# sources

refcode: hc75
type: book
address: Sylva, N.C.
author: Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey
publisher: Herald Publishing Co
title: Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History
year: 1975
fulltext:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co.


refcode: ws85
type: book
address: Tucson
author: Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman
publisher: The University of Arizona Press
title: Havasupai Habitat: A.F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture
year: 1985
fulltext:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press


refcode: g83
type: phdthesis
author: Gill, Steven J.
school: Washington State University
title: Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People
year: 1983
fulltext:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis


refcode: r54
type: book
address: New York
author: Romero, John Bruno
publisher: Vantage Press, Inc
title: The Botanical Lore of the California Indians
year: 1954
fulltext:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc.


refcode: h77
type: phdthesis
author: Herrick, James William
school: State University of New York, Albany
title: Iroquois Medical Botany
year: 1977
fulltext:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis


refcode: r28
type: article
author: Reagan, Albert B.
journal: Wisconsin Archeologist
number: 4
pages: 230-248
title: Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota
volume: 7
year: 1928
fulltext:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248


refcode: s29
type: article
author: Smith, Harlan I.
journal: National Museum of Canada Bulletin
pages: 47-68
title: Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia
volume: 56
year: 1929
fulltext:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68


refcode: tta90
type: book
address: Victoria
author: Turner, Nancy J. and Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al.
publisher: Royal British Columbia Museum
title: Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia
year: 1990
fulltext:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum


refcode: tha41
type: book
address: Washington DC
author: Train, Percy and James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer
publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture
title: Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada
year: 1941
fulltext:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture


refcode: c93
type: phdthesis
author: Compton, Brian Douglas
school: University of British Columbia
title: Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants
year: 1993
fulltext:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia


refcode: b84
type: article
author: Bocek, Barbara R.
journal: Economic Botany
number: 2
pages: 240-255
title: Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P Harrington
volume: 38
year: 1984
fulltext:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255


refcode: g19
type: article
author: Gilmore, Melvin R.
journal: SI-BAE Annual Report
title: Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region
volume: 33
year: 1919
fulltext:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33


refcode: v52
type: article
author: Vestal, Paul A.
journal: Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology
number: 4
pages: 1-94
title: The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho
volume: 40
year: 1952
fulltext:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94


refcode: c35
type: article
author: Castetter, Edward F.
journal: University of New Mexico Bulletin
number: 1
pages: 1-44
url: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/unm_bulletin/23/
volume: 4
year: 1935
fulltext:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44

title:
Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest 1, Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food


refcode: smith32
type: article
author: Smith, Huron H.
journal: Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee
pages: 327-525
title: Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians
volume: 4
year: 1932
fulltext:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525


refcode: smith28
type: article
author: Smith, Huron H.
journal: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
pages: 175-326
title: Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians
volume: 4
year: 1928
fulltext:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326


refcode: t42
type: book
address: Harrisburg
author: Tantaquidgeon, Gladys
publisher: Pennsylvania Historical Commission
title: A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs
year: 1942
fulltext:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission


refcode: tb71
type: article
author: Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell
journal: Economic Botany
number: 1
pages: 63-104, 335-339
title: The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island I and II
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02894564
volume: 25
year: 1971
fulltext:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339


refcode: s08
type: article
author: Sparkman, Philip S.
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
number: 4
pages: 187-234
title: The Culture of the Luiseno Indians
volume: 8
year: 1908
fulltext:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234


refcode: g73
type: book
address: Washington
author: Gunther, Erna
edition: Revised
publisher: University of Press
title: Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle
year: 1973
fulltext:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition


refcode: h74
type: book
address: Ottawa
author: Hellson, John C.
publisher: National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series
title: Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians
year: 1974
fulltext:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series


refcode: cu35
type: article
author: Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill
journal: University of New Mexico Bulletin
number: 3
pages: 1-84
title: Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II: The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians
volume: 4
year: 1935
fulltext:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84


refcode: bs72
type: book
address: Banning, CA
author: Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel
publisher: Malki Museum Press
title: Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants
year: 1972
fulltext:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press


refcode: tbk80
type: book
address: Victoria
author: Turner, Nancy J. and R. Bouchard and Dorothy I. D. Kennedy
publisher: British Columbia Provincial Museum
title: Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington
year: 1980
fulltext:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum


refcode: steed28
type: article
author: Steedman, E. V.
journal: SI-BAE Annual Report
pages: 441-522
title: The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia
volume: 45
year: 1928
fulltext:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522


refcode: h49
type: article
author: Hocking, George M.
journal: The Rocky Mountain Druggist
month: November
pages: 12,38
title: From Pokeroot to Penicillin
year: 1949
fulltext:
Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38.


refcode: cfh79
type: article
author: Chandler, R. Frank and Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper
journal: Journal of Ethnopharmacology
pages: 49-68
title: Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians
volume: 1
year: 1979
fulltext:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68


refcode: c11
type: article
author: Chamberlin, Ralph V.
journal: Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association
number: 5
pages: 331-405
title: The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah
volume: 2
year: 1911
fulltext:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405.


refcode: g72
type: book
address: Lincoln
author: Grinnell, George Bird
publisher: University of Nebraska Press
title: The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2
year: 1972
fulltext:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press


refcode: gl80
type: book
address: University of California, Los Angeles
author: Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson
publisher: American Indian Studies Center
title: Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles
year: 1980
fulltext:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles


refcode: te82
type: book
address: Victoria
author: Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat
publisher: British Columbia Provincial Museum
title: Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island
year: 1982
fulltext:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum


refcode: m09
type: article
author: McClintock, Walter
journal: Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie
pages: 273-9
title: Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer
volume: 41
year: 1909
fulltext:
McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9


refcode: smith33
type: article
author: Smith, Huron H.
journal: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
pages: 1-230
title: Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians
volume: 7
year: 1933
fulltext:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230


refcode: r32
type: article
author: Ray, Verne F.
journal: University of Washington Publications in Anthropology
title: The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington
volume: 5
year: 1932
fulltext:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5


refcode: r29
type: article
author: Reagan, Albert B.
journal: Wisconsin Archeologist
pages: 143-61
title: Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona
volume: 8
year: 1929
fulltext:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61.


refcode: c57i
type: article
author: Curtin, L. S. M.
journal: The Masterkey
pages: 40-48
title: Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... I. Historical Review and Medicinal Plants
volume: 31
year: 1957
fulltext:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... I. Historical Review and Medicinal Plants, The Masterkey 31:40-48


refcode: l85
type: book
address: Ottawa
author: Leighton, Anna L.
note: Mercury Series
publisher: National Museums of Canada
title: Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan
year: 1985
fulltext:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series


refcode: g36
type: article
author: Gifford, E. W.
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
pages: 247-345
title: Northeastern and Western Yavapai
volume: 34
year: 1936
fulltext:
Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345


refcode: speck41
type: article
author: Speck, Frank G.
journal: Primitive Man
pages: 49-75
title: A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana
volume: 14
year: 1941
fulltext:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75


refcode: f89
type: book
address: Salt Lake City
author: Fowler, Catherine S.
publisher: University of Utah Press
title: Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940
year: 1989
fulltext:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press


refcode: s23
type: article
author: Smith, Huron H.
journal: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
pages: 1-174
title: Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians
volume: 4
year: 1923
fulltext:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174


refcode: b74
type: book
address: New York
author: Basehart, Harry W.
publisher: Garland Publishing Inc
title: Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization
year: 1974
fulltext:
Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc.


refcode: t73
type: article
author: Turner, Nancy J.
journal: Syesis
pages: 193-220
title: The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia
volume: 6
year: 1973
fulltext:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220


refcode: j83
type: book
address: Kotzebue, Alaska
author: Jones, Anore
publisher: Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program
title: Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat
year: 1983
fulltext:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program


refcode: p52
type: article
author: Perry, F.
journal: Museum and Art Notes
number: 2
pages: 36-43
title: Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia
volume: 2
year: 1952
fulltext:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43.


refcode: h91
type: article
author: Hoffman, W. J.
journal: SI-BAE Annual Report
title: The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa
volume: 7
year: 1891
fulltext:
Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7


refcode: h81
type: article
author: Hart, Jeffrey A.
journal: Journal of Ethnopharmacology
pages: 1-55
title: The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana
volume: 4
year: 1981
fulltext:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55


refcode: bc41
type: article
author: Bell, Willis H. and Edward F. Castetter
journal: University of New Mexico Bulletin
number: 5
pages: 1-74
volume: 5
year: 1941
fulltext:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74

title:
Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest.


refcode: r45ii
type: article
author: Rousseau, Jacques
journal: Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal
pages: 7-72
title: Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga
volume: 55
year: 1945
fulltext:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72


refcode: rhf16
type: article
author: Robbins, W. W. and J. P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco
journal: SI-BAE Bulletin
title: Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians
volume: 55
year: 1916
fulltext:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55


refcode: cw45
type: article
author: Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey
journal: Journal of American Folklore
pages: 113-123
title: Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians
volume: 58
year: 1945
fulltext:
Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123


refcode: tb73
type: article
author: Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell
journal: Economic Botany
pages: 257-310
title: The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia
volume: 27
year: 1973
fulltext:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310


refcode: w78
type: article
author: Wilson, Michael R.
journal: The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology
pages: 180-196
title: Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut
volume: 8
year: 1978
fulltext:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196


refcode: stew33
type: article
author: Steward, Julian H.
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
number: 3
pages: 233-250
title: Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute
volume: 33
year: 1933
fulltext:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250


refcode: c97
type: article
author: Coville, Frederick V.
journal: Contributions from the US. National Herbarium
number: 2
pages: 87-110
title: Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon
volume: 5
year: 1897
fulltext:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110


refcode: b80
type: book
address: Ottawa
author: Black, Meredith Jean
note: Mercury Series Number 65
publisher: National Museums of Canada.
title: Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec
year: 1980
fulltext:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65


refcode: c57ii
type: article
author: Curtin, L. S. M.
journal: The Masterkey
pages: 85-94
title: Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants
volume: 31
year: 1957
fulltext:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94


refcode: b81
type: mastersthesis
author: Baker, Marc A.
school: Humboldt State University
title: The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California
year: 1981
fulltext:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis


refcode: b05
type: article
author: Blankinship, J. W.
journal: Bozeman Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station
title: Native Economic Plants of Montana,
volume: Bulletin 56
year: 1905
fulltext:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56


refcode: s37
type: article
author: Speck, Frank G.
journal: Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society
pages: 179-197
title: Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices
volume: 1
year: 1937
fulltext:
Speck, Frank G., 1937, Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices, Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society 1:179-197


refcode: j31
type: mastersthesis
author: Jones, Volney H.
school: University of New Mexico
title: The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians
year: 1931
fulltext:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis


refcode: r36
type: article
author: Reagan, Albert B.
journal: Kansas Academy of Science
pages: 55-70
title: Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians
volume: 37
year: 1936
fulltext:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70


refcode: sd52
type: article
author: Speck, Frank G. and R. W. Dexter
journal: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
pages: 1-7
title: Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick
volume: 42
year: 1952
fulltext:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7


refcode: swank32
type: mastersthesis
author: Swank, George R.
school: University of New Mexico
title: The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians
year: 1932
fulltext:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis


refcode: c74
type: incollection
address: New York
author: Colton, Harold S.
booktitle: Hopi Indians
editor: D.A. Horr
publisher: Garland
title: Hopi History And Ethnobotany
year: 1974
fulltext:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York.


refcode: h84
type: article
author: Holmes, E. M.
journal: The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions
pages: 302-304
title: Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory,
volume: 15
year: 1884
fulltext:
Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304


refcode: hedges86
type: article
author: Hedges, Ken
journal: San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes
title: Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany
volume: 20
year: 1986
fulltext:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20


refcode: perry75
type: phdthesis
author: Perry, Myra Jean
school: The University of Tennessee
title: Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians
year: 1975
fulltext:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis


refcode: b86
type: book
address: Norman
author: Buskirk, Winfred
publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
title: The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950
year: 1986
fulltext:
Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press


refcode: s54
type: phdthesis
author: Sturtevant, William
school: Yale University
title: The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices
year: 1954
fulltext:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis


refcode: c02
type: article
author: Chestnut, V. K.
journal: Contributions from the US. National Herbarium
pages: 295-408
title: Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California,
volume: 7
year: 1902
fulltext:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408.


refcode: w45
type: article
author: White, Leslie A.
journal: Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters
pages: 557-568
title: Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres
volume: 30
year: 1945
fulltext:
White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568


refcode: g13i
type: article
author: Gilmore, Melvin R.
journal: Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society
pages: 358-70
title: Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota
volume: 17
year: 1913
fulltext:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70


refcode: co36
type: article
author: Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler
journal: , University of New Mexico Bulletin
number: 5
pages: 1-63
volume: 4
year: 1936
fulltext:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63

title:
Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache


refcode: b52
type: article
author: Barrett, S. A.
journal: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
title: Material Aspects of Pomo Culture
volume: 20
year: 1952
fulltext:
Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20


refcode: t72
type: article
author: Tantaquidgeon, Gladys
journal: Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers
title: Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg
volume: 3
year: 1972
fulltext:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3


refcode: m53
type: mastersthesis
author: Mahar, James Michael.
note: B.A. Thesis
school: Reed College
title: Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation
year: 1953
fulltext:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis


refcode: f80
type: article
author: Fleisher, Mark S.
journal: Northwest Anthropological Research Notes
number: 2
pages: 192-210
title: The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington
volume: 14
year: 1980
fulltext:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210


refcode: bg33
type: article
author: Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford
journal: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
number: 4
pages: 11
title: Miwok Material Culture
volume: 2
year: 1933
fulltext:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11


refcode: ttco83
type: book
address: Victoria
author: Turner, Nancy J. and John Thomas and Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie
publisher: British Columbia Provincial Museum
title: Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island
year: 1983
fulltext:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum


refcode: shc42
type: article
author: Speck, Frank G. and R. B. Hassrick and E. S. Carpenter
journal: Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science
pages: 7-55
title: Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures
volume: 10
year: 1942
fulltext:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55.


refcode: s17
type: inproceedings
author: Speck, Frank G.
booktitle: Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists
pages: 303-321
title: Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians
year: 1917
fulltext:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321


refcode: w47
type: article
author: Witthoft, John
journal: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
number: 3
pages: 73-75
title: An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note
volume: 37
year: 1947
fulltext:
Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75


refcode: wh51
type: book
address: Albuquerque
author: Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris
publisher: The University of New Mexico Press
title: The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho
year: 1951
fulltext:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press


refcode: p10
type: book
address: Albany, NY
author: Parker, Arthur Caswell
publisher: University of the State of New York
title: Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants
year: 1910
fulltext:
Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York


refcode: r80
type: book
address: St Francis, SD
author: Rogers, Dilwyn J.
publisher: Rosebud Educational Society
year: 1980
fulltext:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety

title:
Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota


refcode: m66
type: book
address: Berkeley
author: Merriam, C. Hart
publisher: University of California Archaeological Research Facility
title: Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes
year: 1966
fulltext:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley


refcode: tan28
type: article
author: Tantaquidgeon, Gladys
journal: SI-BAE Annual Report
pages: 264-270
title: Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions
volume: 43
year: 1928
fulltext:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270


refcode: m90
type: book
address: Glenwood, Ill
author: Murphey, Edith Van Allen
note: Originally published in 1959
publisher: Meyerbooks
title: Indian Uses of Native Plants
year: 1990
fulltext:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959


refcode: ray45
type: article
author: Raymond, Marcel.
journal: Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal
pages: 113-134
title: Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan
volume: 55
year: 1945
fulltext:
Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134


refcode: t40
type: book
address: Cambridge, MA
author: Taylor, Linda Averill
publisher: Botanical Museum of Harvard University
title: Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes
year: 1940
fulltext:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University


refcode: r45i
type: article
author: Rousseau, Jacques
journal: Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal
pages: 75-111
title: Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres
volume: 55
year: 1945
fulltext:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111


refcode: f90
type: book
address: Washington, DC
author: Fowler, Catherine S.
publisher: Smithsonian Institution Press
title: Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada,
year: 1990
fulltext:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press


refcode: bd09
type: article
author: Bushnell, Jr., and David, I.
journal: SI-BAE Bulletin
title: The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
volume: 48
year: 1909
fulltext:
Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48


refcode: steg41
type: article
author: Steggerda, Morris
journal: Journal of the American Dietetic Association
number: 3
pages: 217-25
title: Navajo Foods and Their Preparation
volume: 17
year: 1941
fulltext:
Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25


refcode: b44
type: article
author: Burgesse, J. Allen
journal: Primitive Man
pages: 1-18
title: The Woman and the Child Among the Lac-St.-Jean Montagnais
volume: 17
year: 1944
fulltext:
Burgesse, J. Allen, 1944, The Woman and the Child Among the Lac-St.-Jean Montagnais, Primitive Man 17:1-18


refcode: l86
type: book
address: Chinle, AZ
author: Lynch, Regina H.
publisher: Rough Rock Demonstration School, Navajo Curriculum Center
title: Cookbook
year: 1986
fulltext:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School


refcode: h75
type: article
author: Hinton, Leanne
journal: Journal of California Anthropology
pages: 214-222
title: Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany
volume: 2
year: 1975
fulltext:
Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222


refcode: a54
type: article
author: Aller, Wilma F.
journal: Wisconsin Archeologist
pages: 59-73
volume: 35
year: 1954
fulltext:
Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73

title:
Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations


refcode: cb51
type: book
address: Albuquerque
author: Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell
publisher: University of New Mexico Press
title: Yuman Indian Agriculture
year: 1951
fulltext:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press


refcode: vest40
type: article
author: Vestal, Paul A.
journal: Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University)
number: 8
pages: 153-168
title: Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J.G. Owens in 1891
volume: 8
year: 1940
fulltext:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168


refcode: w82
type: book
address: Peach Springs, AZ
author: Watahomigie, Lucille J.
publisher: Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8
title: Hualapai Ethnobotany
year: 1982
fulltext:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8


refcode: swan28
type: article
author: Swanton, John R.
journal: SI-BAE Annual Report
pages: 473-672
title: Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians
volume: 42
year: 1928
fulltext:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672


refcode: bt53
type: article
author: Bank, I. I. and Theodore, P.
journal: Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letter
year: 1953
fulltext:
Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters

title:
Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts


refcode: t89
type: article
author: Theodoratus, Robert J.
journal: Northwest Anthropological Research Notes
number: 1
pages: 35-52
title: Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley
volume: 23
year: 1989
fulltext:
Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52


refcode: k56
type: book
address: Seattle
author: Krause, Aurel
note: Translated by Erna Gunther
publisher: University of Washington Press
title: The Tlingit Indians
year: 1956
fulltext:
Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press


refcode: c73
type: book
address: Fort St James, BC
author: Carrier Linguistic Committee
publisher: Carrier Linguistic Committee
title: Plants of Carrier Country
year: 1973
fulltext:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee


refcode: ahj81
type: article
author: Arnason, Thor and Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns
journal: Canadian Journal of Botany
number: 11
pages: 2189-2325
title: Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada
volume: 59
year: 1981
fulltext:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325


refcode: c51
type: article
author: Campbell, T. N.
journal: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
number: 9
pages: 285-290
title: Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century
volume: 41
year: 1951
fulltext:
Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290


refcode: n66
type: article
author: Nickerson, Gifford S.
journal: Tebiwa
number: 1
pages: 45-51
title: Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants
volume: 9
year: 1966
fulltext:
Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51


refcode: vs39
type: book
address: Cambridge MA
author: Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes
publisher: Botanical Museum of Harvard University
title: The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians
year: 1939
fulltext:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University


refcode: h56
type: article
author: Hocking, George M.
journal: El Palacio
pages: 146-165
volume: 56
year: 1956
fulltext:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165

title:
Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico


refcode: b41
type: article
author: Beardsley, Gretchen
journal: Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters
pages: 483-496
title: Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892
volume: 28
year: 1941
fulltext:
Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496


refcode: cj40
type: article
author: Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones
journal: Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters
pages: 517-542
title: Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians
volume: 25
year: 1940
fulltext:
Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542


refcode: cb37
type: article
author: Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell
journal: University of New Mexico Bulletin
pages: 1-48
volume: 5
year: 1937
fulltext:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48

title:
Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South


refcode: aa80
type: article
author: Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager
journal: Arctic Anthropology
pages: 26-48
title: Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska
volume: 27
year: 1980
fulltext:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48


refcode: k32
type: article
author: Kelly, Isabel T.
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
number: 3
pages: 67-210
title: Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute
volume: 31
year: 1932
fulltext:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210


refcode: g13ii
type: article
author: Gilmore, Melvin R.
journal: Nebraska State Historical Society Collections
pages: 314-57
title: A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians
volume: 17
year: 1913
fulltext:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57.


refcode: k90
type: mastersthesis
author: Kraft, Shelly Katheren
school: University of North Dakota
title: Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation
year: 1990
fulltext:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis


refcode: cb80
type: article
author: Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye
journal: Journal of Ethnopharmacology
pages: 365-388
title: A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico
volume: 2
year: 1980
fulltext:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388


refcode: n83
type: book
address: Chicago
author: Nelson, Richard K.
publisher: The University of Chicago Press
title: Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest
year: 1983
fulltext:
Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press


refcode: cb42
type: book
address: Albuquerque
author: Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell
edition: First
publisher: University of New Mexico Press
title: Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture
year: 1942
fulltext:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition.


refcode: sk58
type: article
author: Swartz, Jr., B. K.
journal: Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications
pages: 67-84
title: A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry
volume: 19
year: 1958
fulltext:
Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84


refcode: spier28
type: article
author: Spier, Leslie
journal: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
number: 3
pages: 101-123, 284-285
title: Havasupai Ethnography
volume: 29
year: 1928
fulltext:
Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285


refcode: ga88
type: article
author: Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson
journal: Journal of Ethnobiology
number: 1
pages: 13-33
title: Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing
volume: 8
year: 1988
fulltext:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33


refcode: g92
type: article
author: Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J.
journal: Economic Botany
number: 2
pages: 148-157
volume: 46
year: 1992
fulltext:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157

title:
The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada


refcode: a39
type: article
author: Anderson, J. P.
journal: American Journal of Botany
pages: 714-16
title: Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska
volume: 26
year: 1939
fulltext:
Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16


refcode: b67
type: book
address: Banning CA
author: Barrows, David Prescott
note: Originally Published 1900
publisher: Malki Museum Press
title: The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California
year: 1967
fulltext:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900


refcode: s69
type: book
address: Washington, DC
author: Swan, James Gilchrist
publisher: Smithsonian Institution
title: The Indians of Cape Flattery ...Washington Territory
year: 1869
fulltext:
Swan, James Gilchrist, 1869, The Indians of Cape Flattery ... Washington Territory, Washington, DC. Smithsonian Institution


refcode: j35
type: article
author: Jenness, Diamond
comment: Anthropological Series #17
journal: National Museums of Canada Bulletin
title: The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island Their Social and Religious Life
volume: 78
year: 1935
fulltext:
Jenness, Diamond, 1935, The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life, National Museums of Canada Bulletin #78, Anthropological Series #17


refcode: g74
type: book
address: Ottawa
author: Guedon, Marie-Francoise
note: Mercury Series Number 9
publisher: National Museums of Canada
title: People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?
year: 1974
fulltext:
Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9


refcode: s30
type: article
author: Spier, Leslie
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
pages: 1-338
title: Klamath Ethnography
volume: 30
year: 1930
fulltext:
Spier, Leslie, 1930, Klamath Ethnography, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 30:1-338


refcode: h08
type: article
author: Hrdlicka, Ales
journal: SI-BAE Bulletin
pages: 1-427
volume: 34
year: 1908
fulltext:
Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427

title:
Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico


refcode: l59
type: article
author: Lantis, Margaret
journal: Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
pages: 1-75
title: Folk Medicine and Hygiene
volume: 8
year: 1959
fulltext:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75


refcode: giff33
type: article
author: Gifford, E. W.
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
pages: 263-270
title: The Cocopa
volume: 31
year: 1933
fulltext:
Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270


refcode: b08
type: article
author: Barrett, S. A.
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
pages: 134-308
title: Pomo Indian Basketry
volume: 7
year: 1908
fulltext:
Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308


refcode: g31
type: book
address: Washington, DC
author: Gifford, E. W.
publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office
title: The Kamia of Imperial Valley
year: 1931
fulltext:
Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office


refcode: ss43
type: article
author: Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier
journal: Anthropological Records
number: 3
pages: 252-253
title: Notes on the Culture of the Yana
volume: 3
year: 1943
fulltext:
Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253


refcode: sd51
type: article
author: Speck, Frank G. and R. W. Dexter
journal: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
pages: 250-259
title: Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick
volume: 41
year: 1951
fulltext:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259


refcode: n43
type: article
author: Nequatewa, Edmund
journal: Plateau
pages: 18-20
title: Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods
volume: 18
year: 1943
fulltext:
Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20


refcode: mckenn59
type: article
author: McKennan, Robert A.
journal: Yale University Publications in Anthropology
title: The Upper Tanana Indians
volume: 55
year: 1959
fulltext:
McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55


refcode: c04
type: book
author: Coville, Frederick V.
publisher: Smithsonian Institution, US. National Museum
title: Wokas, a Primitive Food of the Klamath Indians
year: 1904
fulltext:
Coville, Frederick V., 1904, Wokas, a Primitive Food of the Klamath Indians., Smithsonian Institution, US. National Museum.


refcode: o57
type: article
author: Oswalt, W. H.
journal: Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
pages: 17-36
title: A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany
volume: 6
year: 1957
fulltext:
Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36


refcode: j38
type: article
author: Jones, Volney H.
journal: El Palacio
pages: 41-53
title: An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions
volume: 44
year: 1938
fulltext:
Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53


refcode: t90
type: article
author: Turner, Lucien M.
journal: SI-BAE Annual Report
pages: 159-350
title: Ethnology of the Ungava District, Hudson Bay Territory
volume: 11
year: 1890
fulltext:
Turner, Lucien M., 1890, Ethnology of the Ungava District, Hudson Bay Territory, SI-BAE Annual Report #11:159-350


refcode: ven40
type: book
author: Veniamenov, I.
note: Translated by HRAF
title: Notes on the Islands in the Unalaska District, St. Petersburg
year: 1840
fulltext:
Veniamenov, I., 1840, Notes on the Islands in the Unalaska District, St. Petersburg -- Translated by HRAF


refcode: bt51
type: article
author: Bank, I. I. and Theodore, P.
journal: Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters
year: 1951
fulltext:
Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters

title:
Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture


refcode: hann86
type: article
author: Hann, John H.
journal: Southeastern Archaeology
number: 2
pages: 1-102
title: The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida
volume: 5
year: 1986
fulltext:
Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102


refcode: b17
type: article
author: Barrett, S. A.
journal: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
number: 1
pages: 1-52
title: The Washoe Indians
volume: 2
year: 1917
fulltext:
Barrett, S. A., 1917, The Washoe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(1):1-52


refcode: k30
type: article
author: Kelly, Isabel T.
journal: University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
pages: 421-444
title: Yuki Basketry
volume: 24
year: 1930
fulltext:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1930, Yuki Basketry, University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:421-444


refcode: r34
type: article
author: Reagan, Albert
journal: Washington Historical Quarterly
pages: 133-37
title: Various Uses of Plants by West Coast Indians
volume: 25
year: 1934
fulltext:
Reagan, Albert, 1934, Various Uses of Plants by West Coast Indians, Washington Historical Quarterly 25:133-37


refcode: g32
type: article
author: Gifford, E. W.
journal: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
pages: 177-252
title: The Southeastern Yavapai
volume: 29
year: 1932
fulltext:
Gifford, E. W., 1932, The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:177-252


refcode: b36
type: article
author: Bradley, Will T.
journal: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association
number: 2
pages: 138-147
title: Medical Practices of the New England Aborigines
volume: 25
year: 1936
fulltext:
Bradley, Will T., 1936, Medical Practices of the New England Aborigines, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 25(2):138-147


refcode: w89
type: article
author: Willoughby, C.
journal: Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1886
title: Indians of the Quinaielt Agency, Washington Territory
year: 1889
fulltext:
Willoughby, C., 1889, Indians of the Quinaielt Agency, Washington Territory, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1886


refcode: p37
type: book
author: Porsild, A. E.
publisher: Canada Department of Mines and Resources, National Museum of Canada
title: Edible Roots and Berries of Northern Canada
year: 1937
fulltext:
Porsild, A.E., 1937, Edible Roots and Berries of Northern Canada, Canada Department of Mines and Resources, National Museum of Canada


refcode: m40
type: article
author: Mandelbaum, David G.
journal: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
pages: 202-203
title: The Plains Cree
volume: 37
year: 1940
fulltext:
Mandelbaum, David G., 1940, The Plains Cree, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 37:202-203


# uses

pageno: 197
notes: Liquid pitch mixed with mountain goat tallow and used for infected eyes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 197


pageno: 152
notes: Bark and other plants used as a tonic.
rawsource:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152


pageno: 151
notes: Cambium used for food.
rawsource:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151


pageno: 173
notes: Pitch applied to the face of mourners.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 173


pageno: 316
notes: Decoction of bark used medicinally.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 316


pageno: 71
notes: Infusion of crushed bark, red alder and hemlock barks taken for internal injuries.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71


pageno: 68
notes: Pitch boiled with grease or pitch and sugar and taken for colds.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68


pageno: 97
notes: Pitch taken for colds. If too much balsam pitch were taken, it could make one stout.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97


pageno: 97
notes:
Pitch taken for any type of bad disease. If too much balsam pitch were taken, it could make one stout.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97


pageno: 97
notes:
Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair.


pageno: 124
notes: Poultice of gum applied to open sores, insect bites, boils and infections.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 124


pageno: 118
notes: Sap chewed for colds.
rawsource:
Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118


pageno: 64
notes: Decoction of bark and bark from another plant taken for kidney troubles.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 64


pageno: 338
notes: Gum melted on warm stone and fumes inhaled for headache.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 338


pageno: 362
notes: Decoction of root used as herbal steam for rheumatic joints.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362


pageno: 350
notes: Gum of plant with bear grease used as an ointment for the hair.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 350


pageno: 21
notes: Pitch used for menstrual irregularity.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21


pageno: 269
notes: Steam from decoction of branches used as a bath for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 269


pageno: 37
notes: Poultice of gum and dried beaver kidneys applied for cancer.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 37


pageno: 270
notes: Compound decoction taken during early stages of consumption.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 270


pageno: 244
notes: Juice used as a laxative.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 244


pageno: 6
notes: Pitch used in medicines.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6


pageno: 257
notes: Infusion of bark used for gonorrhea.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 257


pageno: 45
notes: Inner bark used as a seasoner for medicines.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45


pageno: 53
notes: Buds, cones and inner bark used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53


pageno: 258
notes: Boughs used to make beds.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258


pageno: 313
notes: Inner bark grated and eaten to benefit the diet.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 313


pageno: 378
notes: Needle-like leaves used as part of the ceremony involving the sweatbath.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378


pageno: 244
notes: Plant used as a cough medicine.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244


pageno: 420
notes: Resin boiled twice and added to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 420


pageno: 198
notes: Bark gum taken for chest soreness from colds.
rawsource:
Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198


pageno: 309
notes: Sap smeared over burns, sores and cuts.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309


pageno: 68, 69
notes: Fresh balsam gum swallowed for colds.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 68, 69


pageno: 121
notes: Needles used to make pillows, believing that the aroma kept one from having a cold.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 121


pageno: 24
notes: Infusion of foliage used as a bath for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24


pageno: 88
notes: Bark used as a tan dye for buckskin.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88


pageno: 346
notes: Branches used to line acorn caches.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 346


pageno: 30
notes: Poultice of fresh pitch applied to cuts.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 30


pageno: 38
notes: Resinous sap from main stem and larger branches used for cuts.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38


pageno: 34
notes: Used for wounds and ulcers.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34


pageno: 50
notes: Compound of gum drawn on a hair across sore eyes.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 50


pageno: 19
notes: Decoction of needles taken for colds.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19


pageno: 41
notes: Blister pitch mixed with oil rubbed on the hair and scalp because it smelled nice.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41


pageno: 379
notes: Infusion of needles taken as a tonic.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379


pageno: 268
notes: Branches and pollen used in purification rites and ceremonies.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 268


pageno: 23
notes: Decoction of bark taken for bad coughs.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23


pageno: 41
notes: Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic.
rawsource:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41


pageno: 44
notes: Boughs used on the floor of sweathouses and for beds.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44


pageno: 69
notes: Pitch made into a salve and used for cuts and bruises.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69


pageno: 462
notes: Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 462


pageno: 509
notes: Branches thought to be of help to young girl under 'magical spell.'
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 509


pageno: 496
notes: Bark used for covering lodges.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 496


pageno: 79
notes: Needle smudge smoke inhaled for headaches.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79


pageno: 273
notes: Plant burned as ceremonial incense.
rawsource:
McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 273


pageno: 17
notes: Poultice of leaves applied for chest colds.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17


pageno: 123
notes: Infusion of needles mixed with grease and applied as a hair tonic.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123


pageno: 107
notes: Needles used as a deodorant.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107


pageno: 65
notes: Infusion of resin taken as an emetic to clean the insides.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65


pageno: 70
notes: Infusion of needles taken for coughing up blood, a sign of tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 70


pageno: 69
notes: Needle smudge used to fumigate those faces that were swollen from a form of venereal disease.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 69


pageno: 87
notes: Infusion of bark given to horses for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87


pageno: 100
notes:
Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy.

rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100


pageno: 36
notes: Chewed needles sprayed over the Horn ceremonial containers to purify them.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36


pageno: 278
notes: Leaves used in buckskin bags for delightful odor & mixed with grease to add fragrance to hair oil.
rawsource:
McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278


pageno: 5
notes: Needles burned as incense in ceremonies by persons afraid of thunder.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5


pageno: 2
notes: Used by Sundancers for confidence and protection from thunder and for purification.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 2


pageno: 5
notes: Young twigs and leaves burned as incense in certain ceremonies.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5


pageno: 174
notes: Wood used to make chairs and insect proof storage boxes for dancing regalia.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 174


pageno: 37
notes: Infusion of needles taken for colds.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 37


pageno: 97
notes:
Poultice of pitch used alone for cuts or with Vaseline for sores. The pitch was smeared over injuries and covered with a bandage.  In earlier times, animal fat was probably used in place of Vaseline


pageno: 97
notes:
Inner bark eaten as a medicine for 'shadow on the chest,' the beginning of tuberculosis. It made the informant very sick with aching, flu like symptoms, but after that, she did not develop tuberculosis.


pageno: 45
notes: Crumbled leaves smoked for colds.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 45


pageno: 71
notes: Poultice of chewed nodules applied to wounds.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 71


pageno: 70
notes: Poultice of pitch applied to injured eyes.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 70


pageno: 51
notes: Gum used as an ointment on wounds, especially on burns.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51


pageno: 169
notes: Leaves and fungus burned on coals, with or without sweet grass, and used to strengthen medicines.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 169


pageno: 169
notes:
Leaves with fungus burned on coals with or without sweet grass used ceremonially to purify sickness.

rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 169


pageno: 484
notes: Gum chewed and swallowed.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 484


pageno: 36, 75
notes: Plant placed on child's head to induce sleep.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 36, 75


pageno: 39
notes: Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39


pageno: 158
notes: Plant used for boils.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 158


pageno: 46
notes: Plant taken to 'remove the effects of swallowing a spider.'
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46


pageno: 21
notes: Plant used as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 21


pageno: 26
notes: Cold infusion used as lotion for sores or sore mouth and to bathe perspiring feet.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26


pageno: 32
notes: Roots and flowers used for stomach and bowel troubles.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 32


pageno: 377
notes: Fresh flowers eaten for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 377


pageno: 201
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201


pageno: 29
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29


pageno: 41
notes: Used as an urinary inducer.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 41


pageno: 29
notes: Considered an outstanding construction material and a fine firewood.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29


pageno: 218
notes: Used to feed domesticated animals.
rawsource:
Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 218


pageno: 225
notes: Split twigs used as basket material.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 225


pageno: 57
notes: Thorns removed, twigs split in half lengthwise and used to make serviceable baskets.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 57


pageno: 53
notes: Twigs used for curved structures in wrapped weaving.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 53


pageno: 40
notes: Fitted around deer hunters' heads and used in sizing deer head disguises.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 40


pageno: 52
notes: Buds and blossoms dried and used by women as perfume sachets.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 52


pageno: 69
notes: Curved rods used for fleshing and dehairing animal skins.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 69


pageno: 20
notes: Short transverse sticks affixed to poles and used to dislodge saguaro fruits from the shafts.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20


pageno: 136
notes: Beans ground into a meal, mixed with water or sea lion oil and eaten.
rawsource:
Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 136


pageno: 14
notes: Limbs split and used to coil around the edges of baskets.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 14


pageno: 49
notes: Used for cradle frames.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 49


pageno: 138
notes: Splints used to make the woof for basketry.
rawsource:
Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 138


pageno: 61
notes: Root used for 'dropsy.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61


pageno: 40
notes: Used to make the wattleworks of fish traps.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40


pageno: 197
notes: Sap eaten dried.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197


pageno: 385
notes: Branches used by women as a love medicine.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385


pageno: 15
notes: Wood used to made acorn paddles.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 15


pageno: 285
notes: Used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 285


pageno: 223
notes: Branches used for the frames of snowshoes.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 223


pageno: 90
notes: Wood used to make small boxes and oil containers.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90


pageno: 76
notes: Used to make bows.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76


pageno: 145
notes:
Wood burned to charcoal, mixed with water and brown sugar and taken for dysentery. The wood was always taken early in the morning from the sunrise side of the tree.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145


pageno: 145
notes:
Wood burned to charcoal, mixed with water and brown sugar and taken for polio. The wood was always taken early in the morning from the sunrise side of the tree.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 145


pageno: 498
notes: Wood used to make snowshoes.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498


pageno: 200
notes: Bark used to make spoons.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 200


pageno: 20
notes: Straight, young tree trunks used to make bows.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20


pageno: 36
notes: Infusion of branches used for swellings, a 'life medicine.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36


pageno: 59
notes: Branch tied in a knot and placed over the bear's tracks while hunting to stop the wounded bear.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59


pageno: 475
notes: Decoction of wood and bark taken for nausea caused by smelling a corpse.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 475


pageno: 146
notes:
Decoction of sticks and saskatoon sticks taken to heal women's insides and stimulate lactation. The decoction was made either with two sticks each of saskatoon and rocky mountain maple, or, for a stronger medicine, four sticks each and used after childbirth to heal women's insides and to stimulate the flow of milk for nursing.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146


pageno: 146
notes:
Decoction of four straight, young sticks used as a wash or taken for snakebites. The informant could not recall whether the decoction was taken internally or used as a wash.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146


pageno: 500
notes: Twigs used to make snowshoe frames.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500


pageno: 499
notes: Wood used for making snowshoes.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499


pageno: 153
notes: Inner bark used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 153


pageno: 209
notes: Wood made into rattles and used by shamans.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 209


pageno: 82
notes: Wood used to make spoons.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 82


pageno: 44
notes: Sap collected and boiled to obtain syrup and sugar.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44


pageno: 39
notes: Dead wood used for smoking salmon.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39


pageno: 365
notes: Inner bark used in spring to make baskets.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 365


pageno: 248
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248


pageno: 77
notes: Leaves used in steaming pits to flavor deer, seal or porpoise meat.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77


pageno: 60
notes: White wood used to make rattles.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60


pageno: 385
notes:
Leaves made into mats and used to cover the layers of dried salmon stored for the winter in baskets.

rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385


pageno: 275
notes: Sticky, bud gum and oil used as a hair tonic.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 275


pageno: 296
notes: Wood used to carve masks.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296


pageno: 71
notes: Withes used as coarse twine warp and weft in the manufacture of baskets.
rawsource:
Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 71


pageno: 91
notes: Hard, lightweight wood used to make paddles.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91


pageno: 14
notes: Wood used to make dice for a gambling game.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14


pageno: 70
notes: Branches used to make staves for a dice type gambling game.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70


pageno: 42
notes: Leaves used to cover food cooking in pits.
rawsource:
Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42


pageno: 147
notes: Raw sap used as a tonic in the olden days.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147


pageno: 147
notes:
Sprouted seeds boiled and eaten as green vegetables. The sprouted seeds were generally bitter, but the young shoots were considered to be quite sweet and juicy.


pageno: 147
notes:
Inner bark used to make soapberry whippers. Children sometimes made miniature whisks which they used to whip the juice that was left after the dried soapberries were soaked.  They made the juice with their whisks and then drank it.


pageno: 147
notes:
Leaves used in pit cooking, to line the pit and interspersed between the layers of food. The leaves were also used between layers of fish in fish caches.


pageno: 147
notes:
Leaves used to line the containers used in making ripened salmon eggs. The maple leaves were used to line the basket and were placed in layers between the eggs.  The eggs were generally prepared in a birch bark basket, placed in a hole in the ground lined with birch bark and left there until springtime when they were considered cooked.


pageno: 4
notes: Wood burned as incense for making spiritual medicines.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4


pageno: 13
notes: Sap boiled, added to animal hide shavings and eaten as a relished candy.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13


pageno: 46
notes: Wood used to make bowls.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46


pageno: 366
notes: Sap used to make sugar.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 366


pageno: 101
notes: Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101


pageno: 40
notes: Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40


pageno: 200
notes: Decoction of inner bark taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 200


pageno: 62
notes: Wood used to make tubes for bellows.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62


pageno: 353
notes: Infusion of inner bark taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 353


pageno: 394
notes: Sap mixed with the sap of the sugar maple and used as a beverage.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394


pageno: 329
notes: Sap boiled to make sugar and syrup.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329


pageno: 336
notes: Plant made into charcoal and used for tribal tattooing of girls.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 336


pageno: 44
notes: Sap used to make sugar.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 44


pageno: 16
notes: Sap boiled down in the spring and made into sugar.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16


pageno: 234
notes: Sap used to make sugar.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234


pageno: 199
notes: Decoction of inner bark used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199


pageno: 196
notes: Infusion of plant used as a medicinal tea.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 196


pageno: 44
notes: Wood used for firewood.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44


pageno: 378
notes: Decoction of bark taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 378


pageno: 200
notes: Decoction of inner bark taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 200


pageno: 311
notes: Compound infusion of plant taken for 'spitting up blood.'
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311


pageno: 310
notes: Poultice of steeped bark applied to swollen limbs.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 310


pageno: 99
notes: Sap used to make syrup.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 99


pageno: 73
notes: Decoction of inner bark boiled to a syrup and used as a wash for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 73


pageno: 119
notes: Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119


pageno: 53
notes: Wood used to make bowls.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 53


pageno: 412
notes:
Leaf frequently used in the Ojibwe beadwork designs. Many leaves, flowers and fruits furnish designs.  Since the plants are sacred to their midewiwin or medicine lodge, it is common for them to use especially valuable remedies in their designs.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 412


pageno: 37
notes: Decoction of inner bark used as an eyewash.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 37


pageno: 116
notes: Traps boiled in water with bark to deodorize the scent of the previous animal trapped.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116


pageno: 269
notes: Decoction of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, back or limb pains and hemorrhoids.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 269


pageno: 472
notes: Plant used to make spoons.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472


pageno: 39
notes: Infusion of bark taken and used as a wash for gun wounds.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39


pageno: 136
notes: Bark boiled and used as a wash for old, stubborn, running sores.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136


pageno: 136
notes:
Bark, hemlock and swamp oak bark boiled together to make a wash to remove rust from steel or iron. The barks were boiled together and used to remove rust from steel or iron and to prevent further rusting.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136


pageno: 100
notes: Sap used to make sugar.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100


pageno: 142
notes: Sap, thimbleberries and water used to make a medicine.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142


pageno: 146
notes: Sap fermented and used as an intoxicant.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 146


pageno: 269
notes: Infusion of bark, removed from south side of tree, taken for cough.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 269


pageno: 232
notes: Infusion of root bark taken for gonorrhea.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 232


pageno: 324
notes:
Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used in tanning leather. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water.  A clay which contained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with the boiled twig and bark water.  Tanned hides were soaked in this solution for two or three days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time resulted in a brownish color and for a longer time resulted in black.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324


pageno: 328
notes: Sap boiled to make sugar and syrup.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 328


pageno: 100
notes:
Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used to color tanned hides. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water.  A clay which contained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with the boiled twig and bark water.  Tanned hides were soaked in this solution for two or three days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time resulted in a brownish color and for a longer time resulted in black.


pageno: 98
notes: Sap used to make syrup.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 98


pageno: 32
notes: Sap used to make sugar.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 32


pageno: 135
notes:
Sap made into sugar and used as a commodity of intertribal commerce. Maple sugar was among the great staples in the domestic economy and was a commodity of intertribal commerce being traded to people of tribes in areas not possessing this tree.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135


pageno: 377
notes: Used to make paddles for stirring maple sap.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377


pageno: 52
notes: Infusion of bark with another whole plant taken by forest runners for shortness of breath.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 52


pageno: 61
notes: Boiled sap made into maple sugar and used in almost every combination of cookery.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 61


pageno: 255
notes: Maple sugar used instead of salt as seasoning in cooking.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 255


pageno: 266
notes: Leaf used in beadwork designs.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 266


pageno: 69, 128
notes: Inner bark used as a cough remedy.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69, 128


pageno: 69
notes: Sap used as a sweetening agent and to make maple syrup.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69


pageno: 394
notes:
Maple sugar used to season all kinds of meats, replaced now with salt. Smith describes in detail the process by which the Ojibwe make maple syrup.  Although now (1932) they use iron kettles, originally the sap and storage vessels were 'made of birch bark, sewed with boiled basswood fiber or the core of the jack pine root.'  The vessels are rendered waterproof by the application of pitch secured by boiling jack pine cones.


pageno: 413
notes: Wood used to make bowls and many other objects of utility.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413


pageno: 92
notes: Maple sap, as it came from the tree, drunk by children.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92


pageno: 92
notes:
Maple sap not only furnished the sugar for seasoning material but also furnished the vinegar. Sap that was allowed to become sour made a vinegar to be used in cooking venison which was afterwards sweetened with maple sugar.  This corresponds somewhat to the German 'sweet and sour' style of cooking.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92


pageno: 92
notes:
Maple sugar used, instead of salt, to season all cooking. The sugar maple and the black sugar maple are found all over Wisconsin and were considered to be the most valuable trees in the forest because they furnished them their seasoning material.  While they do use salt today, it is an acquired ingredient and most of the old people would prefer to have sugar for their seasoning.


pageno: 88
notes: Wood used to make bows.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 88


pageno: 377
notes: Compound decoction of roots and bark taken for internal hemorrhage.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 377


pageno: 94
notes: Plant used for intestinal diseases.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 94


pageno: 248
notes: Infusion of outside bark used for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248


pageno: 73
notes: Leaves used as design for bead work and applique work.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73


pageno: 110
notes:
Leaves used as a pattern for bead and applique work. In making up a design for art work or bead work, a woman would burn deer antlers until they turned to charcoal and use this to rub on the backs of leaves.  This surface was placed down upon a piece of white birchbark and rubbed until the shape and venation of the leaves were transferred to the birchbark.  Then arranging with other leaves, a design would be formed which would be the pattern for the bead work.  Oftentimes, this would be placed directly under the loom so that the form and outline of the finished bead work would be a true representation of the natural object.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 110


pageno: 240
notes: Crushed leaves used as a snuff for headaches.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 240


pageno: 201
notes: Leaves pounded, heated and used for breast abscesses.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201


pageno: 65
notes: Poultice of chewed leaves applied to burns.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 65


pageno: 74
notes: Infusion of plant applied to swellingss.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 74


pageno: 60
notes: Infusion of leaves taken to expel the afterbirth.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60


pageno: 49
notes: Decoction of leaves taken for the passage of blood with diarrhea.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 49


pageno: 62
notes: Used for hemorrhages and spitting blood.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62


pageno: 17
notes: Infusion of leaves and flowers taken for chest pains.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17


pageno: 6
notes: Infusion of leaves used for colds.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 6


pageno: 336
notes: Decoction of leaves steamed and inhaled for headache.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 336


pageno: 364
notes: Dried chewed root spit onto limbs as a stimulant.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364


pageno: 366
notes: Decoction of leaves and stalk applied to horses as a stimulant.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366


pageno: 199
notes: Infusion of leaves used for colds.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199


pageno: 23
notes: Infusion of plant heads used to make a compress for headaches.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 23


pageno: 663
notes: Plant used as toothache medicine.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 663


pageno: 35
notes: Infusion of plant used for kidney disorders.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35


pageno: 29, 74
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken for kidney disorders.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29, 74


pageno: 360
notes: Infusion of plant used for headaches.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 360


pageno: 350
notes: Poultice of plant applied to joints affected by rheumatism.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 350


pageno: 220
notes: Plants placed on heated rocks and rising vapors used for unspecified illness.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 220


pageno: 61
notes: Leaves chewed and the juice swallowed for any kind of internal pain.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61


pageno: 469
notes: Infusion of roots or leaves used internally or externally for headaches.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 469


pageno: 470
notes: Plant chewed and poultice of leaves applied for neuralgia.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 470


pageno: 64
notes: Infusion of plant and seeds from another plant used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 64


pageno: 471
notes: Infusion of smashed plants taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 471


pageno: 103
notes: Poultice of plant applied and infusion of plant used for fevers.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 103


pageno: 390
notes: Poultice of soaked stalks and leaves applied to wounds.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 390


pageno: 105
notes: Stem, leaf and flower placed inside fish cavity as a preservative.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105


pageno: 278
notes: Leaves used in a steambath for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278


pageno: 266
notes: Poultice of chewed leaves applied or compound rubbed on sores and swellings.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 266


pageno: 46
notes: Poultice of dried and chewed plants applied to wounds and sores.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 46


pageno: 24
notes: Rolled leaves inserted into cavity of painful tooth.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 24


pageno: 322
notes: Leaves chewed as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 322


pageno: 391
notes: Infusion of leaves and flowers taken for headaches.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 391


pageno: 28, 29
notes: Poultice of leaves used on children's rash and fresh tops used to rub on eczema.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 28, 29


pageno: 25
notes: Dried, powdered bark or green leaves rubbed over swellings.
rawsource:
Wallis, Wilson D., 1922, Medicines Used by the Micmac Indians, American Anthropologist 24:24-30, page 25


pageno: 166
notes: Dried or green mashed leaves used for pain and used during influenza epidemic.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 166


pageno: 266
notes: Cold, compound infusion taken as an appetizer.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266


pageno: 75, 128
notes: Compound infusion of leaves taken as a stomach aid and to improve the appetite.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 128


pageno: 315
notes: Infusion of plant used for fever.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315


pageno: 96
notes: Decoction of plants taken for colds.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96


pageno: 362
notes: Florets smoked for ceremonial purposes.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362


pageno: 74
notes: Infusion of roots taken for headaches.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74


pageno: 40
notes: Decoction used as wash for chapped hands, pimples, rashes and insect bites.
rawsource:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40


pageno: 317
notes: Green plants smelled by old men for headaches.
rawsource:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 317


pageno: 196
notes: Poultice of crushed leaves applied to swellings.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 196


pageno: 197
notes: Cold infusion of leaves used as a wash for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 197


pageno: 128
notes: Decoction of roots taken for chest cold.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128


pageno: 47, 48
notes: Flowers smudged on live coals to revive comatose patient.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 47, 48


pageno: 117
notes: Seed heads placed on a pan of live coals to produce smoke to keep the witches away.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117


pageno: 80
notes: Young leaves chewed and juice swallowed for colds.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80


pageno: 293
notes: Decoction of plants used for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 293


pageno: 166
notes: Infusion of leaves given to children for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 166


pageno: 460
notes: Infusion of plant used as wash or powdered stem and leaf applied for skin problems.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 460


pageno: 134
notes: Infusion of herb used as a wash for swellings.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134


pageno: 47
notes: Infusion of leaves and flowers taken for cold in the chest.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 47


pageno: 120
notes: Mashed leaf juice used as a salve on sores.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 120


pageno: 426
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for pains in stomach, throat, chest and muscles.
rawsource:
Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 426


pageno: 25
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash for sores.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 25


pageno: 716
notes: Infusion of dried plants used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716


pageno: 85
notes: Decoction of leaves and stems used as a bath for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 85


pageno: 189
notes: Infusion of green or dried leaves taken for slight nausea.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 189


pageno: 22
notes: Flowers & wild mint flowers wrapped in a cloth, dipped in water & used to remove teething gum pus.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 22


pageno: 50
notes: Poultice of crushed, fresh plant applied to sores.
rawsource:
Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50


pageno: 210
notes: Decoction of stem and leaves used as a wash for 'place on the body that is ailing.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 210


pageno: 79
notes: Infusion of plant used as a wash for cuts and saddle sores.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79


pageno: 44
notes: Plant used for headaches caused by weak or sore eyes.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 44


pageno: 47
notes: Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47


pageno: 417
notes: Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417


pageno: 31-33
notes: Crushed green plant smelled for headaches.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 31-33


pageno: 118
notes: Poultice of fresh, mashed and boiled leaves applied to sprained ankle pains.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 118


pageno: 218
notes: Decoction of stems and leaves used to cause abortion.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 218


pageno: 45
notes: Infusion of roots taken for gas pains.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 45


pageno: 43
notes: Poultice of whole plant applied for felon (an abscess or boil).
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 43


pageno: 29
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29


pageno: 366
notes: Poultice of bruised leaves applied to cuts and wounds.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366


pageno: 31
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 31


pageno: 73
notes: Strained infusion of dried, shredded roots used as a wash for cataracts.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 73


pageno: 79
notes: Leaves dried and hung in houses to keep flies and mosquitos away.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79


pageno: 186
notes: Decoction of roots used as a delousing wash for sheep.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 186


pageno: 189
notes: Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and water and made into a mush.
rawsource:
Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189


pageno: 149
notes: Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149


pageno: 157
notes: Plant used for hay.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157


pageno: 375
notes: Seeds formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375


pageno: 66
notes: Seeds parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls and eaten as dumplings.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66


pageno: 73
notes: Seeds and Indian millet seeds ground and used to make soup or mush.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 73


pageno: 67
notes: Seeds ground and eaten as a ground or parched meal.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67


pageno: 20
notes: Seeds ground with corn into fine meal and used to make tortilla bread.
rawsource:
Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 20


pageno: 158
notes: Ground seeds used to make meal.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 158


pageno: 43
notes: Plants formerly used for food during famines.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1938, An Ancient Food Plant of the Southwest and Plateau Regions, El Palacio 44:41-53, page 43


pageno: 338
notes: Seeds eaten, especially in time of famine.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 338


pageno: 11
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11


pageno: 26
notes: Ground seeds made into cakes.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26


pageno: 223
notes: Seeds ground and made into bread and dumplings.
rawsource:
Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 223


pageno: 154
notes: Plant used as a fodder for both wild and domesticated animals.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 154


pageno: 27
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 27


pageno: 16
notes: Young plants used as horse feed.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16


pageno: 26-27
notes: Seeds ground into a meal for mush.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 26-27


pageno: 32
notes: Ground seeds used for sauce.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 32


pageno: 244
notes: Roasted and ground into flour.
rawsource:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 244


pageno: 46
notes: Seeds dried, winnowed, ground into a flour and used to make mush.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46


pageno: 46
notes:
Seeds considered a good food to eat when suffering from stomachaches, colic or aching bones. When a person was suffering from any of these sicknesses, Indian ricegrass seeds should have been the only food eaten.

rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46


pageno: 67
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67
notes:
Ground seeds used as a staple before the availability of corn. After the introduction of corn, the ground seeds were mixed with corn meal and made into steamed balls or pats.


pageno: 17
notes: Used for sheep and horse feed.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 17


pageno: 66
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66
notes:
Seeds used for food. When ripe in June, the grass was cut off in bunches, tied together with stems of the grass and thrown over the shoulder into the carrying basket suspended on one's back.  Two procedures were used in preparing the seeds for food.  First, the grass was spread out on a flat rock, where it was allowed to dry a half day and then threshed by burning.  If the fire burned too quickly, green spear grass was added to slow it down.  The burned stalks were stirred and lifted with a green stick so that the seeds would fall out.  The seeds were gathered and winnowed by being poured from one basket to another.  Boiled, the seeds swelled 'like rice.'  A cupful would fill a pot.  Second, the grass was dried for a day or two and the seeds beaten out.  They would be boiled whole or first pounded to a meal and then cooked.


pageno: 243
notes: Seeds used to make mush.
rawsource:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243


pageno: 117
notes: Plant considered highly poisonous.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117


pageno: 140
notes: Roots considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 140


pageno: 294
notes: Plant used as a medicine.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294


pageno: 303
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303


pageno: 428
notes: Plant possibly used at one time as a poison.
rawsource:
Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 428


pageno: 34
notes: Roots used for fevers.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 34


pageno: 135
notes: Infusion of ground roots taken for colds.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 135


pageno: 23
notes: Rootstock ground, mixed with tobacco and smoked inhaled for headaches.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23


pageno: 28
notes: Root chewed for headache.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28


pageno: 42
notes: Decoction of root taken for bowel pain.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42


pageno: 171
notes: Infusion of root taken for bowel pain.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171


pageno: 7
notes: Plant smoked for headaches.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 7


pageno: 344
notes: Warm infusion of root taken as a physic by children and adults.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344


pageno: 340
notes: Decoction of root taken or snuff of pulverized root used for colds.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 340


pageno: 124
notes: Infusion of plants taken for colds.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 124


pageno: 376
notes: Decoction of roots used on fish nets as a charm.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376


pageno: 342
notes: Decoction of root taken and dried root chewed by children for toothache.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342


pageno: 131
notes: Plant used with bloodroot as a mordant in dyeing.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131


pageno: 24
notes: Roots added to any decoction to improve medicinal action.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24


pageno: 359
notes: Dried roots taken as a carminative.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359


pageno: 69, 70
notes: Plant used as a carminative and decoction taken for fever.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70


pageno: 37
notes: Infusion of roots used for suppressed menses.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 37


pageno: 31, 74
notes: Compound containing root taken for suppressed menses.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31, 74


pageno: 31
notes: Infusion of root taken for coughs, colds and suppressed menses.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31


pageno: 279
notes: Compound infusion of roots taken for tape worms.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 279


pageno: 70
notes: Infusion of plant and another plant given to children with poor blood circulation.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 70


pageno: 278
notes: Compound decoction taken for 'boils around the abdomen of children.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 278


pageno: 48
notes: Roots chewed for coughs.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 48


pageno: 26
notes: Infusion of pulverized roots and gun powder taken for arm and leg cramps.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 26


pageno: 249
notes: Infusion of one root used for colds.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 249


pageno: 22, 23
notes: Root, a very powerful remedy, used for stomach cramps.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 22, 23


pageno: 202
notes: Decoction of root taken for 'a cramp expected in the stomach.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 202


pageno: 201202
notes: Compound used for burns.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 201202


pageno: 53, 54
notes: Root used for colds.
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53, 54


pageno: 316
notes: Plant used as a panacea.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 316


pageno: 128
notes: Small pieces of root used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 128


pageno: 55
notes: Infusion of root given to infants for colds.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55


pageno: 55, 84
notes: Root used as colic medicine.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 55, 84


pageno: 355
notes: Root used for stomach cramps.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 355


pageno: 2247
notes: Used as a heart stimulant.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2247


pageno: 428
notes: Root and sarsaparilla root made into tea and used on gill nets to bring a fine catch of white fish.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428


pageno: 2309
notes: Roots chewed for sore throat.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2309


pageno: 334
notes: Plant used as a carminative.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 334


pageno: 584
notes: Root chewed for stomach disorders.
rawsource:
Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 584


pageno: 39, 40
notes: Compound decoction of small amount of root taken for hemorrhage.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 39, 40


pageno: 29
notes: Chewed plant juice taken by older people for the stomach.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 29


pageno: 30
notes: Infusion given to children and babies for pains and stomach cramps.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 30


pageno: 118
notes: Root nibbled 'to dry your blood.'
rawsource:
Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 118


pageno: 78
notes: Decoction of plant taken to produce 'a very quick passage of the bowels.'
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 78


pageno: 49
notes: Poultice of wooly 'cotton' applied to open, bleeding wounds.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 49


pageno: 49
notes: Plant used for difficult labor, a postpartum medicine.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 49


pageno: 202
notes: Infusion of plant taken and rubbed on the body for high fevers.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 202


pageno: 506
notes: Plant sold to greenhouses.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 506


pageno: 275
notes: Decoction of root used for colds and coughs.
rawsource:
McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 275


pageno: 55
notes: Infusion of root used for itch.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55


pageno: 130
notes: Decoction of roots taken by children and adults for convulsions.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 130


pageno: 321
notes: Decoction of roots taken when 'a man urinates blood.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 321


pageno: 237238
notes: Decoction of root taken for childbirth pain.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 237238


pageno: 30
notes: Used to stimulate menstruation.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30


pageno: 73, 74
notes: Infusion of root 'in spirits' used for rheumatic pains.
rawsource:
Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 73, 74


pageno: 39
notes: Combined with elecampane and stone roots to make a tonic.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 39


pageno: 33
notes: Used with elecampane and stone root to make a tonic.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33


pageno: 32, 74
notes: Compound containing root used as a tonic.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 74


pageno: 320
notes: Decoction of roots or plants used as a soak and steambath for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 320


pageno: 56
notes: Root used for kidney trouble.
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56


pageno: 310311
notes: Root used to make a medicine and taken for kidney trouble.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 310311


pageno: 142
notes: Used for stomach pains, in some seasons for males, other seasons for females.
rawsource:
Bradley, Will T., 1936, Medical Practices of the New England Aborigines, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 25(2):138-147, page 142


pageno: 33
notes: Roots used in ceremonies.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 33


pageno: 8
notes: Infusion of root pieces used by women after childbirth for increased milk flow.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 8


pageno: 22
notes: Infusion of stems taken by pregnant and nursing mothers to increase milk flow.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 22


pageno: 358
notes: Decoction of root taken for excessive flowing.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 358


pageno: 25
notes: Infusion of small piece of root taken to slow heavy menstrual flow.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 25


pageno: 382
notes: Root eaten by men for stomach troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 382


pageno: 201
notes: Decoction of root taken for stomach pain caused by having 'swallowed hair.'
rawsource:
Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 201


pageno: 74
notes: Infusion of root given 'to purge the patient of afterbirth.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 74


pageno: 245
notes: Decoction of root taken in a one teaspoon dose for arthritis.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 245


pageno: 174
notes: Infusion of dried, pounded roots and stems used as a blood medicine.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 174


pageno: 174
notes:
Infusion of dried, pounded roots & stems taken after childbirth to make first milk pass off quickly.

rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 174


pageno: 41
notes: Simple or compound decoction of plant taken to increase maternal milk flow.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 41


pageno: 30
notes: Poultice of chewed leaves applied to boils.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 30


pageno: 463
notes: Decoction of root taken for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 463


pageno: 512
notes: Decoction of roots considered poisonous if taken in large quantities.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 512


pageno: 56
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1948, Ethnobotanique Et Ethnozoologie Gaspesiennes, Archives de Folklore 3:51-64, page 56


pageno: 48
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to boils.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 48


pageno: 79
notes: Plant used to make a drink given to sick cows.
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 79


pageno: 249
notes: Wood used for basketry.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249


pageno: 217
notes: Used for firewood.
rawsource:
Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217


pageno: 205
notes: Gum used to secure stone points to arrows.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 205


pageno: 30
notes: Plant used for arthritis.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30


pageno: 77, 78
notes: Infusion of twigs taken for stomach and intestinal pain.
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77, 78


pageno: 77
notes: Used as building material.
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77


pageno: 14
notes: Infusion of leaves used as a hair wash.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 14


pageno: 45
notes: Stem inserted into ear lobe to keep hole from closing, either alone or with feathers; an earring.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 45


pageno: 60
notes: Plant used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 60


pageno: 14
notes: Infusion of plant used as a lotion for bumblebee or centipede stings.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 14


pageno: 4
notes: Decoction of plant used for 'pain below the shoulders.'
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 4


pageno: 46
notes: Dried, split stems used as a material for basket design.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 46


pageno: 8
notes: Compound decoction of root applied with warm hands for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 8


pageno: 3
notes: Decoction of roots rubbed on area affected by rheumatism.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 3


pageno: 74
notes: Decoction of whole plant used as an emetic in cases of ague and fever.
rawsource:
Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74


pageno: 5
notes: Decoction of plant used to purify the blood.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 5


pageno: 29
notes: Green fronds chewed for shortness of breath.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29


pageno: 29
notes:
Infusion of dried fronds burned to ashes, mixed with unknown and taken for strength and endurance. This infusion used especially by dancers in winter.  Hesquiat dancers would take nothing but this medicine on day when they were dancing; it made them 'light on their feet' and helped them continue dancing for a long time without tiring.


pageno: 258
notes: Decoction of plant used by children for cramps.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 258


pageno: 257
notes: Poultice of smashed plant applied to sore back of babies.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 257


pageno: 377
notes: Softened stems dried and used for the black designs in basket caps and other baskets.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 377


pageno: 264
notes: Used to line baskets.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264


pageno: 217
notes: Fronds chewed or eaten for 'weak stomach.'
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 217


pageno: 47
notes: Blades, stem and root used for 'female maladies.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 47


pageno: 237
notes: Compound containing root and stems used for children who 'turn black.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 237


pageno: 54
notes: Herb used for fits and taken as an 'agreeable decoction.'
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54


pageno: 61
notes: Used by dancers to make them light footed.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61


pageno: 11
notes: Stem inserted in a pierced ear lobe to keep the wound from closing.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11


pageno: 73
notes: Infusion of root taken by nursing mothers for caked breast.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 73


pageno: 122
notes: Black stems used as hunting charms to bring good luck.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122


pageno: 98
notes: Plant water used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 98


pageno: 183
notes: Plant used to make cooking bowls, mush baskets and other small baskets.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 183


pageno: 170
notes: Stems used to make the designs on baskets.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170


pageno: 264
notes: Used to make designs on baskets.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264


pageno: 23
notes: Smashed fruit applied as a salve for hemorrhoids.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 23


pageno: 252
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252


pageno: 366
notes: Fresh fruit considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366


pageno: 148
notes: Roasted, peeled nuts ground into a meal and used to make soup.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 148


pageno: 27
notes:
Boiled nuts eaten with baked kelp, meat and seafood. Nuts were put into boiling water to loosen the husk.  After the husk was removed, the nut meat was returned to boiling water and cooked until it was soft like cooked potatoes.  The nut meat was then mashed with a mortar stone.  The grounds could be strained at this stage or strained after soaking.  The grounds would be soaked and leached a long time to remove the poisonous tannin.  An older method was to peel the nuts and roast them in ashes until they were soft.  They were then crushed and the meal was put in a sandy leaching basin beside a stream.  For about five hours, the meal was leached with water from the stream.  When the bitterness disappeared it was ready to eat without further cooking.

rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27


pageno: 251
notes: Nuts ground into a fine meal and eaten.
rawsource:
Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 251


pageno: 85
notes: Nut meats mashed and used for food.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85


pageno: 27
notes: Wood used for lumber.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27


pageno: 30
notes: Nuts carried in the pocket for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30


pageno: 25, 74
notes: Poultice of pulverized nuts with sweet oil applied for earache.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74


pageno: 78
notes: Carried in the pocket for rheumatism pain.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 78


pageno: 41
notes: Infusion of the inside of fruit taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41


pageno: 379
notes: Compound of powdered roots used for chest pains.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 379


pageno: 121
notes: Horse chestnut carried in the pocket for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121


pageno: 75
notes: Pounded roots strewed on water to 'intoxicate fishes.'
rawsource:
Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 75


pageno: 658
notes: Roots, a very strong medicine, used in cases of 'pulmonary consumption.'
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 658


pageno: 325
notes: Wood used to make the fire drill.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 325


pageno: 246247
notes: Infusion used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 246247


pageno: 60
notes: Salted, boiled or fried in fat and used for food.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 60


pageno: 130
notes: Baked on hot rocks or in the oven or fried.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 130


pageno: 129
notes: Plant top cooked on a flat hot rock and eaten.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 129


pageno: 483
notes: Plant strung, dried, cut, peeled and eaten raw or roasted.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 483


pageno: 186
notes: Infusion of leaves used for chest pains from coughing.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 186


pageno: 27
notes: Infusion of leaves taken as a cold medicine.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 27


pageno: 352
notes: Simple or compound poultice of leaves or stalk applied to burns.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 352


pageno: 51
notes: Flowers frequently included in medicine bundles.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 51


pageno: 26
notes: Infusion of stem, leaves and other plants taken for coughing up blood.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26


pageno: 113
notes: Leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage taken with meals.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113


pageno: 49
notes: Used to make tea.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 49


pageno: 422
notes: Compound infusion of plants used as wash for poison ivy and itch.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 422


pageno: 34
notes: Leaves used for flavoring.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34


pageno: 10
notes: Used as one of the most important foods.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 10


pageno: 41
notes: Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41


pageno: 225
notes: Infusion of root used as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 225


pageno: 374
notes: Seeds formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374


pageno: 109
notes: Infusion of leaves taken as a cold medicine.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 109


pageno: 33
notes: Cold infusion of leaves used for stomach pains.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 33


pageno: 145
notes: 'Hearts' and roots pit baked, crushed and fermented into an intoxicating beverage.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 145


pageno: 155
notes: Tubers pit baked and eaten.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155


pageno: 51
notes: Bundles of fibers used as combination brushes and combs for hair.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51


pageno: 16
notes: Pit baked and extensively used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16


pageno: 61
notes: Pit baked and used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61


pageno: 14
notes: Central flowering stalks eaten as greens in spring before they emerged.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14


pageno: 46
notes: Flower stalks roasted in ashes and eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46


pageno: 54
notes: Two-ply fiber formerly used to make carrying nets.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 54


pageno: 31
notes: Burned stalk ash used as a dye for tattoos.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31


pageno: 202
notes: Crowns gathered and pit-baked.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202


pageno: 13
notes: Roots and stalks baked overnight in a pit oven and used for food.
rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 13


pageno: 61
notes: Leaves used to make rough cordage.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61


pageno: 50
notes: Fiber used to make hair brushes.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 50


pageno: 169
notes: Thorn used as needle and thread.
rawsource:
Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169


pageno: 13
notes: Roots baked and eaten.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 13


pageno: 35
notes:
Bulbous crowns baked in pits, pulpy centers released, pounded into thin sheets and eaten. The Mescalero Apache were named for the food they made from mescal.  In the pits where the crowns were baked, the largest rock was placed in the center and a cross made on it from black ashes.  While the mescal baked, the women were supposed to stay away from their husbands, and if the crown was not completely roasted when removed from the pit, they were believed to have disobeyed.

rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35


pageno: 38
notes: Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38


pageno: 30
notes: Leaf bases pit cooked, made into cakes, dried and used for food.
rawsource:
Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 30


pageno: 257
notes: Pit baked and used for food.
rawsource:
Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257


pageno: 55
notes: Used as a facial cream.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55


pageno: 259
notes: Grass stem brush used to transfer excess mescal juice from dish to slab.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259


pageno: 260
notes: Pounded, cooked, dried meaty centers of leaves stored in houses for later use.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 260


pageno: 212
notes:
Used to make brushes for the hair and for cleaning grinding stones. To make the brushes, the dried matter of a dead and rotten leaf was knocked free from the fibers, which were then bent in two.  The upper end of this brush was wrapped with a cord and the bent portion was covered with buckskin or cloth.  The loose fibers were cut to the right length and hardened by burning the ends.

rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212


pageno: 37
notes: Fibers used to make blankets.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 37


pageno: 56
notes: Taken for diarrhea, gravel and urinary diseases.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56


pageno: 459
notes: Decoction of roots taken to separate venereal disease from the blood.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 459


pageno: 458
notes: Decoction of whole plant and roots taken as a physic.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458


pageno: 288
notes: Roots chewed and held in mouth for toothache.
rawsource:
Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 288


pageno: 214
notes: Used as a steaming agent in sweatbath.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 214


pageno: 51
notes: Cold infusion taken and used as lotion for headache.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51


pageno: 389
notes: Root juice used for chewing gum.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389


pageno: 383
notes: Leaves used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 383


pageno: 25
notes: Taxon known and named but no use was specified.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25


pageno: 493
notes: Milky juice chewed as gum.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 493


pageno: 167
notes: Milky latex used to remove warts.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 167


pageno: 36
notes: Leaves formerly used as food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36


pageno: 22
notes: Infusion of burs taken to 'check bowels.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22


pageno: 357
notes: Infusion or decoction used by children for diarrhea, summer complaint or vomiting.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 357


pageno: 358
notes: Infusion of roots and flowers used on anything to sell, a 'basket medicine.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 358


pageno: 241
notes: Root used as a styptic for nosebleeds.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241


pageno: 383384
notes: Compound containing root used as a medicine for urinary troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 383384


pageno: 76
notes: Plant used as styptic and infusion snuffed for nosebleed by Prairie Potawatomi.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 76


pageno: 91
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 91


pageno: 24
notes:
Dried stipes use as 'pucks' and hitting sticks. The dried stipes were used to play a beach game, something like hockey.  This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village.  Large quantities of this seaweed drift ashore at this time.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24


pageno: 24
notes:
Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones.  Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use.  The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs.  If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24


pageno: 120
notes: Leaves used to apply infusion of flowers to inflamed areas.
rawsource:
Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120


pageno: 482
notes: Plant cooked and eaten.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482


pageno: 91
notes: Formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91


pageno: 344
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344


pageno: 191
notes: Plant given to fawns to try to get them to eat from their hands.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191


pageno: 195
notes: Formerly used to decorate dance masks.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 195


pageno: 144
notes: Plant used as mattresses at seasonal camps.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 144


pageno: 55
notes: Used for wound dressing material and as bandages.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55


pageno: 17
notes: Plant browsed by deer.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17


pageno: 47
notes: Leaves eaten fresh as a relish.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47


pageno: 40
notes: Raw leaves eaten as a relish.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40


pageno: 7
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for bloody dysentery.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 7


pageno: 188
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for dysentery.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1937, Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices, Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society 1:179-197, page 188


pageno: 57
notes: Taken for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57


pageno: 34
notes: Infusion of plant given to women and girls for 'female troubles.'
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 34


pageno: 56
rawsource: Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56
notes:
Baked nut meats, other plants and breadfruit milk applied to scrofulous sores, ulcers and bad sores.


pageno: 272
notes: Infusion of plant used for 'womb troubles.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 272


pageno: 65
notes: Plant made into a tea and used by forest runners.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 65


pageno: 36
notes: Ground seed flour and water made into a drink.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 36


pageno: 187
notes: Seeds harvested, winnowed, parched, ground and the meal eaten.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187


pageno: 59
notes: Bulbs pit baked and used for food.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59


pageno: 380
notes: Bulbs relished by only old men and old women.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380


pageno: 102
notes: Leaves eaten as a relish.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102


pageno: 55
notes: Onions eaten raw, boiled or baked in a pit.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 55


pageno: 74
notes: Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74


pageno: 117
notes: Bulbs dug in the spring and used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117


pageno: 44
notes: Bulbs cooked on hot rocks, squeezed into cakes and eaten.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44


pageno: 62
notes: Plant juice used as an appetite restorer.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 62


pageno: 211
notes: Bulbs eaten only when very hungry.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 211


pageno: 322
notes: Corms used for food.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 322


pageno: 35
notes: Used as a carminative.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35


pageno: 46
notes: Boiled bulbs fried with grease and greens.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 46


pageno: 118
notes: Bulb, consisting of the fleshy bases of the leaves, eaten raw.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 118


pageno: 63
notes: Plant rubbed on body for protection from insect bites.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 63


pageno: 69
notes: Small, wild onion used for food.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69


pageno: 262
notes: Dried bulb used for seasoning.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 262


pageno: 104
notes: Very strong flavor of this plant, a valuable wild food, used in soup.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 104


pageno: 71
notes: Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71


pageno: 194
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 194


pageno: 104
notes: Bulb peelings used as a green dye for wool.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 104


pageno: 31
notes: Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31


pageno: 20
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20


pageno: 377
notes: Eaten raw, roasted or boiled.
rawsource:
Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 377


pageno: 77
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 77


pageno: 505
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 505


pageno: 47
notes: Onions used to flavor soups and gravies.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 47


pageno: 199
notes: Bulbs eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 199


pageno: 47
notes: Juice taken for colds.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47


pageno: 196
notes: Bulbs eaten raw, cooked in pits or fried with meat.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 196


pageno: 485
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485


pageno: 10
notes: Bulbs used as condiments.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10


pageno: 193
notes: Bulbs cooked and eaten and the tops eaten fresh with meat.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 193


pageno: 24
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24


pageno: 272
notes: Poultice of soaked bulbs applied to sores and swellings.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 272


pageno: 338
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 338


pageno: 29
notes: Bulbs used to make gravies.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29


pageno: 406
notes: Used in the spring as an article of food, the small wild onion was sweet.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 406


pageno: 38
notes: Bulbs dried and stored for winter use.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38


pageno: 238
notes: Roots used as a principle food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238


pageno: 37
notes: Bulbs and leaves used for food.
rawsource:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37


pageno: 76
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 76


pageno: 117
notes:
Bulbs dried for winter storage. The dried bulbs were sprinkled with water and became just like fresh bulbs or they were soaked overnight in water.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117


pageno: 117
notes:
Bulbs tied in bundles, partially dried, pit cooked and used for food. The bulbs were cleaned and twined together in mats before they were cooked.  They were tied together by their leaves in big bunches, about fifteen centimeters across.  They were dipped in water, but not soaked, then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beardtongue and alder leaves.  The bulbs were steam cooked overnight and after being cooked, they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy.  The cooked bulbs were eaten after they ate meat.  It was very important to them for refreshment.  Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117


pageno: 117
notes:
Cooked bulbs considered a delicacy. The bulbs were cleaned and twined together in mats before they were cooked.  They were tied together by their leaves in big bunches, about fifteen centimeters across.  They were dipped in water, but not soaked, then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beardtongue and alder leaves.  The bulbs were steam cooked overnight and after being cooked, they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy.  The cooked bulbs were eaten after they ate meat.  It was very important to them for refreshment.  Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen.


pageno: 481
notes: Thick bulbs cooked and eaten.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 481


pageno: 15
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15


pageno: 53
notes: Bulbs washed and eaten raw with broken waferbread dipped in water.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53


pageno: 86
notes: Greens and bulb eaten raw or cooked with potatoes or meats for flavoring.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 86


pageno: 12
notes: Bulbs formerly boiled with meat and used for food.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12


pageno: 45
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 45


pageno: 27
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 27


pageno: 14
notes: Bulbs used for seasoning.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 14


pageno: 221
notes: Entire plant eaten raw or cooked with meat.
rawsource:
Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221


pageno: 182
notes: Used as a soup condiment.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 182


pageno: 28
notes: Bulbs and leaves used to make soup.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28


pageno: 56
notes: Plant eaten raw, alone or with fish.
rawsource:
Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56


pageno: 15
notes: Stems and bulbs frozen for future use.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 15


pageno: 69
notes: Leaves salted and added to soup.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 69


pageno: 46
notes: Bulb skin used as a golden-brown dye.
rawsource:
Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 46


pageno: 75
notes: Infusion of bulbs, sometimes combined with Monarda, applied to swellings.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 75


pageno: 80
notes: Infusion of bulbs used for ear infections.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 80


pageno: 65
notes:
Infusion of bulb taken by nursing mother to pass medicinal properties to the child through the milk.


pageno: 89
notes: Roots used as a principle vegetable food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 89


pageno: 520
notes: Roasted bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 520


pageno: 255
notes: Bulbs gathered in winter and used for food.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255


pageno: 19
notes: Bulbs eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 19


pageno: 6
notes: Onions cooked and eaten.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6


pageno: 32
notes: Used for a green dye.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32


pageno: 325
notes: Bulbs and tops eaten both raw and cooked.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325


pageno: 32
notes: Poultice of mashed, raw onions applied for fever from inflamed injury.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 32


pageno: 100
notes: Bulbous roots cooked in pits and used for food.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 100


pageno: 343
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343


pageno: 50
notes: Bulbs cooked in stews.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50


pageno: 52
notes: Plant eaten as a spring tonic.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52


pageno: 251
notes: Young plants boiled, fried and eaten.
rawsource:
Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 251


pageno: 47
notes: Bulbs and leaves cooked like poke, with or without eggs.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 47


pageno: 346
notes: Decoction of root taken as a quick-acting emetic.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346


pageno: 281
notes: Decoction of plant given to children for worms.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 281


pageno: 323
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 323


pageno: 18
notes: Bulbs traded for baskets, skins or pottery.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 18


pageno: 89
notes: Bulbs cooked with other bulbs as a seasoning.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 89


pageno: 86
notes: Bulbs eaten raw or fried.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86


pageno: 37
notes: Bulbs used as a flavoring ingredient for other foods.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37


pageno: 159
notes: Bulb used for food.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 159


pageno: 31
notes: Infusion of bark used according to diagnosis.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 31


pageno: 119
notes: Inner bark used to make yellow dye.
rawsource:
Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119


pageno: 202
notes: Cones used for medicine.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202


pageno: 5
notes: Infusion of bark taken for scrofula.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5


pageno: 128
notes: Infusion of bark taken for anemia.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128


pageno: 360
notes: Compound decoction of root used as a wash or compress for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 360


pageno: 372
notes: Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372


pageno: 371
notes: Inner bark boiled with other inter barks and bloodroot and used to make a red dye.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371


pageno: 373
notes: Inner bark pounded, steeped and boiled to make a yellow dye.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 373


pageno: 27
notes: Decoction of inner bark used as a wash for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27


pageno: 38
notes: Infusion of young plant taken for pain.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 38


pageno: 245
notes: Bark chewed and used for ulcerated mouths.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 245


pageno: 26
notes: Infusion of root bark taken to congest loose mucous during a cold.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 26


pageno: 78
notes: Bark boiled and cloth or material immersed in boiling liquid as a reddish brown dye.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78


pageno: 206
notes: Decoction of root given to children who pass blood in their stools.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 206


pageno: 69, 70
notes: Infusion of twigs used as a liniment for sprain and backache pains.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69, 70


pageno: 39
notes:
Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants.  The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany.  Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material.  To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen.  This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight.  This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin.

rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39


pageno: 358
notes: Decoction of root taken as astringent and coagulant after bloody stools.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358


pageno: 425
notes: Inner bark used for dyeing light yellow or with other ingredients for red, red brown or black.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425


pageno: 43
notes: Infusion of bark taken for flux.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 43


pageno: 153
notes: Infusion of inner bark taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 153


pageno: 14
notes: Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic by women during menses.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14


pageno: 301
notes: Compound decoction with twigs taken for internal hemorrhage.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 301


pageno: 55
notes: Poultice of compound containing buds applied for lung or hip pains.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55


pageno: 32
notes: Infusion of bark taken for scrofula.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32


pageno: 21
notes: Root bark, mountain mahogany root bark and wild plum root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21


pageno: 20
notes: Bark, mountain mahogany bark and birch bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins.
rawsource:
Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20


pageno: 94
notes: Fresh or dried bark boiled and used as an orange dye for coloring horse hair ropes and cinches.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94


pageno: 39
notes:
Powdered bark used as a tan dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants.  The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany.  Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material.  To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen.  This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight.  This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin.

rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39


pageno: 30
notes: Bark used to dye buckskin a reddish-brown color.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30


pageno: 87
notes: Infusion of plant tops given to children with poor appetites.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87


pageno: 220
notes: Decoction of bark used as a wash for sores and powder of sap wood used on sores.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 220


pageno: 188
notes: Wood used to make snowshoes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188


pageno: 382
notes: Inner bark dried, ground, mixed with flour and water and used as a dye.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382


pageno: 332
notes: Decoction of dried bark taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332


pageno: 12
notes: Decoction of bark used as a wash for babies with skin disease.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12


pageno: 19
notes: Decoction of bark used as wash for skin diseases: sores, diaper rash, peeling or itching skin.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 19


pageno: 503
notes: Stems sometimes used as a scent.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 503


pageno: 332
notes:
Fresh bark formerly chewed and used as a red dye to color fishermen's bodies for successful fishing.


pageno: 198
notes: Staminate aments chewed and used for sores.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198


pageno: 27
notes: Rotten wood rubbed on the body to ease 'aching bones.'
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27


pageno: 224
notes: Wood burned for boiling oolichan grease.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224


pageno: 62
notes: Decoction of bark used to make a medicine for internal ailments.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62


pageno: 61
notes: Infusion of bark used for medicine.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61


pageno: 16
notes: Stems used in basketry.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16


pageno: 328
notes: Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328


pageno: 279
notes: Poultice of bark applied to sores and aches.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279


pageno: 260
notes: Poultice of bark, fresh sea wrack and black twinberry applied for aches and pains.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260


pageno: 282
notes: Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282


pageno: 243
notes: Cones used to store elderberries in the creeks.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243


pageno: 98
notes: Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for bruises.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98


pageno: 79
notes: Formerly used to make red basket dyes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79


pageno: 86
notes: Bark used to make a red dye.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86


pageno: 79
notes:
Bark boiled to make a reddish brown dye and used to color fish nets, baskets, canoes and head rings.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79


pageno: 188
notes:
Infusion of bark used as a wash for scabby skin, eczema and skin sores. One informant used a concentrated decoction of the bark as a wash for her uncle who had a severe allergic reaction to hops.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188


pageno: 188
notes:
Bark boiled in water to make a red dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items. The dye was used to color mountain goat wool and other cloth and to deepen the color of basket materials such as bitter cherry bark.  Skins were tanned and dyed simultaneously by soaking them in a cooled solution of the bark.


pageno: 501
notes: Bark used as a red dye.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501


pageno: 15
notes: Infusion of bark rubbed into the eye for eye troubles.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15


pageno: 72
notes: Decoction of bark taken for bleeding.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72


pageno: 47
notes: Bark used to make an orange dye.
rawsource:
Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47


pageno: 265
notes: Infusion used as wash for sprains, bruises, headaches and backache.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265


pageno: 64
notes: Bark steeped in water for an orange dye to color moccasins and to decorate knife handles.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64


pageno: 35
notes:
Poultice of leaves used in the past for infected wounds or sores. The poultice was left in place over the wound until the leaves stuck to it and was then pulled off, removing the 'poison' with it.

rawsource:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35


pageno: 188
notes: Bark burned as an inhalant for 'rheumatism.'
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188


pageno: 84
notes: Used as a brown dye for wool.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84


pageno: 5
notes: Decoction of inner bark taken for stomach gas.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5


pageno: 715
notes: Bark used for dying reindeer skins.
rawsource:
Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715


pageno: 225
notes: Pistillate catkins eaten for 'throwing blood out.'
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 225


pageno: 36
notes: Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 36


pageno: 285
notes: Plant boiled and taken for headaches.
rawsource:
Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 285


pageno: 238
notes: Leaves boiled into tea.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 238


pageno: 128
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 128


pageno: 48
notes: Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48


pageno: 46
notes: Eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46


pageno: 16
notes: Young plants eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16


pageno: 45
notes: Used, with many different plants, to smoke for lewdness, which was performed at the Coyote Chant.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45


pageno: 25
notes: Threshed seeds ground into flour.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25


pageno: 162
notes: Boiled with meat.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162


pageno: 22
notes: Seeds ground into meal.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 22


pageno: 26
notes: Used to make a glue.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 26


pageno: 96
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 96


pageno: 200
notes: Fresh plants baked and eaten.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200


pageno: 283
notes: Flowers used to color piki.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 283


pageno: 558
notes: Leaves eaten as greens.
rawsource:
White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558


pageno: 87
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87
notes:
Feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by them to the populace between the dances.


pageno: 23
notes: Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23


pageno: 74
notes: Leaves and squash flowers boiled, ground and fresh or dried corn and water added to make soup.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 74


pageno: 218
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 218


pageno: 26
notes: Infusion of plant used for the stomach.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26


pageno: 24
notes: Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked, stored and used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 24


pageno: 23
notes: Seeds ground and used as food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23


pageno: 62
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 62


pageno: 189
notes: Seeds parched and ground into meal.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 189


pageno: 316
notes: Decoction and doll used to 'make a person break out like cancer.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 316


pageno: 117
notes: Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 117


pageno: 346
notes: Small, shiny black seeds used to make pinole.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 346


pageno: 70, 128
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for hoarseness.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 70, 128


pageno: 83
notes: Combined with mustard, plantain, dock and nettle and used as mixed greens.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83


pageno: 222
notes: Seeds ground, boiled, mixed with corn flour and made into dumplings.
rawsource:
Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222


pageno: 361
notes: Seeds formerly eaten and constituted and important source of food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 361


pageno: 256
notes: Leaves boiled for greens and sometimes mixed with dried mescal.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256


pageno: 51, 52
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken and used as wash for 'obstructed menstruation.'
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 51, 52


pageno: 369
notes: Infusion of leaves and plant tops taken for bloody flux.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 369


pageno: 29
notes: Poultice of plant applied to prevent 'blood poison.'
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29


pageno: 65
notes: Decoction of root taken for menstrual troubles.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 65


pageno: 468
notes: Compound decoction of plants taken for diarrhea with bleeding.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 468


pageno: 35
notes: Infusion of leaves applied to swellings.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 35


pageno: 228
notes: Plant used as an emetic.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228


pageno: 13
notes: Infusion of plant used as a wash for minor skin eruptions and scalp diseases.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 13


pageno: 132
notes: Bruised leaves laid on scarified abdomen for nausea.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132


pageno: 323
notes: Plant used as medicine for healing.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 323


pageno: 39
notes: Infusion of leaves and stem taken for cramps in the bowels.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 39


pageno: 188
notes: Infusion of leaves and stems taken for bowel pains and bloody stools.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 188


pageno: 18
notes: Infusion of ground leaves and stems taken for constipation.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18


pageno: 219
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for stomach pains.
rawsource:
Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219


pageno: 55
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash for sores.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 55


pageno: 151
notes: Plant used to facilitate delivery of the placenta after childbirth.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151


pageno: 17
notes: Surplus of roots sun dried on roofs and used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 17


pageno: 60
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 60


pageno: 208
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208


pageno: 68
notes: Infusion of plant and choke cherry cambium taken as a purge.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68


pageno: 37
notes: Berries and buffalo fat used to make a soup eaten as a dessert at feasts.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37


pageno: 26
notes: Berries used to make preserves.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26


pageno: 26
notes:
Berry soup used for most ceremonial events. These ceremonial events included the transfer of a tipi design or the opening of a Medicine Pipe bundle or a Beaver bundle.  The woman prepared the soup from berries, assorted roots, fat and water.  At an appointed time during the ceremony this soup was served to all participants.  The soup was blessed, and an offering of one of the berries was put back into the ground, before eating began.  A few mouthfuls were taken; then the remainder of the soup was given to one or another of the women, who would take it home to her children.


pageno: 26
notes:
Berries, elk manure and tobacco seed planted in small prairie plot in the Tobacco Planting ceremony.


pageno: 107
notes:
Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries.  The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill.  Girls played a game while harvesting the berries.  After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat.  Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries.


pageno: 34
notes: Smashed fruits used to improve loss of appetite in children.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34


pageno: 176
notes: Leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176


pageno: 202
notes: Berries crushed, dried and stored for future use.
rawsource:
Mandelbaum, David G., 1940, The Plains Cree, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 37:202-203, page 202


pageno: 28
notes: Decoction of sticks taken for bad colds.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 28


pageno: 9
notes: Wood used for tipi stakes and closure pins.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9


pageno: 87
notes: Prized berries used for food.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87


pageno: 116
notes: Plant used to make popgun pistons.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116


pageno: 48
notes: Berries eaten dried.
rawsource:
Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48


pageno: 72
notes: Berries eaten by bears.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72


pageno: 341
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 341


pageno: 97
notes: Fresh berries used for food.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97


pageno: 288
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288


pageno: 36
notes: Petals, leaves and small stems used to make a drink.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 36


pageno: 56
notes: Fruits eaten for food.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56


pageno: 355
notes: Black, glaucous berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 355


pageno: 52
notes: Fruits eaten for food.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52


pageno: 120
notes: Decoction of branches taken for colds.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120


pageno: 38
notes: Berries pressed into cakes and used for food.
rawsource:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38


pageno: 39
notes: Wood used to make root diggers and other tools.
rawsource:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39


pageno: 13
notes: Decoction of roots taken for too frequent menstruation.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13


pageno: 86
notes: Berries eaten in late summer.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86


pageno: 253
notes: Decoction of plant and bitter cherry taken as birth control.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253


pageno: 253
notes:
Strong decoction of bark taken by women after childbirth to hasten the dropping of the afterbirth. The decoction was taken immediately after childbirth.  The medicine made from the tall variety of saskatoon was said to clean her out and help heal her insides.  It was also said to stop her menstrual periods after the baby was born and hence act as a form of birth control.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253


pageno: 471
notes: Warm decoction taken and used as a wash after childbirth.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 471


pageno: 489
notes: Fruits eaten fresh in large quantities.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 489


pageno: 253
notes:
Dried berries and many other ingredients used to make a special pudding. The dried berries with bitterroot, flour, butter, cream, sugar and sometimes tiger lily bulbs, avalanche lily corms, deer fat, black tree lichen and salmon eggs were used to make a special pudding.


pageno: 487
notes: Drupes eaten wherever found.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487


pageno: 263
notes: Berries combined with other fruits and eaten.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263


pageno: 107
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 107


pageno: 83
notes: Mashed berries formed into cakes, sun dried and eaten as candy.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 83


pageno: 60
notes: Compound decoction taken for gonorrhea.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 60


pageno: 38
notes: Fruits eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 38


pageno: 64
notes: Fruits eaten for food.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 64


pageno: 101
notes: Berries dried whole or mashed, formed into cakes and dried.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 101


pageno: 38
notes: Berries mashed and dried for winter use.
rawsource:
Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38


pageno: 54
notes: Compound infusion taken for worms.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54


pageno: 351
notes: Infusion of bark used for gonorrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 351


pageno: 277
notes: Berries dried for winter use.
rawsource:
McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277


pageno: 96
notes: Fruits formerly used as a blood remedy.
rawsource:
Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96


pageno: 27
notes: Infusion of bark used as a bath and given to children with worms.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 27


pageno: 356
notes: Compound decoction of bark taken for 'female weakness.'
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356


pageno: 132
notes: Fruit dried for winter use.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 132


pageno: 128
notes: Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128


pageno: 70
notes: Berries dried for winter use.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70


pageno: 236
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236


pageno: 55
notes: Fresh fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 55


pageno: 21
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 21


pageno: 384
notes: Infusion of bark taken by expectant mothers.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 384


pageno: 408
notes: Berries used for food and dried for winter use, the Indians preferred them to blueberries.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408


pageno: 38
notes: Berries dried for future use.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 38


pageno: 11
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11
notes:
Sticks used in a Kawaiisu tale. Coyote sharpens the ends of the sticks (some versions refer to the roots) and plants them, points upward, on one side of his house.  Grizzly Bear, chasing coyote over the house, jumps on the points and is killed.


pageno: 104
notes: Decoction of boiled roots taken to check too-frequent menstruation.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 104


pageno: 90
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 90


pageno: 75
notes: Berries dried for winter use.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 75


pageno: 90
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 90


pageno: 148
notes: Plant used as an emetic.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148


pageno: 222
notes: Wood made into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor and used for fighting.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 222


pageno: 217
notes: Young shoots used to make arrows.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 217


pageno: 237
notes: Berries collected in large quantities and cured.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237


pageno: 107
notes: Berries dried for winter use.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107


pageno: 222
notes: Wood used to make basket rims.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222


pageno: 284
notes: Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 284


pageno: 100
notes: Berries crushed, dried and used for food.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100


pageno: 227
notes: Infusion of leaves used to kill pinworms or any intestinal worms.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 227


pageno: 93
notes: Leaves used to make a hot tea.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93


pageno: 31
notes: Long stems used as a foundation for bedding material.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31


pageno: 45
notes: Stems used to make arrows.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 45


pageno: 55
notes: Plant used as a snuff for catarrh.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55


pageno: 239
notes: Decoction of leaves taken and used as a body steam for snake sickness: itchy skin.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 239


pageno: 166
notes: Plant used for snake sickness: itchy skin.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 166


pageno: 41
notes: Infusion of bark taken for urinary troubles.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 41


pageno: 38
notes: Infusion of root taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38


pageno: 45
notes: Underground fruit used to make bean bread.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 45


pageno: 134
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 134


pageno: 320
notes: Roots boiled and used for food.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320


pageno: 95
notes: Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95


pageno: 365
notes: Compound decoction of plants taken for a bad stomach caused by consumption.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 365


pageno: 259
notes: Nuts gathered and stored in heaps by the mice, taken by the Meskwaki and used.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259


pageno: 405
notes: Roots cooked, although really too small to be considered of much importance.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405


pageno: 341
notes: Roots peeled, boiled and eaten.
rawsource:
Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 341


pageno: 13
notes: Plant used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 13


pageno: 382
notes: Fresh, juicy shoots formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 382


pageno: 5
rawsource: Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5
notes:
Leaves boiled or boiled, strained, refried and eaten as greens. Star mallow, wild heliotrope, fiddlenecks and wild sorrel were dropped entirely from the Pima diet.  The author suspects they were spring starvation season foods.


pageno: 264
notes: Young leaves rolled into balls and eaten raw.
rawsource:
Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 264


pageno: 70
notes: Infusion of plant taken for gonorrhea when the bladder and urinal tract fail.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70


pageno: 500
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 500


pageno: 68
notes: Flowers used to scent alcohol.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68


pageno: 48
notes: Infusion steamed and inhaled for headache.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48


pageno: 187
notes: Plant used as a strong medicine.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187


pageno: 56
notes: Powdered flowers put on each hoof & blown between the ears for long windedness, spirit & endurance.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56


pageno: 74
notes: Compound containing root used as a tonic.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 74


pageno: 465
notes: Roots and stalks used for diarrhea and dysentery.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 465


pageno: 63
notes: Infusion of flowers and roots from another plant used for asthma.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 63


pageno: 11
notes: Flowers used for skin ulcers and foot sores.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 11


pageno: 314
notes: Decoction of plant taken for cough.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314


pageno: 97
notes: Plants rubbed on the hands to soften them for handling or touching sick people.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97


pageno: 362363
notes: Powdered flowers sprinkled on coals and smoke inhaled to revive stroke victim.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362363


pageno: 75
notes: Cooled infusion of roots and shoots taken as a laxative and emetic for a 'poison stomach.'
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75


pageno: 116
notes: Branches used to cover baskets filled with berries.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 116


pageno: 49
notes: Flowers smoked in a pipe or smudged on coals to repel evil spirits.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 49


pageno: 8
notes: Leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8


pageno: 400
notes: Fresh or dried leaves and tips boiled for a beverage tea.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 400


pageno: 227
notes: Infusion of plant taken for wolf sickness: vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea and frequent urination.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 227


pageno: 285
notes: Infusion of roots used for moving sickness: moving pain in the waist region.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 285


pageno: 167
notes: Roots used with a song or spell as an analgesic.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167


pageno: 236
notes:
Infusion of plant taken & used as bath for gopher-tortoise sickness: cough, dry throat, noisy chest.

rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 236


pageno: 40
notes: Grass used under fruit when drying.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 40


pageno: 39
notes: Used to cover fruit and allow ripening.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 39


pageno: 68
notes:
Stiff, jointed stems used by little boys to make arrows. Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68


pageno: 348
notes: Simple or compound decoction of root taken as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 348


pageno: 68, 69
notes: Decoction of blades of grass used as a wash for fevers.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68, 69


pageno: 5
notes: Roots used for backaches.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 5


pageno: 28
notes: Infusion of roots taken for the itch and applied to ivy poisoning.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 28


pageno: 38
notes: Compound decoction of whole plant used for postpartum hemorrhage.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38


pageno: 38, 39
notes: Cold infusion taken for internal pain.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38, 39


pageno: 35
notes: Plant used for pain from witches' arrows.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35


pageno: 22
notes: Leaves steeped in water to make a beverage.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22


pageno: 328
notes: Decoction of roots taken for worms.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 328


pageno: 238
notes: Infusion of root used as a wash for crossed eyes, eye twitch and eye poisoning.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 238


pageno: 382383
notes: Root eaten to clear throat so one can sing well in medicine lodge ceremony.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 382383


pageno: 82
notes: Highly esteemed medicine taken and applied externally for many illnesses.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82


pageno: 383
notes: Infusion of root taken for lung congestion and tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 383


pageno: 82
notes:
Wooly fruits used as good luck charms when playing cards. They rubbed their hands in the smoke that resulted from burning some of the wooly fruits for good luck.  Some of the chewed fruit would work as well.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82


pageno: 274275
notes: Cottony flower burned on hot coals for headache.
rawsource:
McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274275


pageno: 469
notes: Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 469


pageno: 58
notes: Infusion of root taken for whooping cough.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 58


pageno: 327
notes: Decoction or infusion of smashed roots or plants taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 327


pageno: 48
notes: Poultice of root applied to boils.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 48


pageno: 8
notes: Decoction of roots used as a general pain remedy.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 8


pageno: 15
notes: Plant used as medicine.
rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 15


pageno: 24
notes: Pulverized seeds used for bread.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 24


pageno: 15
notes: Powdered plants used as a disinfectant for knife wounds.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 15


pageno: 33, 34
notes: Decoction of leaves used as a bath for muscular pains and sore feet.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 33, 34


pageno: 65
notes: Decoction of leaves taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 65


pageno: 46
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken for fits.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 46


pageno: 271
notes: Decoction of roots taken and used as a wash for sores.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 271


pageno: 248
notes:
Decoction of roots used by men for menstruation sickness: painful abdominal swelling and impotence. If a man has sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, the results were more serious than the other menstruation sickness.  A doctor would never do this, as it would damage the 'medicine' which he has in his body.  Other men were, sometimes, willing to take the risk.

rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 248


pageno: 28, 74
notes: Root used for stomach disorders.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 74


pageno: 28
notes: Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28


pageno: 400
notes: Compound infusion of plants used as steam bath to sweat out headaches.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 400


pageno: 401
notes: Dried roots used as blood purifier.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 401


pageno: 55
notes: Poultice of cooked, pounded root applied to painful areas.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55


pageno: 34, 35
notes: Decoction of roots used for colds or chest ailments.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 34, 35


pageno: 40
notes: Roots used as a religious power medicine.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40


pageno: 40
notes:
Root held in the mouth during Horn Society curse ceremony. Curses were indulged in by the Horn Society as a whole.  In this case a special sweat lodge was constructed.  A human figure representing the condemned man was drawn in the bottom of a pit intended to contain hot stones.  The stones were brought in at a designated time and placed on the drawing to represent the victim's suffering.

rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40


pageno: 40
notes:
Root pieces attached to the binding of the Spear Staff (with bundle), the head staff. The Spear Staff was used during the secret ceremony of the Horns, in which the chief ceremonialist participated in a fertility rite with the initiate's wife.


pageno: 40
notes:
Root used by the Horn Society in the initiation ceremonies. The root was found in the nontransferable initiation bundles.  Having been distributed by the owner of the Spear Staff bundle to the others, down to the owner of the Marten, the root was kept in the mouth and used to bless the initiates.  After the ritual, the root was tied to the paint application sticks, to fortify and replenish the supernatural power inherent in the paint.  The same was done with a wooden scratching pin, which was either worn in the hair or attached to one's garments.  This was done in preparation for the next opening ceremony.


pageno: 40
notes:
Root used during the ritual of body painting & tied to headdresses of all members of Pigeon Society.


pageno: 40
notes:
Juice used to spray on quirt (a rod) to cause other horses to fall behind during a race. A piece of plant was placed in the mouth, and the rider sprayed the quirt with the juice.  This quirt was not used to whip the horse.  When the race began, the rider would try to get on the right side of the other horses; he carried the magic quirt but whipped his horse with a regular one.  At an opportune time the rider threw back the sprayed quirt, causing the other horses to fall behind.


pageno: 61
notes: Decoction of root or raw root taken as a purgative.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61


pageno: 211
notes: Hollow stems used to collect liquid Sitka spruce pitch.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211


pageno: 126
notes: Decoction of dried, scraped roots taken for spitting up blood.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 126


pageno: 427
notes: Poultice of leaves applied for internal or external pain.
rawsource:
Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 427


pageno: 37
notes:
Stalks, with the outer sheet peeled off, eaten raw by children and adults. Only young plants were considered good to eat because older plant became fibrous and strong tasting.

rawsource:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37


pageno: 184
notes: Young stems used medicinally.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184


pageno: 16
notes: Peeled stems and young leaves stored in seal oil for future use.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 16


pageno: 31
notes: Burning stems shaken inside and outside the house for purification.
rawsource:
Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 31


pageno: 276
notes: Plant tied on halibut hooks as a good luck charm.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276


pageno: 292
notes: Peeled petioles used for food.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 292


pageno: 657
notes: Roots used for 'a dry belly-ache' and back pains.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 657


pageno: 191
notes: Plant rubbed on hands and girl's neck to make her give in.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 191


pageno: 371
notes: Poultice of roots applied to head and ears for headaches.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 371


pageno: 370
notes: Fresh sprouts eaten raw.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370


pageno: 71
notes: Pulverized root taken with water for stomachache.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 71


pageno: 259
notes: Infusion of roots and spikenard roots used for head colds.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 259


pageno: 387
notes: Leaves eaten raw as greens.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387


pageno: 20
notes: Decoction of root used for colds.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20


pageno: 253
notes: Decoction of roots taken or poultice of roots applied for headaches.
rawsource:
Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 253


pageno: 509
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 509


pageno: 274
notes: Infusion of flowers taken for kidney disorders.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 274


pageno: 495
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495


pageno: 363
notes: Infusion of herb taken after childbirth to purge afterbirth and to heal.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 363


pageno: 50
notes: Infusion of entire plant given, especially to children, for 'bowel complaint.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50


pageno: 464
notes: Infusion of roots taken for leukorrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 464


pageno: 75
notes:
Roots dried, powdered, put into hot coals at winter dance & smoke used to revive passed out dancers.


pageno: 60
notes: Infusion of roots and tops taken for colds.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60


pageno: 668
notes: Warm infusion of tops and roots taken for colds.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 668


pageno: 458
notes: Some parts or whole plant chewed and swallowed for colds.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 458


pageno: 32
notes: Used as a 'sudorific and anodyne for colds.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32


pageno: 472
notes: Compound decoction of bark, plants and roots taken as blood purifier.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 472


pageno: 392
notes: Infusion of plants used as a wash for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 392


pageno: 264
notes: Cold infusion of plant taken for fever.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 264


pageno: 70
notes: Cold infusion of leaves thought to 'benefit the entire body.'
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 70


pageno: 94
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 94


pageno: 494
notes: Plant and tarweed used for kidney pains.
rawsource:
Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 494


pageno: 20
notes: Fresh or dried plant used to make tea.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 20


pageno: 56
notes: Cattle used this plant for forage.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56


pageno: 419
notes: Grass used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419


pageno: 120
notes: Used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120


pageno: 145
notes: Plant used in earth ovens.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 145


pageno: 39
notes: Hairlike plant provided a small seasonal food source in wet years.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 39


pageno: 24
notes: Beans used for food.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24


pageno: 133
notes: Tubers eaten.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 133


pageno: 94
notes: Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94


pageno: 59
notes: Roots dried, ground into flour and made into bread.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 59


pageno: 63
notes: Roots used with acorns during famine.
rawsource:
Aller, Wilma F., 1954, Aboriginal Food Utilization of Vegetation by the Indians of the Great Lake Region As Recorded in the Jesuit Relations, Wisconsin Archeologist 35:59-73, page 63


pageno: 120
notes: Tubers eaten.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120


pageno: 68
notes: Roots cooked with maple sugar and superior to candied yams.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 68


pageno: 103
notes: Wild potato was appreciated.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 103


pageno: 492
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 492


pageno: 179
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 179


pageno: 64
notes: Compound decoction of plant with whiskey taken for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 64


pageno: 230
notes: Plant used for greens.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 230


pageno: 68
notes: Infusion of plant taken for chronic diseases of the kidneys.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 68


pageno: 29
notes: Steeped seeds added to dishes for flavoring.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 29


pageno: 10
notes: Poultice of beaten roots applied to boils.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 10


pageno: 51
notes: Given to endow children with the gift of eloquence and to make them fat.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51


pageno: 49
notes: Root and branch outer fiber used to make nets, cordage and thread.
rawsource:
Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49


pageno: 415
notes: Compound infusion of roots taken for worms.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 415


pageno: 79
notes: Plant stalk sucked by hunters to imitate fawn wanting it's mother, a doe magnet.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79


pageno: 201
notes: Compound containing rind used by a woman with 'an injured womb.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 201


pageno: 267
notes: Outer rind or bark used for thread.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267


pageno: 354355
notes: Root smoke inhaled for headache.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354355


pageno: 428
notes:
Roots eaten during the medicine lodge ceremony. The roots are also chewed to keep the other witch doctors from affecting one with an evil charm.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428


pageno: 413
notes:
Outer rind used for fine sewing. In the fall, when mature, this plant makes one of the strongest native fibers, stronger even than the cultivated hemp to which it is related.


pageno: 72
notes: Leaves chewed and the juice and pulp swallowed or dried leaves smoked as an aphrodisiac.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72


pageno: 38
notes: Root used as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 38


pageno: 111
notes: Fine divisions of bark were very strong and used as a thread for sewing on the fine beadwork.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 111


pageno: 219
notes: Infusion of roots taken about once a week as a contraceptive.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 219


pageno: 497
notes: Inner bark fiber used as thread and twine for binding and tying.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497


pageno: 276
notes: Decoction of root used as a wash 'to prevent hair falling out.'
rawsource:
McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276


pageno: 60
notes: Outer and inner bark used to make string.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 60


pageno: 140
notes: Fiber considered the best available for making fine cordage.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140


pageno: 416
notes: Infusion of roots taken as a spring or summer emetic.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 416


pageno: 31
notes: Gummy latex mixed with clean clay and used as chewing gum.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 31


pageno: 388
notes: Seeds eaten raw.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388


pageno: 27
notes: Crushed leaves rubbed on mothers' breasts to produce more and richer milk.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27


pageno: 47
notes:
Milky latex used as chewing gum. After the latex was squeezed from the plant, it was allowed to stand over night, whereupon it hardened into a 'white gum.'  Two kinds of gum were recognized; that which was left overnight, and that which was chewed only a few hours after it had been extracted from the plant.

rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47


pageno: 12
notes: Tops chewed and used for horses with eyes.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12


pageno: 202
notes: Bark fiber made into twine and used to make front aprons worn by women.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202


pageno: 201
notes: Plant used to make aprons.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 201


pageno: 202
notes:
Bark fibers made into twine and used to make large-meshed nets for carrying bulky or heavy articles.


pageno: 203
notes: Inner bark fibers made into twine and used to make bowstrings.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 203


pageno: 206
notes: Plant fiber used to make bowstrings.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 206


pageno: 378
notes: Inner bark formerly used to make garments.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378


pageno: 103
notes: Used as a fiber.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103


pageno: 36
notes: Plant used as a Waterway emetic.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 36


pageno: 39
notes: Decoction of plant taken for persistent stomachache.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39


pageno: 75
notes: Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75


pageno: 89
notes: Used as twined weft rows for mats.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology:  Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 89


pageno: 78
notes: Used to make pursenets.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 78


pageno: 470
notes: Decoction of root used medicinally.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 470


pageno: 159
notes: Milky stem latex used for venereal disease.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159


pageno: 159
notes:
Stems used to make string. The stems were cut in the fall, usually in October, soaked and sometimes split in half. The fibrous outer skin was peeled off and the brittle inner stem discarded.  The fibrous part was then dried for indefinite storage and used to make string.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159


pageno: 159
notes:
Plants made into rope or thread and used for sewing and to make fishnets. The plants were dried, beaten with a stick to soften and loosen the fiber and then rolled and twisted on a piece of buckskin covering the upper leg.  The resulting rope or thread was used for sewing, for rope and for fish nets.


pageno: 246
notes: Used to make nets for catching deer.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 246


pageno: 90
notes: Dried, crushed stem fibers used to make fish nets and snares for deer, bears and small game.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 90


pageno: 52
notes: Plant used to make string.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 52


pageno: 276
notes: Used to make the best string and thread.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 276


pageno: 236
notes: Stems used for thatch on houses.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236


pageno: 362
notes: Seed chewed or infusion of roots used for abdominal pains.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 362


pageno: 238239
notes: Decoction of root and leaves taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 238239


pageno: 273
notes: Ripe seeds used to perfume smoking tobacco.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273


pageno: 82, 83
notes: Infusion of crushed seeds taken for headache.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82, 83


pageno: 323
notes: Chewed seed paste used among blankets or other effects by young men as perfume.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 323


pageno: 39
notes: Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 39


pageno: 262
notes: Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262


pageno: 159
notes: Early spring greens boiled and eaten.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159


pageno: 37
notes: Mashed fresh roots rubbed briskly on aching rheumatic joints.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 37


pageno: 71
notes: Chewed seeds rubbed on body & clothing for perfume & seeds used in a sachet & stored with clothing.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 71


pageno: 155
notes: Plant used for a variety of maladies.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 155


pageno: 507
notes: Plant used as a charm by women 'to gain the affection of men.'
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 507


pageno: 247
notes: Root smeared on people's legs to increase stamina before a race.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 247


pageno: 516
notes: Flowers used as sources of nectar by humming birds.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516


pageno: 17
notes: Sweet nectaries inside the sepal spurs bitten off and savored mostly by the younger people.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17


pageno: 22
notes: Plant used to deliver placenta.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 22


pageno: 464
notes: Decoction of whole plant taken as a diuretic and for lower back pains.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 464


pageno: 28
notes: Whole plant used as 'life medicine.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28


pageno: 48
notes: Plant used in the Night Chant Ceremony.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 48


pageno: 193
notes: Leaves chewed as a strong medicine for toothache.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 193


pageno: 23
notes: Plant used for hiccoughs caused by dry throat.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 23


pageno: 91
notes: Roots chewed and juice swallowed for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 91


pageno: 483
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 483


pageno: 21
notes: Decoction of root applied externally for open sores and itching.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 21


pageno: 205
notes: Infusion of roots taken for heart disease.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 205


pageno: 40
notes: Root used as an alterative.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 40


pageno: 115
notes: Berries used to make wine.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 115


pageno: 53
notes: Infusion of root taken as a blood tonic.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 53


pageno: 29
notes: Poultice of chewed roots applied to wounds to draw out the infection.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29


pageno: 393
notes: Infusion of roots taken as a blood medicine and blood purifier.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 393


pageno: 394
notes: Plant used for cancer.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 394


pageno: 96
notes: Fruits used to make wine.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 96


pageno: 277
notes: Roasted, beaten, broken roots and grease taken for blood spitting.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 277


pageno: 203
notes: Poultice of pounded root applied to burns.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 203


pageno: 7
notes: Root used as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7


pageno: 231
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for fits.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231


pageno: 237
notes: Infusion of plants taken as a blood medicine.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237


pageno: 356
notes: Poultice of pounded root applied to boils and carbuncles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 356


pageno: 428
notes:
Roots & sweet flag made into tea & used to soak gill nets before setting out to catch fish at night.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428


pageno: 42
notes: Plant used as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42


pageno: 40, 41
notes: Poultice of pounded root applied to swellings and infections.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 40, 41


pageno: 204
notes: Infusion of roots and spurge taken for sugar diabetes.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 204


pageno: 137
notes: Poultice of roots applied to boils.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137


pageno: 137
notes:
Decoction of root used to drive away 'blue tailed swifts.' 'Blue tailed swifts' were a type of lizard.  When they became troublesome, the Indians used this decoction to drive them away.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137


pageno: 287
notes: Sweetened decoction of root given to children for 'gripes, colic, etc.'
rawsource:
Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287


pageno: 392
notes: Chewed plant induced tapeworm to pass.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 392


pageno: 391
notes: Infusion of smashed roots taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 391


pageno: 251
notes: Infusion of roots used for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 251


pageno: 24
notes: Root used to make a drink taken for stomachache.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 24


pageno: 62
notes: An aboriginal Menomini dish was spikenard root, wild onion, wild gooseberry and sugar.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62


pageno: 54, 55
notes: Root used for headaches and female pains.
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54, 55


pageno: 41
notes: Hot poultice of pounded root applied to inflammations.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 41


pageno: 96
notes:
Young tips were relished in soups. Soup was a favorite aboriginal dish and still is among the Indians.  Being expandable, it fits in well with the well-known Indian hospitality.  After a meal is started, several more guests may arrive and they are always welcome.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 96


pageno: 43
notes: Root used for passing blood.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 43


pageno: 31, 32
notes: Used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31, 32


pageno: 44
notes: Poultice of mashed, boiled roots applied to boils.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 44


pageno: 26
notes: Decoction of root, sugar and flour or bran used as a salve for boils and sores.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 26


pageno: 40
notes: Leaves used for stomach ailments.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40


pageno: 374
notes: Plant eaten to cause vomiting.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374


pageno: 82
notes: Leaves used for burns.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82


pageno: 66
notes: Leaves sometimes smoked.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66


pageno: 17
notes:
Leaves used to test the temperature of pitch used in canoe construction. The pitch was ready to use when the leaf turned black.


pageno: 161
notes: Cider employed as an appetizer to create appetite.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161


pageno: 161162
notes:
Cider used for stomach trouble. Manzanita cider was dipped with a plume stick from a hawk's tail feather; beverage was sucked from the feathers and was said to create appetite as well as cure stomach troubles.

rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161162


pageno: 67
notes: Decoction of bark used as a wash for sores and impetigo.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67


pageno: 104
notes: Leaves chewed and juice swallowed for sore throat.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104


pageno: 44
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for colds.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 44


pageno: 87
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87


pageno: 56
notes: Decoction taken as a potent medicine for lung hemorrhages.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 56


pageno: 23
notes: Cold infusion used internally and externally as ceremonial medicine.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23


pageno: 345
notes: Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 345


pageno: 247
notes: Roots smashed and used with gilead buds for sores.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 247


pageno: 258
notes: Infusion of buds used for chancre.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 258


pageno: 55
notes: Buds and roots used for sores.
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55


pageno: 238
notes: Roots used as a blood medicine.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238


pageno: 50
notes: Infusion of roots taken for whooping cough.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 50


pageno: 36
notes: Infusion of roots used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 36


pageno: 66, 82
notes: Poultice of leaves bound to body for pain.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 66, 82


pageno: 70
notes: Infusion of leaves and roots used for medicine.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 70


pageno: 62
notes: Poultice of wetted leaves and salt applied to swellings.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 62


pageno: 100
notes: Roots and fruits used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 100


pageno: 211
notes: Compound containing root used by women in labor.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 211


pageno: 57, 84
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to boils.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 57, 84


pageno: 135
notes: Decoction of root taken for pleurisy.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 135


pageno: 474
notes: Compound poultice of smashed leaves applied to the head for headaches.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 474


pageno: 475
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to draw poison out and to sweat for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 475


pageno: 77
rawsource: Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 77
notes:
Berries used for food. Berry was juicy but rather insipid in flavor.  Not usually available in large quantities.  Picked in poor berry years and mixed with blueberries.  Flavor was much improved with cooking.


pageno: 108
notes: Berries, other berries and sugar cooked and eaten.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 108


pageno: 55
notes: Berries stored in grease or oil and eaten with fish or meat.
rawsource:
Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55


pageno: 69
notes: Decoction of bark used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 69


pageno: 68
notes: Decoction of bark taken for diarrhea and bleeding diarrhea.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 68


pageno: 11
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11
notes:
Berries used to make a beverage. Berries were covered with a thin layer of dirt and sifted in a yaduci so that the dirt fell through. Then they were sprinkled with water, kneaded with the hands, mashed and soaked 'in the sun' for about a half day.  The yaduci was used as a sieve to remove the berry pulp from the infusion which could be drunk thus or mixed with chia.  Water could be drained through the berry pulp a second time.  The liquid was said to be sweet and fattening.


pageno: 375
notes: Poultice of chewed leaves applied to sores.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375


pageno: 18
notes: Leaves used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18


pageno: 102
notes: Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102


pageno: 101
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101


pageno: 138
rawsource: Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138
notes:
Berries made into cakes and eaten plain or put into water and drunk. Cider was made by adding water to pounded berries and was conveyed to the mouth with a deertail sop.


pageno: 308
notes: Berries used for food during an acorn crop failure.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 308


pageno: 102
notes: Berries eaten by bears and deer.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102


pageno: 38
notes: Decoction of leaves taken for venereal diseases.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 38


pageno: 263
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 263


pageno: 23
notes: Crushed berries used to make a beverage.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 23


pageno: 373
notes: Berries used to make cider.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 373


pageno: 213
notes:
Fresh or stored pulverized berries put in mouth, solid matter spat out and juice sucked. Sometimes the liquid was expressed by squeezing the moistened pulverized mass with the two hands.

rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1932, The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:177-252, page 213


pageno: 109
notes: Berries and salmonberries stored in barrels for future use.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 109


pageno: 10
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10


pageno: 12
notes: Decoction of plant used for bladder ailments.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 12


pageno: 46
notes: Berries used to make a drink.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 46


pageno: 146
notes: Wood used to make mush stirring paddles.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 146


pageno: 245
notes: Fruit sun dried, stored in buckskin bags and hung up for winter use.
rawsource:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245


pageno: 377
notes: Berries used to make cider.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 377


pageno: 81
notes: Seeds ground, molded into biscuits and sun-dried.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 81


pageno: 204
notes: Berries formerly mixed with melted mountain goat fat and served to chiefs at feasts.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204


pageno: 75
notes:
Infusion of plant, mixed with grease & boiled hoof, applied as a salve to itching and peeling scalp.


pageno: 66
notes: Infusion of plant used as a mouthwash for cankers and sore gums.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66


pageno: 101
notes: Crushed leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101


pageno: 49
notes: Berries eaten raw.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49


pageno: 14
notes: Leaves mixed with tobacco, dried cambium or red osier dogwood and used in all religious bundles.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14


pageno: 12
notes: Leaves placed on a piece of wood, roasted to a powder and placed on a cut for rapid healing.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12


pageno: 74
notes: Poultice of ground leaves and stems applied to sores.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74


pageno: 25
notes: Used for 'dropsy.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25


pageno: 40
notes: Infusion of leaves, stems and berries taken for 'persistent' back pain.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40


pageno: 183
notes: Infusion of stems, leaves and berries taken for back pain and sprained backs.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183


pageno: 25
notes: Leaves burned to drive away bad spirits for people going crazy.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25


pageno: 14
notes: Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14


pageno: 318
notes: Berries cooked with meat to season the broth.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 318


pageno: 90
notes: Berries dried and used for food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90


pageno: 29
notes:
Decoction of stems & blueberry stem taken to prevent miscarriage without causing damage to the baby.


pageno: 29
notes:
Fruit cooked in grease, pounded, mixed with raw fish eggs and eaten. Approximate proportions of ingredients were 1 tablespoon grease, 1 1/2 cups fruit and 2 tablespoons whitefish eggs separated from the adhering membranes.  A little sugar was added for flavor.  After the fruits were lightly cooked in grease, they were pounded until they were crumbly.  They were then placed in a heavy cloth folded to make a sack and pounded with the back of an axe head.  The fish eggs moistened the pounded fruit.


pageno: 99
notes: Berries frozen for future use.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 99


pageno: 239
notes: Berries mashed, mixed with grease and eaten.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239


pageno: 64
notes: Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64


pageno: 559
notes: Leaves mixed with native-grown tobacco for smoking.
rawsource:
White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559


pageno: 44
notes: Leaves used as tobacco.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44


pageno: 297
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297


pageno: 35
notes: Dried leaves used as a seasoner to make certain female remedies taste good.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35


pageno: 101
notes: Decoction of leaves and stems taken for spitting of blood.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101


pageno: 239
notes: Berries used as a principle food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 239


pageno: 100
notes: Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100


pageno: 108
notes: Leaves smoked like tobacco.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108


pageno: 118
notes: Leaves mixed with tobacco.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118


pageno: 102
notes: Dried berries used in soups.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102


pageno: 28
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Guedon, Marie-Francoise, 1974, People Of Tetlin, Why Are You Singing?, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 9, page 28


pageno: 211
notes: Raw leaves chewed to alleviate thirst.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211


pageno: 211
notes:
Infusion of leaves used as a tonic, antiseptic & astringent for bladder & urinary passage disorders.


pageno: 514
notes: Fruits eaten by deer.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 514


pageno: 486
notes: Drupes eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486


pageno: 211
notes:
Washed berries fried in hot lard or salmon oil and used for food. The berries would crackle and pop 'just like popcorn.'  They were the only berries prepared in this manner.


pageno: 211
notes:
Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy.


pageno: 495
notes: Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495


pageno: 211
notes:
Mashed berries rubbed on the inside of coiled cedar root baskets to waterproof them. The berries were used to waterproof baskets such as those used for whipping soapberries.


pageno: 336
notes: Berries used to make cider.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 336


pageno: 311
notes: Berries pounded and eaten.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 311


pageno: 470
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 470


pageno: 42
notes: Poultice of steeped leaves applied for swellings.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42


pageno: 47
notes: Poultice of steeped leaves and blossoms used for sun exposure.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 47


pageno: 34, 75-76
notes: Plant used as an emetic for the stomach.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 75-76


pageno: 61
notes: Leaves used to make tobacco mixture for smoking.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 61


pageno: 261
notes: Decoction of pounded root, with cathartic qualities, taken for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 261


pageno: 44
notes: Ground seeds used for sores.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 44


pageno: 285
notes: Plant used to whip children during initiation.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 285


pageno: 29
notes: Leaf ash used under the skin for tattooing.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 29


pageno: 53
notes: Used as a yellow dye for arrows.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 53


pageno: 38, 39
notes: Salve of pulverized seeds used on burns, sores or cuts.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 38, 39


pageno: 78
notes: Poultice of chewed roots applied to sores and scrapes.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 78


pageno: 119
notes: Runners used by girls to tie blankets.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119


pageno: 119
notes:
Runners used to fix leggings in place. The leggings were tied above the knee and then folded over to the ankle, like a boot.

rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119


pageno: 49
notes: Infusion of plant and another plant given to children for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 49


pageno: 92
notes: Infusion of leaves used as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 92


pageno: 19
notes: Roots, tasted like sweet potatoes, used for food.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19


pageno: 480
notes: Roots eaten either raw or cooked.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 480


pageno: 262
notes: Roots eaten raw, but more often cooked.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 262


pageno: 209
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 209


pageno: 270
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 270


pageno: 73
notes: Boiled or steamed roots eaten with oil or 'stink salmon-eggs.'
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73


pageno: 344
notes: Roots mixed with sugar and oolichan grease and eaten.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 344


pageno: 289
notes: Poultice of boiled roots and oil applied to sores and swellings.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 289


pageno: 265
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 265


pageno: 118
notes: Long, fleshy roots steam cooked, dipped in oil and eaten fresh like a dessert.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 118


pageno: 131
notes: Roots eaten as accompaniments to cooked duck.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 131


pageno: 63
notes: Roots formerly used as an important food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63


pageno: 110
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 110


pageno: 37
notes: Roots steamed, dipped in whale oil and eaten.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 37


pageno: 87
notes: Fleshy taproots used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87


pageno: 67, 68
notes: Pulverized plant applied to lips for cold sores.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 67, 68


pageno: 35
notes: Root or whole plant used in summer as 'the head of the life medicine.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35


pageno: 23
notes: Plant used for 'female disorders.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 23


pageno: 41
notes: Poultice of root used for headaches and various skin diseases.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41


pageno: 276
notes: Compound snuff used for headaches.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 276


pageno: 277
notes: Steam from decoction of plant used for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 277


pageno: 275
notes: Ground plant added to mare's feed to induce pregnancy and reduce listlessness.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 275


pageno: 272
notes: Root cooked with meat used in abandoned vessels to poison enemy during war.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272


pageno: 246
notes: Plant used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 246


pageno: 69
notes: Crushed corm sprinkled on head and temples for headache and general pain.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69


pageno: 95
notes: Thinly sliced roots cooked in a pit oven for three days to eliminate the poison.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 95


pageno: 6
notes: Decoction of plant taken to make blood.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 6


pageno: 23
notes: Decoction of root taken 'to make blood.'
rawsource:
Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 23


pageno: 69
notes: Infusion of rhizomes used by women for temporary sterility.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 69


pageno: 286
notes: Plant used for broom material.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 286


pageno: 15
notes: Stems used to make hair brushes.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15


pageno: 167
notes: Decoction taken for colds.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 167


pageno: 20
notes: Infusion of roots taken for breast pains.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 20


pageno: 24
notes: Infusion of root taken for stomach pain.
rawsource:
Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24


pageno: 667
notes: Warm decoction of plant taken for fevers.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667


pageno: 27
notes: Compound poultice with mashed roots used as salve for spider bites.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 27


pageno: 39
notes: Used for 'obstructed menses.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39


pageno: 36
notes: Root used as a condiment.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 36


pageno: 342
notes: Infusion of smashed roots taken for the blood.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 342


pageno: 75, 132
notes: Poultice of leaf bound to the face for toothaches.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 75, 132


pageno: 189
notes: Infusion of roots taken for back pain.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1937, Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices, Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society 1:179-197, page 189


pageno: 75
notes:
Roots used as a love medicine. Roots were mixed with a robin's heart and tongue and with ochre paint.  The mixture was dried and powdered.  The user went into the water and faced east, recited certain words, mentioned the name of the person he desired and marked his face with the powdered arnica mixture.


pageno: 169
notes: Poultice of mashed plant used for swellings.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 169


pageno: 473
notes: Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473


pageno: 17
notes: Decoction taken for cancers.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 17


pageno: 102
notes: Plants eaten by turkeys.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 102


pageno: 48
notes: Plant ash used in blackening ceremonies.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48


pageno: 42
notes: Leaves used for colds.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42


pageno: 199
notes:
Plant and white sage used to build a ceremonial hunting fire before hunting. The hunters stood around the fire and in its smoke before hunting because they believed that the fire and smoke would absolve them of any breach of social observances they might have committed which would otherwise have brought them bad luck.

rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 199


pageno: 14
notes: Infusion of plants taken for vaginal troubles.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 14


pageno: 71
notes: Infusion of dried leaves taken for coughs.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 71


pageno: 109
notes: Infusion of roots rubbed on a hide to be tanned.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109


pageno: 29
notes: Compound infusion of leaf taken to restore menstrual flow.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 29


pageno: 245
notes: Sprays used in the sweatbaths or infusion of leaves taken for sicknesses.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 245


pageno: 45
notes: Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 45


pageno: 287
notes: Plant used to make prayer sticks.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 287


pageno: 82
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82


pageno: 42, 43
notes: Seeds placed on coals and used as a sweatbath for body pains from a serious cold.
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 42, 43


pageno: 21
notes: Seeds considered among the most important food plants when the Zuni reached this world.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 21


pageno: 254
notes: Burned branches used as torches during night fishing.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254


pageno: 12
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12
notes:
Plant and meat chewed by a boy and his parents after his first kill. A boy did not eat the meat of his first kill but, together with his parents, chewed the meat mixed with California mugwort and then spit it into the fire.  If this custom were neglected, the boy would never kill deer and would become a transvestite.


pageno: 39
notes: Poultice of crushed, green leaves used as a compress for headaches.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 39


pageno: 125
notes: Branches put over a bed of ashes and slept on for colds.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 125


pageno: 119
notes: Decoction or infusion of leaves taken for stomachache and cramps associated with diarrhea.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119


pageno: 45
notes: Decoction of leaves taken for pains or 'troubles inside.'
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 45


pageno: 53
notes: Leaves and young stems boiled to make a non-intoxicating beverage.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 53


pageno: 26
notes: Decoction of roots used for dysentery.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26


pageno: 45
notes: Infusion of stems and leaves used as an eyewash for snowblindness.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45


pageno: 363
notes: Oily and nutritious seeds formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363


pageno: 25
notes: Leaves boiled or roasted between hot, flat stones and eaten.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 25


pageno: 28
notes: Crushed plant mixed with water and used on bed clothing as a bed bug repellent.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28


pageno: 76
notes: Poultice of mashed, dampened leaves applied to the forehead for headaches.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76


pageno: 39, 40
notes: Hot decoction of branches used as a wash for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 39, 40


pageno: 51
notes: Foliage used for medicine man's costume.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 51


pageno: 134
notes:
Plant tops bound into bundles and made into brooms used for sweeping the lodge floor. The plant was used for this purpose because of its agreeable, wholesome odor.


pageno: 217
notes: Cold infusion of root used for colds.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 217


pageno: 169
notes:
Plant used as a wash for colds. The plant could also be boiled and the steam used for colds.  The patient would lie in the steam while he was covered with a blanket.


pageno: 169
notes:
Infusion or decoction of plant used as a bathing solution for swelling and discoloration of bruises.


pageno: 169
notes:
Plant used as a wash for colds, especially for babies and for chickenpox, to help the itching. The plant could also be boiled and the steam used for colds.  The patient would lie in the steam while he was covered with a blanket.


pageno: 288
notes: Plant used for boils.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 288


pageno: 32, 94
notes: Plant used for boils.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32, 94


pageno: 33, 94
notes: Simple or compound decoction of plant taken for indigestion.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 94


pageno: 56
notes: Used for drying hands and as a substitute for toilet paper.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 56


pageno: 81
notes: Used as stock feed.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81


pageno: 44
notes: Plant chewed or decoction taken for indigestion and flatulence.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44


pageno: 38
notes: Infusion of leaves taken as a cough medicine.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 38


pageno: 83
notes: Poultice of chewed leaves applied to wounds to lessen the swelling.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83


pageno: 87
notes:
Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away.


pageno: 124
notes: Leaves used as toilet paper.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 124


pageno: 30
notes: Leaves used for headaches associated with fevers.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 30


pageno: 167
notes: Used with sweet corn when roasting.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167


pageno: 289
notes: Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 289


pageno: 54
notes: Leaves chewed or decoction taken for indigestion or flatulence.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54


pageno: 465
notes: Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 465


pageno: 170
notes: Decoction of plant taken as medicine, possibly for venereal disease.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170


pageno: 87
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87
notes:
Sprigs and corn ears attached to decorated tablets and carried by female dancers in a drama. The sprigs and corn ears were carried by female dancers in the drama of The Coming of the Corn Maidens.


pageno: 40
notes: Steeped leaves put next to a baby's skin for fever.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 40


pageno: 17
notes: Used to cover the floor of the sweat lodge.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17


pageno: 17
notes:
Chewed by assistants to the participants during the sweat lodge rituals to relieve thirst. This thirst resulted from taboos against the consumption of liquids.

rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17


pageno: 24
notes: Packed into ceremonial moccasins for storage.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24


pageno: 24
notes:
Used to cleanse the headdresses of the Horn Society before transferring to new owners. In the transferral, the headdress was laid on a bed of man sage.


pageno: 40
notes:
Leaves used in defense of the use of yellow angelica by an opponent in the hand game. The loser went to his lodge and asked for a small piece of meat, which he combined with man sage leaves.  Carrying this charm in his pocket, he returned to the gambling place, where he walked abruptly among the participants and took the dice in his hands.  Then he pretended to sing and perform with the dice--all the while secretly rubbing them with the meat and sage mixture.  After he handed back the dice, the man who had been using the yellow angelica would get a headache and grow lazy, losing all he had won.


pageno: 40
notes:
Stems used as a curse on horses to slacken in races. Short pieces were broken from the stem and a small, flat, white stone was collected.  The man first sprayed the rock with juice from his mouth.  Then the stems were placed on the ground; they represented the other horses.  The stone was sprayed again and shoved toward the stems, without touching them, three times.  At the fourth shove the stone was pressed into the stems.  Horses so cursed were sure to slacken in the race.


pageno: 44
notes: Snuff of crushed leaves used for headache.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 44


pageno: 36
notes: Plant used to make wreaths and bracelets for the sun dance and used in the sweat lodge.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 36


pageno: 353
notes: Infusion of plant used as a disinfectant to wash the bodies of the mourners after funerals.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 353


pageno: 353
notes:
Plant worn around the neck by orphans after parents death to keep the ghost away & prevent sickness.

rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 353


pageno: 338
notes: Plant used as a medicine.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 338


pageno: 349
notes: Burned wood soot used for tattooing.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 349


pageno: 78
notes: Infusion of plant taken and splashed on the body during sweatbathing to 'clear his wind.'
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78


pageno: 78
notes:
Infusion of plant taken and splashed on body during sweatbathing by hunters, to walk long distances.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78


pageno: 173
notes: Poultice of plant applied to sore eyes.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 173


pageno: 282
notes: Used to thatch the sweat house.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 282


pageno: 170
notes:
Plant used on the fire in the first smoking of a hide during the curing process. The smoke from this plant was supposed to soften the hide.


pageno: 170
notes:
Plant used as incense to protect one against evil influences. If one had to go into a large crowd, he could smoke himself with this plant to protect himself against strangers who might bring him harm.


pageno: 437
notes: Used as medicine.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 437


pageno: 169
notes: Infusion of plant used for itching skin and as a lotion for sores.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 169


pageno: 190
notes: Plant used in ceremonies.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190


pageno: 190
notes:
Plant used for many ceremonial purposes. On ceremonial occasions it is spread about the borders of a lodge in a special way.  Other uses are to wipe off ceremonial paint; or to purify, by wiping off, with a bundle of the sage, the body of one who has committed some fault--violated some tabu.  It is used by Contraries to wipe off the ground in a lodge where a Contrary had been seated.  The dried leaves are burned on the coal to make a smoke used in purifying implements or utensils used in ceremony; or to smoke, and so purify, the body of an individual.  This is to drive away bad spirits, and particularly to drive away a bad or ominous dream had by a sick person, which dream may remain in the mind of the person and trouble him.  It may be mixed with 'motsinists' (Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum)--a small pinch of each in about the same quantity--for the same purpose.  The patient who is being smoked sits over the coal on which the sage is being sprinkled, with a blanket over the body and the coal in order to confine the smoke.

rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190


pageno: 321
notes: Plant used in rites of lustration for man or beast.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 321


pageno: 40-42
notes: Decoction of plant used as a soaking bath for aching feet.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42


pageno: 43
notes: Decoction of leaves taken for colds.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 43


pageno: 24
notes: Plant used in ceremonial contexts.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 24


pageno: 16
notes: Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16


pageno: 134135
notes: Plant used to begin any ceremonial in order to drive away evil influences.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135


pageno: 33
notes: Plant taken for colds.
rawsource:
Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 33


pageno: 41
notes: Infusion of leaves used as a bitter tonic for headaches.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 41


pageno: 23
notes: Decoction of leaves thickened with sugar and used for constipation.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23


pageno: 29
notes: Six inch piece of root eaten for kidney trouble.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29


pageno: 81
notes:
Bunches of plant, with other plants, tied to corners of hoops used in unraveling ceremonial objects.


pageno: 510
notes: Bark used by young girls to wipe mouths after eating to prevent hair growth.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 510


pageno: 468
notes: Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 468


pageno: 38
notes: Infusion of fresh or dried leaves used for arthritic like ailments.
rawsource:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38


pageno: 186
notes: Poultice of plant applied to skin infections.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186


pageno: 13
notes: Decoction of plant taken for stomachache.
rawsource:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 13


pageno: 5, 13
notes: Poultice of heated leaves applied to painful joint and used internally.
rawsource:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 5, 13


pageno: 39
notes: Plant used as a switch during the sweatbath.
rawsource:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 39


pageno: 43
notes: Dried leaves and stems burned, in the homes and sweathouses, as a disinfectant.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43


pageno: 220
notes: Infusion of fresh or dried leaves taken for a bad cold with coughing and bronchitis.
rawsource:
Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 220


pageno: 351
notes: Plant used externally and internally for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 351


pageno: 246
notes:
Stems and leaves used for colds. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose.  The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough.  More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk.  The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper.  This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days.  Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day.  This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache.

rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246


pageno: 246
notes:
Stems and leaves used for coughs. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose.  The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough.  More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk.  The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper.  This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days.  Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day.  This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache.

rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246


pageno: 246
notes:
Stems and leaves used for intestinal upset. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose.  The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough.  More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk.  The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper.  This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days.  Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day.  This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache.


pageno: 246
notes:
Stems and leaves used for runny noses. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose.  The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough.  More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk.  The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper.  This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days.  Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day.  This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache.


pageno: 246
notes:
Stems and leaves used for sore throats. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose.  The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough.  More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk.  The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper.  This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days.  Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day.  This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache.


pageno: 34, 94
notes: Plant used for digestive disorders.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 94


pageno: 13
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13
notes:
Bitter wood used as a head scratcher by menstruating women. Any other kind of wood would cause the hair to fall out and the face to wrinkle.


pageno: 131
notes: Decoction of herbs taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Spier, Leslie, 1930, Klamath Ethnography, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 30:1-338, page 131


pageno: 44-47
notes: Burning plant used as an inhalant for headache.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 44-47


pageno: 119
notes: Sagebrush used by dancers to pat themselves to be made spiritually clean, curing ceremonies.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119


pageno: 53
notes: Gum chewed as gum.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 53


pageno: 45
notes: Leaves eaten as a carminative.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45


pageno: 172
notes: Decoction of plant used as a bath for muscular ailments.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172


pageno: 172
notes:
Decoction of branches taken for colds. One informant's mother said that this sage was too strong and powerful to drink.  She said, 'you wouldn't have any more kids.  No children.'  She said that seems to close something up in your system, that it's just too powerful.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172


pageno: 459
notes: Decoction of leaves taken and poultice or plugs of leaves used in nostrils for colds.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 459


pageno: 374
notes: Infusion of leaves used for body aches.
rawsource:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374


pageno: 79
notes: Decoction of leaves and branches taken for colds.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79


pageno: 97
notes: Plant used for headaches.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 97


pageno: 57
notes: Plant used as a 'worm' medicine.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 57


pageno: 15
notes: Poultice of heated leaves applied to newborn baby's navel.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15


pageno: 283
notes: Plant taken or used in steambath for pleurisy.
rawsource:
Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 283


pageno: 425
notes: Poultice of heated leaves applied to minor cuts.
rawsource:
Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  II.  Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 425


pageno: 135
notes: Seeds ground into a meal.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 135


pageno: 36
notes: Beaten root applied to bee stings on the face.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36


pageno: 342
notes: Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 342


pageno: 257
notes: Decoction of washed roots taken for internal ailments.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 257


pageno: 257
notes:
Decoction of washed roots taken for influenza. It was said that too much of the decoction should not be taken because it would make you sick.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 257


pageno: 457
notes: Decoction of root taken for colds and influenza.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457


pageno: 59
notes: Decoction of root taken for stomach pain.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 59


pageno: 33
notes: Salve of root ashes rubbed on sores.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 33


pageno: 261
notes: Infusion of roots used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 261


pageno: 116
notes: Mixture of pounded roots taken for kidney pain.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 116


pageno: 13
notes: Plant used in basketry.
rawsource:
Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 13


pageno: 18
notes: Plant used to make blowguns and darts.
rawsource:
Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 18


pageno: 61
notes: Decoction of root taken to stimulate the kidneys and 'renew strength.'
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61


pageno: 275
notes: Decoction of root used as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 275


pageno: 102
notes: Used as a splint for broken limbs.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102


pageno: 24
notes: Reed made into a whistle and attached to the collar of a otter skin for the Night Chant.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 24


pageno: 159
notes: Infusion of roots given to infants for convulsions.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 159


pageno: 35, 36
notes: Used for 'scant or painful menstruation' and infusion taken 'to start periods.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35, 36


pageno: 21
notes: Decoction of plant taken to cause vomiting for stomach pain.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21


pageno: 129
notes: Roots used for bruises and contusions.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129


pageno: 309
notes: 'Plant may be added to all kinds of medicine to make them stronger.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309


pageno: 308
notes: Cold infusion of roots given to children with headaches and fevers.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 308


pageno: 41
notes: Plant and other plants given to children with convulsions and fevers.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 41


pageno: 310
notes: Compound decoction taken for heaves.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 310


pageno: 311
notes: Compound used for boils.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 311


pageno: 255
notes: Infusion of small roots used by children with cramps.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 255


pageno: 24, 25
notes: Fresh or dried root used as a mild stomachic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 24, 25


pageno: 204
notes: Used as a seasoner and for sore throats.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 204


pageno: 357
notes: Root chewed by sick person as an appetite stimulant.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 357


pageno: 2250
notes: Roots chewed or infusion of roots taken for stomach pain.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2250


pageno: 397
notes: Roots render any meat dish digestible by anyone, even if they are sick.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397


pageno: 50
notes: Decoction of leaves used to wash sores.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 50


pageno: 28
notes: Leaves eaten to increase appetite.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 28


pageno: 165
notes: Dried, powdered leaves rubbed on the hands as a deodorant.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165


pageno: 508
notes: Whole plant or stems put in infant's bed to quiet baby and for illness.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 508


pageno: 19
notes: Poultice of leaves applied for any infections.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19


pageno: 19
notes:
Leaves used to keep a newborn baby's navel from becoming infected. A large snail's body was taken from the shell, smashed and put inside a leaf.  The preparation was steamed and then held over the umbilical cord with twine.  The umbilical cord would fall off and the hole would heal.

rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 19


pageno: 209
notes: Roots used for medicine.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209


pageno: 190
notes: Pounded leaves soaked in cold water and taken to vomit for stomach pains.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 190


pageno: 224
notes: Poultice of fresh, large, green leaves applied as an antiseptic to cuts and boils.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224


pageno: 37
notes: Plant used as a snuff for catarrh.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 37


pageno: 47
notes: Decoction of root used as a wash for headaches.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 47


pageno: 49
notes: Juice of plant used for horse with sore back.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 49


pageno: 379
notes: Used to make ropes and string.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379


pageno: 202
notes:
Stem fiber or decayed stem fiber used to make twine. The stems were soaked in boiling water or the decayed stems were basted with boiling water to separate the fiber.  The fiber was then formed into a ball and made into twine.


pageno: 196
notes: Stem sap boiled in water until coagulation and used as chewing gum.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 196


pageno: 202
notes:
Stem fiber made into twine and used to make network sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.


pageno: 75
notes: Sap collected, set aside to solidify, heated over the fire and used as a chewing gum.
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 75


pageno: 110
notes: Raw root eaten for stomach trouble.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 110


pageno: 380
notes: Flowers considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 380


pageno: 69
notes: Infusion of plant used as tonic after deliverance.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 69


pageno: 418
notes: Cold infusion of roots applied to heal babies navel.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 418


pageno: 417
notes: Compound decoction of roots taken and used as wash for stricture.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 417


pageno: 205
notes: Infusion of root used to drive the tapeworms from a person in one hour.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 205


pageno: 30
notes: Infusion of plant used as a stomach medicine.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30


pageno: 373
notes: Dry powdered root and saliva used for unspecified illness.
rawsource:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 373


pageno: 34
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 34


pageno: 43
notes:
Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands.  The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability.


pageno: 212
notes: Juice used for chewing gum.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 212


pageno: 52
notes: Infusion of roots taken for kidney troubles and nephritis.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 52


pageno: 378
notes: Inner bark used to make strings and cords.
rawsource:
Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378


pageno: 45
notes: 'Milk' squeezed from leaves and stems and chewed as gum.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45


pageno: 66
notes: Decoction of plant tops strained and used as an eye medicine.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66


pageno: 184
notes: Dried, hardened milk used for chewing gum.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 184


pageno: 164
notes: Boiled with meat.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 164


pageno: 48
notes: Decoction of root used as a wash for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 48


pageno: 105
notes: Dried sap chewed as gum.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 105


pageno: 242
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 242


pageno: 56
notes: Milk rolled in hand and used for gum.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 56


pageno: 513
notes: Root poisonous in large amounts.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 513


pageno: 36, 87
notes: Plant used to increase mother's milk flow.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 36, 87


pageno: 17
notes: Roots and unripe pods eaten raw.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 17


pageno: 77
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 77
notes:
Pods gathered when two thirds ripe and the cotton used for weaving clothing. The cotton was used for weaving beautiful white dance kilts, women's belts and other articles of clothing.


pageno: 88
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88
notes:
Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs.  An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom.


pageno: 363
notes: Sprouts used in early spring for food.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363


pageno: 93
notes: Stalks cooked as greens and used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 93


pageno: 59
notes: Infusion of dried, pulverized roots and rhizomes taken by women for temporary sterility.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 59


pageno: 51
notes: Milky juice used to mount precious stones into necklaces, earrings, collars, and bracelets.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 51


pageno: 74
notes: Outer bark used for making cords.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74


pageno: 256
notes: Buds used in soups.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256


pageno: 2205
notes: Young pods cooked with salt and vinegar.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2205


pageno: 109
notes: Boiled young sprouts, floral bud clusters and young, firm green fruits used for food.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109


pageno: 42
notes: Root used for unspecified ailments.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 42


pageno: 416
notes:
Poultice of smashed roots applied to legs and running shoes dampened or washed for running strength.


pageno: 25
notes: Simple or compound poultice of pulverized root used on cuts, wounds and bruises.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 25


pageno: 96
notes: Plant used for nose troubles.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 96


pageno: 129
notes: Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129


pageno: 282
notes: Compound decoction with roots used as a foot soak for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 282


pageno: 14
rawsource: Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 14
notes:
Scraped wood, other ingredients & water taken & used as wash for fainting spells & muscle stiffness.


pageno: 80
notes: Decoction of whole plant used as wash for sores on a horse's back.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80


pageno: 461
notes: Decoction of roots used to stimulate appetite.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 461


pageno: 88
notes: Infusion of plant put in the horse's or dog's nostril for nasal disorders.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 88


pageno: 462
notes: Compound decoction of plants and roots taken as a blood remedy.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 462


pageno: 133
notes: Moxa of burned stems used over affected part.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 133


pageno: 31, 32
notes: Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31, 32


pageno: 31
notes: Roots chewed for stomachaches, cramps or stomach flu.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 31


pageno: 376
notes: Fresh or dried root chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice applied to wound.
rawsource:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 376


pageno: 39
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 39


pageno: 32
notes: Fruit used as ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32


pageno: 27
notes: Plant used as a lotion and poultice applied to injuries from hailstones.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 27


pageno: 49
notes: Decoction of scraped roots taken for venereal disease.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49


pageno: 365
notes: Infusion of roots given to children with fevers.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 365


pageno: 91
notes: Decoction of root used as a febrifuge for children.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91


pageno: 291
notes: Sweet roots eaten by children.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 291


pageno: 46
notes: Used as medicine for horses.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 46


pageno: 91
notes:
Fruits gathered just before corn planting time and ceremonially soaked with seed corn. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn, but were discarded before planting.  The informants could not give a reason for this process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom.


pageno: 31
notes: Tubers eaten.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 31


pageno: 56
notes: Plant used for rabies.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 56


pageno: 40
notes: Ground leaf and stem sprinkled on skin in cases of poison ivy.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 40


pageno: 105
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105


pageno: 28
notes: Blooming plant indicated that the lodgepole pine cambium was ready to harvest.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28


pageno: 222
notes: Plant placed at the top of the cooking pit in the absence of black tree lichen and wild onion.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 222


pageno: 36
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 36


pageno: 36
notes: Tiny peas eaten raw or cooked.
rawsource:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36


pageno: 473474
notes: Decoction of whole plant used as a wash for the head, hair and whole body.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473474


pageno: 504
notes: Decoction of roots taken and poured on head in sweathouse for purification.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504


pageno: 28
notes: Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 28


pageno: 44
notes: Plant poisonous to stock.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 44


pageno: 28
notes: Plant poisonous to horses.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 28


pageno: 226
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 226


pageno: 562
notes: Plant made horses crazy or killed them, if eaten.
rawsource:
White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562


pageno: 50
notes: Infusion of root used as a wash for sores.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50


pageno: 20
notes: Leaves used to clean eel's blood from butchered eel.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20


pageno: 263
notes: Fronds used as covering for fungus placed on hot stones to make a red paint.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 263


pageno: 62
notes: Fronds placed in layers below and above food in steaming pits.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62


pageno: 381
notes: Grated dried root used as healing powder for sores.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 381


pageno: 18
notes: Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18


