id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
1797,93,14,87,169,3,98,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1831,94,14,87,169,3,98,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1832,94,14,87,169,3,98,Stalk used for a lance shaft.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
3001,204,151,73,6,3,98,Very hard and tough wood used for making arrows and ramrods.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
5921,417,32,1,28,3,98,Used as knives as last resort in committing suicide in 1738 smallpox epidemic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
5932,417,228,88,495,3,98,Plant used to make war spears.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 495"
6622,503,101,76,24,3,98,"Infectious wood used to carve arrowheads. The arrowheads were attached to light, swift bamboo shafts and always broke upon impact making them ideal for war purposes.","Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24"
6805,536,188,27,71,3,98,Wood used to make stone-tipped war arrows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
8970,843,25,111,62,3,98,Wood used to make clubs.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 62"
8980,843,137,89,354,3,98,Large sticks used for war spears and fighting clubs.,"Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 354"
9851,941,175,32,60,3,98,Roots powdered and used as an arrow poison during warfare.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 60"
10772,1088,38,15,138,3,98,"Wood used to make awl handles, mauls and war clubs because it would not split or check.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 138"
11322,1115,48,147,521,3,98,Spines used to punish unfaithful wives.,"Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of  Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521"
13635,1453,101,76,26,3,98,Wood used to make poisonous war arrows which broke upon impact and could not be shot back.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26"
16037,1758,23,26,113,3,98,Burs believed to be shot by ghosts inflicting disease in their victims.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
17374,1904,259,33,497,3,98,Wood used for cuirasses and armor in general.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497"
18686,2058,157,74,19,3,98,"Wood used to make bows, formerly carried in war.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 19"
19016,2062,175,32,19,3,98,"Pounded branches, berries and water used as a poison on bullets.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19017,2062,175,32,19,3,98,"Pounded branches, berries and water used as a poison to kill people quickly in warfare.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19688,2102,188,27,71,3,98,"Twigs cut green, peeled, straightened, dried, split and used as the foreshafts of war arrows.","Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
20602,2216,291,6,93,3,98,"Leaves bound to arrow shafts, close to the point, obscured by sinew wrapping and used in wartime. The leaves were said to be so deadly poisonous that they would cause the immediate death of anyone pierced by them.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 93"
23473,2530,12,52,47,3,98,Wood used to make the best war bows.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
27195,2938,92,41,41,3,98,Sharpened knots used to make a weapon.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
27288,2939,67,152,34,3,98,Logs and poles used for making and weapon handles.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
30349,3166,115,66,98-99,3,98,Branches used for whips.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98-99"
31433,3212,89,2,229,3,98,"Leaves made into poison and used on arrow tips in warfare. The leaves, which had a strong odor, were pounded up together with jimson weed, scorpions and other noxious items.  It was said that even a slight scratch from an arrow so treated would insure death.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 229"
32119,3264,257,61,44,3,98,Woods used to make bows and war clubs.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 44"
32472,3289,157,74,40,3,98,"Branches used to make clubs. In warfare, clubs were used by some of the warriors.  The older type consisted of a grooved stone, which was hafted by twisting a small branch from an oak twice around the grooved section of the stone and tying the free ends together.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
32473,3289,157,74,40,3,98,Wood used to make the bow carried into war.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 40"
33225,3352,159,18,35,3,98,"Six foot stems made into spear shafts used for thrusting in warfare, not thrown or used in hunting.","Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35"
33401,3363,89,2,221,3,98,Stems made into arrow shafts and used in war.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 221"
33426,3364,89,2,221,3,98,Stems made into arrow shafts and used in war.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 221"
37122,3584,188,27,71,3,98,Wood used to make stone-tipped hunting arrows.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 71"
37164,3586,157,74,44,3,98,Wood used to make war bows.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 44"
39465,3902,87,14,187,3,98,Wood used to make war paddles and war clubs.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 187"
39475,3902,92,41,48,3,98,Extremely strong & resilient wood used for implements requiring strength; spear handles & war clubs.,"Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 48"
39550,3902,217,23,72,3,98,Wood used to make weapons.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72"
39560,3902,253,25,16,3,98,Used to make war clubs.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16"
40974,4043,87,14,180,3,98,Timber used as the 'blade' of an executioner's device similar to the guillotine.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180"
41298,4049,173,20,432,3,98,"Fuzz of the fruit thrown into the eyes of their enemies, claiming that it blinded them.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432"