id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
102,2,173,20,378,2,90,Leaves used as a reviver and used in compound as a wash.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378"
228,6,23,26,79,2,90,Needle smudge smoke inhaled for fainting.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79"
249,6,33,57,5,2,90,Plant used to revive a dying person's spirit.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5"
781,38,38,4,364,2,90,Dried chewed root spit onto limbs as a stimulant.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
840,38,100,7,470,2,90,Cold infusion given and used as wash on unconscious person who had fallen.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 470"
937,38,206,43,"47, 48",2,90,Flowers smudged on live coals to revive comatose patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 47, 48"
1025,42,157,74,79,2,90,Plant used in a 'life medicine for impaired vitality.',"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79"
1195,55,32,1,28,2,90,'Possesses stimulant and stomachic virtues' and used for 'gravel.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28"
1231,55,55,94,331,2,90,Root chewed for the stimulant effects.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 331"
1408,59,32,1,55,2,90,Infusion given 'to relieve and rally a patient at point of death.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
1416,59,139,21,237238,2,90,Root used to revive and rally a patient at the point of death.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 237238"
1431,60,32,1,30,2,90,Given for fatigue.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 30"
1652,78,32,1,27,2,90,Infusion of ground nut meat taken to prevent fainting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27"
1875,98,32,1,56,2,90,Root used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56"
1887,99,39,138,288,2,90,Used as a 'warming stimulant and tonic.',"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 288"
1891,99,139,21,214,2,90,Smudged and used to revive an unconscious patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 214"
2003,128,58,47,26,2,90,Stem base given to prevent fainting during childbirth.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26"
2058,138,32,1,35,2,90,Used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2222,157,32,1,35,2,90,Used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2317,166,32,1,35,2,90,Used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2663,176,255,36,5,2,90,Branches with leaves used for steambath switches and as a floor covering in the steambath.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
3271,236,173,20,362363,2,90,Powdered flowers sprinkled on coals and smoke inhaled to revive stroke victim.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362363"
3302,240,177,17,"68, 69",2,90,Decoction of blades of grass taken for 'general debility and languor.',"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68, 69"
3341,249,139,21,238,2,90,Infusion of root used for headache and dizzy spells.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 238"
3364,254,139,21,238,2,90,Smoke of seed pod directed up nostril to revive sick and unconscious patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 238"
3539,265,121,148,376,2,90,Plant used to prepare sweatbath for general weakness.,"Boas, Franz, 1966, Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago. University of Chicago Press, page 376"
3939,303,232,12,37,2,90,Decoction of roots and leaves taken to counteract dizziness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 37"
4052,318,139,21,203,2,90,Compound decoction of root 'gives strength to one who is weak.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 203"
4057,318,150,103,315,2,90,Infusion of root taken for 'weakness.',"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315"
4068,318,173,8,231,2,90,Infusion of leaves taken for fainting.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231"
4079,318,259,33,471,2,90,Decoction of root taken for lassitude and general debility.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 471"
4109,319,39,138,287,2,90,Berries and root used as a stimulant.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
4153,319,141,35,"54, 55",2,90,Root used for fatigue.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54, 55"
4280,328,62,97,36,2,90,Infusion of roots used as a stimulant.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 36"
4283,328,63,22,"31, 74",2,90,Infusion of root taken as a stimulant.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 31, 74"
4808,367,32,1,41,2,90,Used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
4828,367,100,7,276,2,90,Infusion of roots used as a wash for listless babies.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 276"
4887,374,32,1,55,2,90,"Used by 'persons of weak, phlegmatic habits' and for dizziness or fainting.","Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 55"
5182,395,233,92,58,2,90,Decoction of leaves and roots used as a bath for tiredness.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 58"
5234,397,23,26,109,2,90,Crushed leaves used to revive gophers after children clubbed them while playing a game.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109"
5256,397,38,4,364,2,90,Compound decoction of root taken as a stimulant.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
5257,397,38,175,"63, 64",2,90,Compound infusion or decoction of root taken or used externally as stimulant.,"Densmore, Frances, 1913, Chippewa Music-II, SI-BAE Bulletin #53, page 63, 64"
5293,397,206,43,49,2,90,Leaves and flowers fumed on live coals to revive comatose patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 49"
5748,407,185,50,128,2,90,Blossoms dipped in water and the blossomed branch used to comb the hair for fainting spells.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128"
5801,407,259,33,459,2,90,Bruised leaves used as an inhalant to revive a patient.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 459"
5925,417,96,49,61,2,90,Decoction of roots taken to stimulate the kidneys and 'renew strength.',"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5935,418,96,49,61,2,90,Decoction of roots taken to stimulate the kidneys and 'renew strength.',"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 61"
5970,421,32,1,"35, 36",2,90,Root used as powerful stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35, 36"
6004,421,100,7,311,2,90,Compound used for laziness.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 311"
6005,421,100,7,310,2,90,"Decoction of roots taken for fevers, colds and as a stimulant.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 310"
6364,448,39,138,287,2,90,Root used as a stimulant.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
6400,452,90,68,14,2,90,"Scraped wood, other ingredients & water taken & used as wash for fainting spells & muscle stiffness.","Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 14"
6487,472,38,4,364,2,90,Compound decoction of root taken as a stimulant.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
6488,472,38,175,"63, 64",2,90,Compound infusion or decoction of root taken or used externally as stimulant.,"Densmore, Frances, 1913, Chippewa Music-II, SI-BAE Bulletin #53, page 63, 64"
6624,503,102,28,20,2,90,"Leaves put unto a fire and smoke used to revive badly hurt, weak and faint person.","Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
6984,555,59,128,658,2,90,Decoction of root used as a wash and given to drowsy and lifeless children.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 658"
6985,555,59,115,30,2,90,Decoction of roots used as a bath and given to drowsy and listless children.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30"
7105,576,100,7,300,2,90,Compound decoction taken 'when a person tires.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300"
7473,617,32,1,46,2,90,Taken as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
7487,618,32,1,46,2,90,Taken as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46"
7949,720,100,7,306,2,90,'This plant will get you going.',"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 306"
7988,725,32,1,48,2,90,Plant used as a powerful stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
8547,800,232,12,53,2,90,Decoction of plant taken as a stimulant .,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 53"
9018,848,259,33,473,2,90,Mild decoction of entire plant taken as a tonic for the stomach and lassitude.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 473"
9037,854,95,37,31,2,90,Plant used as a stimulant.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 31"
9062,857,32,1,54,2,90,Compound infusion given for fainting spells.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
9066,858,32,1,54,2,90,Compound infusion given for fainting spells.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
9457,895,228,88,241,2,90,Decoction of whole plant taken for worm sickness: pale skin and laziness.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 241"
9680,916,100,7,407,2,90,Infusion of plants taken by feverish and drowsy pregnant women.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 407"
10467,1046,100,7,429,2,90,Infusion of smashed roots given to children for listlessness.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 429"
10536,1055,141,35,56,2,90,"Berries, bark and leaves used as an 'exhilarant' and beverage.","Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56"
10565,1059,121,63,276,2,90,Plant used in steambath for general weakness.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
10763,1088,32,1,32,2,90,Root bark used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10881,1093,32,1,32,2,90,Root bark used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
10943,1098,139,21,"218, 219",2,90,Smudged bark used to revive an unconscious patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 218, 219"
11014,1102,28,9,62,2,90,Compound decoction of bark taken for constitutional weakness.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 62"
11168,1107,173,20,370,2,90,Root smoke inhaled to clear the head and revive the patient.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 370"
11331,1121,139,21,241,2,90,Infusion of root bark used in cases of 'general debility.',"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241"
11536,1149,291,6,45,2,90,Hot infusion of pulverized plant applied to limbs for fatigue.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45"
11766,1168,32,1,32,2,90,Used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
11943,1208,100,7,289,2,90,"Root decoction or infusion taken for nervousness, tiredness and lack of energy.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 289"
12039,1231,32,1,32,2,90,Used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32"
12177,1244,95,37,"31, 89",2,90,Plant rarely used as a stimulant as it was sometimes fatal.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 31, 89"
12281,1247,23,26,82,2,90,Infusion of plant given to children with fainting spells.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 82"
12429,1282,96,49,63,2,90,Infusion of root in whiskey taken for weakness or cramps.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 63"
13318,1421,175,32,17,2,90,Infusion of stems taken for sluggishness due to a cold.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13389,1422,175,32,17,2,90,Infusion of stems taken for sluggishness due to a cold.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13445,1424,175,32,17,2,90,Infusion of stems taken for sluggishness due to a cold.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 17"
13766,1479,33,39,187,2,90,"Infusion of dried, pulverized roots, stems and flowers used as a steambath or taken for drowsiness.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
13767,1479,33,39,187,2,90,"Infusion of roots, stems and flowers used as steambath when dizzy and drowsy.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
14238,1550,39,138,287,2,90,Root used as a powerful stimulant.,"Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 287"
14298,1552,228,88,257,2,90,"Decoction of plant taken for dead people's sickness. The symptoms of this disease are numb and painful legs, neck, shoulders and perhaps the backbone.  The sufferer is sleepy during the day, has 'short breath,' and loses appetite.  Fever and headaches also accompany this illness.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 257"
14335,1560,32,1,43,2,90,Compound infusion given for fainting.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
14482,1580,32,1,26,2,90,Used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
15264,1660,8,113,128,2,90,Infusion of inner bark taken for fatigue.,"Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 128"
15318,1661,38,4,364,2,90,Decoction of inner bark taken as a stimulant.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
15456,1679,228,88,306,2,90,"Cold infusion of roots taken for baby's sickness: vomiting, diarrhea and grogginess.","Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 306"
15758,1713,157,74,69,2,90,Plant used for fainting.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 69"
15780,1719,32,1,35,2,90,Root used as a stimulant.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
15959,1739,38,4,364,2,90,Dried root chewed as strong stimulant before feats of endurance.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
16368,1791,61,17,"89, 90",2,90,Pulverized root bark used as snuff to cause sneezing in comatose patient.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 89, 90"