id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
1120,46,89,2,73,1,56,Seeds and Indian millet seeds ground and used to make soup or mush.,"Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 73"
1149,46,185,50,46,1,56,"Seeds dried, winnowed, ground into a flour and used to make soup.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46"
1615,73,144,100,148,1,56,"Roasted, peeled nuts ground into a meal and used to make soup.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 148"
1857,96,157,195,94,1,56,"Dried, baked heads boiled and made into soup.","Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
2068,138,206,43,104,1,56,"Very strong flavor of this plant, a valuable wild food, used in soup.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 104"
2141,141,157,121,29,1,56,Bulbs used to make soup.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 29"
2205,153,185,50,44,1,56,"Bulbs dried, ground and cooked in soup.","Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
2227,158,72,54,28,1,56,Bulbs and leaves used to make soup.,"Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.  Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 28"
2234,159,9,150,69,1,56,Leaves salted and added to soup.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 69"
2280,162,125,156,50,1,56,Bulbs cooked in stews.,"Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50"
2759,190,89,2,74,1,56,"Leaves and squash flowers boiled, ground and fresh or dried corn and water added to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 74"
2760,190,89,2,67,1,56,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
2917,204,23,26,100,1,56,"Crushed leaves mixed with blood, dried and used to make a rich broth in winter.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2918,204,23,26,100,1,56,Dried berries used to make soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100"
2999,204,151,30,9,1,56,Fruits sun dried and eaten in meat stews.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9"
3096,209,23,42,277,1,56,Berries used with stews and soups.,"McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277"
4164,319,206,43,96,1,56,"Young tips were relished in soups. Soup was a favorite aboriginal dish and still is among the Indians.  Being expandable, it fits in well with the well-known Indian hospitality.  After a meal is started, several more guests may arrive and they are always welcome.","Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 96"
4258,327,100,112,120,1,56,Dried roots soaked and boiled into a soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120"
4529,347,27,34,12,1,56,Berries used to make soup.,"Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949.  Pages 12, 38., page 12"
4558,347,47,144,90,1,56,"Berries dried, boiled with roots and eaten as soup.","Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90"
4602,347,151,30,40,1,56,Berries boiled and used to make a broth.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40"
4634,347,176,55,38,1,56,Insipid fruits boiled in soups.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
4653,347,226,44,102,1,56,Dried berries used in soups.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102"
4683,347,259,33,486,1,56,Drupes boiled in soups.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486"
4684,347,259,55,38,1,56,Insipid fruits boiled in soups.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38"
6138,434,138,51,62,1,56,"Heads, deer broth or fat used to make soup.","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62"
6207,442,33,39,184,1,56,Whole buds boiled with meat or in water to make soup.,"Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 184"
6306,446,139,21,256,1,56,Buds used in soups.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256"
6327,446,206,43,96,1,56,Flowers and buds used to thicken meat soups and to impart a very pleasing flavor to the dish.,"Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 96"
6378,449,23,26,101,1,56,Root pieces stored for winter soups.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101"
6737,520,188,27,16,1,56,Mixed with roasted cholla buds and eaten as a vegetable stew.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
6756,527,144,100,152,1,56,"Parched, stone-boiled seeds pulverized and eaten as a soup.","Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 152"
7728,674,185,50,44,1,56,Roots dried and eaten or ground and cooked in soup.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
7762,677,185,50,44,1,56,Roots dried and eaten or ground and cooked in soup.,"Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44"
7852,700,31,25,24,1,56,"Bulbs smashed, pressed together like cheese and boiled in a stew with salmon.","Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24"
7857,700,76,30,14,1,56,Simmered with moss in blood into a soup and used for food.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14"
7995,726,108,90,560,1,56,Used in stews.,"White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 560"
8280,762,39,118,8,1,56,"Pounded nut meat boiled, made into a paste and eaten as a broth or soup.","Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 8"
8291,763,100,112,123,1,56,Nut meats crushed and added to corn soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8330,767,61,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8346,767,100,112,123,1,56,Nut meats crushed and added to corn soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8357,767,177,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8361,767,190,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8365,767,205,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8371,767,280,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
8397,769,32,86,40,1,56,Nuts and shells ground into a fine meal and used to make soup.,"Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of  'Wild'  Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 40"
8431,774,100,112,123,1,56,Nut meats crushed and added to corn soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
8767,820,173,20,398,1,56,"Inner bark used to make a thick soup when other food unobtainable in the winter. The Ojibwe name of the bitter-sweet is 'manidobima' kwit' which means 'spirit twisted' and 'refers to the twisted intestines of the their culture hero, Winabojo.","Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
9381,894,61,17,78,1,56,"Young, tender plant cooked as pottage.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 78"
9418,894,177,17,78,1,56,"Young, tender plant cooked as pottage.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 78"
9422,894,188,27,16,1,56,Mixed with roasted cholla buds and eaten as a vegetable stew.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
9423,894,190,17,78,1,56,"Young, tender plant cooked as pottage.","Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 78"
9949,958,259,10,178,1,56,"Dried roots rehydrated, scraped, chopped and cooked in stews. The roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown.  One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were said to be 'full of vitamins.'  One informant said that the roots caused 'gas' if too many were eaten.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 178"
10179,1009,67,152,35,1,56,Corm added to duck or goose soup.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35"
10183,1010,4,132,117,1,56,Corms cooked and added to stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117"
10290,1025,157,74,51,1,56,Leaves used to make a watery stew.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51"
10317,1026,157,121,13,1,56,Dried leaves used to make stew.,"Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 13"
10318,1026,157,74,50,1,56,"Leaves, onions, wild celery and tallow or meat used to make stew.","Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 50"
10319,1026,157,19,24,1,56,"Plant made into stew with wild onions, wild celery, tallow or bits of meat.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24"
11190,1110,61,17,74,1,56,Nuts used as a body for soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11208,1110,100,112,123,1,56,Nut meats crushed and added to corn soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
11227,1110,177,17,74,1,56,Nuts used as a body for soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11230,1110,205,17,74,1,56,Nuts used as a body for soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11232,1110,280,17,74,1,56,Nuts used as a body for soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
11662,1163,89,2,74,1,56,"Flowers and amaranth leaves boiled, ground and fresh or dried corn and water added to make soup.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 74"
11663,1163,89,2,67,1,56,"Seeds parched, ground and used to make soup or mush.","Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67"
11811,1180,157,19,24,1,56,Used with the Rocky Mountain bee plant to make stew.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24"
11848,1190,97,127,46,1,56,Roots boiled for stew.,"Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 46"
12066,1237,12,52,41,1,56,Head hearts cooked with bones to make soup.,"Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 41"
12369,1272,207,19,25,1,56,"Plant made into a stew with wild onions, wild celery, tallow or bits of meat.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 25"
12404,1274,207,19,25,1,56,"Plant made into a stew with wild onions, wild celery, tallow or bits of meat.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 25"
12702,1338,67,152,34,1,56,"Fiddleheads, with the chaffy coverings removed, added to soups.","Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34"
12969,1374,23,26,102,1,56,Peeled berries used to make soups and broths.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
12990,1374,255,36,13,1,56,Berries used to make soup.,"Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 13"
14338,1561,23,26,102,1,56,Bulbs eaten with soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
14354,1561,259,10,121,1,56,"Raw, dried corms used in soups and stews.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121"
14637,1595,173,20,398,1,56,Roots used as a soup material.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398"
14679,1603,100,112,123,1,56,Nut meats crushed and added to corn soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
15356,1668,4,132,119,1,56,Bulbs dried and used in fish and meat stews.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 119"
15369,1669,23,26,102,1,56,Bulbs eaten with soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102"
15417,1675,23,26,113,1,56,Flower heads used to absorb soups and broth.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113"
15742,1707,100,107,96,1,56,"Fruits dried, soaked in water and used in soups.","Parker, Arthur Caswell, 1910, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, Albany, NY. University of the State of New York, page 96"
16451,1803,125,108,49,1,56,Leaves used to make soup.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 49"
16789,1851,23,26,103,1,56,"Stem pieces dipped in blood, stored and used to make soup and broths.","Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
17278,1898,4,132,135,1,56,Whole plant used to make soup.,"Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 135"
17280,1898,67,152,37,1,56,Plant added to seal blood soup and tomcod liver soup.,"Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 37"
17282,1898,71,64,191,1,56,Used as a condiment for soups.,"Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191"
18209,2031,100,112,123,1,56,Nut meats crushed and added to corn soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18264,2034,61,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18290,2034,100,112,123,1,56,Nut meats crushed and added to corn soup.,"Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 123"
18305,2034,177,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18309,2034,190,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18312,2034,205,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18318,2034,280,17,74,1,56,Nuts used to make soup.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74"
18845,2060,2,37,63,1,56,Berries cooked in a stew.,"Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63"
20283,2184,259,10,126,1,56,"Bulbs used to make a soup like clam chowder. A vegetable soup was made with salmon heads, bitterroot, tiger lily bulbs, water horehound roots, chocolate lily bulbs, the 'dry' variety of saskatoon berries, dried powdered bracken fern rhizome and chopped wild onions.","Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 126"
20295,2188,23,26,103,1,56,Bulbs eaten with soup.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103"
20522,2212,200,96,67,1,56,Acorns used to make soup.,"Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 67"
20523,2212,200,80,12,1,56,Leached acorns used for soup.,"Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12"
20534,2212,230,149,308,1,56,"Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached and made into thin soup.","Holt, Catharine, 1946, Shasta Ethnography, Anthropological Records 3(4):308, page 308"
20540,2212,287,69,88,1,56,Acorns used to make soup.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 88"