id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
26573,2901,24,31,101,3,146,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 101"
5942,420,24,31,102,3,146,"Used to make a flute, usually played by men.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 102"
36576,3565,183,98,111,3,146,Stems used to make four holed flutes.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 111"
16795,1851,23,26,113,3,146,Hollow stems used to make children's flutes.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
19410,2090,44,125,115,3,146,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19431,2090,147,125,115,3,146,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
19450,2090,288,125,115,3,146,Fruit made into a rattle and used to provide rhythm for singing and dancing.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 115"
27396,2953,23,26,116,3,146,Used to make wind chimes and presented to newly married couples.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116"
31844,3251,24,31,121,3,146,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
31939,3255,24,31,121,3,146,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32001,3257,24,31,121,3,146,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
32189,3270,24,31,121,3,146,Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce music.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 121"
17342,1904,175,32,126,3,146,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 126"
19163,2064,111,140,13,3,146,"Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.'","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
19236,2066,111,140,13,3,146,"Red, aromatic heartwood used to make 'love flutes.'","Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 13"
39458,3902,53,25,16,3,146,Used to make drum frames.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
15981,1749,44,125,187,3,146,Seeds used in gourd rattles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
43560,4190,44,125,187,3,146,Seeds used in gourd rattles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187"
40205,3951,209,25,19,3,146,Small limbs strung with pecten shells and used as dance rattles.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19"
40151,3951,175,32,20,3,146,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 20"
11036,1102,60,30,21,3,146,Branches used to make drumsticks.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21"
29476,3102,89,2,213,3,146,Hollowed logs used to make drums.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 213"
19413,2090,89,2,244,3,146,Rinds used to make rattles.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 244"
36507,3565,50,16,254,3,146,Hollow twigs used for flutes.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254"
36607,3565,281,109,264,3,146,Hollow stems used as music sticks.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264"
5920,417,32,1,28,3,146,'Joint of reed' used to make flutes.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5939,419,107,79,29,3,146,Large stems used as flutes.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 29"
498,26,122,63,296,3,146,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
2534,172,122,63,296,3,146,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
41019,4043,122,63,296,3,146,Wood used to carve rattles.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296"
29556,3105,97,127,3,3,146,Trunk hollowed out and used as a drum.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 3"
28127,2975,137,89,307,3,146,Logs formerly hollowed out by fire and used as drums for dances.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 307"
44253,4236,157,74,34,3,146,Folded leaves used as drumsticks to beat basket drums.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 34"
29551,3105,95,82,346,3,146,"Hollowed, rotten logs used to make drums.","Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 346"
37147,3586,95,82,358,3,146,Wood used for musical rasps.,"Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians.  Garland: New York., page 358"
43890,4225,157,58,36,3,146,Stout leaves used as drumsticks.,"Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII.  The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 36"
35649,3518,33,57,37,3,146,Wood used to make drums.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 37"
11189,1110,38,4,377,3,146,Used for drumming sticks.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
36549,3565,137,89,388,3,146,Pithless wood used for flutes and other dance instruments.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388"
36518,3565,105,71,389,3,146,Lower branches used to make flutes.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389"
556,27,151,30,4,3,146,Large trunk burls or knots used to make drums.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
16803,1851,33,57,40,3,146,Hollow stems made into whistles and used for romantic purposes at night.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 40"
11226,1110,173,20,417,3,146,Crooked stick with an enlarged base made the favorite drum stick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
36616,3565,286,109,436,3,146,Hollow wood used for flutes.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436"
40188,3951,183,98,46,3,146,Wood used for drum frames.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 46"
18819,2059,183,98,47,3,146,Wood strips used for drum frames.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47"
39428,3899,228,88,471,3,146,Plant used to make drums.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 471"
26587,2901,106,60,49,3,146,Reed arrows used to play the musical bow.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
26588,2901,106,60,49,3,146,Stems used as a clapper to maintain the rhythm in singing and dancing.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49"
32662,3303,105,70,49,3,146,Stems split and sucked on to make sounds.,"Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 49"
5930,417,228,88,495,3,146,Plant used to make flutes.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
19064,2062,259,33,498,3,146,Wood used to make drums.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498"
7295,580,255,36,5,3,146,Wood used to make drums.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7296,580,255,36,5,3,146,Wood used to make drumss.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
18965,2062,33,57,5,3,146,Wood used to make courting flutes.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5"
27940,2968,33,30,50,3,146,Pitch used to make bone and wooden whistles and flutes.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 50"
7947,719,228,88,503,3,146,Plant used to make rattle pellets.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 503"
13332,1421,232,111,57,3,146,Plant used for whistles.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 57"
452,23,175,32,59,3,146,Wood used to make drum hoops.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59"
27939,2968,33,57,6,3,146,Gum placed inside whistles and flutes to improve their sounds.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 6"
36277,3551,183,98,61,3,146,Sticks wrapped formerly with buckskin but now with cloth and used for drum sticks.,"Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 61"
19425,2090,96,49,62,3,146,Used for drums and rattles.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 62"
36528,3565,106,60,62,3,146,Wood used to make a flute by pushing out the soft core and burning a single row of six holes.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62"
40186,3951,181,14,66,3,146,Wood made into whistles or trumpets & used to announce the dances in the tsaika & glualaxa series.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 66"
36221,3551,151,30,67,3,146,Wood used to make drums.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 67"
8178,757,188,27,68,3,146,"Ribs with shallow, close-spaced notches used as soft rattles for certain songs.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
19443,2090,188,27,68,3,146,"Fruits dried, freed of seeds and pulp and used as rattles.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
19681,2102,188,27,68,3,146,Wood thrust through gourd rattles and used as the handles.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
24360,2633,188,27,68,3,146,"Concave sticks with far-spaced, deep notches used as loud rattles for scraping stick songs.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 68"
26582,2901,97,127,7,3,146,Shoots used to make flutes.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 7"
29550,3105,95,37,71,3,146,Hollowed sections of rotten logs made into drums.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71"
29404,3100,61,17,72,3,146,Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29418,3100,177,17,72,3,146,Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29426,3100,190,17,72,3,146,Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
29432,3100,205,17,72,3,146,Leaves used by girls and young women to make a flute-like instrument.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72"
37146,3586,95,37,74,3,146,Strong wood used to make musical rasps.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74"
26617,2901,193,11,75,3,146,Used to make flutes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 75"
20531,2212,202,40,83,3,146,Strung acorns twirled in a special way to make music.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83"
2562,172,181,14,86,3,146,Wood used to make rattles.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86"
11674,1163,95,37,93,3,146,Shell dried and used as a sounding board for musical rasps.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19420,2090,95,37,93,3,146,Used as rattles.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
19421,2090,95,37,93,3,146,Used as trumpets or megaphones to represent the bellowing of the plumed serpent in ceremonies.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 93"
36569,3565,175,32,94,3,146,"Stems used to make 'flageolets,' a musical instrument.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 94"
36623,3565,287,69,94,3,146,"Branches used to make flutes, clappers and small whistles.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 94"