id,species,tribe,source,pageno,use_category,use_subcategory,notes,rawsource
6,1,86,166,152,2,,Bark and other plants used for 'sickness.',"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152"
7,1,86,166,151,1,,Cambium used for food.,"Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151"
13,1,112,14,316,2,,Decoction of bark used medicinally.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 316"
14,1,112,14,316,1,,Inner bark used for food.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 316"
26,1,259,10,97,2,,Decoction of branches taken as medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
32,2,1,84,163,2,,Needles and wood stuffed into pillows and used for good health.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 163"
33,2,1,84,164,2,,Needles stuffed into pillows and used for good health.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164"
39,2,7,67,124,2,,Needles used in a sudatory for women after childbirth and for other purposes.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 124"
72,2,134,78,6,2,,Pitch used in medicines.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
83,2,138,51,45,2,,Poultice of fresh inner bark used for unspecified illnesses.,"Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45"
146,5,29,9,50,2,,Tree used as medicine.,"Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 50"
167,5,166,101,71,2,,Boughs placed in fire and smoke inhaled to prevent sickness.,"Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71"
203,5,259,10,97,2,,Decoction of branches taken as medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
297,6,233,92,50,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50"
310,6,259,10,97,2,,Decoction of branches taken as medicine.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
312,6,259,10,97,1,,Inner bark used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97"
345,8,259,33,484,1,,Gum chewed and swallowed.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 484"
348,10,2,19,39,1,,"Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
352,10,124,19,39,1,,"Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.","Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 39"
365,11,41,99,201,1,,Roots used for food.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201"
366,11,114,25,29,1,,Roots used for food.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
367,11,133,25,29,1,,Roots eaten in the fall.,"Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 29"
390,15,193,104,76,1,,Beans formerly used for food.,"Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 76"
413,22,41,99,197,1,,Sap eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
480,26,41,99,197,1,,Sap eaten fresh.,"Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 197"
483,26,50,16,248,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248"
513,26,217,23,77,1,,Cambium eaten in small quantities with oil.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 77"
528,26,259,10,147,1,,Raw shoots used for food.,"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 147"
580,31,7,67,196,2,,Infusion of plant used as a medicinal tea.,"Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany:  An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada.  Mercury Series Number 65, page 196"
649,34,100,112,142,2,,"Sap, thimbleberries and water used to make a medicine.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
683,35,100,112,142,2,,"Sap, thimbleberries and water used to make a medicine.","Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142"
812,38,87,14,220,2,,Plants placed on heated rocks and rising vapors used for unspecified illness.,"Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 220"
983,38,259,10,166,2,,Roots and stems considered 'a good medicine.',"Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany:  Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 166"
1003,40,67,167,716,2,,Infusion of dried plants used for medicinal purposes.,"Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 716"
1004,40,74,94,325,2,,Infusion of dried plants used for its medicinal qualities.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 325"
1095,44,5,194,29,1,,Species used for food.,"Bank, II, Theodore P., 1951, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands  I. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 29"
1116,46,15,45,157,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157"
1118,46,79,38,375,1,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375"
1134,46,151,73,11,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11"
1141,46,157,19,27,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 27"
1154,46,291,19,27,1,,Used especially in earlier times as an important source of food.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 27"
1156,48,106,60,66,1,,"Seeds used for food. When ripe in June, the grass was cut off in bunches, tied together with stems of the grass and thrown over the shoulder into the carrying basket suspended on one's back.  Two procedures were used in preparing the seeds for food.  First, the grass was spread out on a flat rock, where it was allowed to dry a half day and then threshed by burning.  If the fire burned too quickly, green spear grass was added to slow it down.  The burned stalks were stirred and lifted with a green stick so that the seeds would fall out.  The seeds were gathered and winnowed by being poured from one basket to another.  Boiled, the seeds swelled 'like rice.'  A cupful would fill a pot.  Second, the grass was dried for a day or two and the seeds beaten out.  They would be boiled whole or first pounded to a meal and then cooked.","Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66"
1161,50,216,144,294,2,,Plant used as a medicine.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 294"
1172,55,1,84,175,1,,Roots used for food.,"Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 175"
1232,55,55,94,331,2,,Root chewed for the medicinal effects.,"Smith, G. Warren, 1973, Arctic Pharmacognosia, Arctic 26:324-333, page 331"
1275,55,61,91,359,1,,Dried root chewed for the agreeable taste.,"Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 359"
1308,55,125,108,26,1,,Leaves and stalks used for food.,"Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 26"
1311,55,134,78,6,2,,Used for medicines.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6"
1329,55,141,182,258,2,,Roots chewed for medicinal use.,"Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258"
1513,67,24,31,30,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30"
1523,67,42,168,77,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 77"
1596,72,16,197,98,2,,Plant water used for medicinal purposes.,"Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 98"
1619,73,202,40,27,1,,"Boiled nuts eaten with baked kelp, meat and seafood. Nuts were put into boiling water to loosen the husk.  After the husk was removed, the nut meat was returned to boiling water and cooked until it was soft like cooked potatoes.  The nut meat was then mashed with a mortar stone.  The grounds could be strained at this stage or strained after soaking.  The grounds would be soaked and leached a long time to remove the poisonous tannin.  An older method was to peel the nuts and roast them in ashes until they were soft.  They were then crushed and the meal was put in a sandy leaching basin beside a stream.  For about five hours, the meal was leached with water from the stream.  When the bitterness disappeared it was ready to eat without further cooking.","Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27"
1623,73,269,137,15,1,,Nuts used for food.,"Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15"
1625,73,287,69,85,1,,Nut meats mashed and used for food.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 85"
1661,81,62,97,60,1,,"Salted, boiled or fried in fat and used for food.","Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 60"
1675,84,33,57,27,2,,Infusion of leaves taken for its medicinal qualities.,"Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 27"
1714,87,139,21,225,2,,Compound of plant heads used medicinally.,"Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 225"
1715,88,79,38,374,1,,Seeds formerly used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374"
1729,89,15,45,155,1,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1737,89,188,27,16,1,,Pit baked and extensively used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 16"
1738,89,188,160,61,1,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1753,90,15,45,155,1,,Tubers pit baked and eaten.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155"
1754,91,24,31,31,5,,Burned stalk ash used as a dye for tattoos.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1763,91,24,31,31,1,,Baked leaves eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1764,91,24,31,31,1,,Flowers parboiled to release the bitterness and eaten.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1765,91,24,31,31,1,,Roasted stalks used for food.,"Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31"
1772,91,44,125,202,1,,Crowns gathered and pit-baked.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 202"
1774,91,65,85,13,1,,Roots and stalks baked overnight in a pit oven and used for food.,"Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man  Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 13"
1775,91,188,160,61,1,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1778,91,193,11,48,1,,Heads pit baked and eaten with pinole.,"Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48"
1793,93,14,87,169,1,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1798,93,188,160,61,1,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1802,94,10,19,13,1,,Roots baked and eaten.,"Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I.  Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 13"
1803,94,11,95,35,1,,"Bulbous crowns baked in pits, pulpy centers released, pounded into thin sheets and eaten. The Mescalero Apache were named for the food they made from mescal.  In the pits where the crowns were baked, the largest rock was placed in the center and a cross made on it from black ashes.  While the mescal baked, the women were supposed to stay away from their husbands, and if the crown was not completely roasted when removed from the pit, they were believed to have disobeyed.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 35"
1804,94,11,95,38,1,,"Stalks roasted, boiled or eaten raw.","Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 38"
1823,94,14,87,169,1,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1824,94,14,87,169,1,,Crowns used for food.,"Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache:  Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169"
1840,95,188,160,61,1,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.  First Edition., page 61"
1841,96,13,174,257,1,,Pit baked and used for food.,"Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 257"
1858,96,157,195,94,1,,Heads baked and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1859,96,157,195,94,1,,Leaves boiled and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1860,96,157,195,94,1,,Young and tender flowering stalks and shoots roasted and eaten.,"Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94"
1866,96,284,48,259,1,,"Flower stalk baked and soft, inner part used for food.","Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259"
1904,103,79,38,383,1,,Leaves used for food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 383"
1905,104,107,79,25,3,,Taxon known and named but no use was specified.,"Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25"
1915,108,272,142,36,1,,Leaves formerly used as food.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 36"
1942,112,183,65,243,1,,Species used for food.,"Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 243"
1943,113,115,66,91,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 91"
1948,117,259,33,482,1,,Plant cooked and eaten.,"Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 482"
1949,118,47,144,91,1,,Formerly used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 91"
1950,118,250,144,344,1,,Species used for food.,"Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344"
2017,130,193,11,69,1,,"Ripe seeds winnowed, roasted, ground, water added, cooked and used for food.","Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 69"
2019,130,195,136,7,1,,Seeds used for food.,"Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7"
2022,132,79,38,360,1,,Bulbs eaten in spring and early summer.,"Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 360"
2023,132,94,77,59,1,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2024,132,105,71,380,1,,Bulbs relished by only old men and old women.,"Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 380"
2026,132,183,153,102,1,,Bulbs roasted and used for food.,"Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2027,132,183,153,102,1,,"Seeded heads placed in hot ashes for a few minutes, seeds extracted and eaten.","Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102"
2029,132,209,77,59,1,,Bulbs pit baked and used for food.,"Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59"
2030,132,217,23,74,1,,Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods.,"Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74"