id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
527,26,259,10,147,1,7,Sap boiled to make a type of maple syrup.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
554,27,151,30,4,1,7,Sap boiled or frozen and used as a sweet syrup.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 4"
604,32,7,67,99,1,7,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 99"
668,35,7,67,98,1,7,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 98"
691,35,134,78,6,1,7,Used to make maple syrup.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
698,35,141,182,258,1,7,Sap used to make maple syrup and maple sugar.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
1145,46,183,111,32,1,7,Ground seeds used for sauce.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 32"
1747,89,193,104,70,1,7,Juice boiled and used as a syrup.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 70"
1965,125,101,19,47,1,7,Leaves eaten fresh as a relish.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 47"
1966,125,101,76,40,1,7,Raw leaves eaten as a relish.,"Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
2025,132,183,153,102,1,7,Leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2040,134,183,153,102,1,7,Leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2069,139,61,17,71,1,7,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2072,139,177,17,71,1,7,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2075,139,190,17,71,1,7,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2078,139,205,17,71,1,7,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2081,139,280,17,71,1,7,"Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71"
2120,141,76,30,10,1,7,Bulbs used as condiments.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2132,141,120,30,10,1,7,Bulbs used as condiments.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 10"
2140,141,157,121,29,1,7,Bulbs used to make gravies.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29"
2207,155,183,153,102,1,7,Leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2210,156,183,153,102,1,7,Green leaves eaten as a relish.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
3115,210,100,112,128,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
4356,335,24,31,40,1,7,Berries used to make a gelatinous substance and eaten like aspic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4374,336,24,31,40,1,7,Berries used to make a gelatinous substance and eaten like aspic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4464,343,24,31,40,1,7,Berries used to make a gelatinous substance and eaten like aspic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4579,347,76,30,40,1,7,"Berries dried, powdered and used as a condiment with deer liver.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
4921,377,32,86,36,1,7,Root used as a condiment.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 36"
6206,442,33,30,66,1,7,"Flowers boiled with soup or meat, flour added and eaten as a gravy.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66"
6212,442,60,30,66,1,7,"Flowers boiled with soup or meat, flour added and eaten as a gravy.","Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66"
6389,450,100,112,129,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
7146,580,7,67,80,1,7,Sap used to make syrup.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 80"
7186,580,58,47,32,1,7,"Sap collected, made into syrup and eaten on bannock.","Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32"
7856,700,76,30,14,1,7,Boiled with flour and eaten as a thick gravy.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7876,700,175,32,41,1,7,"Bulbs pit cooked, dried, ground and mixed with water and butter to make a 'gravy.'","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41"
8010,730,1,84,152,1,7,Used as a condiment.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152"
8015,730,7,67,86,1,7,Ground root put into vinegar for use as a relish.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 86"
8044,730,173,135,2207,1,7,"Ground roots mixed with salt, sugar or vinegar and used as a condiment or relish.","Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2207"
8168,757,188,19,19,1,7,Fruits boiled to make a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19"
8169,757,188,27,46,1,7,Fruits made into a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46"
8189,757,189,151,11,1,7,Fruit used to make syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1937, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American South, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5:1-48, page 11"
8204,757,193,104,71,1,7,Fresh or dried fruits boiled and used as a syrup.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71"
8205,757,193,19,20,1,7,Fresh or dried fruits boiled to make a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 20"
8206,757,193,11,53,1,7,"Pulp boiled, seeds strained, boiled again and sealed in jars until thick as honey.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 53"
8207,757,193,11,53,1,7,"Ripe, dried fruits shaped into balls, boiled and used to make a syrup.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 53"
8219,757,195,136,4,1,7,Pulp used to make syrup.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 4"
8290,763,100,112,123,1,7,"Nuts pounded, boiled, resulting oil seasoned with salt and used as gravy.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8345,767,100,112,123,1,7,"Nuts pounded, boiled, resulting oil seasoned with salt and used as gravy.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8430,774,100,112,123,1,7,"Nuts pounded, boiled, resulting oil seasoned with salt and used as gravy.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8990,847,71,64,188,1,7,Used as a condiment for fish or duck soup.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188"
10124,999,151,73,16,1,7,Eaten raw as a relish.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
10143,1004,151,73,16,1,7,Eaten raw as a relish.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
10158,1006,151,73,16,1,7,Eaten raw as a relish.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16"
10289,1025,157,74,51,1,7,Leaves used to make a gravy.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
10552,1057,193,174,262,1,7,"Berries cooked, strained and juice boiled to make syrup.","Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 262"
10740,1086,95,72,20,1,7,Plant dipped into a stew and eaten as a condiment.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20"
10744,1086,291,6,66,1,7,Powdered seeds ground with chile and used a condiment with meat.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 66"
11207,1110,100,112,123,1,7,"Nuts pounded, boiled, resulting oil seasoned with salt and used as gravy.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
11416,1128,100,112,128,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
11453,1133,100,112,128,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
11564,1157,157,119,222,1,7,Dried fruit boiled with sugar and eaten like apple sauce.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
11686,1163,157,119,221,1,7,Dried fruit boiled and eaten with sugar as a sauce.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221"
11716,1164,100,112,113,1,7,"Dried flesh pounded into a fine meal or flour, boiled, sweetened, grease added and used as a sauce.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 113"
12904,1363,101,19,26,1,7,Pulp baked with sugar to make sweet pickles.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26"
12914,1364,101,19,26,1,7,Pulp baked with sugar to make sweet pickles.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26"
14678,1603,100,112,123,1,7,"Nuts pounded, boiled, resulting oil seasoned with salt and used as gravy.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
14917,1637,100,112,127,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
14977,1640,32,86,56,1,7,Berries used on shortcake.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 56"
14992,1640,100,112,127,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 127"
15565,1701,94,77,67,1,7,Fruits stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
15568,1701,209,77,67,1,7,Fruits stewed and made into a sauce.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 67"
15609,1702,100,112,128,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
15739,1707,100,107,96,1,7,"Berries dried, soaked in cold water, heated slowly and used as a winter sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
15740,1707,100,112,128,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
15741,1707,100,107,96,1,7,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used as a sauce.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
16558,1821,11,95,48,1,7,Seeds ground into flour and used to make a thick gravy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48"
18208,2031,100,112,123,1,7,"Nuts pounded, boiled, resulting oil seasoned with salt and used as gravy.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18289,2034,100,112,123,1,7,"Nuts pounded, boiled, resulting oil seasoned with salt and used as gravy.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18323,2036,14,87,187,1,7,"Walnuts pulverized, mixed with mescal juice and used as dip for corn bread.","Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
18611,2058,11,95,45,1,7,"Fruit roasted, water added and the mixture made into a gravy.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
19076,2063,14,87,187,1,7,Berries pounded with yucca fruit to make a gravy.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 187"
19536,2100,76,30,22,1,7,Sap used to make a sweet syrup.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 22"
19540,2100,120,30,22,1,7,Sap used to make a sweet syrup.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 22"
20487,2211,32,1,50,1,7,Used to make honey.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50"
20785,2235,175,32,66,1,7,"Young shoots eaten raw as a relish, alone or with meat.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 66"
21321,2292,144,100,159,1,7,"Steamed, dried leaves and flowers boiled and used as a relish with manzanita cider.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159"
21424,2316,2,19,33,1,7,Berries cooked into a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
21438,2316,107,79,52,1,7,Cooked berries made into a syrup.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 52"
21439,2316,124,19,33,1,7,Berries cooked into a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33"
22199,2390,100,112,129,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
22311,2394,100,112,129,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129"
22656,2443,95,72,19,1,7,Plant eaten as a relish.,"Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19"
22881,2447,183,111,27,1,7,Fried seeds and water used for gravy.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 27"
22906,2453,183,111,27,1,7,Fried seeds and water used for gravy.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 27"
23149,2494,100,112,128,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
23472,2530,12,52,47,1,7,Berries dried and used as a spread on mescal.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 47"
23499,2532,100,112,128,1,7,Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128"
24255,2613,11,95,45,1,7,Seeds ground and made into a gravy.,"Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 45"
24622,2653,188,104,75,1,7,Fruits used to make syrup.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 75"
24842,2670,157,119,222,1,7,Juice mixed with sugar and used to make syrup.,"Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222"
24850,2670,188,27,46,1,7,Fruits made into a syrup.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46"