id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
1035,42,173,20,417,3,63,Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
1214,55,33,39,171,3,63,Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
2541,172,133,3,243,3,63,Leaves formerly smoked.,"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243"
2649,176,67,152,35,3,63,Wood burned to make ashes added to tobacco.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
2885,202,157,141,151,3,63,Herb mixed with tobacco.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151"
3186,221,172,17,93,3,63,"Dried leaves crushed fine, mixed with buffalo fat and used as a smoking material.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93"
3246,236,32,1,48,3,63,Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48"
3431,259,63,22,28,3,63,Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28"
3620,279,23,146,56,3,63,Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56"
3621,279,80,139,50,3,63,"Tiny, dried leaves used as an element of kinnikinnick.","Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50"
4189,322,94,77,66,3,63,Leaves sometimes smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4223,322,209,77,66,3,63,Leaves sometimes smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4360,335,24,31,40,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4378,336,24,31,40,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4429,338,115,66,102,3,63,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4431,338,183,98,101,3,63,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101"
4443,340,115,66,102,3,63,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102"
4449,340,183,98,102,3,63,"Fire dried, pulverized leaves smoked with other plants or alone.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102"
4468,343,24,31,40,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40"
4496,346,94,77,66,3,63,Leaves smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4505,346,209,77,66,3,63,Leaves smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4522,347,23,26,101,3,63,Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
4523,347,23,42,276,3,63,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276"
4524,347,23,146,49,3,63,Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
4530,347,27,134,74,3,63,Leaves and stems used to smoke.,"Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74"
4531,347,27,34,12,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
4546,347,33,57,25,3,63,"Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking.","Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25"
4547,347,33,57,14,3,63,Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14"
4548,347,33,39,183,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183"
4554,347,38,4,377,3,63,Used for smoking.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
4555,347,41,99,199,3,63,Leaves pulverized and smoked before the introduction of tobacco and presently mixed with tobacco.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199"
4559,347,54,145,485,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485"
4567,347,58,47,29,3,63,Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe.,"Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29"
4570,347,68,171,23,3,63,"Leaves powdered, dried, used as a substitute for tobacco or mixed with the tobacco and smoked.","Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23"
4571,347,71,64,191,3,63,Leaves used as an additive to or substitute for tobacco.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
4581,347,80,139,49,3,63,Leaves used as one of the elements in the tobacco mixture.,"Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49"
4584,347,91,14,239,3,63,Leaves smoked like tobacco.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239"
4585,347,92,41,64,3,63,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64"
4588,347,94,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4589,347,102,28,20,3,63,Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
4590,347,108,90,559,3,63,Leaves mixed with native-grown tobacco for smoking.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559"
4595,347,125,108,44,3,63,Leaves used as tobacco.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44"
4598,347,133,101,104,3,63,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4604,347,151,73,7,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
4610,347,166,101,104,3,63,Leaves dried or roasted and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4611,347,166,3,297,3,63,"Leaves roasted, crushed and smoked.","Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297"
4612,347,167,101,104,3,63,Leaves used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104"
4627,347,175,32,101,3,63,Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101"
4636,347,176,55,39,3,63,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
4639,347,183,98,100,3,63,"Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100"
4640,347,190,17,108,3,63,Leaves smoked like tobacco.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
4641,347,190,17,108,3,63,"Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108"
4642,347,206,43,118,3,63,Leaves mixed with tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118"
4645,347,209,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
4647,347,217,23,82,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked or mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82"
4654,347,233,92,62,3,63,"Leaves roasted until dry, mashed and mixed with tobacco.","Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 62"
4655,347,242,131,42,3,63,Leaves used as a tobacco substitute.,"Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42"
4686,347,259,10,211,3,63,Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
4687,347,259,33,495,3,63,"Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking.","Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
4688,347,259,55,39,3,63,Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39"
4731,357,232,111,61,3,63,Leaves used to make tobacco mixture for smoking.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 61"
4977,387,24,31,42,3,63,Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42"
5085,394,202,40,119,3,63,Dried leaves used as tobacco.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119"
5412,399,238,20,417,3,63,Plant used in smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
5584,406,71,64,186,3,63,Used as a tobacco quid additive.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186"
8021,730,32,1,59,3,63,Leaves used for smoking.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59"
8684,817,183,98,89,3,63,"Dried, mashed leaves mixed with tobacco.","Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89"
9597,915,23,42,277,3,63,Dried leaves used as the favorite smoking tobacco.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
9641,915,151,30,34,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 34"
9684,917,23,146,49,3,63,Leaves used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"
9869,942,38,4,377,3,63,Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10237,1019,175,32,117,3,63,Stem smoked by children.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117"
10787,1088,138,51,"32, 33",3,63,"Plant used for Indian tobacco, known as 'kinnikinnick.'","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33"
10788,1088,138,51,80,3,63,Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
10792,1088,173,20,417,3,63,Bark used for kinnikinnick.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417"
10794,1089,61,91,367,3,63,Dried inner bark used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367"
10795,1089,61,17,107,3,63,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10809,1089,138,51,80,3,63,Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
10810,1089,177,154,331,3,63,Dried inner bark used either alone or with tobacco for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331"
10811,1089,177,17,107,3,63,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10812,1089,190,17,107,3,63,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10813,1089,205,17,107,3,63,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10814,1089,205,189,47,3,63,Inner bark used as an additive to tobacco.,"Howard, James, 1965, The Ponca Tribe, SI-BAE Bulletin #195, page 47"
10815,1089,280,17,107,3,63,Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107"
10841,1091,94,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10858,1091,209,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10898,1094,141,103,317,3,63,Dried bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317"
10907,1096,94,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10915,1096,209,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10919,1096,217,23,81,3,63,Bark occasionally mixed with tobacco and used for smoking.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
10945,1098,139,21,272,3,63,Smoked at ceremonies.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272"
10948,1098,173,20,418,3,63,Bark used to make kinnikinnick for smoking.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418"
10949,1098,173,20,399,3,63,"Peeled, toasted, shredded twig bark used in the kinnikinnick or native smoking tobacco.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399"
10950,1099,38,4,377,3,63,Used for smoking.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377"
10978,1101,94,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10983,1101,209,77,66,3,63,Leaves dried and smoked.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66"
10989,1101,259,33,495,3,63,Leaves occasionally smoked as tobacco.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495"
10992,1102,1,84,159,3,63,Bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 159"
10993,1102,1,84,170,3,63,Shredded bark used for smoking.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170"
11005,1102,23,26,102,3,63,"Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
11006,1102,23,146,49,3,63,Inner bark used in the tobacco mixture.,"Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49"