id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
748,38,23,26,65,2,81,Infusion of plant taken or rubbed on the body for liver troubles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
798,38,62,97,35,2,81,Infusion of plant used for liver disorders.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35"
800,38,63,22,"29, 74",2,81,Infusion of whole plant taken for liver disorders.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29, 74"
900,38,149,110,269,2,81,Infusion of plant taken for the liver.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 269"
901,38,149,97,"69, 128",2,81,Simple or compound infusion of leaves taken for liver disorders.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69, 128"
1574,71,100,7,258,2,81,Decoction of roots taken for the cessation of urine due to gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 258"
1941,111,100,7,357,2,81,Compound decoction of roots taken for too much gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 357"
1978,126,32,1,57,2,81,Taken for jaundice.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
2110,141,32,1,47,2,81,Juice taken for 'liver complaints.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
3742,296,100,7,415,2,81,Decoction of roots taken as a liver medicine.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 415"
4121,319,100,7,392,2,81,Compound used for the liver.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 392"
6419,457,32,1,34,2,81,Taken for 'liver complaints.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34"
6999,556,100,7,363,2,81,Infusion of plant taken to concentrate bile.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 363"
7045,568,231,62,119,2,81,Decoction of leaves taken three times a day for jaundice.,"Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 119"
7079,575,63,22,25,2,81,Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25"
7535,623,107,79,33,2,81,Infusion of plant used as liver medicine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
7555,627,107,79,33,2,81,Infusion of plant used as a liver medicine.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33"
8267,762,32,1,38,2,81,Used for bile.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8314,766,32,1,38,2,81,Used for bile.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8383,768,32,1,38,2,81,Used for bile.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
8572,806,100,7,333,2,81,Infusion of smashed roots taken to vomit for gall stones.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 333"
8743,820,62,97,37,2,81,Infusion of roots used to clear up liver spots.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 37"
9363,892,100,7,434,2,81,Compound decoction of roots taken for too much gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 434"
10361,1028,32,115,47,2,81,Decoction of bark scrapings taken for vomiting bile.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47"
11000,1102,23,26,66,2,81,Infusion of cambium taken for liver troubles and related disorders.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66"
11553,1156,259,10,88,2,81,"Infusion of washed, strained fronds taken for gallstones.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 88"
12564,1310,32,1,49,2,81,Cold infusion of bark taken for bile and liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 49"
14468,1579,100,7,456,2,81,Compound infusion of roots taken for liver sickness.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 456"
14672,1603,100,7,302,2,81,Compound decoction taken for yellow skin and gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302"
14968,1640,32,1,57,2,81,Taken for jaundice.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57"
15078,1647,59,128,667,2,81,Infusion of wood taken for jaundice.,"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667"
15082,1647,63,22,25,2,81,Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25"
15137,1648,259,10,253,2,81,Infusion of bark and red elderberry roots taken for liver diseases.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253"
15188,1655,63,22,25,2,81,Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25"
15731,1707,100,107,96,2,81,Berries considered 'good' for the liver.,"Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
15764,1715,100,7,414,2,81,Compound used as a liver medicine.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 414"
16205,1780,23,42,276,2,81,Decoction of root taken for liver trouble.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
16206,1780,23,146,56,2,81,Decoction of roots taken for liver troubles.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
16207,1780,23,30,32,2,81,Infusion taken for the 'liver.',"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 32"
16257,1781,23,111,45,2,81,Infusion of root taken as a liver aid.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 45"
16488,1806,154,22,58,2,81,Plant considered an excellent remedy for liver troubles.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 58"
16747,1849,32,1,38,2,81,Infusion used for the liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38"
16767,1850,38,15,129,2,81,Plant used for liver ailments.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 129"
17066,1868,259,10,282,2,81,Infusion of root taken for liver trouble.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 282"
17087,1873,259,10,282,2,81,Infusion of roots taken for liver trouble.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 282"
17124,1878,232,12,"87, 88",2,81,Infusion of roots taken for liver trouble or biliousness.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 87, 88"
17488,1926,32,1,54,2,81,Infusion of bark given to induce vomiting to 'throw off disordered bile.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54"
17496,1926,63,22,"30, 76",2,81,Root combined with root of iris versicolor and used for gallstones.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30, 76"
17501,1927,32,115,25,2,81,Infusion of bark scrapings taken for vomiting bile.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 25"
17517,1928,100,7,324,2,81,"Infusion of powdered root taken for liver trouble, gall, sour stomach and gas.","Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 324"
17555,1939,100,7,343,2,81,Compound infusion of whole roots taken for liver sickness.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 343"
17752,1981,100,7,380,2,81,Compound decoction of plants taken and used as a wash for liverspots.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 380"
17754,1981,134,93,256,2,81,Infusion of leaves used for jaundice.,"Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 256"
17757,1981,141,35,57,2,81,Herbs used for jaundice.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57"
17894,1991,100,7,419,2,81,Plant used for the liver.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 419"
17965,1999,232,12,77-80,2,81,Decoction of plant taken for liver trouble.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 77-80"
18013,2007,32,1,41,2,81,Infusion taken for liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
18064,2016,32,1,41,2,81,Infusion taken for liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
18075,2017,56,83,303,2,81,Plant used to increase the flow of bile.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
18080,2017,62,97,36,2,81,Roots used for liver disorders.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 36"
18084,2017,63,22,"30, 76",2,81,Root combined with root of Hydrangea arborescens and used for gallstones.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30, 76"
18085,2017,63,22,30,2,81,Root used for disorders of the liver.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30"
18121,2018,32,1,41,2,81,Infusion taken for liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41"
18166,2029,100,7,332,2,81,Decoction of whole plant taken for gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 332"
18196,2031,100,7,295,2,81,Compound decoction taken for yellow skin and too much gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 295"
18275,2034,63,22,24,2,81,Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 24"
19827,2125,150,120,14,2,81,Poultice of plant applied or infusion given to children for jaundice.,"Burgesse, J. Allen, 1944, The Woman and the Child Among the Lac-St.-Jean Montagnais, Primitive Man 17:1-18, page 14"
20428,2205,232,12,101102,2,81,Poultice of crushed leaves applied for 'gall trouble.',"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 101102"
21887,2372,97,127,5,2,81,Roots used as a bitter tonic for the liver.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 5"
22373,2408,32,1,23,2,81,Root chewed for the liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23"
23480,2531,63,22,25,2,81,Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.',"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25"
25372,2733,100,7,395,2,81,Decoction or infusion of roots taken to stop vomiting gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 395"
25429,2735,32,1,36,2,81,Used for the liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 36"
25537,2757,32,1,60,2,81,Infusion taken for yellow jaundice.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 60"
25575,2763,32,1,47,2,81,Infusion taken for liver and compound infusion of root used for boils.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47"
26830,2931,100,7,317,2,81,Compound infusion of whole roots used for liver sickness.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 317"
28205,2977,100,7,266,2,81,Compound decoction taken for gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 266"
29509,3105,23,26,67,2,81,Infusion of bark taken for liver troubles.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 67"
29737,3114,32,1,40,2,81,Compound taken for liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
29749,3115,32,1,40,2,81,Compound taken for liver.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
30616,3177,100,7,360,2,81,Decoction of bark taken for too much gall.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 360"
31056,3187,183,12,125126,2,81,Decoction of plant taken for liver trouble.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"
31069,3187,232,12,125126,2,81,Decoction of plant taken for liver trouble.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 125126"
31460,3214,100,7,259,2,81,Used as a liver and rheumatism medicine.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 259"
31699,3231,183,12,126-128,2,81,Decoction of leaf taken for liver trouble.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 126-128"
31768,3238,232,12,128,2,81,Decoction of root taken for liver trouble.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 128"
32796,3328,106,60,58,2,81,Plant used for the liver and spleen.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 58"
33053,3351,100,7,371,2,81,Decoction of inner bark taken for gall caused by diphtheria.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 371"
33839,3412,50,16,10,2,81,Decoction of plant used as a liver remedy.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 10"
33847,3412,131,5,65,2,81,"Plant used for torpid liver, cirrhosis of the liver and gallstones.","Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 65"
34484,3453,100,7,355,2,81,Decoction of leaves taken for bile.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 355"
34700,3461,100,7,356,2,81,Leaves used for removing bile.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 356"
35257,3485,62,97,33,2,81,Root used for jaundice.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33"
35259,3485,63,22,"28, 78",2,81,Root used for jaundice.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 78"
35339,3485,232,12,131132,2,81,Decoction of root taken for liver complaints.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 131132"
35425,3489,62,97,33,2,81,Root used for jaundice.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33"
35427,3489,63,22,"28, 78",2,81,Root used for jaundice.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 78"
35471,3493,96,49,"56, 57",2,81,Decoction of plant taken for liver trouble.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56, 57"
35472,3493,96,49,"56, 57",2,81,Infusion of yellow root in gin taken for jaundice.,"Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56, 57"
36664,3566,39,115,58,2,81,Decoction of seeds and roots taken for liver troubles.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
36672,3566,62,97,31,2,81,Leaves and stems used for jaundice.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31"