it 'puts something in your blood that cuts down the clots.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268"
24436,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,78,Gitksan,166,g92,152,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used as a 'cleanser.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24455,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,86,Haisla,166,g92,152,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used as a 'cleanser.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
24556,2640,Oplopanax horridus Miq.,278,Wet'suwet'en,166,g92,152,2,Drug,14,Gastrointestinal Aid,Bark used as a 'cleanser.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7390,597,Bobea sp.,90,Hawaiian,68,a22,5,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 5"
23572,2558,Myrica sp.,62,Delaware,97,t72,35,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35"
23574,2558,Myrica sp.,63,"Delaware, Oklahoma",22,t42,"29, 76",2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29, 76"
30376,3166,Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.,133,Makah,3,g83,266,2,Drug,11,Blood Medicine,Bark used as a blood purifier.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 266"
41041,4043,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,238,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238"
2548,172,Alnus rubra Bong.,166,Nitinaht,3,g83,243,5,Dye,150,Brown,Bark used as a brown dye for baskets.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
15058,1644,Frangula californica ssp. californica,137,Mendocino Indian,89,c02,368,2,Drug,29,Cathartic,Bark used as a cathartic.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368"
3755,296,Apocynum androsaemifolium L.,151,Montana Indian,73,b05,6,4,Fiber,99,Cordage,Bark used as a chief source for cordage.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
410,21,Acer alba L.,141,Micmac,35,cfh79,53,2,Drug,9,Cough Medicine,Bark used as a cough remedy.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53"