id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
213,5,259,10,97,3,58,Boughs used by young girls to scrub the face & clothes so that they would not be bothered by bears.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
247,6,23,26,36,3,58,Needle smudge used for safety's sake during severe thunderstorms.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36"
939,38,206,43,117,3,58,Seed heads placed on a pan of live coals to produce smoke to keep the witches away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
1213,55,33,39,171,3,58,"Root tied to a child's necklet, dress or blanket to keep away the night spirits.","Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171"
1227,55,38,4,376,3,58,Decoction of roots used as a charm to 'rattle snakes away.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
1680,84,38,4,376,3,58,Plant used as a charm for protection.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
3145,214,197,109,222,3,58,Wood made into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor and used for fighting.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 222"
3254,236,33,39,187,3,58,Dried flowers carried or chewed and rubbed on the body as protection from danger before battle.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187"
3276,236,206,43,117,3,58,Dried tops placed on a pan of live coals to hurt the eyes of the evil spirits and keep them away.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117"
3445,259,100,7,401,3,58,Infusion of smashed roots used as wash to remove ghosts from the house.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 401"
3450,260,144,100,166,3,58,"Chewed, rubbed on body or decoction taken to ward off snakes.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 166"
3591,269,202,40,20,3,58,Root carried and/or hung in homes for protection.,"Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20"
3734,296,38,4,376,3,58,Root chewed to counteract evil charms.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
4102,319,38,15,137,3,58,"Decoction of root used to drive away 'blue tailed swifts.' 'Blue tailed swifts' were a type of lizard.  When they became troublesome, the Indians used this decoction to drive them away.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137"
4685,347,259,10,211,3,58,Leaves placed in moccasins or shoes after the death of a husband or wife for protection.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211"
5259,397,38,4,366,3,58,Fresh leaves in nostrils and mouth as protection when 'working over the dead.',"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366"
5355,399,23,26,24,3,58,Used to cleanse a person afraid of a ghost.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24"
5386,399,125,156,46,3,58,Smudged on the body and home to ward off evil spirits.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 46"
5422,399,259,10,170,3,58,"Plant used as incense to protect one against evil influences. If one had to go into a large crowd, he could smoke himself with this plant to protect himself against strangers who might bring him harm.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170"
6587,498,233,92,49,3,58,Used to cover berry baskets.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 49"
7257,580,173,20,414,3,58,"Ojibwe claim that birch was never struck by lightning, hence offered a safe harbor in thunderstorms.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414"
7297,580,255,36,5,3,58,"Bark made into broad rimmed hats used by young, menstruating girls to restrict their vision. The broad rimmed hats prevented them from looking where they were not supposed to.","Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5"
7518,619,211,102,25,3,58,Leaves worn under the hat to protect from a strong sun.,"Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 25"
8668,815,131,5,40,3,58,Trees used for protection from lightning.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 40"
9502,900,107,79,36,3,58,Plant used to protect people from lightning during thunder showers.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 36"
9504,900,159,18,25,3,58,Cold infusion taken to give protection in warfare.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25"
9573,912,24,31,53,3,58,"Tree usually comfortable to camp under, providing some shade for the desert dweller.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53"
9922,952,166,101,97,3,58,Leaves or roots dried and placed around the house for protection from evil influences.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 97"
9924,952,215,23,81,3,58,"Sharp leaves placed in bathwater for protection from evil spirits, particularly before feasts.","Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81"
9976,964,111,140,58,3,58,Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
9977,964,111,140,58,3,58,Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58"
10272,1020,23,26,111,3,58,Flowers worn by children in their hair at night to keep ghosts away.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111"
11447,1132,32,1,37,3,58,Infusion of bark taken or bathed in by ball players 'to ward off tacklers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37"
11709,1164,44,178,266,3,58,Oily kernels rubbed on hands as protection against cold.,"Gifford, E. W., 1933, The Cocopa, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:263-270, page 266"
11807,1178,291,6,84,3,58,"Blossoms chewed and rubbed all over the hands for protection. This medicine belonged to the grandmother of the Gods of War.  She gave it to the people with the instructions that, when near the enemy, they should chew the blossoms, eject the mass into their hand rubbing their hands well together.  As soon as the Gods of War had done this, a peculiar yellow light spread all over the world, preventing the enemy from seeing how to aim their arrows.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 84"
12007,1220,158,106,29,3,58,Infusion of plant taken when lightning strikes near a hogan.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29"
12051,1234,33,39,176,3,58,Powdered leaves or infusion rubbed over body to protect hands from hot soup during Contrary dance.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176"
12858,1350,238,30,38,3,58,Juice used by 'jugglers' for protection in handling hot meat.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38"
13026,1380,33,39,170,3,58,Rushes fastened to the head of a baby's board to form a shade for the face.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 170"
13602,1450,95,61,45,3,58,Used to make wind breaks and other shelters for melon plants and young peach trees.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
13621,1450,257,61,45,3,58,Used to make wind breaks and other shelters for melon plants and young peach trees.,"Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45"
14218,1547,102,28,22,3,58,Dried plant powder mixed with watermelon seeds during storage & planting stops watermelon disease.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22"
14785,1621,87,14,135,3,58,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14786,1621,87,14,135,3,58,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14793,1623,166,101,56,3,58,Used for protection against people with ill feelings and wishes toward others.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
14795,1624,87,14,135,3,58,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
14796,1624,87,14,135,3,58,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15224,1658,50,16,250,3,58,Leaves placed in sandals as a snake repellent.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250"
15542,1694,166,101,56,3,58,Used for protection against people with ill feelings and wishes toward others.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56"
15544,1695,87,14,135,3,58,Plant placed at entrance of special shamanistic dance house as protection from bad spirits & ghosts.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15545,1695,87,14,135,3,58,Plant used as hand protection for handling live coals during a secret society ritual.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 135"
15716,1706,157,74,66,3,58,Plant used to keep the dancers from burning themselves during the Fire Dance at the Mountain Chant.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 66"
15906,1735,217,23,86,3,58,Leaves eaten before seeing a dying person for protection from germs.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86"
16000,1752,32,1,43,3,58,Compound infusion of bark used by ball players 'to ward off tacklers.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43"
16159,1770,255,36,8,3,58,Used for bedding and insulation in foot gear.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8"
16864,1851,138,51,81,3,58,"Plant smudged to drive away the evil spirit, whose special mission was to steal one's hunting luck.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81"
17225,1896,33,30,28,3,58,Burned for protection from lightning and thunder.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28"
17373,1904,259,10,261,3,58,Extremely hard wood used to make cuirasses and other types of armor.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 261"
18106,2017,173,20,430,3,58,"Used as a charm against snakes. When blueberry picking, everyone carries a piece of this plant in his clothes and will handle it every little while to perpetuate the scent.  They believe that snakes will shun them while so protected.  They say that the Arizona Indians use it when they hold their snake dances and are never struck as long as their clothes are fumigated with it.  They also chew it to get the odor into their mouths, preparatory to taking rattlesnakes into their teeth.  The rattlesnake never offers to bite them so long as the scent of the blue flag persists.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 430"
18501,2054,175,32,18,3,58,Decoction of branches used as a wash for the body to protect a person from evil influences.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18"
18966,2062,33,30,36,3,58,Plant burned and smoke used for protection from thunder and lightning.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 36"
19013,2062,175,32,19,3,58,"Boughs considered an extremely powerful medicine for combating evil spirits associated with death. When a person died, his family used the boughs to fumigate the house.  All the doors and windows were closed and the boughs were burned and the smoke allowed to fill all the rooms.  This treatment was made even more effective by adding rose branches to the juniper.  After the smoke treatment, rose and juniper branches were boiled together and the water used to wash the entire house--lights, windows, floors, walls and ceilings.  This wash water was then taken outside and splashed all around the house and along the trails leading to the outbuildings to prevent the spirit of the dead person from coming back to the house.","Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 19"
19065,2062,259,10,92,3,58,"Boughs used as protection against illnesses and death. One informant said that, formerly, when a person died the branches were broken and laid in the coffin to keep the germs away and to keep the spirit or 'ghost' of the deceased person from harming or scaring the living.  The informant also said that the branches could be placed on the stove in a little dish and the scent allowed to permeate the room.  The branches could also be placed around the edges of the family's bedrooms as a disinfectant.  They were left there until they lost their strong, pungent odor.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
19066,2062,259,10,92,3,58,Hunters rubbed the boughs on themselves as protection against grizzlies.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 92"
19154,2064,61,17,63,3,58,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19188,2064,177,17,63,3,58,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19193,2064,190,17,63,3,58,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19198,2064,205,17,63,3,58,Boughs put on tipi poles to ward off lightning.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 63"
19234,2065,228,88,404,3,58,Leaves kept with eagle tail feathers to prevent the feathers from causing sickness.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 404"
19682,2102,188,27,37,3,58,Branches stuck in the ground to shade tobacco plants.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
19735,2116,38,4,376,3,58,Roots carried as a charm to insure successful outcomes of difficulties.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376"
20234,2180,287,69,44,3,58,Roots used to ward off rattlesnakes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 44"
20628,2219,259,10,192,3,58,Plant used as a charm to stop a thunderstorm.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 192"
20745,2232,287,69,44,3,58,Poultice of roots applied to neck to ward off sickness and rattlesnakes.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 44"
21463,2316,291,6,94,3,58,"Ground leaves, twigs and flowers given to warriors for protection during war. A pinch of the mixture was given to each warrior.  The warriors placed it in their mouths, ejected the mass into their hands and rubbed in on their faces, arms and bodies so that the enemy's arrows could not harm them.","Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 94"
21684,2337,259,10,113,3,58,Charcoal used as protection against 'witchcraft.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 113"
23751,2577,106,60,43,3,58,Leaves and lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from bothering you.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
23826,2578,24,31,90,3,58,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23836,2579,24,31,90,3,58,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23853,2580,24,31,90,3,58,Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90"
23903,2584,106,60,43,3,58,Leaves and lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from bothering you.,"Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43"
24009,2590,14,87,183,3,58,Grass used as wrapping material for foods to be transported or stored.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 183"
24311,2620,183,111,50,3,58,Root rubbed on hunter's moccasins and body to repel snakes.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 50"
24409,2640,21,53,201,3,58,Spiny stems used as protective charms against supernatural powers.,"Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201"
24476,2640,87,14,217,3,58,Bark made into face paint and used by shamans to repel enemy spirits from the shaman's patient.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24477,2640,87,14,217,3,58,Plant used to cleanse areas where people had died.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217"
24494,2640,121,63,278,3,58,Stem used as a protective charm.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278"
24828,2670,111,140,45,3,58,Cut stem secretion applied to buckskin moccasins as a varnish.,"Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 45"
24855,2670,188,27,37,3,58,Used between fence posts to protect tobacco plants from marauding animals.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37"
25386,2733,138,51,80,3,58,Root used in some war bundles and hunting bundles.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80"
25489,2746,24,31,52,3,58,Trees large enough to shelter campers.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 52"
25917,2810,125,108,59,3,58,Roots used against snakebite.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 59"
26389,2875,175,32,108,3,58,Wood used to make breast plate armor.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 108"
26476,2888,95,106,38,3,58,"Infusion used to keep grasshoppers, rabbits and pack rats from eating corn.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38"
26478,2888,158,106,38,3,58,"Infusion used to keep grasshoppers, rabbits and pack rats from eating corn.","Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38"
26551,2898,157,74,41,3,58,Twigs hung over the doorway of a hogan for protection from lightning.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41"
26963,2934,118,158,50,3,58,Boughs taken home as talismans for protection.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
26964,2934,118,158,50,3,58,Trees nullified dangerous spiritual forces.,"Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50"
26965,2934,118,158,49,3,58,"Trees protected those who slept beneath them, especially from malevolent spirits.","Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49"
27201,2938,112,14,317,3,58,Prickly leaves used to discourage and repel animals.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317"
27272,2938,259,10,100,3,58,Branches rubbed on skin to protect one against evil or 'witchcraft.' The protective powers were attributed to the prickly needles.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100"