id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
182,5,176,55,41,2,29,Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic.,"Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41"
194,5,259,33,462,2,29,Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 462"
330,8,28,9,51,2,29,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
334,8,78,9,51,2,29,Gum or mashed cones used as purgative and diuretic for consumption and gonorrhea.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51"
355,10,158,106,21,2,29,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 21"
439,23,23,26,65,2,29,Infusion of bark taken in the morning as a cathartic.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65"
865,38,133,3,322,2,29,Leaves chewed 'to clean one out.',"Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 322"
911,38,175,32,74,2,29,Decoction or roots and scarlet gilia leaves taken as a physic.,"Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74"
1023,42,151,73,5,2,29,Infusion of herb used as a cathartic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 5"
1215,55,38,4,344,2,29,Warm infusion of root taken as a physic by children and adults.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344"
1314,55,138,51,"22, 23",2,29,"Root used as a 'good physic for the whole system, clearing the bile and all.'","Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 22, 23"
1319,55,139,21,201202,2,29,Plant used as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 201202"
1341,55,173,20,355,2,29,Root used as a quick acting physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 355"
1399,56,42,168,78,2,29,Decoction of plant taken to produce 'a very quick passage of the bowels.',"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 78"
1455,61,56,83,303,2,29,Plant used as a purgative.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
1518,67,42,168,"77, 78",2,29,Infusion of twigs used 'to produce vomit and bowel relief.',"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77, 78"
1725,88,232,12,33,2,29,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 33"
1879,98,100,7,458,2,29,Decoction of whole plant and roots taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 458"
1963,124,107,79,25,2,29,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
2049,138,32,1,35,2,29,Used as a mild cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2213,157,32,1,35,2,29,Used as a mild cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2308,166,32,1,35,2,29,Used as a mild cathartic.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 35"
2389,169,32,115,14,2,29,Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic by women during menses.,"Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 14"
2406,169,100,7,301,2,29,Decoction of young shoot bark taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 301"
2481,172,21,9,55,2,29,Decoction of bark taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2495,172,78,166,152,2,29,Bark used as a purgative.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
2496,172,78,9,55,2,29,Infusion of stem bark used as an emetic and purgative for headache and other maladies.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 55"
2599,173,32,1,22,2,29,Used as an 'emetic and purgative.',"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22"
2626,174,141,35,54,2,29,Bark used as a physic.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 54"
2675,177,78,14,225,2,29,Pistillate catkins crushed and eaten raw as a physic.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 225"
2902,204,23,26,68,2,29,Infusion of plant and choke cherry cambium taken as a purge.,"Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 68"
3209,227,38,4,346,2,29,Compound decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
3502,262,21,9,61,2,29,Decoction of root or raw root taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
3751,296,151,73,6,2,29,"Root, poisonous in large doses, used as a cathartic.","Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6"
3791,297,56,83,303,2,29,Decoction of chewed leaves and bark taken as a purgative.,"Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303"
4061,318,151,73,7,2,29,Root used as a cathartic.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7"
4732,357,284,48,261,2,29,"Decoction of pounded root, with cathartic qualities, taken for stomachaches.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 261"
4734,358,79,38,350,2,29,Plant used as a purgative for babies and adults with intestinal disorders.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 350"
4739,359,232,111,42,2,29,Infusion of seeds taken as a physic.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42"
4748,361,232,12,"38, 39",2,29,"Roasted, mashed seeds taken as powder or pills to serve as a physic.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 38, 39"
5173,395,232,12,"39, 40",2,29,Hot decoction of branches taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 39, 40"
5393,399,140,109,366,2,29,Infusion of plant used as a mild cathartic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366"
5480,401,232,12,40-42,2,29,Decoction of whole plant or shoots taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 40-42"
5551,404,183,111,42,2,29,Infusion taken as a physic.,"Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks.  Originally published in 1959, page 42"
5928,417,228,88,275,2,29,Decoction of root used as a cathartic.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 275"
5986,421,100,7,309,2,29,Infusion of root taken as a spring tonic by the old and works as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 309"
6143,434,139,21,205,2,29,Root used as a cathartic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 205"
6258,444,193,11,81,2,29,Plant used as a physic.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 81"
6557,496,102,28,20,2,29,Roots chewed as a cathartic.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20"
6647,503,232,12,50,2,29,Decoction of fresh roots with salt taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50"
6734,517,286,109,437,2,29,Infusion of leaves used as a cathartic.,"Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 437"
6820,540,107,79,32,2,29,Infusion of plant used as a cathartic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32"
6872,549,76,30,20,2,29,Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic.,"Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20"
6974,553,32,1,40,2,29,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
6987,556,32,1,40,2,29,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40"
7076,575,63,22,"25, 74",2,29,Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74"
7161,580,38,4,364,2,29,Infusion of inner bark used as an enema.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364"
8490,788,232,12,53,2,29,Decoction of root taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 53"
8503,790,78,9,63,2,29,Decoction of entire plant taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 63"
8733,820,38,4,344,2,29,"Decoction of root used, especially for babies, as a physic.","Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344"
8842,832,228,88,228,2,29,Decoction of plant taken for wolf ghost sickness: diarrhea and painful defecation.,"Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole:  Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 228"
9005,848,225,44,221,2,29,Decoction of roots taken by family of dead one as a purge to avoid illness.,"Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem:  Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 221"
9178,870,157,141,151,2,29,Plant used as a purge.,"Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151"
9181,871,32,1,45,2,29,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
9246,880,291,6,51,2,29,Plant used as a cathartic.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 51"
9834,941,21,9,61,2,29,Roots used as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 61"
9843,941,121,63,276,2,29,Poultice of soaked roots applied to the stomach as a purgative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276"
9853,941,217,23,89,2,29,Used with caution as a purgative.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 89"
10824,1091,7,67,211,2,29,Infusion of leaves used as a cathartic tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 211"
10902,1096,81,25,42,2,29,Plant used as a physic.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 42"
10951,1099,100,7,405,2,29,Bark taken as a general cathartic or emetic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 405"
11498,1146,15,45,156,2,29,Infusion of plant taken as a purgative.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156"
11508,1146,107,79,40,2,29,Infusion of plant used as a cathartic.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40"
11516,1146,291,6,45,2,29,Decoction of plant taken as a purgative.,"Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 45"
11587,1161,24,31,57,2,29,Decoction of dried roots used as a physic.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57"
11622,1161,183,12,"62, 63",2,29,Decoction of root taken as a physic for venereal disease.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 62, 63"
11631,1161,232,12,"62, 63",2,29,Decoction of root taken as a physic for venereal disease.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 62, 63"
12008,1221,102,28,25,2,29,Decoction of leaves taken as a cathartic.,"Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
12032,1229,125,108,47,2,29,Roots used as a purge.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 47"
12154,1244,50,16,14,2,29,Dried leaves smoked as a purgative.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14"
12256,1245,141,35,56,2,29,Leaves used as a purgative.,"Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 56"
12592,1317,38,4,346,2,29,Infusion of stalk taken or green stalk chewed as a physic.,"Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346"
12598,1317,100,59,50,2,29,Bark and wood used as a strong purgative.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50"
13063,1393,21,9,60,2,29,Decoction of green leaves taken as a purgative.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 60"
13215,1407,232,12,68-70,2,29,Decoction of root or salted decoction of stems taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 68-70"
13255,1412,144,100,174,2,29,Decoction of leaves taken as a cathartic.,"Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 174"
13557,1439,183,12,"80, 81",2,29,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 80, 81"
13561,1439,232,12,"80, 81",2,29,Decoction of plant taken as a physic.,"Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 80, 81"
13607,1450,159,18,"49, 50",2,29,Compound decoction of leaves used as a cathartic.,"Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49, 50"
13708,1462,183,12,"70, 71",2,29,"Decoction of whole plant, a violent remedy, taken as a physic.","Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 70, 71"
13993,1504,131,5,20,2,29,Branch chewed or infusion of plant taken as a physic.,"Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 20"
14128,1530,24,31,72,2,29,"Leaves, growing near the root, used as a physic.","Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 72"
14252,1551,59,128,655656,2,29,Plant used as a physic called 'the war physic.',"Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 655656"
14430,1575,149,97,"74, 130",2,29,Infusion of leaves taken as a physic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130"
14431,1575,149,110,265,2,29,Infusion of plant used as a physic.,"Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 265"
14435,1576,100,7,374,2,29,Infusion of roots taken as a physic.,"Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 374"
14473,1580,32,1,26,2,29,Used as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26"
14574,1585,157,74,60,2,29,Compound infusion of plants taken for purging.,"Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60"
14582,1586,32,1,45,2,29,Taken as a purgative.,"Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45"
14593,1586,139,21,220221,2,29,Decoction of root or compound taken before breakfast as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 220221"
14595,1586,173,20,369,2,29,Infusion of pounded root taken before eating as a physic.,"Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369"