# uses

pageno: 68
notes: New shoots and rhizomes used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 68


pageno: 88
notes: Infusion of plant used for vomiting blood.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 88


pageno: 34
notes: Infusion of rhizomes and whole New England aster plant taken by mothers with intestinal fevers.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 34


pageno: 48
notes: Simple or compound decoction of root used as a wash for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 48


pageno: 18
notes: Fruits eaten for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 18


pageno: 160
notes: Boiled with meat.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 160


pageno: 24
notes: Leaves used as a fumigant for pain.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24


pageno: 47
notes: Seeds parched, ground into a flour and made into mush.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 47


pageno: 43
notes: Plant used, for the salt, and stored for the winter as fodder.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43


pageno: 217
notes: Leaves made into a soapy lather and used to wash the hair.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 217


pageno: 292
notes: Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 292


pageno: 24
notes: Infectious wood used to make poison arrow heads for war purposes.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24


pageno: 24
notes:
Infectious wood used to carve arrowheads. The arrowheads were attached to light, swift bamboo shafts and always broke upon impact making them ideal for war purposes.

rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24


pageno: 20
notes: Plant used as an emetic.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 20


pageno: 293
notes: Plant burned and smoke inhaled for epileptic medicine.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 293


pageno: 149
notes: Plant rubbed on horses to repel gnats.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 149


pageno: 36
notes: Boiled with dried cane cactus to counteract its acidic flavor.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 36


pageno: 45
notes: Dried leaves smoked for head colds.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 45


pageno: 263
notes: Seeds pounded into meal, cooked, mixed with water and eaten as mush.
rawsource:
Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 263


pageno: 24
notes:
Seeds of dried plants threshed on a blanket, winnowed, ground & made into a mush or used like maize.


pageno: 11
notes: Infusion of smaller leaves used as a wash for aching body, joints and sore muscles.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 11


pageno: 32
notes:
Infusion of plant used as a blood medicine. Infusion of any atriplex in which the stems or leaves have a red color was used for blood medicine.

rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32


pageno: 15
notes: Branches used as seasoning in cooking or in pit baking.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 15


pageno: 289
notes: Plant used as an emetic.
rawsource:
Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 289


pageno: 57
notes: Decoction of plants taken for dysentery.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 57


pageno: 46
notes: Small seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 46


pageno: 152
notes: Parched, stone-boiled seeds pulverized and eaten as a mush.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 152


pageno: 234
notes: Seeds ground into a flour and used for food.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 234


pageno: 311
notes: Seeds parched, ground and the flour eaten dry.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 311


pageno: 87
notes: Seeds used to make pinoles.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 87


pageno: 205
notes: Grains used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 205


pageno: 25
notes: Used for hay.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 25


pageno: 85
notes: Grain used in pinole, a very fine dry meal.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 85


pageno: 209
notes:
Wood used for drilling fires. A small hole was made in a flat, extremely dry stick.  The drill, a short piece of wood, was inserted into the hole and twirled to form the dust which would ignite if conditions were dry and favorable.  No tinder was used.

rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 209


pageno: 393
notes: Light and pithy wood formerly used for arrows.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 393


pageno: 220
notes:
Infusion of leaves used as a wash or poultice of leaves applied to bruises, wounds or insect stings.


pageno: 201
notes: Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 201


pageno: 27
notes: Seeds steeped and used as tea-like drinks for refreshment.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 27


pageno: 71
notes: Wood used to make stone-tipped hunting arrows.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71


pageno: 17
notes: Hot poultice of leaves applied to swellings and aches.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17


pageno: 49
notes: Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49


pageno: 237
notes: Plant used for turtle sickness: trembling, short breath and cough.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 237


pageno: 272
notes: Complex infusion of leaves taken for chronic conditions.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 272


pageno: 106
notes: Roasted, ground seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 106


pageno: 43
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43


pageno: 20
notes: Infusion of leaves, stems and roots taken for colds.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20


pageno: 47
notes:
Roots used as incense during the Planting ceremonies of the Tobacco Society. A horse was encouraged to stand near a smudge of roots.  Then a rider leapt on the horse and galloped across the planting grounds, stopping only to deposit small offerings to the Small People.

rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47


pageno: 47
notes:
Roots used as incense during the preparatory rites for the ceremonial runner. The ceremonial runner, in pre-horse days, had the duty of herding the buffalo toward the piskun (buffalo jump).  The runner bathed himself in the smoke from a smudge of the dried root; according to tradition, that would enable him to run long distances--more than twenty miles a day.  The runner wore special moccasins, which were transferable annually.

rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47


pageno: 38, 39
notes: Decoction of leaves, roots and stems taken for stomach pains.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 38, 39


pageno: 38
notes: Steam of decoction of plant inhaled for headache and used as wash on head.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 38


pageno: 20
notes: Poultice of coarse, large leaves used for burns.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20


pageno: 348
notes: Poultice of pounded or chewed root paste applied to arrow or gunshot wounds.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 348


pageno: 8
notes: Roasted seeds ground into a flour.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8


pageno: 26
notes: Plant heated, fermented and eaten.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 26


pageno: 36
notes: Old, large roots cooked and used for food.
rawsource:
Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 36


pageno: 240
notes: Seeds roasted in baskets with hot stones and eaten.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 240


pageno: 50, 51
notes: Decoction of root taken for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50, 51


pageno: 117
notes: Juice from the stems sucked when thirsty.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117


pageno: 26
notes: Ground seed meal and juniper berries used to make a pudding.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 26


pageno: 175
notes: Seeds eaten for dysentery.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175


pageno: 491
notes: Seeds mixed with deer fat or grease, boiled, cooled and made into small cakes.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 491


pageno: 175
notes:
Dried roots cooked and eaten as a 'sort of dessert' after meals. The dried roots were reconstituted by soaking in water overnight.  After they were cooked, the roots tasted sweet and were eaten as a 'sort of dessert' after a meal of dried fish or some other food as a main course.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175


pageno: 175
notes:
Cooked roots hung on strings, dried and then stored on the strings or in baskets. The dried roots were reconstituted by soaking in water overnight.  After they were cooked, the roots tasted sweet and were eaten as a 'sort of dessert' after a meal of dried fish or some other food as a main course.


pageno: 175
notes:
Dried seed flour eaten as porridge, especially in times of famine. The seeds were laid on mats, sundried, placed in buckskin bags and pounded into a flour.  The resulting flour was made into a porridge and eaten, especially in times of famine.  One informant said that the seeds were 'choky'  and difficult to swallow if eaten alone.


pageno: 103
notes: Dried roots eaten raw.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 103


pageno: 31
notes: Poultice of roots and leaves applied to swellings.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 31


pageno: 228
notes: Root used for old sores and compound used on knife or axe wounds.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 228


pageno: 40
notes: Cold infusion used for vomiting.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40


pageno: 90
notes: Pulverized seeds mixed with buffalo fat and applied to abdomen for colic.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 90


pageno: 495
notes: Plant and catbriar used for syphilis.
rawsource:
Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 495


pageno: 30
notes: Decoction of roots used as a bath and given to drowsy and listless children.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30


pageno: 363
notes: Compound used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 363


pageno: 56, 84
notes: Compound containing plant used as a lotion on sprains.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 56, 84


pageno: 235
notes: Plant used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235


pageno: 252
notes: Plant boiled, fried and eaten.
rawsource:
Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 252


pageno: 31
notes: Cooked salad eaten to purify blood.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 31


pageno: 203
notes: Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 203


pageno: 152
notes: Used by the medicine man for painting a patient during a healing ceremony.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 152


pageno: 53
notes: Used for bedding and pillows.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53


pageno: 461
notes: Decoction of plant clusters taken for bad stomach.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 461


pageno: 19
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19


pageno: 21
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21


pageno: 119
notes: Decoction of leaves taken three times a day for jaundice.
rawsource:
Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 119


pageno: 40
notes: Plant used for the blood.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40


pageno: 57
notes: Decoction of leaf and bark taken for 'impotency in male or female.'
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57


pageno: 33
notes: Dried roots burned, ground & tossed on hot coals or smoke inhaled to give courage.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33


pageno: 379
notes: Infusion of whole plant used as wash for rashes and athlete's foot infection.
rawsource:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 379


pageno: 43
notes: Plant used as ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43


pageno: 65
notes: Bulbs used to make wine.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65


pageno: 80
notes: Sap mixed with maple sap if the latter is not available in sufficient quantities.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 80


pageno: 25
notes: Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.'
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25


pageno: 300
notes: Complex compound used as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300


pageno: 241
notes: Bark used to build dwellings and lodges.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 241


pageno: 241
notes:
Bark used to make storage containers, sap dishes, rice baskets, buckets, trays and winnowing dishes.


pageno: 44
notes: Infusion of twigs used as a seasoner for medicines.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 44


pageno: 112
notes: Branches used as poles for the wigwam or medicine lodge.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 112


pageno: 151
notes: Infusion of plant used for many medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 151


pageno: 148
notes: Twigs steeped into a beverage.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 148


pageno: 5
notes: Compound decoction of leaves taken for stomachache and intestinal discomfort.
rawsource:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 5


pageno: 33
notes: Wood used to make bowls.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33


pageno: 89
notes: Inner bark used to make a brown dye.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89


pageno: 152
notes: Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 152


pageno: 67
notes: Inner bark used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67


pageno: 370
notes: Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370


pageno: 32
notes: Poultice of outer bark used to bandage a burn.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32


pageno: 75
notes: Fine, shredded bark used as vessels to catch sap from trees in sugar making-time.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 75


pageno: 154
notes: Bark used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 154


pageno: 53
notes: Plant spirit used by the shaman to heal sick people.
rawsource:
Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53


pageno: 416
notes: Bark stripped and used to make emergency trays or buckets in the woods.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416


pageno: 414
notes: Heavy pieces of bark used to make very durable canoes.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414


pageno: 416
notes:
Nearly any kitchen utensil common to the white man, could be duplicated in birch bark by the Ojibwe.


pageno: 416
notes:
Bark rolled into a handy, burn all night torch. The Ojibwe often used a torch of rolled birch bark in lieu of candles.


pageno: 414
notes:
Ojibwe claim that birch was never struck by lightning, hence offered a safe harbor in thunderstorms.


pageno: 414
notes:
No birch was gathered by the Ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to Winabojo & Grandmother Earth. Families made a pilgrimage to birch groves during the latter part of June and in July to gather their supply of birch bark, because it peels most easily at that time.


pageno: 5
notes:
Bark used as casts for broken limbs. A soft material such as a cloth was placed next to the skin on the broken limb over which birchbark was wrapped and tied.  The birchbark was then heated until it shrank to fit the limb.


pageno: 5
notes:
Bark used to make containers for cooking. To cook in a birchbark basket, clean rocks were made very hot and then placed in water in the basket.  This process was repeated until the cooking was completed.


pageno: 5
notes:
Bark made into broad rimmed hats used by young, menstruating girls to restrict their vision. The broad rimmed hats prevented them from looking where they were not supposed to.


pageno: 189
notes: Sap tapped from trees in early spring and taken for colds.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189


pageno: 189
notes:
Bark used for contraception. One informant recalled a case in which a woman in childbirth did not want any more children.  An old woman told her to take the afterbirth, stick it with an old bone awl, wrap it in fishnet and then in a piece of birch bark and place it high up on a particular kind of tree.  The patient was then given an infusion of bitter cherry or saskatoon wood and after that had no more children

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189


pageno: 189
notes:
Tough, waterproof bark used as a material for lining storage caches. The bark was particularly important in the storage of food.  It could be stripped off in fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin sheets.  These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting stained.  The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in storage and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms.


pageno: 189
notes:
Tough, waterproof bark used as a material for wrapping food. The bark was particularly important in the storage of food.  It could be stripped off in fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin sheets.  These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting stained.  The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in storage and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms.


pageno: 226
notes: Wood used for carving.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 226


pageno: 128
notes:
Bark used in boat building. The bark was stripped off at raspberry ripening time, laid away and pressed flat until the next spring.  When required for manufacture, especially in boat building, it was heated over a fire to make it pliable for shaping to the purpose.


pageno: 43, 44
notes: Infusion of twigs used as a seasoner for medicines.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 43, 44


pageno: 659
notes: Bark used in medicine taken for pulmonary tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 659


pageno: 192
notes: Wood used to make snowshoes.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 192


pageno: 168
notes: Used to make coffee.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168


pageno: 206
notes: Infusion of roots taken for sun sickness: eye disease, headache, high fever and diarrhea.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 206


pageno: 204
notes: Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 204


pageno: 209
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken and used as a bath for mist sickness: eye disease, fever and chills.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 209


pageno: 670
notes: Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 670


pageno: 153
notes: Plant eaten by mountain goats and deer.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 153


pageno: 29
notes:
Fronds used as a good medicine for skin sores. This medicine was first learned about from watching the deer, who rub their antler stubs on this plant when their antlers break off.


pageno: 15
notes: Green leaves chewed for stomach distress.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 15


pageno: 219
notes: Fronds used for flavor in cooking by placing them under the items to be cooked.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 219


pageno: 45
notes: Poultice of leaves used for headache.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45


pageno: 47
notes: Corms eaten raw any time of the year.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 47


pageno: 16
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 16
notes:
Corms rubbed on metate into an adhesive & spread on seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.


pageno: 233
notes: Bulb used for food.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233


pageno: 132
notes: Cooked on hot stones, baked in the oven or fried.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 132


pageno: 284
notes: Compound containing root used for sores.
rawsource:
Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 284


pageno: 70
notes: Roots used for coughs.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70


pageno: 229
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229


pageno: 15
notes:
Raw roots or above ground portion of plant diced, mixed with other food & used for puppy & dog food.

rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 15


pageno: 13
notes: Stem used as a toothpick.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13


pageno: 4
notes: Decoction of roots taken to cause vomiting.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 4


pageno: 288289
notes: Plant used as a diaphoretic.
rawsource:
Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 288289


pageno: 261
notes: Cold infusion of root and liquor taken for the cough of consumption.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 261


pageno: 377
notes: Plant said to be good for lung trouble.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 377


pageno: 67
notes: Compound containing root used medicinally.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 67


pageno: 14
notes: Recognized as a good fodder.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14


pageno: 14
notes:
Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.

rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14


pageno: 64
notes: Grass bundled, dried and used as hair brushes.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 64


pageno: 29
notes: Most plants have two spikes: for sport, people would hunt for those with three.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 29


pageno: 15, 16
notes: Compound decoction of plant taken to counteract overdose of 'life medicine.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 15, 16


pageno: 134
notes: Spores dangerous, especially harmful to the eyes.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 134


pageno: 384
notes: Dried leaves sometimes worn inside basket caps for the fragrance.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384


pageno: 257
notes: Flowers used in bouquets.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 257


pageno: 353
notes: Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 353


pageno: 46
notes: Taken to increase the appetite.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46


pageno: 253
notes: Leaves boiled and served with drippings or boiled, fried with other greens and eaten.
rawsource:
Witthoft, John, 1977, Cherokee Indian Use of Potherbs, Journal of Cherokee Studies 2(2):250-255, page 253


pageno: 341
notes: Poultice of hot, dried leaves applied to sores and boils.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 341


pageno: 232
notes: Plant used for greens.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232


pageno: 219
notes: Snuff of ground seeds used for headcolds.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 219


pageno: 71, 128
notes: Poultice of fresh leaves applied to headaches.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 71, 128


pageno: 227
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 227


pageno: 34
notes: Leaves eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 34


pageno: 92
notes: Heads used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92


pageno: 25
notes: Poultice of green leaves bound to head for headache.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 25


pageno: 485
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 485


pageno: 329
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 329


pageno: 89
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 89


pageno: 352
notes: Young leaves eaten as greens in imitation of the first white settlers who first ate them.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352


pageno: 76
notes: Flowers eaten raw or cooked and young leaves eaten boiled and fried.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 76


pageno: 52
notes: Poultice of pulverized ripe seeds applied to burns.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 52


pageno: 52
notes: Decoction of root taken for old injury and cough.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52


pageno: 364
notes: Seeds had poisonous effects.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364


pageno: 83
notes: Plant and other plants used as a ceremonial liniment for the Female Shooting Life Chant.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83


pageno: 46
notes: Plant lotion used on infant ear and finger sores caused by prenatal infection.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 46


pageno: 326
notes: Corms eaten by sheep.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 326


pageno: 156
notes: Bulbs steamed in earth oven and eaten without salt.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 156


pageno: 21
notes: Bulbs baked in sand with a fire built over them.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 21


pageno: 40
notes: Plant used as a shampoo for the hair.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 40


pageno: 273
notes: Decoction of plant used as a soak for corn, a 'corn planting medicine.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 273


pageno: 34
notes: Tied bunches of plants used as hair brushes and light brooms.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 34


pageno: 312
notes: Seeds formerly used for pinole.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 312


pageno: 25
notes: Tied bunches of stems used to make brooms and brushes.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25


pageno: 48
notes: Seeds, a famine food, cooked into a gruel during food shortages.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 48


pageno: 15
notes: Infusion of plant used as a face wash for God-Impersonators.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 15


pageno: 51
notes: Leaves used under bedding when camping.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 51


pageno: 54
notes: Plant used as a narcotic.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 54


pageno: 141
notes: Plant burned into black powder and used to make wood paint.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 141


pageno: 20
notes: Used as an excellent fall and winter pasture for horses.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 20


pageno: 95
notes: Wood used to make medicine bowls.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 95


pageno: 66
notes: Decoction of whole plant and bark from another plant added to cow and horse feed for worms.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 66


pageno: 522
notes: Raw or boiled tubers used for food.
rawsource:
Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 522


pageno: 33
notes: Plant used to make mattresses when nothing else was available.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 33


pageno: 140
notes: Dried grass rubbed until soft and used as sanitary napkins.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140


pageno: 140
notes:
Grass used in drying soapberries. The grass was washed, braided at the ends and laid out on a rack upon which the soapberries were placed to dry.  A small fire was lit under the racks and when the berries were dried, they were stored with the grass still attached.  Then, for use, the berries and grass were soaked in water and hand mixed.  The grass, which helped to whip the berries, eventually floated to the top after which it was removed.  Any remaining grass was removed by the person eating the berry whip.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140


pageno: 296
notes: Plant used to make a carrying case for a part of the wedding garments.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 296


pageno: 251
notes: Seeds, in great quantities, used for pinole.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 251


pageno: 53
notes: Decoction of root taken for hemorrhage.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 53


pageno: 26
notes: Plant used in a spiritual spring tonic.
rawsource:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 26


pageno: 103
notes: Decoction of root taken for internal pains.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103


pageno: 42
notes: Flowers, because of their beauty, have an esthetic appeal.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42


pageno: 85
notes:
Bark used to make conical shaped houses for temporary use while camped to gather and process acorns.

rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 85


pageno: 306
notes: Decoction of leaves taken for stomach troubles.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 306


pageno: 46
notes: Infusion of leaves steam inhaled for colds.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46


pageno: 337
notes: Leafy branches used to spread water gently over acorn meal.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 337


pageno: 32
notes: Baked or boiled bulbs eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 32


pageno: 50
notes: Bulbs roasted in hot ash pits or steamed prior to eating.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 50


pageno: 172
notes: Dried bulbs pounded fine and meal boiled into a sweet porridge or mush.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172


pageno: 157
notes: Roasted bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 157


pageno: 64
notes: Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 64


pageno: 93
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93


pageno: 41
notes: Poultice of mashed bulbs applied to the skin for poison ivy.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41


pageno: 58
notes: Bulbs eaten raw, boiled or roasted.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 58


pageno: 119
notes: Mashed bulbs placed in cheesecloth and used for the eyes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 119


pageno: 295
notes: Raw roots filled with sugar and eaten by children in early spring.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 295


pageno: 295
notes:
Yellow flower used ceremonially. In the spring, the flower is collected in quantity together with larkspur.  Boys holding handfuls of these two plants above their heads are chased by the girls upon certain occasions.

rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 295


pageno: 24
notes: Bulbs formerly used for food in times of scarcity.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 24


pageno: 15
notes: Bulbs used for food in starving times.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 15


pageno: 33
notes: Bulbs formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 33


pageno: 31
notes: Baked or boiled bulbs eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 31


pageno: 90
notes: Bulbs eaten for food.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 90


pageno: 63
notes: Baked bulbs eaten like baked potatoes.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 63


pageno: 467
notes: Fresh plant chewed and spit on wounds and poultice of crushed plant used.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 467


pageno: 354
notes: Poultice of mashed or powdered root applied to scrofula sores.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 354


pageno: 143
notes: Young shoots poisonous, if not boiled.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 143


pageno: 14
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for constipation.
rawsource:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 14


pageno: 323
notes: Infusion of smashed roots taken to vomit against a love charm.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 323


pageno: 35
notes:
Leaves and stalks boiled and eaten with seal oil. The leaves and stalks were collected before the plants flowered because after flowering commenced, the plant was apparently inedible.  But, boiling the plant broke down the poisonous protoanemonin that it contained, rendering it edible.


pageno: 252
notes: Cooked, dried, pounded seeds eaten for chills.
rawsource:
Sapir, Edward and Leslie Spier, 1943, Notes on the Culture of the Yana, Anthropological Records 3(3):252-253, page 252


pageno: 23
notes: Infusion of bark taken for urinary troubles.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23


pageno: 348
notes: Wood and bark from fresh shoots used in basket work.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 348


pageno: 109
notes: Infusion of dried or fresh, peeled bark used for chest colds.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 109


pageno: 135
notes: Bulbs chewed or flowers sucked for mild epilepsy.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 135


pageno: 506
notes: Plants used as charms for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 506


pageno: 83
notes: Bulbs formerly served to guests at potlatches or winter dances.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 83


pageno: 55
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55


pageno: 24
notes: Roots pit roasted and made into loaves.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 24


pageno: 14
notes: Bulbs roasted and eaten.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14


pageno: 54
notes: Steamed or boiled bulbs dipped in dogfish oil or whale oil before being eaten.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 54


pageno: 21
notes:
Bulbs used for food. Bulbs were dug up with a stick and placed in a pit two feet in diameter.  Leaves of Vitis californica were placed on the bottom, a layer of bulbs and then another layer of Vitis californica leaves.  Finally a layer of dirt was added and a fire built on top.  The mush formed was pure white and eaten by itself.

rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 21


pageno: 56
notes: Dried, ground bulbs made into a pudding.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 56


pageno: 40
notes: Bulbs steamed in an earth oven and eaten.
rawsource:
Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 40


pageno: 88
notes: Roots used as a principle vegetable food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 88


pageno: 9
notes: Bulbs boiled for eating fresh or preserved.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9


pageno: 99
notes: Raw or roasted bulbs pulverized, formed into small cakes or balls and dried for storage.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 99


pageno: 99
notes:
Steamed or raw roots used for food. A cooking basket was filled half full of water and hot rocks added to boil the water.  Then small sticks were placed criss-cross in the basket above the surface of the water to hold the roots.  After the roots had been added the basket was covered with a flat rock or piece of cedar plank to keep the steam from escaping.


pageno: 49
notes: Seeds threshed, winnowed, ground and the flour used to make bread.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 49


pageno: 294
notes: Leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 294


pageno: 287
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to stop bleeding.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 287


pageno: 119
notes: Leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 119


pageno: 94
notes: Leaves used for greens.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 94


pageno: 33
notes: Infusion of plant used for injuries by water or hail or dreaming of it.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33


pageno: 250
notes: Raw, boiled or steamed foliage used for food.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250


pageno: 67
notes: Plant rubbed on as a liniment for boils.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 67


pageno: 451
notes: Decoction of stems taken by young women to induce childbirth.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 451


pageno: 37
notes: Infusion of root taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37


pageno: 34
notes: Root chewed for heart ailments.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 34


pageno: 360
notes: Compound containing root used for lung troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 360


pageno: 196
notes: Decoction of plant taken or used as a wash for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196


pageno: 503
notes: Plant used to make rattle pellets.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503


pageno: 306
notes: Used after patient gets well but doesn't think that he's recovered.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 306


pageno: 258
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 258


pageno: 191
notes: Berries eaten raw.
rawsource:
Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 191


pageno: 51
notes: Seeds gathered for food.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51


pageno: 9
notes: Infusion of plant used for dysentery.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 9


pageno: 7
notes: Infusion of plants taken for dysentery and diarrhea.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 7


pageno: 33
notes: Infusion of plant used as a wash for poison ivy.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 33


pageno: 194
notes: Leaves soaked in water overnight and eaten raw or cooked as a green vegetable.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194


pageno: 121
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 121


pageno: 42
notes: Powdered chili pepper rubbed on breast to wean nursing child.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42


pageno: 47
notes: Added to meat and eaten as a delicacy.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 47


pageno: 19
notes: Berries used as a seasoning.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 19


pageno: 560
notes: Used in stews.
rawsource:
White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 560


pageno: 340
notes: Roots used as a poison to kill.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 340


pageno: 27
notes: First plant to flower in the spring.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 27


pageno: 339
notes: Plant used to mesmerize.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 339


pageno: 173
notes: Infusion of plant given to children for fevers.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 173


pageno: 86
notes: Ground root put into vinegar for use as a relish.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 86


pageno: 59
notes: Poultice of root used for headache.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59


pageno: 37
notes:
Leaves & stems parboiled, rinsed, added to hot grease, salt & water & boiled until soft as potherbs.

rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 37


pageno: 34
notes: Infusion of roots combined with other plants and used for scrofula and venereal disease.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 34


pageno: 31, 76
notes: Compound containing root used as a stomach remedy.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31, 76


pageno: 45
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken to strengthen the breasts.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 45


pageno: 252
notes: Infusion of roots used as a tonic for children.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 252


pageno: 2207
notes: Ground roots mixed with salt, sugar or vinegar and used as a condiment or relish.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2207


pageno: 65
notes: Good medicine for the stomach.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65


pageno: 399
notes: Roots used as a good medicine for the stomach.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399


pageno: 53
notes: Leaves used to make strong handles for baskets and shopping baskets.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53


pageno: 22
notes: Used for the bottoms of trinket baskets.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22


pageno: 114
notes: 'Swamp hay' softened by rubbing and used as insoles for moccasins.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114


pageno: 315
notes: Rootstocks used to make the white or creamy groundwork for baskets.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315


pageno: 137
notes: Woody root fibers used as the white background in baskets.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 137


pageno: 103
notes: White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103


pageno: 36
notes: Used for pit cooking and various household purposes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 36


pageno: 8
notes: Roots used as black dye in basketry.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 8


pageno: 19
notes: Cold infusion of plant used as lotion for 'eagle infections.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19


pageno: 6
notes: Roots used in basketry.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 6


pageno: 22
notes: Leaves thought to be a favorite food of the buffalo.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22


pageno: 50
notes: Dried, split leaves used to make the finest baskets.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 50


pageno: 18
notes: Leaves used to make fine, closely woven baskets.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18


pageno: 330
notes: Leaves used for the horizontal strands in basketry.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 330


pageno: 34
notes: Root used as a charm to prevent snakebite and spittle from chewed root used on snakebite.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 34


pageno: 274
notes: Used several ways to 'wash the snowsnake,' a snowsnake medicine.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 274


pageno: 365
notes: Root used as medicine.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365


pageno: 92
notes: Leaves woven into mats.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92


pageno: 314
notes: Rootstocks used to make strong and durable baskets.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314


pageno: 16
notes: Seeds ground, cooked into a mush and eaten.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 16


pageno: 52
notes: Woven sedge used to make spoons.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 52


pageno: 296
notes: Roots split finely and used for black design material in fine baskets.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296


pageno: 73
notes: Fibrous leaves used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73


pageno: 515
notes: Used as a general forage plant.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 515


pageno: 93
notes: Large roots used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93


pageno: 486
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 486


pageno: 50
notes: Syrup used in the absence of sugar to sweeten an intoxicating drink.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 50


pageno: 178
notes: Juice used as a drink.
rawsource:
Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178


pageno: 178
notes:
Whole fruit mashed, water added and mixture drunk after a two day burial in a dry place. The drink was consumed immediately after the two-day burial and said to be better than tiswin.


pageno: 156
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156


pageno: 147
notes: Fruit used to make a kind of butter.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147


pageno: 204
notes: Juice fermented to make an intoxicating drink.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204


pageno: 66
notes: Used for the roofing of houses.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 66


pageno: 26
notes: Juice mixed with water, fermented and used as an intoxicating drink in ceremonies to bring rain.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 26


pageno: 45
notes: Used as a staple food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 45


pageno: 59
notes: Fruits and seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 59


pageno: 23
notes: Ribs made into a drying rack for datil fruit.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 23


pageno: 43
notes: Ribs split, made into rough cages and used to trap gambel quail and morning doves.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 43


pageno: 68
notes: Ribs with shallow, close-spaced notches used as soft rattles for certain songs.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68


pageno: 70
notes: Perforations bored in sticks and used to smooth rough cords.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 70


pageno: 62
notes: Ribs used as the larger of the two pieces of twisters used to make rope.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 62


pageno: 17
notes: Used to make candy.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 17


pageno: 11
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 11


pageno: 14
notes: Trunks used to make cactus fruit picking poles.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 14


pageno: 20
notes: Ripe fruits made into balls and dried for future use.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 20


pageno: 4
rawsource: Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 4
notes:
Pulp made into a syrup and fermented for the annual wine feast. The annual wine feast was an elaborate liturgical celebration intended to bring rain and to continue it through the growing season.


pageno: 134
notes: Fruits eaten for food.
rawsource:
Dawson, E. Yale, 1944, Some Ethnobotanical Notes on the Seri Indians, Desert Plant Life 9:133-138, page 134


pageno: 15
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 15


pageno: 16
notes: Seeds spread on saguaro ribs to dry.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 16


pageno: 127
notes: Tree used for the main supporting posts for the ridgepole of the wigwam or tent.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 127


pageno: 68
notes: Compound infusion of root or bark taken for 'diseases peculiar to women.'
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 68


pageno: 299
notes: Decoction used as a wash or infusion of vine given to babies with diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 299


pageno: 48
notes: Fruit eaten raw.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 48


pageno: 55
notes: Rhizomes given to pigs to make them stronger.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 55


pageno: 8
notes: Pounded nut meat boiled, made into a paste and eaten as a broth or soup.
rawsource:
Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 8


pageno: 82
notes: Compound infusion of bark taken for 'female disorder.'
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 82


pageno: 123
notes: Nut meat oil formerly used for the hair, either alone or mixed with bear grease.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123


pageno: 39
notes: Bark used to make chairs.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 39


pageno: 99
notes: Fresh nut meats crushed, boiled and liquid used as a drink.
rawsource:
Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 99


pageno: 224
notes: Infusion of bark taken 'to make the urine free.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 224


pageno: 531
notes: Nuts stored for winter use.
rawsource:
Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 531


pageno: 20
notes: Decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 20


pageno: 74
notes: Nuts used to make soup.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74


pageno: 297
notes: Compound decoction with white from inside bark taken by adults for worms.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 297


pageno: 419
notes:
Wood used for making bows. Some are quite particular about the piece of wood they select, choosing a billet from the tree that includes heart wood on one side and sap wood on the other.  The heart wood is the front of the bow in use, while the sap wood is nearest the user.  It is a wood of general utility.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 419


pageno: 113
notes: Strong, elastic wood used to make bows and arrows.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113


pageno: 40
notes: Wood ash and water used as a lye to skin corn, corn ground into a fine meal and made into bread.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 40


pageno: 491
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 491


pageno: 215
notes: Decoction of plant taken over a period of time for tuberculosis and spitting up blood.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 215


pageno: 185
notes: Used for tinder, burned green and even frozen, and fuel.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 185


pageno: 29
notes: Compound decoction of leaves used as cough syrup.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29


pageno: 39
notes: Nuts ground into a meal and used to make bread.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 39


pageno: 302
notes: Compound decoction used as wash for parts affected by 'Italian itch.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302


pageno: 16
notes: Infusion of dried leaves used as a wash for fevers, chills and cold sweats.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16


pageno: 15
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash or powdered plant applied to infected sores.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15


pageno: 46
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken to regulate menstruation.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 46


pageno: 41
notes: Plant used for spider bites.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 41


pageno: 163
notes: Flowers sipped sporadically and as a pastime.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 163


pageno: 155
notes: Dried, parched, pulverized seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 155


pageno: 81
notes: Herb secreted onto the person who is the object of the enamor, a love charm.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81


pageno: 35
notes: Flowers used in dance wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 35


pageno: 127
notes: Sweet nectar sucked by children.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127


pageno: 138
notes: Plant pounded up and put into moccasins for 'sweaty feet.'
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 138


pageno: 35
notes: Plant held by women for decoration during the harvest dance.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35


pageno: 159
notes: Plant used for burns.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 159


pageno: 76
notes: Infusion of crushed leaves taken for stomach troubles.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 76


pageno: 43, 44
notes: Compound decoction of root used to 'clean out the blood' after internal injury.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 43, 44


pageno: 35, 91
notes: Decoction of plant used as a contraceptive.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 35, 91


pageno: 297
notes: Decoction of plant used to prevent conception.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 297


pageno: 166
notes: Flowers eaten as food.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 166


pageno: 44
notes: Plant used for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44


pageno: 53
notes: Decoction of root taken as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 53


pageno: 210
notes: Flowers used in young girls' games.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210


pageno: 63
notes: Decoction of entire plant taken for bleeding, stiff lungs.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 63


pageno: 292
notes: Flower nectar formerly sucked by children.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292


pageno: 110
notes: Touching the plant would cause an unwanted storm.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 110


pageno: 284
notes: Broken plant parts used in the house for decoration or for medicine.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 284


pageno: 387
notes: Plants eaten sparingly by horses.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 387


pageno: 39
notes: Flower nectar sucked in spring.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 39


pageno: 53
notes: Flowers and leaves macerated in bear grease & used as invigorating hair oil.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53


pageno: 111
notes: Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color and shine.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111


pageno: 153
notes: Dried seeds stored for winter use then parched, pounded and eaten dry.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 153


pageno: 50
notes: Infusion of flowers used for love medicine.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50


pageno: 246
notes: Plant bases sucked for the sweetness.
rawsource:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 246


pageno: 12
notes: Burned as incense during certain ceremonies.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12


pageno: 370
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 370


pageno: 333
notes: Infusion of roots used as a foot and leg bath for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 333


pageno: 83
notes: Decoction of root, considered highly effective, given for fevers.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83


pageno: 335
notes: Plant used as a fever medicine.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 335


pageno: 664
notes: Decoction of root used as a wash for injured legs or feet.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 664


pageno: 102
notes: Leaves used to make a tea like beverage.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102


pageno: 381
notes: Decoction of roots taken for suppressed menses from catching cold.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 381


pageno: 382
notes: Compound decoction of plants taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 382


pageno: 49
notes: Infusion of roots used as a cure all for stomach troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 49


pageno: 240241
notes: Boiled root chewed as main remedy for flux.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 240241


pageno: 263
notes: Leaves used as a beverage.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263


pageno: 342
notes: Leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 342


pageno: 17
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17
notes:
Twigs used as foreshafts for the two piece arrows. Straight stems were used by removing the leaves and bark and sharpening one end. The piece would then have been fitted into a section of hollow carizzo grass or 'cane.'


pageno: 367
notes: Leaves eaten by deer as forage.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 367


pageno: 328
notes: Rods used to make burden baskets, broad shallow scoops and deep spoon shaped scoops with handles.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 328


pageno: 329
notes: Used as rods for basketry.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 329


pageno: 339
notes: Wood used for fuel.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 339


pageno: 31
notes: Plant used as a Plumeway emetic.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 31


pageno: 23
notes: Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 23


pageno: 368
notes: Young, flexible shoots used for the circular withes of baskets.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368


pageno: 386
notes: Plant used by women who have suffered an injury in childbirth.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386


pageno: 22
notes: New shoots used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 22


pageno: 288
notes: Wood used to make the fire drill.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 288


pageno: 119
notes: Poultice of dried, powdered bark applied to burns.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119


pageno: 57
notes: Flowers used to make soap suds.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57


pageno: 22
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash for facial blemishes and the hair.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22


pageno: 362
notes: Bark used as a filter to leach the bitter out of acorn meal.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 362


pageno: 89
notes: Dried, mashed leaves mixed with tobacco.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89


pageno: 252
notes: Infusion of leaves and twigs used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 252


pageno: 661
notes: Plant used by women with urinary trouble or pain in small of back.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 661


pageno: 376
notes: Decoction of roots taken by young girls who catch cold and don't menstruate.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 376


pageno: 54
notes: Infusion of root bark with another plant and wine taken for anemia.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 54


pageno: 43
notes: Roots chewed and smeared on the body and be impervious to wounding.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 43


pageno: 63
notes: Palatable inner bark would sustain life when food was hard to get.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63


pageno: 208209
notes: Compound containing root used for 'the relief of women in labor.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 208209


pageno: 233
notes: Plant used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 233


pageno: 398
notes:
Inner bark used to make a thick soup when other food unobtainable in the winter. The Ojibwe name of the bitter-sweet is 'manidobima' kwit' which means 'spirit twisted' and 'refers to the twisted intestines of the their culture hero, Winabojo.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398


pageno: 97
notes: Inner bark cooked in times of food scarcity, not highly commended as a food but valued.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 97


pageno: 521
notes: Fruits beaten to a pulp, mixed with fat, rolled into balls and roasted over fire.
rawsource:
Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521


pageno: 489
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 489


pageno: 215
notes: Wood used for firewood.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215


pageno: 6
notes: Fruit dried for winter use.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 6


pageno: 41
notes: Leaves and branches boiled into a dark brown or red dye for wool.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41


pageno: 18
notes: Plant used for indigestion.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 18


pageno: 49
notes: Bark used to make sandals.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 49


pageno: 39
notes: Berries eaten.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 39


pageno: 76
notes: Berries used to flavor meat.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 76


pageno: 362
notes: Dried fruit pounded to make a condiment used for seasoning meat in cooking.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 362


pageno: 23
notes: Berries pounded into a paste like consistency, molded onto a stick and baked over an open fire.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23


pageno: 22
notes: Wood used as fuel for the altar fire in the peyote ceremony.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22


pageno: 250
notes: Inner bark fed to ponies as a conditioner.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 250


pageno: 265
notes: Ground, hard berries made into a mush.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 265


pageno: 58
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to skin sores.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58


pageno: 69
notes: Plant used for the kidneys.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 69


pageno: 33
notes: Bruised leaves used as a salve for sores.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 33


pageno: 168
notes: Decoction of stems and leaves taken for internal pains.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168


pageno: 8
notes: Infusion of plants taken for constipation caused by stomach fevers.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 8


pageno: 58
notes: Poultice of warmed roots applied to the head for eye troubles.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58


pageno: 51
notes: Decoction of roots taken for hemorrhages.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 51


pageno: 243
notes: Inner bark, very important medicine, used as an emetic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 243


pageno: 283
notes: Decoction of bark taken for headaches.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 283


pageno: 228
notes: Decoction of plant taken for wolf ghost sickness: diarrhea and painful defecation.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 228


pageno: 189
notes: Decoction of roots or berries used for horse sickness: nausea, constipation and blocked urination.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 189


pageno: 247
notes:
Decoction of roots taken for menstruation sickness: yellow eyes and skin, weakness and shaking head. If a man has sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, the results were more serious than the other menstruation sickness.  A doctor would never do this, as it would damage the 'medicine' which he has in his body.  Other men were, sometimes, willing to take the risk.

rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 247


pageno: 162
notes: Plant used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 162


pageno: 273
notes: Plant taken for urine retention.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 273


pageno: 317
notes: Decoction of plant used as an astringent.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 317


pageno: 665
notes: Infusion of root and inner bark taken for congestion.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 665


pageno: 32
notes: Slender stems used for fuel during the winter.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32


pageno: 32
notes:
Flower welcomed as a sign of spring. This plant was esteemed because it is one of the earliest shrubs to flower in the spring.  The red or pink flowers which appear before the leaves gave rise to their saying 'pink flowers form into leaves.'  Flowering branches were used in the homes to 'drive winter out.'

rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32


pageno: 356
notes: Bark used for chills and fever.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356


pageno: 375
notes: Wood used for the woof in basket making.
rawsource:
Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 375


pageno: 138
notes: Red bark used as design material for baskets.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 138


pageno: 96
notes: Strips of switch bark used for brown design or bark peeled to show the white used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96


pageno: 423
notes: Used as basket material.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1930, Yuki Basketry, University of Calfornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:421-444, page 423


pageno: 275
notes: Branches used in the making and decorating of baskets.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 275


pageno: 299
notes: Plant used during mid-winter ceremonial to make prayer sticks.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 299


pageno: 98
notes: Wood used for the heads of fish spears.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98


pageno: 53-55
notes: Decoction of bark taken for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 53-55


pageno: 129
notes: Decoction of dried bark taken for spitting up blood.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129


pageno: 122
notes: Compound decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 122


pageno: 53
notes: Roots and bark used for stomach troubles.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53


pageno: 62
notes: Root used to make pipe bowls.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62


pageno: 298
notes: Wood used to make pahos (prayersticks).
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 298


pageno: 354
notes: Wood formerly used to make arrow tips.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 354


pageno: 183
notes: Used as a soup condiment.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183


pageno: 55, 56
notes: Decoction of plant or leaves taken for colds.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 55, 56


pageno: 221
notes: Decoction of roots taken by family of dead one as a purge to avoid illness.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 221


pageno: 178
notes: Plant considered a good medicine.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178


pageno: 82
notes: Infusion of roots used as an eyewash.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 82


pageno: 52
notes: Parched seeds ground into flour, mixed with other seeds and used to form a mush.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52


pageno: 248
notes: Decoction of whole plant or roots taken or used as a wash for digestive troubles.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 248


pageno: 34, 95
notes: Infusion of root used to 'aid a sore nose.'
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 95


pageno: 290
notes:
Plant used to determine the sex of a child. This is quite an ambiguous reference. The text says this: 'This plant is used by the Hopi Indians as genetic factor among the Indian clans. Genetic factor refers to the choice of a small (female) or large (male) plant to assist in determining the sex of a child.'  It is, therefore, unclear if the plant is used to detect whether the fetus is male or female, or to cause the child to be one or the other.  Elsewhere, this author tells us that the Hopi make a decoction of the leaves of juniper 'which is said to be a laxative and is taken by women who desire a female child.'  This suggests that the second possibility may be the correct one, with administration of large plants if you want a son and small ones if you want a daughter.

rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 290


pageno: 36, 95
notes: Infusion of root used to 'quiet the baby.'
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 36, 95


pageno: 52
notes: Poultice or infusion of plant used for swellings.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 52


pageno: 56, 57
notes: Compound decoction of young shoots taken for lumbago.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 56, 57


pageno: 276
notes: Cold decoction of plant used for nausea.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 276


pageno: 496
notes: Plant used as a bed for ripening persimmons.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 496


pageno: 23
notes: Fruits used by children to throw at each other.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 23


pageno: 49
notes: Soft bark used as cover for poultices of Trautvetteria grandis & Ranunculus acris.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49


pageno: 159
notes: Wood used to make boat ribs.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 159


pageno: 33
notes: Wood used for making wedge-shaped block for the back of a canoe, used to keep the feet dry.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 33


pageno: 57
notes: Used to make canoes and paddles.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 57


pageno: 313
notes: Inner bark used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313


pageno: 261
notes: Branches placed on top of burning sea wrack as part of a steam treatment for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261


pageno: 65
notes: Wood used to make light paddles and canoes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65


pageno: 227
notes: Bark fibers, nettle fibers and dog hair used to make a stronger rope.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 227


pageno: 61
notes: Wood used to make canoes and canoe bailers.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61


pageno: 56
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to inflammations.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 56


pageno: 21
notes: Decoction of plant used to wash sores.
rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 21


pageno: 44
notes: Crushed plant rubbed on sore eyes.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44


pageno: 73, 74
notes: Poultice of crushed, whole plant applied to snakebites.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 73, 74


pageno: 33, 83-84
notes: Dried, ground plant used as soothing lip balm.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 83-84


pageno: 369
notes: Compound decoction of stems taken and used as a wash for goiter.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 369


pageno: 35
notes: Infusion of bruised roots taken for yellow urine.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 35


pageno: 73
notes: Sap used for bee stings and sores.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 73


pageno: 11
rawsource: Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 11
notes:
Buds, leaves & other plants pounded & resulting liquid taken for female reproductive organ weakness.


pageno: 65, 66
notes: Milk from stem rubbed on skin for itching and eczema.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 65, 66


pageno: 74
notes: Poultice of mashed plant applied to swellings.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 74


pageno: 39
notes: Infusion of whole plant used as an eyewash.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 39


pageno: 169
notes: Decoction of leaves taken as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 169


pageno: 231
notes: Plant used for rattlesnake bites.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 231


pageno: 30
notes: Plant used as a lotion for chafing and sores.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 30


pageno: 99
notes: Dried leaves rubbed into abdominal scratches for children's dysentery.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99


pageno: 158
notes: Plant chewed to sweeten the saliva.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158


pageno: 151
notes: Roots used to make a fermented, intoxicating drink.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151


pageno: 148
notes: Roots chewed and used as a yeast preparation for the wedding cake.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 148


pageno: 170
notes: Decoction of leaves used as wash for running sores.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 170


pageno: 67
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 67
notes:
Root pieces used to sweeten corn meal. After the mouth had been thoroughly cleansed, the women who sweetened the corn placed a piece of it in their mouths.  The root remained in the mouth for two days, except to take refreshment and to sleep.  Each time the root was removed from the mouth, the mouth was cleansed with cold water before returning the root to it.  Finally, when they began sweetening the corn, either yellow or black corn was used.  The women, with their fingers, placed as much corn meal as possible into their mouths and held it there, without chewing, until the accumulation of saliva forced ejection of the mass.


pageno: 181
notes: Infusion of dried, pulverized leaves taken for bowel hemorrhage.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 181


pageno: 128
notes: Poultice of boiled roots applied to 'sick' skin.
rawsource:
Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 128


pageno: 207
notes: Poultice of roasted and mashed roots applied to boils.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 207


pageno: 112
notes: Powdered inner cortex rubbed on the hands and face to protect them from the cold during the winter.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112


pageno: 102
notes: Fresh roots used for food.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102


pageno: 38
notes: Poultice of barked, chewed roots applied to cuts and wounds.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38


pageno: 38
notes:
Poultice of barked, macerated roots applied to boils, abscesses or wounds to draw out the infection.

rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38


pageno: 23
notes: Pith used as a berry sweetener and eaten by children.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 23


pageno: 389
notes: Infusion of bark applied as poultice for pain anywhere in the body.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 389


pageno: 390
notes: Compound infusion of roots taken for kidneys or for male urination problems.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 390


pageno: 339
notes: Fibers used to make fishing nets.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 339


pageno: 287
notes: Poultice of seeds, down and oil applied to wound after cutting open the tumor.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 287


pageno: 43
notes: Root used to make a wash for swellings.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 43


pageno: 32
notes: Plant used for gastritis.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 32


pageno: 376
notes: Poultice of pounded root applied to boils and carbuncles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 376


pageno: 110
notes: Plant eaten by horses and deer.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 110


pageno: 66
notes: Plant used as a medicine for unspecified ailments.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 66


pageno: 41
notes: Cotton combined with duck feathers and used as blankets.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 41


pageno: 85
notes: Young leaves boiled to make a refreshing tea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 85


pageno: 16
notes: Shoots cooked with fish for dog feed.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16


pageno: 235
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash for sores.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 235


pageno: 106
notes: Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106


pageno: 257
notes: Leaves used to wipe hands, especially after handling slimy fish.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257


pageno: 26
notes: Leaves, rich in vitamin A and C, eaten for healthy, beautiful skin.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 26


pageno: 192
notes: Decoction of leaves rubbed on body & body steamed for deer sickness: numb, painful limbs & joints.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 192


pageno: 267
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 267


pageno: 36
notes: Infusion of plant used as a douche after childbirth.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 36


pageno: 11
notes: Cold infusion of plant used as a lotion for gunshot wounds.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 11


pageno: 230
notes: Infusion of roots and cedar bark used as a medicinal tea.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 230


pageno: 434
notes: Compound decoction of roots taken for too much gall.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 434


pageno: 86
notes: Decoction of plant taken to improve the blood.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 86


pageno: 42
notes: Cooked salad greens eaten to 'keep healthy.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42


pageno: 35
notes: Decoction of plant used as wash for painful limbs.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 35


pageno: 78
notes: Young, tender plant cooked as pottage.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 78


pageno: 361
notes: Young plants boiled for food.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 361


pageno: 17
notes: Leaves cooked and eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17


pageno: 64
notes: Leaves and stems cooked with beans to reduce the intestinal gas from eating the beans.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 64


pageno: 315
notes: Cold infusion of whole plant taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 315


pageno: 209
notes: Infusion of root used for urethral itching.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 209


pageno: 240
notes: Leaves eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 240


pageno: 2209
notes: Young plant cooked as greens.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2209


pageno: 98
notes: Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal.
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98


pageno: 98
notes: Leaves included in the diet for scurvy or to prevent it.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 98


pageno: 47
notes: Plant considered a medicinal food used to prevent or cure scurvy.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 47


pageno: 203
notes: Boiled leaves eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 203


pageno: 22
notes: Plant used as a fever medicine.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22


pageno: 63
notes: Poultice of crushed leaves applied for headaches.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 63


pageno: 241
notes: Decoction of whole plant taken for worm sickness: pale skin and laziness.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 241


pageno: 233
notes: Plant taken & rubbed on the body for lion disease: chest cramps, nervousness & walking continually.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 233


pageno: 11
notes: Decoction of root applied as a poultice for numb or paralyzed limbs.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 11


pageno: 210
notes: Grated root used as soap.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 210


pageno: 83
notes: Berries used as red paint.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 83


pageno: 366
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366


pageno: 13
notes: Berries used by children as paint by rubbing it on what they wished to color.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13


pageno: 502
notes: Calyx crushed and red stain used on the face, body, clothes, wood and skins.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502


pageno: 161
notes: Ground seeds used to make mush.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 161


pageno: 300
notes: Leaves used as flavoring with meat or other vegetables.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 300


pageno: 95-96
notes: Roasted, ground seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 95-96


pageno: 44
notes: Seeds used to make tortillas and bread.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44


pageno: 48
notes: Seeds ground into a meal and eaten.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48


pageno: 192
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 192


pageno: 66
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 66
notes:
Ground seeds mixed with corn meal and salt, made into a stiff batter, formed into balls and steamed. The Zuni say that upon reaching this world, the seeds were prepared without the meal because there was no corn.  Now the young plants are boiled, either alone or with meat, and are greatly relished.


pageno: 53
notes: Wood used to make house frames and granaries.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53


pageno: 241
notes: Branches, with bark removed, used unsplit as rod foundations in coil basketry.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 241


pageno: 8
notes: Used to make the bed of the cradleboards.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 8


pageno: 38
notes: Leaves used for a nibble.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 38


pageno: 84
notes: Plant used for ague.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 84


pageno: 47
notes: Plant used for backache.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47


pageno: 138
notes: Plant used for gonorrhea.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138


pageno: 34
notes: Solution of plant used as eye medicine.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 34


pageno: 253
notes: Infusion of plants used as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 253


pageno: 57
notes: Used for kidney pains.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1948, Ethnobotanique Et Ethnozoologie Gaspesiennes, Archives de Folklore 3:51-64, page 57


pageno: 56
notes: Infusion of plant taken for ague.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 56


pageno: 368
notes: Infusion of plant used for stomach troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 368


pageno: 83
notes: Leaves put in bath water of sprinters and canoers as a liniment for sore muscles.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 83


pageno: 477
notes: Warm decoction of leaves taken before and after childbirth.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 477


pageno: 408
notes: Plant mixed, as a medicine strengthener, with any medicine.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 408


pageno: 407
notes: Compound decoction of roots taken for urinating pain.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 407


pageno: 494
notes: Leaves made into a tea.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 494


pageno: 50
notes: Decoction of roots or bark used as a wash for infected sores and wounds.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 50


pageno: 54
notes: Saponaceous material used as a dandruff shampoo.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 54


pageno: 28
notes: Pounded stalks used as a wash for dandruff.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 28


pageno: 19
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 19
notes:
Upper fiber ends dipped in starch, tied together and used as brushes. The brush was used in the following ways:  (1) to clean out the bedrock mortar hole before tobacco leaves were pounded and to remove the pulverized tobacco afterwards--a usage that probably applied to other materials--(2) to sweep fine meal off the sifting tray; (3) to brush the hair--an old brush must be used for this purpose or 'the hair ends will split'--and (4) when wet, to scrub things clean.


pageno: 19
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 19
notes:
Bulbs boiled into liquid starch & applied to twined seed gathering baskets to close the interstices.


pageno: 39
notes: Fibrous bulbs used as soap bars for washing clothes.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 39


pageno: 68
notes: Plant made into brushes and used to sweep meal off the sifting baskets.
rawsource:
Swartz, Jr., B. K., 1958, A Study of Material Aspects of Northeastern Maidu Basketry, Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications 19:67-84, page 68


pageno: 319
notes: Plant used as a hair wash for dandruff.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 319


pageno: 107
notes: Bulb used as soap for washing body, hair and utensils.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 107


pageno: 336
notes: Outer fibers made into brushes and used to scrape meal off the ground.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 336


pageno: 352
notes: Bulbs made into glue and used to fasten sinew on the backs of the sinew backed bows.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 352


pageno: 290
notes: Long leaves used to line the ground ovens while baking acorn bread.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 290


pageno: 250
notes: Decoction of wood ashes placed on the tongue to cleanse the body and strengthen the marriage.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 250


pageno: 484
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 484


pageno: 24
notes: 'Nuts' roasted in coals and eaten.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 24


pageno: 383
notes: Nuts used for food.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383


pageno: 333
notes: Nuts sometimes used for food.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 333


pageno: 65
notes: Leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 65


pageno: 13-Dec
notes: Nuts stored for later use.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 13-Dec


pageno: 34
notes: Nuts eaten raw, roasted or pounded into a meal.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 34


pageno: 481
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 481


pageno: 25
notes:
Small bit of stem used in cavities for toothache. It was believed that if the cavity was not sealed in some manner after the stem was inserted, the tooth would break.


pageno: 563
notes: Infusion taken as an emetic.
rawsource:
White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563


pageno: 302
notes: Blossoms used as a yellow dye for wools and cotton yarn.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 302


pageno: 84
notes: Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a light-orange dye for leather, wool and basketry.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84


pageno: 57, 58
notes: Infusion of crushed leaves taken for colds.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 57, 58


pageno: 115
notes: Roots used as chewing gum.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 115


pageno: 257
notes: Stems used to brush off spines on fruits.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257


pageno: 33
notes: Threshed, dried on the ground or roofs, stored and used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 33


pageno: 120
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 120


pageno: 476
notes: Decoction of roots used as a wash and poultice applied to chancres and fever sores.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 476


pageno: 212
notes: Roots considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 212


pageno: 71
notes: Roots pounded and used for sores.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 71


pageno: 71
notes:
Infusion of roots taken with large amounts of warm water as an emetic. This remedy was used cautiously because of the poisonous effects of larger doses of water hemlocks.

rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 71


pageno: 270
notes: Cold, compound infusion of burned, pulverized bark taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270


pageno: 60
notes: Plant considered a very bad poison.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60


pageno: 96
notes: Decoction of mashed roots used as a soothing solution for 'rheumatism' and tired and aching feet.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 96


pageno: 89
notes: Used with caution as a purgative.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89


pageno: 150
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash for aching bones.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 150


pageno: 150
notes:
Boiled, roots used by bedridden patients or poultice of roots used for broken hips. The bedridden patient's back was splashed with water and the boiled, mashed roots placed on the back to help the patient recover.  The informant warned that the poultice should not be left on for more than half of an hour and that because of its toxicity, it should never be taken internally.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 150


pageno: 476
notes: Root eaten to protect against disease and give feeling of 'perfect wellness.'
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 476


pageno: 45
notes: Roots chewed and swallowed by women as form of contraception and become sterile.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 45


pageno: 398
notes: Poultice of smashed roots applied for lameness, running sores or cuts.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 398


pageno: 101
notes: Poisonous roots mixed with rattlesnake poison or decomposed animal liver and used to poison arrows.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 101


pageno: 33
notes: Plant poisonous to humans.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33


pageno: 432
notes:
Root used in hunting medicine smoked to attract the buck deer near enough to shoot with bow & arrow.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432


pageno: 390
notes: Root used medicinally.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 390


pageno: 10
notes: Fleshy roots known as a virulent poison and sometimes used for suicide.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 10


pageno: 58, 59
notes: Poultice of roasted roots applied to 'deaden muscular pain.'
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 58, 59


pageno: 282
notes: Decoction of leaves, roots and stems used as a bath for high fevers.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 282


pageno: 372
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 372


pageno: 137
notes: Whole plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 137


pageno: 21
notes: Root 'considered to be poisonous to people.'
rawsource:
Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 21


pageno: 17
notes: Roots considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 17


pageno: 49
notes: Infusion of plant taken for impotence.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49


pageno: 364
notes: Plant used as a 'bowel tonic.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 364


pageno: 81
notes: Large taproots peeled and eaten raw or cooked.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81


pageno: 34, 95-96
notes: Plant used as a worm remedy.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 95-96


pageno: 32,95,96
notes: Plant used for itching.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32,95,96


pageno: 50
notes: Cold infusion of root used as a wash for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50


pageno: 490
notes: Poultice of root paste applied to linen cloths and bound to the wound.
rawsource:
Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 490


pageno: 213
notes: Infusion of root used for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 213


pageno: 55
notes: Bud, at the base of the thistle, used for food.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 55


pageno: 349
notes: Plant used for wounds, cuts or sores.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 349


pageno: 191
notes: Peeled stem used for food.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 191


pageno: 69
notes: Young shoots eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69


pageno: 178
notes:
Roots dried and stored for future use. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178


pageno: 178
notes:
Dried roots rehydrated, scraped, chopped and cooked in stews. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178


pageno: 178
notes:
Fresh roots eaten cooked. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.


pageno: 507
notes: Plant used to make blowgun darts.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 507


pageno: 44, 45
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken as a diaphoretic for syphilis.
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45


pageno: 37
notes: Roots used as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37


pageno: 13
notes: Roots eaten raw or pit baked.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 13


pageno: 247
notes: Leaves held in flames to burn the spines off and eaten by hunting parties when food was scarce.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 247


pageno: 30, 74
notes: Infusion of whole plant used as herbal steam for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30, 74


pageno: 30
notes: Infusion of roots or twigs used as herbal steam for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30


pageno: 51
notes: Fresh flower centers chewed to mask unpleasant flavors in medicines.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 51


pageno: 474
notes: Plant used at the busk ceremonies.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 474


pageno: 24
notes: Decoction of seeds taken as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 24


pageno: 59
notes: Decoction of mashed seeds taken for blood in the urine.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 59


pageno: 266
notes: Dried, whole seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 266


pageno: 243
notes: Seeds parched and ground to make sumkwin and other dishes.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 243


pageno: 113
notes: Fresh or dried flesh boiled, mashed and mixed into the paste when making corn bread.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113


pageno: 21
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1931, The Kamia of Imperial Valley, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, page 21


pageno: 53
notes: Unripened plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 53


pageno: 257
notes: Melon used for food.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 257


pageno: 46
notes: Watermelon cultivated and used for food.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 46


pageno: 98
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98


pageno: 479
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 479


pageno: 513
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 513


pageno: 511
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 511


pageno: 284
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 284


pageno: 512
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 512


pageno: 275
notes: Fruit much prized for food after it became available.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 275


pageno: 498
notes: Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 498


pageno: 172
notes: Stems used to make medicine tubes.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 172


pageno: 405
notes: Roots used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 405


pageno: 154
notes: Parched, pulverized seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 154


pageno: 137
notes: Seeds considered one of the most prized vegetable foods.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 137


pageno: 89
notes: Leaves eaten fresh or boiled as greens.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 89


pageno: 29
notes: Rootstocks eaten by marmots, ground squirrels and grizzly bears.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 29


pageno: 113
notes: Corms used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 113


pageno: 239
notes: Corms made into cakes and dried for future use.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 239


pageno: 24
notes:
Shoot used to play a game. The stem was stripped of it's outer layers leaving only the terminal leaf or inflorescence hanging loosely on a flexible strand.  Opponents held firmly to the base of the strand and attempted to hook the opponents leaf or inflorescence.  After engaging, the opponents pulled and the opponent who retained his leaf or inflorescence won.


pageno: 59
notes: Poultice of mashed plants applied for rheumatic pains.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 59


pageno: 241
notes: Plant used for sore eyes and for 'helping someone to see the right.'
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 241


pageno: 25
notes:
Shoot used to play a game. The stem was stripped of it's outer layers leaving only the terminal leaf or inflorescence hanging loosely on a flexible strand.  Opponents held firmly to the base of the strand and attempted to hook the opponents leaf or inflorescence.  After engaging, the opponents pulled and the opponent who retained his leaf or inflorescence won.

rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 25


pageno: 160
notes: Raw stems, leaves and blossoms used for food.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 160


pageno: 49
notes: Leaves eaten raw.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49


pageno: 71
notes: Poultice of chewed leaves used on cuts and sores.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71


pageno: 383
notes:
Fresh flowers used by children to play a game. Each of the two players held a stem in his hand and tried to hook his flower around his opponent's flower.  When the flowers were engaged, the players pulled and the one whose flower head came off lost.  It was done over and over and a score was kept.

rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383


pageno: 84
notes: Corm cooked and eaten like potatoes.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 84


pageno: 318
notes: Eating raw plants permanently prevented conception.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 318


pageno: 303
notes: Infusion of plant used for sunstroke.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 303


pageno: 27
notes: Cold infusion of plant used as a lotion for swollen knee or ankle.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 27


pageno: 7
notes: Poultice of foliage applied for chest pains.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 7


pageno: 35
notes: Plant used as a horse medicine.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35


pageno: 55
notes: Infusion of roots taken for headaches.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 55


pageno: 17
notes: Infusion of plant used as a wash for skin eruptions.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 17


pageno: 347
notes: Stems and leaves chewed for colds.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 347


pageno: 47
notes: Plant used for pain.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47


pageno: 59, 60
notes: Decoction of leaves used as a wash or tub bath for dropsical conditions.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 59, 60


pageno: 59
notes: Used to make carrying nets for water bottles.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 59


pageno: 111
notes:
Leaves used to remove 'ghost bullets,' supernatural objects shot into people by ghosts. The bullets were removed by a diviner either with a sucking tube or through a slit in the skin made with a flint.  Then the leaves were boiled and applied to the place where the bullets were removed.  Fainting was often the result of coming near a ghost and the victim was revived with a smudge of the stem of this plant.


pageno: 239
notes: Root used to make a drink taken for 'any kind of common sickness.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 239


pageno: 60
notes: Infusion with milkweed used for backache.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60


pageno: 330
notes: Root powder and infusion of roots used on venereal disease sores.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 330


pageno: 25
notes: Plant used with ceremonial tobacco in some chants.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25


pageno: 51
notes: Leaves used to make a gravy.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51


pageno: 51
notes:
Stalks used as a drill to start fires. The brittle stalks, about an inch in diameter were used for the drills which were whirled between the palms of the hands and were made to revolve on the edge of a larger stalk into which a notch had been cut.  A pinch of sand was sometimes placed under the point of the drill which caused the wood to become a fine powder.  This powder then ran down the notch and formed a little pile on the ground.  Smoke was produced in less than a minute and in about two minutes tiny sparks dropped onto the pile of dry powder which took fire from them.  By carefully feeding the fire with bits of dried bark and grass and with much blowing, a blaze was produced.


pageno: 221
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 221


pageno: 24
notes:
Plants boiled and eaten like spinach. This plant was so important economically that it was listed in songs with corn, pumpkins and cotton, the three main cultivated plants.

rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24


pageno: 26
notes: Roots formerly used to make a dye.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26


pageno: 26
notes: Green parts boiled, fibrous material removed, molded into cakes and fried in grease, a delicacy.
rawsource:
Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26


pageno: 50
notes: Dried leaves and meat or tallow used to make dumplings.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50


pageno: 13
notes: Leaves dried and stored for winter use.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 13


pageno: 29
notes: Decoction of seeds used ceremonially to give 'good blood.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29


pageno: 58, 59
notes: Infusion of plant taken for stomach disorders and poultice of plant used on abdomen.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 58, 59


pageno: 58
notes: Young plants boiled, dried, soaked in hot water, fried in grease and used for food.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 58


pageno: 96
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 96
notes:
Plant paste used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods. The plant was boiled for a long time and the concoction allowed to evaporate.  The precipitated paste was then used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods.


pageno: 82
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 82
notes:
Whole plant except for the root used in pottery decorations. The whole plant except for the root was boiled for a considerable amount of time and the water was allowed to evaporate.  The firm paste secured from precipitation was used in conjunction with a black mineral paint for decorating pottery.


pageno: 139
notes: Decoction of plant parts taken for colds.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 139


pageno: 17
notes: Decoction of plant used for pinworms.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 17


pageno: 41
notes: Leaves used to make mint tea.
rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 41


pageno: 54
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for the kidneys.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 54


pageno: 211
notes: Plant used to make a tea.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 211


pageno: 23
notes: Infusion of plant taken as a sedative for insomnia.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 23


pageno: 383
notes: Infusion of dried, leafy vines taken to purify the blood.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 383


pageno: 121
notes: Decoction of crawling stems and leaves used to purify the blood.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 121


pageno: 84
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for the blood.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 84


pageno: 138
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to open wounds.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 138


pageno: 126
notes: Poultice of leaves applied to wounds and ulcers.
rawsource:
Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 126


pageno: 283
notes: Decoction of plant taken for the heart.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 283


pageno: 40, 41
notes: Plant put on bite of dog which has eaten plant, to draw out the poison.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 40, 41


pageno: 373
notes: Root applied to draw poison from bite made by dog which has eaten the plant.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 373


pageno: 430
notes: Poultice of roots used on wound caused by dog's northern clintonia poisoned teeth.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 430


pageno: 62
notes: Plant used as a medicine for unspecified ailments.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 62


pageno: 25
notes: Juice from smashed plants used as a wash for cuts.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 25


pageno: 317
notes: Root juice taken with water for gravel.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317


pageno: 121
notes:
Mashed, blue, berry like fruits used as a dye or stain. Large quantities of the fruits had to be used in order for the dye or stain to be effective.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121


pageno: 475
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 475


pageno: 289
notes: Compound decoction with plant taken to bring away placenta after childbirth.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 289


pageno: 431
notes: Plant used as a sort of love charm and often put to bad use.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431


pageno: 223
notes: Plant used as a good feed for stock in the absence of grass.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223


pageno: 42
notes: Plant used to make a horse run fast.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42


pageno: 56
notes: Infusion of roots taken for coughs.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 56


pageno: 53
notes: Decoction of plant applied for swollen breasts.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 53


pageno: 429
notes: Poultice of powdered leaves applied to the forehead for headaches.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 429


pageno: 428
notes: Infusion of smashed roots used as a wash for babies to give them strength.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 428


pageno: 111
notes: Infusion of roots taken for high fevers.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111


pageno: 106
notes: Leaves used as a protective covering for filled berry containers.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 106


pageno: 465
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 465


pageno: 246
notes: Infusion of leaf taken for lung pains.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 246


pageno: 150
notes: Decoction of plant used as a foot bath for corns.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 150


pageno: 66
notes: Small, round seeds eaten as nuts by children.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 66


pageno: 281
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash for sores.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 281


pageno: 384385
notes: Plant used alone for stomach cramps.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 384385


pageno: 38
notes: Infusion of plant used as a strengthener for weakened tuberculosis patients.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38


pageno: 149
notes: Infusion of leaves taken or crushed leaf perfume inhaled for headaches.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 149


pageno: 29, 76
notes: Infusion of plant taken as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29, 76


pageno: 42
notes: Plant used as a seasoner and potent medicine in childbirth.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 42


pageno: 58
notes: Leaves used for swellings and poison ivy.
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 58


pageno: 74, 130
notes: Infusion of leaves used as poison ivy lotion.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130


pageno: 375
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for flux and stomach cramps.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 375


pageno: 65
notes: Infusion of leaves used for itch.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 65


pageno: 265
notes: Black berries used for food.
rawsource:
Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 265


pageno: 262
notes: Fruits eaten raw.
rawsource:
Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262


pageno: 83
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 83


pageno: 213
notes: Roots steamed and eaten with oolichan grease.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 213


pageno: 325
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 325


pageno: 34
notes: Plant used as a postpartum blood purifier.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 34


pageno: 42
notes: Roots rubbed on woman's body to attract the attention of a man.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42


pageno: 468
notes: Plant used as a buckskin dye.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468


pageno: 58
notes: Plant used as an eye medicine and for cataracts.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 58


pageno: 96
notes: Stems used as a 'pack rope' for carrying birds and marmots home after hunting.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96


pageno: 73
notes: Decoction of stem with leaves taken for excessive menstruation.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 73


pageno: 56
notes: Infusion of leaves used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 56


pageno: 33, 96
notes: Poultice of rubbed plant applied to temples for headache.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 96


pageno: 51
notes: Crushed plant rubbed on sunburns.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 51


pageno: 47
notes: Plant used as a lotion for pimples.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 47


pageno: 429
notes: Disk florets smoked as one of the hunting charms.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429


pageno: 51, 52
notes: Plant used as a medicine for horses.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 51, 52


pageno: 279
notes: Infusion of leaves and bark taken and steam inhaled for runny nose, stuffy head and sore throat.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 279


pageno: 401
notes: Plant rubbed on the body by a doctor to rid himself of his wife.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 401


pageno: 167
notes: Infusion of rhizomes taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 167


pageno: 374
notes: Long, slender roots used to make a bright yellow dye.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374


pageno: 322
notes: Compound decoction or infusion of roots taken for stomach cramps and worms.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 322


pageno: 42
notes: Infusion of plant, with another plant, used as ear drops for earaches.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 42


pageno: 87
notes: Roots chewed for mouth pains.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 87


pageno: 72, 128
notes: Infusion of leaves used as a mouthwash for infants.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 72, 128


pageno: 426
notes: Golden-colored roots added to other plant dyes to emphasize the yellow color.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426


pageno: 114
notes: Roots boiled to obtain a yellow dye.
rawsource:
Jenness, Diamond, 1935, The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life, National Museums of Canada Bulletin #78, Anthropological Series #17, page 114


pageno: 290
notes: Infusion of pounded root used as a basket medicine.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 290


pageno: 291
notes: Root placed in a half cup of water and used to wash guns and clothes as a hunting medicine.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 291


pageno: 17
notes: Infusion of plant used as a lotion for ringworm or skin disease.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 17


pageno: 60
notes: Decoction of stalks used to 'build up the blood' of pneumonia patients.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 60


pageno: 37
notes: Used to make tea.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 37


pageno: 66
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 66
notes:
Plant formerly used to make a hot beverage until the introduction of coffee by traders. The plant was folded while fresh, a number of folds being attached one below the other, and hung on the wall to dry.  When the beverage was desired, a fold was detached from the wall and used to make a hot beverage.


pageno: 406
notes: Poultice of powdered bark applied to heal the navel and blisters.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 406


pageno: 32, 33
notes: Bark liquid injected rectally and poultice of bark applied to anus for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33


pageno: 80
notes: Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80


pageno: 366
notes: Inner bark used as an emetic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 366


pageno: 54
notes: Infusion of bark used as a wash for granulation of the eyelids.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 54


pageno: 367
notes: Dried inner bark used for smoking.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367


pageno: 107
notes: Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107


pageno: 402
notes: Compound decoction of roots taken for urinating pain.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 402


pageno: 403
notes: Complex compound decoction used as wash for affected parts of 'Italian itch.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 403


pageno: 32
notes: Plant known as maimakwukwa and infusion of bark injected rectally for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32


pageno: 331
notes: Dried inner bark used either alone or with tobacco for smoking.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331


pageno: 211
notes: Infusion of leaves used as a cathartic tea.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 211


pageno: 102
notes: Berries used as a nibble food.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 102


pageno: 62
notes: Used as a medicine for unspecified malady.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 62


pageno: 321
notes: Berries eaten raw.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 321


pageno: 24
notes: Decoction of inner bark used for fevers.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 24


pageno: 36
notes: Fruit eaten as a fresh nibble.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36


pageno: 31
notes: Bark used for body pains.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31


pageno: 26, 74
notes: Compound containing bark used for body pain.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 74


pageno: 234
notes: Berries mashed, mixed with oolichan grease and eaten as a dessert.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 234


pageno: 63
notes: Raw berries eaten with dogfish oil by the elders of the village at a big feast.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63


pageno: 281
notes: Pulpy berries extensively used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 281


pageno: 43
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43


pageno: 256
notes: Infusion of roots, leaves and berries used for fits.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 256


pageno: 102
notes: Berries eaten fresh and raw.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 102


pageno: 366367
notes: Infusion of root used for infant colic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 366367


pageno: 98
notes:
Mashed roots strained through a clean cloth & used as an eyewash for the removal of foreign objects.

rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 98


pageno: 46
notes: Infusion of bark used as a bath and given to children with worms.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 46


pageno: 55
notes: Decoction of root or bark scrapings taken for fever.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 55


pageno: 30, 31
notes: Infusion used for 'lost voice.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30, 31


pageno: 92
notes: Branches used to make coarse baskets.
rawsource:
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 92


pageno: 42
notes: Long, slender branches used in making baby baskets.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 42


pageno: 204
notes: Decoction of two bark strips and two cascara bark strips taken as a 'blood purifier.'
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204


pageno: 204
notes:
Decoction of two bark strips & two cascara bark strips taken to improve hunters lungs before hiking.


pageno: 204
notes:
Bark boiled to make an intense brown dye & used to color bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets.


pageno: 405
notes: Decoction of bark applied as poultice to cuts.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 405


pageno: 218, 219
notes: Infusion of bark held in mouth for neuralgia.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 218, 219


pageno: 367
notes: Infusion of bark used for flux.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 367


pageno: 418
notes: Bark used to make kinnikinnick for smoking.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418


pageno: 204
notes:
Decoction of plant, squaw currant branches and fir or tamarack used as a baby bath. The decoction was used to bathe four to six month old babies four to six times over a period of several weeks.  It was said to make the baby strong, bright and good natured.


pageno: 204
notes:
Berries and saskatoon berries smashed together, dried, rehydrated and eaten in the winter. The berries were also pounded with choke cherries, seeds and all and used for food.


pageno: 204
notes:
Flexible branches used to make the frame of a cylindrical basketry trap. The frame was tied together with 'gray willow' rope.


pageno: 103
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 103


pageno: 490
notes: Little, white drupes eaten occasionally.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490


pageno: 161
notes: Plant used in medicine ceremonies.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 161


pageno: 203
notes: Infusion of inner bark used for sties and other eye infections.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 203


pageno: 84
notes: Chewed berry spittle used on arrow points and musket balls to cause infections in the wound.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 84


pageno: 21
notes: Bark used to cover split beaver teeth for gambling wheels.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21


pageno: 23
notes: Plant smoked ceremonially.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 23


pageno: 233
notes: Berries eaten by bears.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 233


pageno: 404
notes: Bark smoked for every ailment.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 404


pageno: 95
notes: Branches used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 95


pageno: 22
notes: Tough branches used to make bows and arrows.
rawsource:
Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22


pageno: 43
notes: Inner bark mixed with tobacco and smoked.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 43


pageno: 21
notes:
Ribbons of inner bark roasted, mixed with tobacco and used for ceremonial or religious pipe smoking.


pageno: 92
notes: Branches used to make arrows.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 92


pageno: 55
notes: Root bark used for diarrhea and flux, 'the most efficacious remedy.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 55


pageno: 213
notes: Valued as a medicine.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 213


pageno: 331
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331


pageno: 93
notes: Berries eaten by bears.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 93


pageno: 370
notes: Root smoke inhaled to clear the head and revive the patient.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 370


pageno: 298
notes: Compound infusion taken as a blood purifier and for prenatal strength.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 298


pageno: 359
notes: Poultice of boiled bark applied to help close and heal cuts.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 359


pageno: 326
notes: Nuts eaten plain or mixed with honey.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326


pageno: 79
notes: Nuts used for food.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 79


pageno: 37
notes: Nuts used for food.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 37


pageno: 85
notes: Poultice of branches applied for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 85


pageno: 90
notes: Nuts used as a trading item.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 90


pageno: 190
notes: Buds chewed to become a good singer.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 190


pageno: 55
notes: Switches used as the foundation in coiled baskets.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 55


pageno: 104
notes: Nut meat eaten whole or pulverized before use.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 104


pageno: 242
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242


pageno: 21
notes: Transparent, yellowish-brown gum mixed with adobe and used to make jars of syrup air tight.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 21


pageno: 30
notes: Bark used to make coiled sandals.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 30


pageno: 54
notes: Bark made into a ring used in a hoop and pole game.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54


pageno: 102
notes:
Berries used for food. Certain conditions had to be met before the berries were eaten.  Otherwise, they would cause stomach cramps.  The procedure was to offer the tree a gift, for boys a little bow and arrow made from the thorns, for girls a pair of miniature moccasins fashioned from the leaves.  In return, the tree would not allow its berries to 'bite' the stomach.  The gifts were placed on the tree and the berries collected.


pageno: 124
notes: Infusion of shoots given to children for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124


pageno: 124
notes:
Thorn used to pierce areas affected by arthritic pain. The upper end of the thorn was ignited and burned down to the point buried into the skin.  This treatment was very painful, but after a scab had formed and disappeared, the arthritic pain also disappeared.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124


pageno: 124
notes:
Berries mashed and dried into thin, hard cakes. Sometimes the cakes were decorated.  The dried cakes were eaten as a snack on winter evenings and were used as crackers to dip into deer marrow soup to soak up the fat.


pageno: 84
notes: Fruit eaten raw or boiled.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84


pageno: 103
notes: Berries boiled, dried and stored.
rawsource:
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103


pageno: 258
notes: Fruit considered a good health food for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258


pageno: 454
notes: Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454


pageno: 123
notes: Berries mashed and formed into cakes, dried and eaten like cookies.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123


pageno: 22
notes: Fresh or dried fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 22


pageno: 56
notes: Fresh fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 56


pageno: 46
notes: Infusion of little branches without leaves and other plants taken for large stomachs.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 46


pageno: 91
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 91


pageno: 93
notes: Berries mashed, made into cakes, dried and used for food.
rawsource:
Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 93


pageno: 409
notes: Haw apples used as a food in the fall.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 409


pageno: 422
notes: Sharp thorns used for sewing awls on finer work such as buckskin sewing with sinew.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422


pageno: 62
notes: Poultice of seeds or plant applied to sore breasts after childbirth.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 62


pageno: 83
notes: Infusion of pounded green tops used in a foot bath for a 'sweaty feet' condition.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 83


pageno: 367
notes: Leaves used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 367


pageno: 40
notes: Infusion of young plants drunk for homesickness and lonesomeness.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40


pageno: 281
notes: Infusion of pods used for sore throats.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 281


pageno: 363
notes: Poultice of fresh, bruised leaves applied to chest for internal pains.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 363


pageno: 20
notes:
Mashed stems and leaves placed in wormy, open wounds on horses to kill the worms and heal the sores.

rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 20


pageno: 61
notes: Plants used as fish poison to make them easy to catch.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 61


pageno: 321
notes: Used as a poison to stupefy fish.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 321


pageno: 376
notes: Decoction of plants taken for ague.
rawsource:
Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 376


pageno: 75
notes: Decoction of mashed, boiled root taken for bleeding diarrhea.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 75


pageno: 34, 84
notes: Plant used as an emetic to 'relieve the stomach.'
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 84


pageno: 33, 84
notes: Plant used in a very strong eyewash.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 84


pageno: 27
notes: Seeds used in ears as a hearing aid in cases of partial deafness.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27


pageno: 375
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 375


pageno: 40
notes: Plant given to newborn infant for prenatal snake or toad infection.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 40


pageno: 40
notes: Root used as ceremonial medicine.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40


pageno: 32, 88
notes: Poultice of pounded plant applied for body pains.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32, 88


pageno: 32, 33, 88
notes: Plant used for boils or any swelling.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32, 33, 88


pageno: 39
notes: Plant used as a lotion for itching.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 39


pageno: 301
notes: Plant used for the cancer and growth in the throat.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 301


pageno: 72
notes: Plant used for pain from a fall.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 72


pageno: 35
notes: Roots used as a stomach medicine.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 35


pageno: 18
notes: Infusion of plant taken to stay slender.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 18


pageno: 480
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480


pageno: 206
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 206


pageno: 478
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 478


pageno: 492
notes: Seeds eaten in quantities, especially by children.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492


pageno: 57
notes: Decoction of dried roots used as a physic.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57


pageno: 80
notes: Poultice of crushed root and sugar applied to saddle sores on horses.
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 80


pageno: 116117
notes: Root used for any ailment, according to the doctrine of signatures.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116117


pageno: 585
notes: Root used in cases of protracted labor.
rawsource:
Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 585


pageno: 62, 63
notes: Decoction of root taken as a physic for venereal disease.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 62, 63


pageno: 48
notes: Infusion of plant given to horses for bloat or worms.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 48


pageno: 63
notes: Infusion of pulverized root taken as a laxative.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 63


pageno: 101
notes: Fruit grown for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 101


pageno: 58
notes: Cooked, cut into strips and dried.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 58


pageno: 113
notes: Seeds used to tan hides.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 113


pageno: 244
notes: Seeds dried, parched, shelled and eaten.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 244


pageno: 111
notes: Fruit cut spirally into strips, dried and stored.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 111


pageno: 36
notes: Rind hung in long spirals from house roofs to dry, tied in bundles, stored and used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36


pageno: 490
notes: Plant used for food.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 490


pageno: 61
notes: Infusion of seeds given to children with reduced urination.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 61


pageno: 220
notes: Decoction of stem used for 'female ills.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 220


pageno: 45, 46
notes: Ingredient of 'schumaakwe cakes' and used externally for rheumatism and swelling.
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45, 46


pageno: 88
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88
notes:
Gourds worn in phallic dances symbolizing fructification or made into ceremonial rattles. The gourd rattles were used in ceremonies for both anthropic and zooic worship.


pageno: 6
notes: Decoction of foliage used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 6


pageno: 22
notes: Infusion of branches taken by women to regain strength after childbearing.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 22


pageno: 59
notes: Handfuls of plant used as scouring pads for cleaning.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 59


pageno: 70
notes: Parched seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 70


pageno: 63
notes: Plant, known as 'woman without children,' eaten by women as a contraceptive.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 63


pageno: 33, 74
notes: Plant used for headache.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 74


pageno: 32, 74
notes: Plant used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32, 74


pageno: 84
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 84
notes:
Blossoms chewed and rubbed all over the hands for protection. This medicine belonged to the grandmother of the Gods of War.  She gave it to the people with the instructions that, when near the enemy, they should chew the blossoms, eject the mass into their hand rubbing their hands well together.  As soon as the Gods of War had done this, a peculiar yellow light spread all over the world, preventing the enemy from seeing how to aim their arrows.


pageno: 28
notes: Plant dried for future use.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 28


pageno: 59
notes: Plant eaten as a stomach medicine.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 59


pageno: 63, 64
notes: Decoction of roots used as an insecticide.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 63, 64


pageno: 68
notes: Roots peeled, baked and ground as an occasional substitute for cornmeal.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 68


pageno: 26
notes: Cooked in the winter with wild carrot roots.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26


pageno: 305
notes: Roots eaten in spring.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 305


pageno: 420
notes: Compound infusion of plants taken for consumption with hemorrhage.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 420


pageno: 421
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash and applied as poultice to leg cancer.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 421


pageno: 359360
notes: Plant burned on live coals and fumes inhaled for headaches.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 359360


pageno: 78
notes: Tubers on the rootstock eaten raw, baked or boiled like potatoes.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 78


pageno: 9
rawsource: Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9
notes:
Stalks crushed into fine particles and used for deep cuts, boils, skin ulcers & other skin diseases.


pageno: 192
notes: Seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 192


pageno: 16
notes: Tubers made into meal and cooked as cereal.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 16


pageno: 17
notes: Considered an excellent fodder for fattening horses.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 17


pageno: 9
notes: Infusion of underground stems taken for colds.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 9


pageno: 41
notes: Tubers eaten.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41


pageno: 143
notes: Roots used for menstrual disorders.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 143


pageno: 44
notes: Root used in 'male disorders.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 44


pageno: 233, 234
notes: Compound containing root used as a love medicine.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 233, 234


pageno: 288
notes: Decoction of whole plant taken for intestinal trouble with inflation and pains.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 288


pageno: 52
notes: Infusion of leaves and stalks taken by a pregnant woman to have a small baby.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 52


pageno: 11
notes: Decoction of roots taken for worms.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 11


pageno: 28
notes: Species used for food.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 28


pageno: 33
notes: Compound infusion given for chills.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33


pageno: 85
notes: Roots and flowers used as a yellow-orange dye.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 85


pageno: 57
notes: Compound of plants used for abdomen pain caused by colds and loose bowels.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57


pageno: 33
notes: Plant used for stomachache.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33


pageno: 33
notes: Roots dried and ground into meal.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33


pageno: 34, 80
notes: Plant recognized as a strong emetic.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 80


pageno: 58
notes: Infusion of roots used as a hair wash to keep it from falling.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58


pageno: 33
notes: Peeled stems used for food.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33


pageno: 29
notes: Poultice of plant applied to arrow wounds.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29


pageno: 25
notes: Decoction of leaves taken as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25


pageno: 57
notes: Infusion of leaves used as an emetic before breakfast.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 57


pageno: 163
notes: Root eaten and regarded as sugar.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 163


pageno: 17
notes: Poultice of steeped, bruised leaves applied to fresh wounds.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17


pageno: 523
notes: Roots chewed for sweet flavor.
rawsource:
Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 523


pageno: 47
notes: Roots chewed as a gum.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 47


pageno: 229
notes: Compound containing florets used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 229


pageno: 144
notes: Pulverized root mixed with acorn meal to whiten it.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 144


pageno: 104
notes: Leaves mixed with dried meat as a deodorant and spice.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104


pageno: 35
notes: Plant used as a medicine against an enemy.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 35


pageno: 60
notes: Used in the annual ceremonial curing of animals and fields from sickness and lightning.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 60


pageno: 57
notes: Crowns pit-baked, dried, pounded into flour and made into cakes.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 57


pageno: 52
notes: Crowns pit-baked, removed, peeled, crushed, mixed with water, fermented and used as a beverage.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 52


pageno: 41
notes: Stalks used as cross pieces for cradleboard backs.
rawsource:
Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41


pageno: 58
notes: Crowns baked, pounded and dried for winter use.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 58


pageno: 55
notes: Used to make two kinds of baskets.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 55


pageno: 210
notes: Decoction of blades taken as a laxative.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 210


pageno: 73
notes: Plant used as pain killer for headaches.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 73


pageno: 56
notes: Seeds considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 56


pageno: 60
notes: Powdered leaves made into an ointment and applied as a pain killer in setting bones.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60


pageno: 60
notes:
Used by the shaman to transcend reality and enter other worlds. Datura offered the shaman not only a means to transcend reality and come into contact with specific guardian spirits, but it also enabled him to go on magical flights to other worlds or transform himself into other life forms such as the mountain lion or eagle.  Such magical flights were a necessary and routine activity for Cahuilla shaman.  A shaman might use the drug to visit the land of the dead, returning to the profane world with information useful to his people, or he might pursue a falling star to recapture a lost soul and return it to its owner.


pageno: 14
notes: Poultice of heated leaves applied for chest pains.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14


pageno: 239
notes: Leaf folded several times and rubbed onto red ant bite.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 239


pageno: 306
notes: Root chewed to induce visions by medicine man while making a diagnosis.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 306


pageno: 31, 89
notes: Roots chewed by doctor to induce visions while making diagnosis.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 31, 89


pageno: 207
notes: Roots pounded in a mortar and used at boys' puberty ceremonies.
rawsource:
Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 207


pageno: 43
notes: Plant used as an antivenom for tarantula bites.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 43


pageno: 160
notes: Infusion of leaf used as wash for wounds of sheep after castration.
rawsource:
Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 160


pageno: 74
notes: Seeds eaten in ceremonies.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 74


pageno: 318
notes: Decoction of ground, soaked roots taken for blood poisoning in the foot.
rawsource:
Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 318


pageno: 66, 67
notes: Roots used to make a narcotic tea and not used medicinally.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 66, 67


pageno: 423
notes: Decoction of roots used as a ceremonial narcotic.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 423


pageno: 46, 48
notes: Powdered root given as an anesthetic for surgery.
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 46, 48


pageno: 88
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88
notes:
Root pieces chewed by a robbery victim in order to find out the thief's identity. The root was given to the victim by a rain priest.  The victim was told to chew the root and that the medicine would induce dreams of the thief.  The rain priest would ask the victim to tell him everything he remembered in his dream so that he could identify the thief and recover the stolen property.


pageno: 214
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214


pageno: 204
notes: Carrots eaten raw or cooked in pits.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 204


pageno: 82
notes: Infusion of plant given to children with diarrhea.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 82


pageno: 28
notes: Small seeds used in peyote rattles.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 28


pageno: 383
notes:
Flowers pounded, mixed with salmon glue and fresh mountain grapes and used to paint arrows and bows.


pageno: 307
notes: Plant taken as an emetic in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 307


pageno: 308
notes: Plant taken as an emetic in Po-wa-mu ceremony.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 308


pageno: 34, 76
notes: Plant used as a ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 34, 76


pageno: 36, 76
notes: Compound decoction of plant used as a wash for mother after childbirth.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 36, 76


pageno: 33, 34
notes: Compound infusion taken for chills.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33, 34


pageno: 19
notes: Plant used for lung hemorrhages.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 19


pageno: 57
notes: Mashed and applied to bad cuts.
rawsource:
Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 57


pageno: 96-97
notes: Parched, ground seeds used for food.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 96-97


pageno: 24
notes: Parched seeds ground for food.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 24


pageno: 309
notes: Plant used as greens.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 309


pageno: 66
notes: Ground seeds used for stomach ailments.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 66


pageno: 310
notes: Plant used as flavoring with meat or other vegetables.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 310


pageno: 19
notes:
Greens pit baked, cooled and served in salted water with corn dumplings, boiled bread or piki bread.

rawsource:
Nequatewa, Edmund, 1943, Some Hopi Recipes for the Preparation of Wild Plant Foods, Plateau 18:18-20, page 19


pageno: 70
notes: Infusion of plant used to soak seed corn for faster maturity.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 70


pageno: 382
notes: Seeds used to make a mush.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 382


pageno: 74
notes: Poultice of ground seeds applied to burns and sores, including sores on horses.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 74


pageno: 220
notes: Seeds parched and ground into a flour.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 220


pageno: 60
notes: Cooked and eaten in the spring.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 60


pageno: 60
notes:
Plants moistened, steamed, liquid squeezed and the remaining mass used as paint to decorate pottery.

rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 60


pageno: 89
notes:
Mature plant, with the seed-filled pods, used as rattles by little boys. The little boys used the rattles as they mimicked some of the native dances in play.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89


pageno: 67
notes: Five seeds placed in eye at night for trachoma and washed out in morning.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 67


pageno: 364
notes: Decoction of root taken for biliousness.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 364


pageno: 256
notes: Plant used for adult's sickness caused by adultery: headache, body pains and crossed fingers.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 256


pageno: 225
notes: Root used as some kind of medicine.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 225


pageno: 323
notes: Infusion of leaves rubbed on the abdomen for labor pains.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 323


pageno: 194
notes: Whole plant used for rabbit sickness: muscular cramps.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 194


pageno: 30
notes: Plant poisonous to horses.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 30


pageno: 16
notes: Used to fatten horses very quickly.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 16


pageno: 26
notes: Baked or boiled corms eaten like baked or boiled potatoes.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 26


pageno: 141
notes: Infusion of bark used as an eyewash.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 141


pageno: 442
notes: Decoction of plant or roots taken as a blood medicine.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 442


pageno: 27
notes: Infusion of root taken as a mild diurient.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 27


pageno: 206207
notes: Infusion of root taken by 'one who is urinating blood.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 206207


pageno: 45
notes: Simple or compound infusion of root taken as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 45


pageno: 68
notes: Flowers used for decorations in ceremonies.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 68


pageno: 311
notes: Pods ground and sprinkled on wounds.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 311


pageno: 32, 77
notes: Powdered plant sprinkled on wounds.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32, 77


pageno: 49
notes: Plant used by sheep for forage.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 49


pageno: 24
notes: Infusion of plant taken and used as lotion for centipede or sand cricket bites.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 24


pageno: 48, 49
notes: Warm infusion of pulverized plant applied to swelling, especially the throat.
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 48, 49


pageno: 91
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 91
notes:
Infusion of plant taken by men to 'loosen their tongues so they may talk like fools & drunken men.' It was said that this infusion should never be given to women because they 'should not be made to talk too much.'


pageno: 25
notes:
Fruits rolled in corn meal, brewed in water, drained, baked and mixed with hot water to make a beer.


pageno: 59, 60
notes: Infusion taken as a diaphoretic.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59, 60


pageno: 6
notes: Infusion of leaves, flowers and stems taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 6


pageno: 72
notes: Strained decoction of flower, stem and leaves used as an eyewash for sore eyes.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 72


pageno: 450
notes: Infusion of leaves used as a wash for acne or 'worms in the face.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 450


pageno: 78
notes: Used to card wool.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 78


pageno: 202
notes: Infusion of inner bark taken as a laxative tea.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 202


pageno: 388
notes: Compound infusion of bark and roots taken for back pains.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 388


pageno: 50
notes: Bark and wood used as a strong purgative.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50


pageno: 387
notes: Decoction of branches applied as poultice to swellings on the leg or limbs.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 387


pageno: 50
notes:
Infusion of bark and wood used as an emetic to remove yellow from the stomach. The yellow in the stomach was a sickness brought by the Europeans.  As they introduced tea, butter and tobacco, the yellow accumulated in the stomach and couldn't be evacuated.

rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50


pageno: 54
notes: Infusion of roots taken as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 54


pageno: 76
notes: Bark or twigs used for cordage.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76


pageno: 2306
notes: Infusion of twigs taken for urinary infections.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2306


pageno: 85
notes: Infusion of inner bark taken as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 85


pageno: 114
notes: Tough, stringy bark made a good substitute for twine.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114


pageno: 423
notes:
Decoction of salt cooked into a gum, placed in the mouth and allowed to melt for bad colds. The salt grass, when dry, was placed on a dry hide or a large piece of canvas or cloth and beaten for a long time until the tiny black salty specks on the stem and narrow blades fell off and collected on the cloth.  This material was kept in bottles or jars (formerly in baskets).  When needed for medicine, it was put in hot water and boiled until it formed a dark reddish brown gum.  The informant remarked that it should be 'cooked like gravy until the gum comes.'


pageno: 423
notes:
Decoction of salt cooked into a gum, placed in the mouth and allowed to melt for loss of appetite. The salt grass, when dry, was placed on a dry hide or a large piece of canvas or cloth and beaten for a long time until the tiny black salty specks on the stem and narrow blades fell off and collected on the cloth.  This material was kept in bottles or jars (formerly in baskets).  When needed for medicine, it was put in hot water and boiled until it formed a dark reddish brown gum.  The informant remarked that it should be 'cooked like gravy until the gum comes.'


pageno: 105
notes: Flowers hung on baby baskets to make the baby sleepy.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 105


pageno: 81
notes: Cooled infusion of leaves used for eye drops.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 81


pageno: 76
notes: Infusion of leaves gargled, especially by children, for cankers.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76


pageno: 50
notes: Flowers smudged to repel evil spirits from sickroom.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 50


pageno: 42
notes: Plant made into a drink and taken when not feeling well.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 42


pageno: 211
notes: Sticky, plant glands rubbed on ringworm sores.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 211


pageno: 247
notes: Rhizomes gathered in spring and eaten.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 247


pageno: 28
notes: Leaves used to clean eels.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 28


pageno: 193
notes: Boiled roots added to 'Eskimo ice cream.'
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 193


pageno: 29
rawsource: Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 29
notes:
Young, curled fronds boiled or steamed & eaten like asparagus with butter, margarine or cream sauce.


pageno: 194
notes: Rhizomes used for food.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194


pageno: 34
notes: Fiddleheads, with the chaffy coverings removed, added to soups.
rawsource:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34


pageno: 149
notes: Rootstocks eaten by mountain goats.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 149


pageno: 82
notes: Made into pillows and used by children under their lower backs to prevent bed wetting.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 82


pageno: 312
notes: Rhizomes used as an antidote for food poisoning.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 312


pageno: 53
notes: Roots used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 53


pageno: 19
notes:
Fleshy leaves used to remove corns and calluses. Three descriptions of its use, essentially the same but differing in detail, were given by the three consultants.  (1) Prick the leaf all over with a pin or needle, put it on the stove and bake it on one side, then the other.  Place the leaf over the corn or callus and leave it there to remove the growth.  (2) Heat the leaf over the fire, peel the skin off one side, place the leaf over the corn or callus -- peeled side down -- and leave it there to remove the corn or callus.  (3) Cook the leaf over a flame, peel one side and prick the peeled side with a needle and bind the leaf over the corn or callus to remove it.

rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 19


pageno: 67
notes: Leaves and flowering stems eaten raw.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 67


pageno: 132133
notes: Compound decoction of plant used for horses with coughs.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132133


pageno: 131
notes: Juice used as wash for pain from burns.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131


pageno: 47
notes: Poultice used for wounds and sores.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 47


pageno: 333
notes: Poultice of smashed roots applied as an anesthetic to arms and hands.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 333


pageno: 212
notes: Root used for stomach cramps and fits.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 212


pageno: 38
notes: Decoction of roots and leaves taken for rheumatism and arthritis.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38


pageno: 368
notes: Poultice of roots applied to inflammation to relieve the burning sensation.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 368


pageno: 49
notes: Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49


pageno: 232
notes: Seeds dried for future use.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232


pageno: 47
notes: Plant used for the prevention of salivary gland swelling.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 47


pageno: 318
notes: Plant used for alcohol addiction.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 318


pageno: 41
notes: Raw fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41


pageno: 64
notes: Plant used as a heart stimulant.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 64


pageno: 37
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37


pageno: 45
notes: Fruits eaten for food.
rawsource:
Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 45


pageno: 28
notes: Poultice of roasted leaves used for swellings.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 28


pageno: 173
notes: Wild seeds eaten for food.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 173


pageno: 33, 34
notes: Poultice of pulverized root used for headache.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 33, 34


pageno: 129
notes: Seeds used for beads.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 129


pageno: 367368
notes: Infusion of root used as a bitter medicine for stomach troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 367368


pageno: 125
notes: Plant used to collect herring roe, dried and eaten with the roe.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 125


pageno: 23
notes: Considered a good fertilizer for potatoes.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23


pageno: 302
notes: Plant eaten with herring roe.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 302


pageno: 44
notes: Plant and herring eggs dried for future use.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 44


pageno: 85
notes: Strong decoction of bark and grease used as a salve for children with frostbite.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 85


pageno: 99
notes: Inner bark twisted to make clothing.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99


pageno: 207
notes:
Decoction of roots and sumac roots taken for syphilis. This medicine was considered very poisonous and had to be taken with fish head soup to counteract the poison.  One informant who was treated with this medicine recovered from syphilis but, afterwards, could never have children.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207


pageno: 207
notes:
Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207


pageno: 207
notes:
Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207


pageno: 207
notes:
Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, it could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.


pageno: 207
notes:
Bark twine used in drying roots and bunches of tied bark used as soapberry whippers. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone).  The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths.  At this stage, the bark could be dried for future use.  The long, even strands of the fresh or dried bark, after it was soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes.  The bark wine was used in twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing and also to thread bitter roots, avalanche lily corms and other roots for drying.


pageno: 210
notes: Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for rainbow sickness: fever, stiff neck and backache.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 210


pageno: 213
notes: Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache & diarrhea.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 213


pageno: 170
notes: Rushes made into large baskets and used to hold small utensils or carry loads on the back.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170


pageno: 332
notes: Decoction of plant used as an appetite stimulant.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 332


pageno: 368
notes: Seeds formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 368


pageno: 15
notes: Foliage and lemmas used as a palatable fodder for livestock.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15


pageno: 34
notes: Seeds formerly gathered for food.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 34


pageno: 67
notes: Infusion of rhizomes and stems from another plant used for thick urine.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 67


pageno: 101
notes: Grain grounded into a fine powder and used in pinole.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 101


pageno: 38
notes:
Leafy branches used, especially for children with a fever, as a diuretic. Decoction of leafy branches applied externally, leafy branches ground and mixed with grease applied externally or branch chewed as a diuretic.


pageno: 92
notes: Berries cooked with sourdock and eaten as a dessert.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 92


pageno: 92
notes:
Berries eaten with oil and sugar or mixed with other berries, sourdock, ice cream or fish livers. This was a favorite food made just the same way and still just as good as it had been for centuries.  It was one food one could eat all one wanted, for any meal, day after day and still like it.  It was good fresh or leftover and as a main meal, side dish or dessert.  The sweet acidic berries and fat fish livers balanced each other and also were exceptionally nutritious.  The only limiting factor in how much one ate was picking enough berries and catching enough fish to have the ingredients.  The recipe was as follows:  pick clean, ripe blackberries, at least one gallon.  Save the livers from four, large freshly caught fall trout.  Pinch out the bile sack, without breaking it, and discard.  Soak the livers in a bowl of cold water while you finish caring for the fish.  Rinse the livers, throw out the soak water.  Simmer the livers in clean water until just done, five to ten minutes.  Lift the livers out to drain and cool.  They could be stored a few days this way in the refrigerator.  Skim the oil off the broth and save to add.  Mash the livers thoroughly in a bowl, every tiny lump, using your hand or a fork.  Mix in a little water as you mash to make a smooth paste, like thick hotcake batter.  Stir in the whole blackberries until all the paste was taken up coating the berries.  No salt or sugar was ever used or needed.  Newcomers would prefer trout livers which were mild, but after awhile began to crave the stronger taste and more satisfying oiliness of Tom Cod livers.

rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 92


pageno: 243
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 243


pageno: 12
notes: Berries cooked and eaten for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12


pageno: 69
notes: Decoction of blossoms, leaves and stems held in the mouth for toothaches.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 69


pageno: 28
notes: Gum secretions chewed by children.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 28


pageno: 59
notes: Gumlike secretions formerly smeared on tall, slender water bottles.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 59


pageno: 67, 68
notes: Decoction of root taken for bloody diarrhea.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 67, 68


pageno: 46
notes: Leaves and stems chewed or decoction taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 46


pageno: 216
notes: Infusion of plant taken for stomachaches caused by eating too much food or eating bad food.
rawsource:
Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 216


pageno: 27
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27
notes:
Wood provided the best charcoal for tattooing. The charcoal was mashed, a little water added and a design made with it on the skin.


pageno: 207
notes: Upper portions of plant boiled into tea.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 207


pageno: 70
notes: Decoction of fresh or dried twigs used to purify the blood.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 70


pageno: 73, 74
notes: Plant used for unspecified medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 73, 74


pageno: 73
notes: Used to make a pleasant and refreshing beverage.
rawsource:
Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 73


pageno: 68
notes: Twigs used in medicines 'to lessen disagreeable flavors.'
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 68


pageno: 17
notes: Twigs used to make drying mat for pulp.
rawsource:
Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 17


pageno: 34
notes: Infusion of green branches taken for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 34


pageno: 21
notes: Infusion of plants taken to purify the blood.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 21


pageno: 17
notes: Dried twigs made into an aromatic tea.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 17


pageno: 35, 63
notes: Plant used for syphilis.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 35, 63


pageno: 14
notes: Decoction of whole plant taken for bad cough.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14


pageno: 268
notes: Poultice of pulverized or boiled stems and leaves applied to sores.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 268


pageno: 24
notes:
Wood burned for venereal disease. Wood burned with charcoal, buffalo hair, wood rat hair and bat hair in a hole in the middle of the hogan.  The person with venereal disease sits over the hole and the smudge covers his exposed parts and cures him.


pageno: 312
notes: Dried flowers and stems taken as a tonic.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 312


pageno: 19
notes: Strong infusion of plant used for syphilis.
rawsource:
Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 19


pageno: 68-70
notes: Compound infusion of plant given to children for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 68-70


pageno: 446
notes: Grass used to make grass coil baskets.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 446


pageno: 437
notes: Infusion of plants taken for diarrhea caused by menstruating women.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 437


pageno: 216
notes: Infusion of leaves used for kidney disorders.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 216


pageno: 48
notes: Decoction of plant taken to cause vomiting for abdominal pains.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 48


pageno: 410
notes: Compound used for labor pains in parturition.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 410


pageno: 174
notes: Used by women after parturition for hemorrhages.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 174


pageno: 33, 86
notes: Plant used for leg pains.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 86


pageno: 86
notes: Seeds used to make pinoles.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 86


pageno: 381
notes: Flowers used for their prettiness.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381


pageno: 53
notes: Leaves heated with stones and rubbed on swellings.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 53


pageno: 122
notes: Decoction of stems taken for dysuria.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 122


pageno: 33
notes:
Black, edible nodules attached to roots used for food. The effort of collecting the nodules was considerable and therefore rarely done.  However, these nodules were often obtained from underground caches of roots and tubers collected by lemmings and other tundra rodents.  The caches were raided by the people and the 'mouse nuts' were used for food.

rawsource:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 33


pageno: 156
notes: Plant eaten by geese.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 156


pageno: 28
notes:
Tender, young, vegetative shoots peeled and eaten raw. These shoots are green but have not yet branched out, and the segments are still very close together.  The leaf sheaths were peeled off two at a time and the succulent stems eaten raw.  They were 'nothing but juice.'  The Hesquiat people travelled up towards Esteven Point especially to get these shoots, and sometimes they would collect 20 or more kilograms of them at a time.  When they returned home, the harvesters would call together all their relatives and friends and have a feast of horsetail shoots.  The white, fertile shoots were apparently not eaten, although they are in other areas of the Northwest Coast.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28


pageno: 33
notes: Infusion of rhizomes and hazel stems given to children for teething.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 33


pageno: 17
notes: Infusion of stems taken for lumbago.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17


pageno: 58
notes: Decoction of plant used as a wash for itching or open sores.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 58


pageno: 55, 56
notes: Infusion of whole plant used for lumbago.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 55, 56


pageno: 68
notes: Plant eaten by horses.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 68


pageno: 86
notes:
Decoction or infusion of stems used after childbirth to expel the afterbirth more quickly. The decoction or infusion was taken immediately after childbirth to expel the afterbirth more quickly.  The stems were usually gathered ahead of time being pulled up, the roots cut off and the stems cut into short segments and dried.  Then, just before childbirth, a small handful of the cut stems was steeped in boiling water for five or ten minutes.  The woman could drink this tea for several days.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86


pageno: 196
notes: Stems formerly used for sandpaper to smooth wooden objects.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 196


pageno: 16
notes: Decoction of foliage used in horse medicine as a drench.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 16


pageno: 58
notes: Infusion used as a drench for horse medicine.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 58


pageno: 84
notes: Decoction of plant taken for kidney problems.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 84


pageno: 4
notes: Plant used as a medicine for horses.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 4


pageno: 204
notes: Joints pulled apart and used by children to produce a whistling sound.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 204


pageno: 378
notes: Plant used in ceremonial cleansing for the priests in First Salmon ceremony.
rawsource:
Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 378


pageno: 25
notes: Plant given to horses to fatten them.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 25


pageno: 75
notes: Used as a scouring rush for pots and pans.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75


pageno: 268
notes: Used to scour pots and pans.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 268


pageno: 86
notes:
Stem liquid used for sore eyes or decoction of stems used for sore, itchy eyes or cataracts. The stem liquid, which was collected in the springtime, could be stored in the refrigerator and used whenever needed.  The stem decoction was used as an eyewash for sore or itchy eyes or for impending blindness such as that caused by cataracts.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 86


pageno: 86
notes:
Decoction or infusion of stems taken after childbirth to expel the afterbirth more quickly. The decoction or infusion was taken immediately after childbirth to expel the afterbirth more quickly.  The stems were usually gathered ahead of time being pulled up, the roots cut off and the stems cut into short segments and dried.  Then, just before childbirth, a small handful of the cut stems was steeped in boiling water for five or ten minutes.  The woman could drink this tea for several days.


pageno: 86
notes:
Rough, silicon impregnated stems used to smooth and polish implements of wood, bone and steatite. The stems were used to do the final polishing of wooden spoons and to polish the soft rock used for pipe bowls.


pageno: 86
notes:
Stem liquid used to kill any type of weed. The stem segments were pulled apart and the water was splashed over the weeds.


pageno: 262
notes: Decoction of plant taken for urinating too infrequently.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 262


pageno: 29
notes: Stems used to sandpaper madrone spoons.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 29


pageno: 59
notes: Decoction of whole plant taken for kidney trouble and associated back trouble.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 59


pageno: 86
notes:
Stem liquid used for sore eyes or decoction of stems used for sore, itchy eyes or blindness. The stem liquid, which was collected in the springtime, could be stored in the refrigerator and used whenever needed.  The stem decoction was used as an eyewash for sore or itchy eyes or for impending blindness such as that caused by cataracts.


pageno: 121
notes: Raw roots eaten with seal oil.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 121


pageno: 63
notes: Plant used like sandpaper for polishing.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63


pageno: 37
notes: Stalk sections used by children to make whistles.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 37


pageno: 70
notes: Decoction of plant taken for kidney trouble.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 70


pageno: 86
notes:
Stem liquid used for sore eyes or decoction of stem used for sore, itchy eyes or blindness. The stem liquid, which was collected in the springtime, could be stored in the refrigerator and used whenever needed.  The stem decoction was used as an eyewash for sore or itchy eyes or for impending blindness such as that caused by cataracts.


pageno: 63
notes:
Stems used by children to make whistles. The elders warned children not to use the stems as whistles as they might cause the appearance of snakes.


pageno: 33
notes:
Infusion of branches and stems used for internal bleeding. Green plants could be used, but a stronger medicine could be made from plants collected in autumn.  The plant was also dried for future use, but only the stems and branches were used.  The tea from this plant was strong and bitter.

rawsource:
Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 33


pageno: 193
notes: Sprouts peeled and eaten raw or pit baked and eaten.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 193


pageno: 60
notes: Hollow, water filled stem segments used when water scarce.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60


pageno: 215
notes: Strobili boiled in water for ten minutes and eaten.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 215


pageno: 304
notes: Silicious stems used as a substitute for sandpaper in finishing off arrows and other woodwork.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 304


pageno: 80
notes: Decoction of plant taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 80


pageno: 80, 81
notes: Decoction of plant taken as a physic.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 80, 81


pageno: 36
notes: Decoction of plant taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 36


pageno: 104
notes: Roots chewed until gummy as a 'chewing gum.'
rawsource:
Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 104


pageno: 49, 50
notes: Leaves made into a lotion and used for headache and decoction of root used for menstrual pain.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49, 50


pageno: 81
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 81
notes:
Stems used to make baskets. The outer bark was removed and the stems were covered with sand to render them more pliable.  The stems were often dyed and some of the completed baskets were decorated with color.


pageno: 39, 40
notes: Decoction of leaves and stem used as wash and taken for sores, especially smallpox.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 39, 40


pageno: 303
notes: Bark used to make green dye.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 303


pageno: 57
notes: Decoction of roots and tops taken for bloody diarrhea.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 57


pageno: 75
notes: Poultice of boiled leaves applied to sores.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 75


pageno: 70, 71
notes: Decoction of whole plant taken for stomachaches and cramps.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 70, 71


pageno: 180
notes: Decoction of plant and any kind of 'weeds' used for broken bones.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 180


pageno: 60
notes: Plant considered an omen of good fortune and brought into the home.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 60


pageno: 50, 51
notes: Cold infusion of leaves used ceremonially as a medicine and as a fumigant.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 50, 51


pageno: 173174
notes: Decoction of root and vinegar weed used as a bath for pustules and skin eruptions from smallpox.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 173174


pageno: 62
notes: Decoction of root taken for 'menstruation troubles.'
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 62


pageno: 213214
notes: Snuff of powdered florets used for sick headaches.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 213214


pageno: 84
notes: Infusion of roots used to wash the eyes as an 'eye tonic.'
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 84


pageno: 191
notes: Infusion of roots taken for heart troubles.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G., 1937, Catawba Medicines and Curative Practices, Publications of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society 1:179-197, page 191


pageno: 61
notes: Infusion of roots taken for heart troubles.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61


pageno: 48
notes: Decoction of leaves used as a wash for cuts.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 48


pageno: 71, 72
notes: Decoction of leaves taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 71, 72


pageno: 253
notes: Leaves woven into skirts and aprons.
rawsource:
Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 253


pageno: 30
notes: Decoction of leaves and Pinus lambertiana pitch or leaves chewed and water taken as soothing drink.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 30


pageno: 381
notes: Leaves used for colds and asthma.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 381


pageno: 74
notes: Decoction of leaves used as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 74


pageno: 71
notes: Poultice of fresh, pounded leaves applied to sore or fatigued limbs for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 71


pageno: 42
notes: Plant used for pain.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 42


pageno: 19
notes: Plant used as a lotion for rashes.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 19


pageno: 378
notes: Root eaten as an emetic for stomachaches.
rawsource:
Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 378


pageno: 24
notes: Leaves rubbed on buffalo or deer hides in the process of staining and tanning.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 24


pageno: 24
notes:
Leaves rubbed on buffalo or deer hides in the process of staining and tanning. The leaves were applied fresh, or, if the hide was dry, the leaves were moistened before application.

rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 24


pageno: 54
notes: Infusion of plant used for urination problems.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 54


pageno: 112
notes: Decoction of roots and stems taken for colds.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 112


pageno: 112
notes:
Stems used by children to play a game. Children played a game with the stems of these plants.  They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch attached to make a 'hook.'  Each child took one of these.  They hooked them together and pulled.  The first one to break his or her stick lost the game.


pageno: 216
notes: Decoction of leaves taken three times a day for headaches.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 216


pageno: 20
notes: Branch chewed or infusion of plant taken as a physic.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 20


pageno: 68
notes:
Stems used in game similar to wishbone pulling. When the plant has matured and the stems are dry and brittle, the stout, long-branched flowering stems of this plant are used to play a game.  Two children fashion a hook for themselves from the branching portion of the stem.  These hooks are interlocked, and the participants pull on them until one of the hooks is broken.  The person with the unbroken hook is considered to be the winner.

rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 68


pageno: 22
notes: Plant used as a blood tonic.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 22


pageno: 505
notes: Decoction of whole plant used as a purifying ceremonial wash in the sweathouse.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505


pageno: 237
notes: Infusion of plant used as a wash for sores.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 237


pageno: 263
notes: Dried stem used as tobacco pipe if pottery pipe lacking, burned with tobacco.
rawsource:
Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263


pageno: 43
notes: Roots chewed for a heart medicine.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 43


pageno: 91
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 91
notes:
Ground blossom powder given to ceremonial dancers impersonating anthropic gods to bring rain. The blossom powder was given to the dancers after they were dressed for the ceremony.  The dance director placed it in the mouth of each dancer so that the dance would bring rain.  Each dancer ejected the medicine from his mouth over his body and apparel.


pageno: 25
notes: Root used for food.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 25


pageno: 72
notes: Decoction of roots or tops used for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 72


pageno: 161
notes:
Twigs and leaves used as a brush to clear ground under manzanita bushes before knocking off berries.


pageno: 369
notes: Plant used as an eye medicine.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 369


pageno: 72
notes: Leaves, growing near the root, used as a physic.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 72


pageno: 314
notes: Plant used for severe pain in hips and back, especially in pregnant state.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 314


pageno: 35, 73
notes: Plant used to ease menstrual difficulties and ease childbirth.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 35, 73


pageno: 25
notes: Infusion of flowers and leaves used as a mouthwash for pyorrhea.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 25


pageno: 73
notes: Decoction of root taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 73


pageno: 49
notes: Infusion of blossoms taken for ptomaine poisoning.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 49


pageno: 95
notes: Leaves placed on burns to soothe the pain.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 95


pageno: 32
notes: Stems and flowers powdered, made into a tea and used for menses that ran too long.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 32


pageno: 119
notes: Roots eaten raw or boiled.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 119


pageno: 27
notes: Raw stems eaten to restore good health to persons in generally poor health.
rawsource:
Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 27


pageno: 22
notes: 'Cotton' from plant put in corner of eye to absorb fluid from 'watery eyes.'
rawsource:
Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 22


pageno: 313
notes: Roots chewed by children, sometimes as gum.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 313


pageno: 34
notes: Used for sheep feed.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 34


pageno: 43
notes: Roots used for stomach disorders.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 43


pageno: 655656
notes: Cold infusion of root taken for neuralgia and kidney troubles.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 655656


pageno: 248
notes: Root used as an antidote for poisons and for bladder trouble.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 248


pageno: 257
notes:
Decoction of plant taken for dead people's sickness. The symptoms of this disease are numb and painful legs, neck, shoulders and perhaps the backbone.  The sufferer is sleepy during the day, has 'short breath,' and loses appetite.  Fever and headaches also accompany this illness.

rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 257


pageno: 191
notes: Decoction of roots used for cow sickness: lower chest pain, digestive disturbances and diarrhea.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 191


pageno: 161
notes: Plant used for pains.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 161


pageno: 223
notes: Infusion of plant taken for otter sickness: severe diarrhea, bloody stools and severe stomachache.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 223


pageno: 215
notes: Cold infusion of plant used as a bath for body aches.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 215


pageno: 167
notes:
Roots used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school & after death of patient.

rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 167


pageno: 238
notes: Decoction of plant taken and used as a body steam for snake sickness: itchy skin.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 238


pageno: 145
notes:
Decoction of plant & other plants taken as an emetic by doctors to strengthen his internal medicine.

rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 145


pageno: 408
notes: Infusion of roots taken as an emetic during religious ceremonies.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 408


pageno: 184
notes:
Plant used as an emetic by the doctor to prevent the next patient from getting worse. This emetic was taken by the doctor after a patient had died.  It prevented the next patient from getting worse instead of improving under the doctor's care.

rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 184


pageno: 304
notes: Roots eaten as a heart medicine.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 304


pageno: 288
notes: Decoction of roots applied to foot swellings.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 288


pageno: 295
notes: Plant used for snakebites.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 295


pageno: 164
notes: Plant used medicinally.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 164


pageno: 315
notes: Plant used for advanced cases of tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 315


pageno: 28, 29
notes: Crushed leaves 'smelled' for headache.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 28, 29


pageno: 316
notes: Plant used for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 316


pageno: 92
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92
notes:
Plant used ceremonially to insure the coming of rain so that the corn and all vegetation would grow.


pageno: 666
notes: Cold infusion of root taken by women for bowel pain.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 666


pageno: 188
notes: Decoction of roots or berries used for horse sickness: nausea, constipation and blocked urination.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 188


pageno: 43
notes: Warmed leaves crushed and juice poured over 'wound that won't heal.'
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43


pageno: 24
notes: Plants eaten by bears and ground squirrels.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24


pageno: 45
notes: Corms used for bad colds.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 45


pageno: 121
notes:
Raw corms dried for future use in soups or stews. The corms were laid out loosely on a scaffold and allowed to partially dry until they had wilted so that they would not split when strung.  Then they were strung with needles onto long strings or thin sticks and allowed to dry completely.  The strings were tied at the ends to make a large necklace like loop which could be hung up for storage.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121


pageno: 121
notes:
Corms used to make a traditional kind of pudding. The pudding was made by boiling together such traditional ingredients as dried black tree lichen, dried saskatoon berries, cured salmon eggs, tiger lily bulbs or bitterroot and deer fat.  Some of these ingredients, including avalanche lily corms, were optional. Nowadays flour is often used as a substitute for black tree lichen and sugar is added.


pageno: 121
notes:
Corms considered an important traditional food source. Because raw corms were considered poisonous, most of the corms were pit cooked, either immediately after harvesting or at a later date after they had been strung and dried.  In the latter case, they were soaked for a few minutes in lukewarm water until they had regained about two-thirds of their moisture before being placed in the cooking pit.  They could be eaten immediately or redried for later use, when they could be could again very quickly.  One informant confirmed that the corms cooked and eaten immediately after harvesting were not as sweet and good as those that had been stored first.


pageno: 121
notes:
Corms used as wagers in gambling. Some of the women used to climb up the valley sides to dig sacks of corms which they used as wagers in gambling.  The winners would stagger down the hillside with several sacks of corms, while others, who had worked just as hard, would return home empty handed, having lost in the gambling.


pageno: 75
notes: Bulbs dried and used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 75


pageno: 320
notes: Poultice of crushed plant applied to boils.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 320


pageno: 34
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 34


pageno: 351
notes: Root juice used as a wash for headaches.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 351


pageno: 94
notes: Decoction of mashed seed pod rubbed on a nursing mother's breast to dry up her milk.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 94


pageno: 15
notes: Red, ripe fruit eaten.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15


pageno: 67
notes: Fruit eaten in small amounts for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67


pageno: 103
notes: Fruit eaten as a confection.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103


pageno: 45
notes: Fruits eaten for food.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 45


pageno: 115
notes: Plant used to play a joke on people by placing it under the covers.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 115


pageno: 73
notes:
Leaves used in steam treatments for colds. The leaves were boiled in water and the patient held his head over the bowl.  A blanket was then placed over the patient, who inhaled the steam to relieve sinus congestion.


pageno: 467
notes: Plant used to make bows.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467


pageno: 38
notes: Infusion of bark taken for urinary troubles.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 38


pageno: 375
notes: Decoction of plants taken for suppressed menses.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 375


pageno: 374
notes: Compound decoction of plant taken to remove worms caused by solid food taboo.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 374


pageno: 238
notes: Used for menstrual disorders and to facilitate the recovery of women after childbirth.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 238


pageno: 41, 42
notes: Section of stem used to blow or spray medicine.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41, 42


pageno: 456
notes: Compound decoction of smashed plants taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 456


pageno: 455
notes: Infusion of roots taken for soreness of womb and abdomen after childbirth.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 455


pageno: 26
notes: Used as a purgative.
rawsource:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26


pageno: 142
notes: Root used to correct irregular menses.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 142


pageno: 28, 76
notes: Infusion of root, sometimes with leaves, used for chills and fever.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 76


pageno: 67, 82
notes: Infusion of leaves, considered a powerful herb, taken as a stomach medicine.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 67, 82


pageno: 457
notes: Infusion of roots taken for pains in the stomach and on the left side.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 457


pageno: 30
notes: Infusion of whole plant used for fever.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 30


pageno: 130
notes: Leaves used for stomach trouble and colds.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 130


pageno: 33
notes: Root ash used as salt.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 33


pageno: 18
notes: Infusion of roots taken as a laxative.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 18


pageno: 52
notes: Poultice of fresh leaves applied to burns.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 52


pageno: 60
notes: Compound infusion of plants taken for purging.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60


pageno: 220221
notes: Compound infusion of root used to expel pinworms.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 220221


pageno: 369
notes: Infusion of pounded root taken before eating as a physic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369


pageno: 62
notes: Plant eaten by mothers to produce more milk.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62


pageno: 36
notes: Used for chewing gum.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 36


pageno: 192
notes: Infusion of leaves taken for sugar diabetes.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 192


pageno: 49, 50
notes: Infusion of leaves rubbed on head for severe headache.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 49, 50


pageno: 108
notes: Leaves used for greens.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 108


pageno: 53
notes: Infusion of blossoms used for some kinds of fevers.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 53


pageno: 225
notes: Plant used for poison on stone arrow tips.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 225


pageno: 113
notes: Plant pieces used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113


pageno: 135
notes: Galls used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135


pageno: 313
notes: Decoction of plant given when 'baby is sick because of mother's adultery.'
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 313


pageno: 128
notes:
Nuts used for food. People sought for stores of beechnuts which had been put away by chipmunks.  These hoards saved the labor not only of gathering, but also of shucking and were certain to contain only sound nuts.  The people had observed that chipmunks never stored any that were not good.


pageno: 246
notes: Leaves used for sores.
rawsource:
Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 246


pageno: 36
notes: Inner bark of the trunk and root used in medicinal compounds.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 36


pageno: 66
notes: Beechnuts stored for winter use.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66


pageno: 401
notes: Sweet nuts much appreciated and never enough to store for winter.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 401


pageno: 58
notes: Decoction of leaves used for burned or scalded wounds.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 58


pageno: 100
notes:
Beechnuts used for food. The hidden stores of the small deer mouse was what the Indians relied upon.  The deer mouse is outdone by no other animal in laying up winter stores.  Its favorite food is the beechnut.  It will lay up, in some safe log or hollow tree, from four to eight quarts, shelled in the most careful manner.  The Indians easily find the stores, when the snow is on the ground, by the refuse on the snow.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 100


pageno: 37
notes: Branches used to make cradleboard hoods and beds.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 37


pageno: 29
notes: Slender, smooth, straight branches used to make arrow shafts.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29


pageno: 26
notes: Plant used as witchcraft to cause insanity.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 26


pageno: 30, 31
notes: Cold infusion of leaves used as a ceremonial lotion and leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30, 31


pageno: 46, 47
notes: Infusion of leaves used as shampoo, to promote growth of hair.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 46, 47


pageno: 318
notes: Used in religious ceremonies.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 318


pageno: 67
notes:
Plant used to obtain water. The barrel cactus provided a desert reservoir, one which had long been familiar to many desert travelers at times of emergency.  To obtain water, the top of the cactus was sliced off, a portion of the pulp was removed to create a depression and then the pulp was squeezed by hand in the depression until water was released from the spongy mass.

rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 67


pageno: 67
notes:
Body of the plant used as a cooking vessel. The top was cut off of the cactus and the interior was dug out.  Water was then put into the depression and heated with hot stones.


pageno: 42
notes: Fruits dried, pounded and eaten.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 42


pageno: 222
notes: Spines heated and bent to make fishing hooks.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 222


pageno: 300
notes: Poultice of mashed bark applied to cuts and sores.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 300


pageno: 216
notes:
Fallen fruit ground, mixed with water into a thick paste, dried in sheets & eaten during the winter.


pageno: 241242
notes: Root used as an important medicine for various heart troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241242


pageno: 86, 87
notes: Plant used as a substitute for tobacco.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86, 87


pageno: 44
notes: Strained decoction of seeds used as an eyewash.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 44


pageno: 187
notes: Infusion of plant taken as a laxative.
rawsource:
Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 187


pageno: 135
notes:
Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.

rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135


pageno: 49
notes: Whole plant made into a white powder, sometimes mixed with coloring, and used to make a paint.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 49


pageno: 138
notes: Decoction of ground plant taken for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 138


pageno: 56
notes: Used for protection against people with ill feelings and wishes toward others.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56


pageno: 319
notes: Used to make pahos (prayer sticks).
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 319


pageno: 22
notes: Roots used in a soothing bath for swollen feet.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 22


pageno: 74
notes: Wood used to make fences to prevent rodents from attacking cultivated crops.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 74


pageno: 28
notes: Plant used as a blood specific, purifier and tonic.
rawsource:
Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 28


pageno: 202
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 202


pageno: 63
notes: Fruits eaten raw.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63


pageno: 36
notes: Berries eaten fresh immediately after picking.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 36


pageno: 262
notes: Fruit eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 262


pageno: 117
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117


pageno: 108
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 108


pageno: 109
notes:
Berry used in the flower dance at the Strawberry Festival, danced by young girls. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were danced and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day.


pageno: 31
notes: Fresh fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 31


pageno: 264
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 264


pageno: 78
notes: Decoction of stems taken for stomach bleeding.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 78


pageno: 352
notes: Infusion of whole plant taken by women to regulate menses.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 352


pageno: 80
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 80


pageno: 37
notes: Fruits eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 37


pageno: 125
notes: Poultice of leaf powder and deer fat applied to sores.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125


pageno: 76, 77
notes: Root used for stomach complaints.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 76, 77


pageno: 259
notes: Decoction of leaves taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 259


pageno: 84
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 84


pageno: 127
notes: Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use.
rawsource:
Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127


pageno: 29
notes: Fruits eaten as a delicacy.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 29


pageno: 31
notes: Whole plant used as 'life medicine.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 31


pageno: 110
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 110


pageno: 488
notes: Berries washed, dried and stored for winter use.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 488


pageno: 478
notes: Flowers and stems used to flavor roots.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 478


pageno: 38
notes: Decoction of roots used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 38


pageno: 71
notes: Berries eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71


pageno: 2220
notes: Berries used fresh or preserved.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2220


pageno: 131
notes: Dried, ground bark used for constipation.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131


pageno: 37
notes: Decoction of bark used as a physic.
rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 37


pageno: 25, 78
notes: Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 78


pageno: 56
notes: Infusion of bark used as a purgative.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 56


pageno: 21
notes: Fruit considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 21


pageno: 71
notes:
Decoction of bark, infusion of bark or chewed bark used as a laxative. It was believed that the bigger the tree, the stronger the medicine.  Thick bark from the larger trees was used if a very strong dose was required; thin bark from young trees was used for a mild dose.


pageno: 100
notes: Berries used as an emetic.
rawsource:
Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 100


pageno: 286
notes: Bark mixed with crab apple bark to prevent the crab apple from constipating the user.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 286


pageno: 115
notes: Infusion of spring or early summer bark used as a disinfectant for cuts, wounds and sores.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 115


pageno: 65
notes: Infusion of bark used for 'any sort of disease.'
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 65


pageno: 50
notes: Bark used as a laxative.
rawsource:
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 50


pageno: 133
notes: Infusion of root bark or bark taken as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert, 1934, Various Uses of Plants by West Coast Indians, Washington Historical Quarterly 25:133-37, page 133


pageno: 172
notes: Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 172


pageno: 75
notes: Decoction of root used as an eyewash.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 75


pageno: 106
notes: Infusion of roots taken for tuberculosis.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 106


pageno: 76
notes: Decoction of roots taken as a tonic for any general weakness or illness.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 76


pageno: 139
notes: Wood used to make handles for fishing spears.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139


pageno: 25, 76
notes: Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 76


pageno: 412
notes: Compound used for bad blood.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412


pageno: 411
notes: Decoction of bark taken as a physic.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 411


pageno: 60
notes: Branch sap used for earaches.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 60


pageno: 233
notes: Infusion of bark used for sores, itch and vermin on the scalp.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 233


pageno: 245
notes: Root bark used for medicinal purposes.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245


pageno: 45
notes: Infusion of bark taken for worms.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45


pageno: 139
notes:
Wood logs beaten with mauls to separate the growth layers, cut into strips and woven into baskets. The wood logs were beaten with mauls until the growth layers were loosened so that they could be separated.  The thin sheets of wood were then cut into strips of the desired size and woven into baskets.

rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 139


pageno: 413
notes: Compound infusion of roots used as drops for earaches.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413


pageno: 269
notes: Inner bark and wood used to make baskets.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 269


pageno: 31
notes: Wood used to make posts for the Sun Dance lodge.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 31


pageno: 235
notes: Wood used for house and fence construction.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 235


pageno: 52
notes: Wood used to make bows.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 52


pageno: 407
notes: Cambium layer scraped down in long, fluffy layers and cooked. They say it tastes like eggs.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 407


pageno: 322
notes: Plant used in various rituals.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 322


pageno: 218
notes:
Sap used for earaches. Medicine was made by placing the end of a fresh log or branch in a fire.  The sap was collected as it appeared from the opposite end.

rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 218


pageno: 99
notes: Bark used to make chair backs.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 99


pageno: 25
notes: Wood used to make bows.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25


pageno: 447
notes: Bark used to bind bundles of fine brush for acorn caches.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 447


pageno: 420
notes: Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420


pageno: 440
notes: Tough bark used to make cord.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 440


pageno: 300
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 300


pageno: 125
notes: Washed bulbs dried for future use.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 125


pageno: 196
notes: Bulbs eaten with western dock.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 196


pageno: 320
notes: Bulbs used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 320


pageno: 273
notes: Bulbs sun dried, steamed, covered with oil and eaten at feasts.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 273


pageno: 85
notes: Roots formerly used for food.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 85


pageno: 25
notes: Bulbous, underground corms boiled and used for food.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 25


pageno: 46
notes: Bulbs pit cooked, dried and stored for future use.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 46


pageno: 57
notes: Bulb gathered, boiled and eaten.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 57


pageno: 51
notes: Plants rubbed on body by pregnant women expecting their unborn baby boys to become whalers.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 51


pageno: 181
notes: Infusion of whole plant used for cancer.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 181


pageno: 35, 96
notes: Plant used as a diuretic for painful urination.
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 35, 96


pageno: 320
notes: Taken as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 320


pageno: 86
notes: Infusion of leaves taken and poultice of leaves applied for gout.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86


pageno: 48
notes: Plant used for the effects of immersion.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48


pageno: 253
notes: Roots used for baby sickness caused by adultery: appetite loss, fever, headache and diarrhea.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 253


pageno: 306
notes: Cold infusion of roots taken for baby's sickness: vomiting, diarrhea and grogginess.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 306


pageno: 255
notes: Roots and mother's milk or canned milk used for baby's sickness: refusal to suckle.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 255


pageno: 425
notes: Infusion of roots taken to vomit as a cure for bewitching.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 425


pageno: 61
notes: Infusion of plant used for pulmonary troubles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 61


pageno: 439
notes: Compound infusion of plants used as wash for poison ivy and itch.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 439


pageno: 316
notes: Plant good for the hair, making it grow long.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 316


pageno: 125
notes: Used as a hair wash.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 125


pageno: 386
notes: Infusion of whole plant used as a diuretic.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 386


pageno: 53
notes: Decoction of roots used as a red dye for porcupine quills.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53


pageno: 244
notes: Infusion of whole plant used for kidney trouble.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 244


pageno: 45
notes: Infusion of plant taken and used as lotion for headache.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45


pageno: 88
notes: Plants rubbed on the hands to take pitch off.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 88


pageno: 254
notes: Roots used to make a red dye for porcupine quills.
rawsource:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 254


pageno: 386387
notes: Infusion of whole plant used for 'beneficial effect upon the respiratory organs.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 386387


pageno: 387
notes: Infusion of plant used for skin diseases like eczema and ringworm.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387


pageno: 440
notes: Compound used as love medicine.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 440


pageno: 291
notes: Plant rubbed on the skin for chest pains.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 291


pageno: 51
notes: Infusion of herb used 'to clear up kidney troubles.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51


pageno: 115
notes: Plant tucked under women's girdles for the delicate fragrance given off during withering.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 115


pageno: 106
notes: Infusion of leaves taken to bring on a woman's period.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 106


pageno: 172
notes: Infusion of plant taken for colds.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 172


pageno: 317
notes: Leaves used to make a beverage.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 317


pageno: 67
notes: Fruits eaten fresh.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67


pageno: 116
notes: Used to make tea and medicinal tea.
rawsource:
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 116


pageno: 129
notes: Infusion of leaves used for colds.
rawsource:
Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129


pageno: 409
notes: Compound decoction or infusion taken as blood purifier or blood remedy.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 409


pageno: 17
notes: Leaves used to make tea.
rawsource:
Jenness, Diamond, 1935, The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life, National Museums of Canada Bulletin #78, Anthropological Series #17, page 17


pageno: 239
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 239


pageno: 56, 57
notes: Infusion of leaves used for lumbago and rheumatism.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 56, 57


pageno: 200
notes: Berries mashed, dried in cakes, soaked, dipped in oil and eaten.
rawsource:
Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200


pageno: 240
notes: Berries used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 240


pageno: 65
notes: Dried, caked berries rehydrated and eaten with oil.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65


pageno: 333
notes: Fruit used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 333


pageno: 286
notes: Berries mashed with stink currant berries and eaten by chiefs and their wives.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286


pageno: 299
notes: Leaves used to dry the mouth.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299


pageno: 96
notes: Berries eaten as fresh fruit.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96


pageno: 213
notes: Berries picked with the stems attached, washed, destemmed, dried and made into cakes for later use.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 213


pageno: 30
notes: Fresh, soft leaves worn as a headband for their cooling effect in hot weather.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 30


pageno: 66
notes: Infusion of plant used for burns.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 66


pageno: 45
notes: Spores used in the ear for running ear.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45


pageno: 58, 59
notes: Infusion of root taken as an alterative.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 58, 59


pageno: 414
notes: Infusion of roots taken for chills.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 414


pageno: 222
notes: Root used for 'caked breast.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 222


pageno: 252
notes: Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 252


pageno: 32, 76
notes: Infusion of root taken as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 32, 76


pageno: 367
notes: Infusion of plant taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 367


pageno: 366
notes: Decoction of roots used as a wash for face sores or parts infected with itch.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 366


pageno: 36, 37
notes: Root used for 'flux and like troubles.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 36, 37


pageno: 222223
notes: Poultice of decoction of root applied to burns and infusion used for toothache.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 222223


pageno: 370371
notes: Root used for flux and sore mouth.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 370371


pageno: 72
notes: Infusion of leaves and simple sweatbath taken for colds.
rawsource:
Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 72


pageno: 82
notes:
Infusion of leaves applied to the head and eaten for large head, from dropsy or severe malnutrition. Two cases were described of a young girl and a woman whose heads became abnormally large, as with dropsy or severe malnutrition.  An infusion of the leaves was applied to the head and consumed, effecting temporary recovery, but both lost their hair and died later.


pageno: 39
notes: Decoction of root and other herbs used to make a person sweat.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 39


pageno: 353
notes: Decoction of roots taken for convulsions.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 353


pageno: 57
notes: Roots used for coughs and croup.
rawsource:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57


pageno: 126
notes: Infusion of roots taken by women after childbirth.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126


pageno: 276
notes: Leaves chewed as a universal remedy, 'good for everything.'
rawsource:
Willoughby, C., 1889, Indians of the Quinaielt Agency, Washington Territory, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1886, page 276


pageno: 354
notes: Infusion of roots taken for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 354


pageno: 88
notes:
Infusion of roots used for bleeding and promoted rapid healing on horse boils and castration wounds.


pageno: 466
notes: Decoction of root used as a wash for pain.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 466


pageno: 81
notes: Decoction of roots given to stimulate tired horses.
rawsource:
Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 81


pageno: 38
notes: Poultice of plant applied to scorpion stings or worm bites.
rawsource:
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38


pageno: 52, 53
notes: Infusion of fresh or dried plant taken and applied to head for headache.
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 52, 53


pageno: 73
notes: Leaves crushed with rocks and rubbed on snakebites.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 73


pageno: 32
notes: Infusion of bark taken and used as a bath for dyspepsia.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32


pageno: 669
notes: Pod considered a good antidote for the complaints of children.
rawsource:
Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 669


pageno: 228229
notes: Infusion of twig bark used for bad colds.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 228229


pageno: 371
notes: Root used as a female remedy.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 371


pageno: 35
notes: Infusion of roots or leaves used for diarrhea.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 35


pageno: 178
notes: Shoots eaten raw.
rawsource:
Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 178


pageno: 92
notes: Poultice of steeped leaves applied to ears for earache.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 92


pageno: 561
notes: Infusion of plant used as a wash for chills.
rawsource:
White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 561


pageno: 40
notes: Roots chewed for toothache.
rawsource:
Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 40


pageno: 23
notes: Raw leaves eaten as greens.
rawsource:
Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 23


pageno: 284
notes: Poultice of crushed leaves applied to the baby's navel string.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 284


pageno: 180
notes: Plant used to make a strong medicine.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 180


pageno: 26
notes: Infusion of plants taken as a tonic.
rawsource:
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 26


pageno: 136
notes:
Leaves chewed prenatally to determine the sex of a baby and to insure an easy delivery. If the mother could swallow the chewed leaf, the baby was going to be a girl, but if she could not, then it was going to be a boy.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 136


pageno: 76
notes: Poultice of leaves used for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 76


pageno: 72
notes: Mashed leaves used to wipe out infants' mouths to prevent soreness.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 72


pageno: 92
rawsource: Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92
notes:
Fuzz used alone or made into cords and used ceremonially in a number of ways. The cotton cords were tied loosely around the wrists and ankles of the newborn child while supplications were offered that the rain makers would provide enough rain to insure proliferative crops so that the child would have full nourishment its whole life.  Cotton down was used to cover the heads of rain priests after their deaths symbolizing their duties in this world and also their obligations in the undermost world.  Crowns and certain masks were also covered with raw cotton to indicate that the gods represented were rain makers or were specially associated with the rain makers.


pageno: 42
notes: Decoction of roots taken to ease childbirth.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42


pageno: 105
notes: Used as a strike-a-light.
rawsource:
Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 105


pageno: 231
notes: Cotton twisted into thread, braided into a thick cord and used in the strike-a-light.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 231


pageno: 37
notes: Seeds made into flour and baked on hot sands as browned cakes.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37


pageno: 102
notes: Formerly used to weave large ceremonial blankets.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 102


pageno: 102103
notes: Poultice of chewed kernels applied to child's head for baldness.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 102103


pageno: 106
notes: Used as a source of fiber.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 106


pageno: 46
notes: Infusion of plant used for severe stomachache.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 46


pageno: 23
notes: Decoction of leaves and stems taken as a blood tonic.
rawsource:
Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 23


pageno: 81, 82
notes: Decoction of plant said to be a good cough medicine.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 81, 82


pageno: 23
notes: Decoction of dried, ground plant used as a wash for cuts.
rawsource:
Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 23


pageno: 394
notes: Decoction of plant taken as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 394


pageno: 32
notes: Infusion taken for the 'liver.'
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 32


pageno: 21
notes: Decoction of flowering tops applied to skin diseases, scabs and sores.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 21


pageno: 371
notes: Roots used as a cough medicine.
rawsource:
Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 371


pageno: 33
rawsource: Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 33
notes:
Plant used as wall filler in the construction of the winter house. Built on a circular ground plan of vertical and horizontal poles, the house had matchweed packed in so tightly between the poles that one could not see through.  However, there was appartenly an outer covering usually of tule mats.


pageno: 323
notes: Used for 'gastric disturbances.'
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 323


pageno: 56
notes: Sprigs tied on prayer sticks during the December ceremonies.
rawsource:
Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 56


pageno: 31
notes: Poultice of moistened leaves used for bruises.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 31


pageno: 86
notes:
Wood made into charcoal used in the medicines applied to the ailing gods. Two kinds of charcoal were used in the medicines which were applied to the ailing gods.  The first was made from the bark of the pine and willow.  The second was made from this plant and three-lobed sagebrush, to which were added the feathers dropped from a live crow and a live buzzard.

rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86


pageno: 82, 83
notes: Poultice of boiled leaves in cloth applied as a heat pack for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 82, 83


pageno: 16
notes: Used as a utilitarian brush to remove stickers off prickly pear fruits and for sweeping the floor.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 16


pageno: 89, 90
notes: Infusion of root used as an enema and infallible remedy for constipation.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89, 90


pageno: 89
notes:
Root sometimes used with another component to make a black dye. The root was not very highly esteemed for making a dye and alone was considered useless, but was occasionally used with another component to make a black dye.


pageno: 260
notes: Roasted, ground seeds boiled to make coffee.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 260


pageno: 102
notes: Plant used to make a medicine and given to students in medical training to make the body strong.
rawsource:
Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 102


pageno: 192
notes:
Plant eaten by sheep. The plant was not used by people as it was considered a noxious weed because the burred fruits stuck to fur and clothing.

rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 192


pageno: 33
notes: Prickles from fruit caused skin irritation and swelling.
rawsource:
Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33


pageno: 40, 41
notes: Root of this or any poisonous plant used for serious injury such as fracture.
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40, 41


pageno: 474
notes: Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose.
rawsource:
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 474


pageno: 44
notes: Leaves and twigs used to make tea.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 44


pageno: 346
notes: Infusion of twig bark taken for bloody dysentery.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 346


pageno: 348
notes: Compound used for arthritis.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 348


pageno: 347
notes: Compound decoction of tips and sprouts taken as a blood purifier.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 347


pageno: 37
notes: Seeds used as the sacred bead in the medicine ceremony.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 37


pageno: 87
notes: Crotched sticks used to locate underground water or buried treasure.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87


pageno: 59, 60
notes: Twigs used to create steam in the sweatbath for sore muscles.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 59, 60


pageno: 112
notes: Infusion of leaves used for colds.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 112


pageno: 30
notes: Leaves chewed for their pleasing flavor.
rawsource:
Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 30


pageno: 47
notes: Infusion of plant used as a hair wash and body bath.
rawsource:
Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 47


pageno: 72
notes:
Used by assistant during the War Dance. At noon of the third day of the War Dance, the body of the patient was painted black.  Medicine was then made of yarrow, red juniper, pine needles and meadow rue, which were previously pulverized, then thrown into a bowl of water and stirred.  This was then dabbed all over the patient who sipped the mixture before bathing his whole body in it.  Foxtail grass and mock pennyroyal were then chewed by the assistant and sputtered on the patient.


pageno: 83
notes: Decoction of plant taken as a physic.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 83


pageno: 426
notes: Infusion of plants taken for headaches.
rawsource:
Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 426


pageno: 58, 84
notes: Whole plant used as a sudorific.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 58, 84


pageno: 58
notes: Plant considered an excellent remedy for kidney troubles.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 58


pageno: 2274
notes: Infusion of plant taken for cold fevers.
rawsource:
Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2274


pageno: 115
notes: Roots frozen for future use.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 115


pageno: 14
notes: Fried roots, with or without grease, used to make tea.
rawsource:
Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14


pageno: 14
notes:
Used in the winter during times of food shortage. A large fire was set over an area where the Indians knew the roots to be abundant.  By thawing the ground this way, they were able to dig them out.


pageno: 1
notes: Roots eaten by the brown bears, meadow mice and lemmings.
rawsource:
Porsild, A.E., 1937, Edible Roots and Berries of Northern Canada, Canada Department of Mines and Resources, National Museum of Canada, page 1


pageno: 142
notes: Roots considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 142


pageno: 36
notes: Roots eaten fresh and boiled.
rawsource:
McKennan, Robert A., 1959, The Upper Tanana Indians, Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 55, page 36


pageno: 62
notes: Decoction of entire plant used as a sweatbath for swellings.
rawsource:
Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62


pageno: 30, 31
notes: Compound infusion of flower heads taken 'for its alterative effects.'
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 30, 31


pageno: 215
notes: Disk florets used as snuff for colds or catarrh.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 215


pageno: 83, 84
notes: Hot poultice of mashed root applied for swellings and sprains.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 83, 84


pageno: 32
notes: Poultice of roots applied to sore throats.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 32


pageno: 27, 76
notes: Infusion of plant taken and poultice of root applied for sore throat.
rawsource:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 27, 76


pageno: 76
notes: Dried seeds ground and mixed with flour from other seeds.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 76


pageno: 130
notes: Decoction of flower heads taken for pulmonary troubles.
rawsource:
Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 130


pageno: 12, 13
notes: Oil from seeds used 'to lubricate or paint the face or body.'
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12, 13


pageno: 32, 96
notes: Plant used as a 'spider medicine.'
rawsource:
Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 32, 96


pageno: 96
rawsource: Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 96
notes:
Petals dried, ground, mixed with yellow corn meal and used as a face powder in women's basket dance.


pageno: 30
notes: Seeds dried, powdered and grease added to make cakes.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 30


pageno: 87
notes: Plant, double bladderpod, sumac and mistletoe used in the liniment for the War Dance.
rawsource:
Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 87


pageno: 87
notes:
Stalk made into flute used in an ancient custom of timing the grinding of the corn at the War Dance.


pageno: 87
notes:
Stalks used to make bird snares. Bird snares were made of stalks in which were drilled two small holes.  In one of these holes was inserted a twig of greasewood and at the end of this was fastened a sliding loop of horsehair.  The greasewood twig was then bent in a bow and the loop passed through the upper hole, across which was laid a small piece of reed.  The small stick below the loop was placed so that one end rests on the rim of the stalk and the other end on the reed.  When a bird alighted on this, the small piece of reed was disturbed and the greasewood twig straightened, drawing the horsehair loop with the bird's foot in it into the stalk.


pageno: 84
notes: Decoction of root used as a warm wash for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 84


pageno: 53, 54
notes: Compound poultice of root applied with much ceremony to rattlesnake bite.
rawsource:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 53, 54


pageno: 13
notes: Tubers were dug and eaten.
rawsource:
Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 13


pageno: 324
notes: Used as a spider medicine.
rawsource:
Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 324


pageno: 184
notes: Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal, put into hot water and eaten as a pasty bread.
rawsource:
Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 184


pageno: 65
notes: Seeds ground, made into small cakes and baked for a short time.
rawsource:
Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 65


pageno: 2
notes: Seeds used to make a black dye.
rawsource:
Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 2


pageno: 34
notes: Root used as a vegetable food.
rawsource:
Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 34


pageno: 319
notes: Roots eaten raw like a radish.
rawsource:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 319


pageno: 369
notes:
Tubers boiled and sometimes fried after boiling for food. Overuse of these tubers was said to cause flatulency.


pageno: 38
notes: Stalks and tubers used for food.
rawsource:
Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 38


pageno: 54
notes: Plant used as 'life medicine.'
rawsource:
Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 54


pageno: 84, 85
notes: Decoction of plant or roots taken in cases of 'retention of urine.'
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 84, 85


pageno: 77
notes: Whole plant, including the seeds, used as a famine plant.
rawsource:
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 77


pageno: 274
notes: Seeds used to make pinole.
rawsource:
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 274


pageno: 48, 49
notes: Compound containing root used for female maladies, especially leucorrhea.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 48, 49


pageno: 123
notes: Roots used to make a dye for mats and baskets.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123


pageno: 67
notes: Whole plant eaten by cows.
rawsource:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 67


pageno: 48
notes: Poultice of roots applied to bruises and chronic swellings.
rawsource:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 48


pageno: 82
notes: Poultice of ground roots applied for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 82


pageno: 40
notes: Hollow stems made into whistles and used for romantic purposes at night.
rawsource:
Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 40


pageno: 492
notes: Powdered roots & lard used as an ointment or poultice of root paste applied to boils and swellings.
rawsource:
Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 492


pageno: 491
notes: Plant considered poisonous.
rawsource:
Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 491


pageno: 40
notes: Decoction of root, calamus and yellow pond lily used as a wash for severe headaches.
rawsource:
Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40


pageno: 25
notes: Poultice of fresh roots used for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 25


pageno: 326
notes: Young stems and petioles eaten as a spring vegetable.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 326


pageno: 293
notes: Heated poultice of leaves applied for eye problems.
rawsource:
Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 293


pageno: 373
notes: Tender leaf and flower stalks eaten as green food in spring and early summer.
rawsource:
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 373


pageno: 249
notes: Seeds used for severe headache and root used for stomach cramps.
rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 249


pageno: 432
notes:
Root used to smudge a fire and drive away a bad spirit from the camp of the hunter. There is a bad spirit who is always present trying to steal away one's luck in hunting game.  He must be driven away from the camp of the hunter by smudging a fire with the roots.  This gets into the spirit's eyes and he cannot see the hunter leave the camp, so naturally does not follow and bother him.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432


pageno: 432
notes:
Seeds used to smudge a fire and drive away a bad spirit from the camp of the hunter. There is a bad spirit who is always present trying to steal away one's luck in hunting game.  He must be driven away from the camp of the hunter by smudging a fire with the seeds.  This gets into the spirit's eyes and he cannot see the hunter leave the camp, so naturally does not follow and bother him.

rawsource:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432


pageno: 62
notes: Decoction of branches used as a hair tonic to prevent grey hair and dandruff.
rawsource:
Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62


pageno: 84
notes: Stems and petioles peeled and used for food.
rawsource:
Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 84


pageno: 85, 86
notes: Poultice of mashed root applied for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 85, 86


pageno: 130
notes: Poultice of roasted, split plants applied to aching joints for rheumatism.
rawsource:
Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 130


pageno: 87
notes: Poultice of baked, pounded root used for rheumatism, arthritis and other muscular pains.
rawsource:
Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 87


